JPRS ID: 9375 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9375
~ ~9 October 1980
~JSSR ort
p
- ENERGY
t~Oti~ ~~,~~�4)
FBIS FOREICN BROADCAST INFORlVIATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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JPRS Z/9375
29 October 1980
t1SSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 22/80)
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Prospects for the Pevelopment of Rural Electric Power
A. Budzko, et al.; ELEKTRI QiESKIYE STANTSII,
Jul 80) .....................o....................... 1
Performance of Startup, Adjust~nt Operations at Kola
Nuclear Power Plant
(L. ri. Voronin, et al. ; ELIItTRIQiESKIYE STANTSII,
= No 7, 198Q).......o Z4
Structures of the Electric Networks of USSR Power Systems
(V. V. Yershevich; ELERTRI(~iESKIYE STANTSII,
No 7, 1980) 25
Quality Structural Designs of 750 kv Lines, Efficiency
Improvement
(V. V. Burgsdorf, et al.; ELEKTRIQiESKIYE
STANTSII, No 7, 198Q) 34
Petr Stepanovich Neporozhniy - Seventieth Birthday
(ELERZRI(HESKIYE STANTSII, No 7, 1980)a 47
. P?JELS
New Method Suggested for Estimating Oil, Gas Reseaves
in Established Zones
- (V. A. Leshchenko, V. Io Myasnikov; GEOLOGIYA
NEFTI I GAZA, .~ul 80)...........o 51
Estimated Jrilling Duration, Reserve Preparation Costs
(V. Z. Karpushin; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I Gc~ZA, Jul 80) 58 .
New Methods of Working Fields Increase F`tnal Oil Output
(V. S. Klyucharev; GEOLOGIYA NEFT I GAZA, Jul 80)... 63
~ - a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 631.371:621.311.031"313"
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPifENT OF RLRAL ELRCTRIC POWER
Moscow ELFKTF.ICHESKIYE STANTSII in P.ussian No 7, Jul 80 pp 2-6
[!:r.r~;,ie by I. A. Budzko, acauemician of the all-Union Academy of Agri-
cultural Sciences, P. A. Katkov, engineer, A. Ye. Muradyan, candidate of
~ technical sciences]
[Text] The mcdern level on which electric power ~.s supplied to agricul-
ture in the USSR is characterized by s~gnificant development of the
centralized system for the production, transmissi~n and distrib ution of
electric power encompassing in practice 100% of the users in the populous
~ zone. _
Agricultural electric power supply, as a rule, is based on the~three-stage
voltage system 110/35/10/0.38 kv, and only in a small fractioii of the
electric networks for agricultural purposes is twn-stage transformation
110/10/0.38, 110/20/0.38, 110/35/0.38 kv used in the ic.dividual iegions
or instead of 10 kv, 6 kv is used in the three-stage system. The majority
of electric power is tr�ansmitted by overhead lines.
The contiluously developing agriculture is imposing new increased require-
ments on the quality of the electric power supply, and the achievements
~n areas uf the electrical industry, electric power engineering and
other branches of the national economy are opening up additional possibil-
ities for further progress in the rural electric power supply.
The technical-economic indexes of the electric networks for agricultural
purposes are determined to a significant degree by the peculiarities of
the rural electric power users. This is primarily the high degree of
their concentration with comparatively low electric power and also un-
ceasing, rapid growth of electric loads in time. The necessity for con-
sidering these peculiarities complicato~ the technical-econom-~c substan-
tiation of the parameters of the rural electric networks.
In agriculture, along with the traditional users of electric pawer which
_ still are in the majority, users oi a new type have appeared the
larg~ a~ricultural complexes with concentrated and quite stable 1~~ads
over prolonged periods of time.
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At the rresent ~ime a l~arge number of such complexes, poultry farms,
~ indusr-ially based hothc~use combir.es have been built, the primary process-
ing ci plazt-growing products is being cot~verted to ~~:'ustrial means;
mechanization 3nd autom~ation are being widely used here.
Thz modern agri~ultural production complexes approach the middle industrial
enterprises with respect to number of motors and other elec~ric power users
and a1.so with respect to intake power. They have greater sensitivity by
comparison with th~ traditional electric power users to interruptions of
the electric power supi~ly and worsening of the quality of electric power;
_ therefore the electric power supply quality indexes of the large agricul-
tural complexes must i~e higher than for the traditional rural and even
industrial users.
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers, by
resolution of 13 June 1973, have categorized the large animal husbandry
farms and complexes producing on an industrial basis as primary category
users with respect to electric power supply reliability. Increased
requirements are also being imposed on the quality of the electric power
- fed to the terminals of the electric users of the complexes; it is regu-
lated more rigidly than required by the "Instructions for Application of
Revision No 1 to Item 2.3 of All-Union State Standard 13109-67." TI-~e
"temporary instructions with respect to planning design of the elec-
r.ric power supply of the complexes" confirmed in 1976 by the USSR Ministry
of Pawer Engineering and the USSR Ministry of Agriculture provide for
maintenance of *iie voltage on the terminals of the electric users of the
complexes withi.l the limits of +SY of the rated value instead of +7.5%
us~d in agriculture. These increased requirements on the electric power
supply reliability and quality of electric power for the complexes influ-
ence the technical-economic indexes of the electric power supply system
and complicate the problem of creating efficient electric power supply
system.G for agriculture and their development.
The problem of efficient construction of the electric networks for agri-
cultural purposes must be considered as a complex problem considering
the interests of agriculture and the~ possibility of the electric power
supplying Qrganizations. The elect~ic power supply system must provide
- for transmission and distribution of electric power to all of the elec-
tric users in its zone of operations with the network parameters per-
mitting satisfaction of the rural users with the required power, includ-
ing during peak load hours and under emergency conditions.
The basic requirements primarily determ.ining the parameters of the elec~~~
tric networks ~or agricultural purposes are requirements including the
normalized valiles of the voltage deviations, normalized or optimal (if
the latter can be determined) with respect to duration and date ~f dis-
connection of the rural electric power users and, finally, the rules for
selecting the configuration of the overhead lines.
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Considering the primary role of the agricultural requirements on the
indexes for development of electric poc~er supply systems, let us discuss
the procedural principles of the forc~ation of these requirements in more
detail.
In order to determine the requirements, on the one hand, it is necessary
to ~onsider the losses which can be imposed on agriculture on deviation
of the electric power supply system parameters from the indexes correspond-
ing to the most favorable, ideal conditions, that is, absence of disconnec-
_ tion of the electric power supply, main*enance of rated voltages on the
electric user terminals, routing of the overhead lines which does not
interfere with the farm lands. On the other hand, it is necessary to con-
sider the expenditures on electric power supply. It is obvious that the
greater the e~enditures (under the condition of efficient use of them),
the closer the investigated parameters to ideal from the point of view of
the interests of agriculture.
The intensificatioc of agricultural production, the grawth of the cultural
and domestic standard of living of the farm population require further
approximation to the ideal conditions of the functioning of the electric
' power supply systems. The determination of a substantiated degree of
- approximation to these conditions will be one of the areas of scientific
research in the field of electric power supply of agriculture, and it is
connected with the necessity for calculating the losses caused by devia-
tions of the parameters and operating conditions of the electric pmaer
supply units from the ideal case.
It is known that the electric networks for agricultural purposes have all
che primary signs of complex dereloping systems, and in their development
they interact with the farm electric power users. The latter, if they
are considered from the point of view of the relations to the electric
power supply system can be represented by a set of transducers which con-
vert electric power to other forms of power required for the functioning
of the agricultural users (mechanical, thermal, light, and so on).
The agricultural users function in a unified management and process com-
plex which, just as the rural electric networks, have all of the pr.imary
signs of a complex developing system further complicated by such specific
elements as agricultural objects animals, plants, and so on.
When investigating the peculiarities of the interaction of these systems as
defined it is necessary to consider the system of electric pawer~ users.
The parameters and characteristics of the electric power supply system
basically depend on its rarameters and characteristics. For determination
of the nature of the interaction it is expedient to use the sum of the
corresponding efficiency criteria: reduced expenditures on the ele~tric
.
power supply system and losses in the users connected with the peculi^ri-
ties of the organization and functioning of the rural electric networks.
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The efficiency criterion is a function of many independent variables
determin~ng the required capital investments, operating expendittires and
possible losses. However, for a study of the interaction of the investi- ~
gated systems when calculating the efficiency criteria it is superfluous
to involve all the factors in influencing their formation. Consideration
of only the factors common to both systems affecting the efficiency cri-
teria to one degree or another is sufficient.
Beginning with what has been investigated, it is necessary to consider the
following to be the most important factors:
The quality of electric power on the terminals of the transducers;
The number and duration of interruptions of the electric power supply or
its reliability;
Configuration of the networks by which the electric power supply is
realized.
It is obvious that each of the calculated efficiency criteria does not
reach the extremal value for the same value of the common factors; there-
fore the optimal conditions of joint functioning of the investigated pair
of systems can be achieved on the basis of the compromise solution which
corresponds to the minimum sum of the efficiency criteria.
The determir~ation of the compromise values of the voltage on the trans-
ducers, the r,~liability of the electric power supply and the network con-
figuration indexes corresponding to the minimum sum of two efficiency
:riteria
M N
E1 ~ E2 = E Zi + E Y~ min,
i=1 J+L
' where M is the number of elements of the electric power supply system;
Zi is the reduced expenditures per element i; N is the number of factors
whi~h can cause losses on the part of the users and simultaneously influ-
ence the value of the reduced expenditures on the network; Y� is the
loss connected with the factor j which is a highly complex problem and
requires, on the one hand, the solution of a series of optimization prob-
lems of electric power supply, and on the other hand, finding of estimates
of the efficiency criterion in the users for values of the influencing
factors differing from ideal.
These compromise values are in the strict sense of the word requirements of
agriculture an electric power supply.
With respect to nature they are a dynamic category which depends on the
level of development of the various branches: agriculture, electric power
engineering, the electrica] industry, and so on. However, as a result of
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significant inertia, the transition from certain quantitative indexes
chara cterizing the requirements to others is made quite rarely.
The s olution of the probl~m of optimizing the electric networks for
agricultural purposes is connected with significant difficulties character-
- istic of the developing systems. The most effective approach in analogous
cases is the application of the methods of mathematical programming and,
as a consequence, the use of computers.
In order to determine the losses, on the one hand, it is necessary to
gather a large number of statistical data on the reliability of the elec-
tric power supply, the quality of electric power, the configuration of
the network routings, and on the other hand, calculation of the values of
the 1 osses by the investigated set of specific objects.
The relations obtained as a result of this processing Z=f(H, V, K) and
Y=f(H, V, K), where H, V, K are *he generalized indexes of electric power
supply reliability, quality of e1E~ctric power and configuration of the
routings, can be used as the basis for determining the requirements which
are calculated as the roots of the system of equations:
a(z+Y)_o; a(z+Y _o; a(z+Y> =o.
ax av ax
However, a number of peculiarities character~stic of the electric power
supply systems suc h as discreteness of the variables, a large
numbe r of restrictions, dynamic nature of the problem, and so on, as a
rule, do not permit us to in all cases use only the presented system of
equat ions and leads to the necessity for the application of various pro-
cedures and methods which the modern theory of operations research has
at its disposal.
At th e same time this system of ~quations defines the theoretical path of
the s olution of the problem with respect to substantiation of the require-
ments on the electric power supply.
The indicated approach was, for example, used when introducing revision
No 1 to All-Union State Standard 16309-67 and also when substantiating
the no rmalized values of the deviation of the voltages of +S% for the
trans d ucers of the animal husbandry complexes.
- Analog ously, when determining the optimal degree of reliability of the
electric power supply of the agricultural objects, the expenditures on
the networks and losses from interruptions in the electric power supply
were compared. At the present time these calculations are being per~-
formed to determine the optimal configur.ations of the routings of the
rural distribution networks.
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In the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU at~d the USSR _
Council of Ministers "On Measures for i'urther Development of Electr�ifica-
tion of Agriculture," adopted 31 January 1979, the agencies responsible
for electrification of a~riculture were faced with the following basic -
problems: bringing the electric power consumption in agriculture to
a.70-190 billion kilowatt-hours in 1985; an increase in the power available
per worker in agricultura? production by 1.6 to 1.8 times and the electric
pawer consumption for communal-domestic needs per farm resident by
1.8-2 times in 1981-1985; gradual transition from automation of individual -
production processes and operations to full automation of the shops and
agricultural enterprises.
The successful fulfillment of these goals will be promoted to a high degree
by the further development of the farm electric power supply systems pro-
vided for in the resolution of 31 January 1979.
The basic areas with respect to improvement of the electric networks for
agricultural purposes include primarily m~asures to increase the reliabil-
� ity of electric power and quality of electric power considering the increas-
ing requirements of the farm users and also the necessity for leading
dEVelopment of the electric power engineering base of agriculture, one of
the components of which is the electric power supply system.
It is recognized that the development of the farm networks, an increase in
- their carrying capacity are most expediently realized by building addi-
tional 35 and 110 kv subdividing substations, which leads to reduction of
the range of the 10 kv networks which will in the future hasically perform
the functions of distribution networks inside populated areas. The tech-
nical condition of the networks will be improved as a result of the appli- _
cation of more advanced and more reliable structural designs for the wood
and reinforced concrete supports, insulators, fiberglass cross members, r
wires, replacement of wires and individual sections of the networks with
wires with higher conductivity. The operating qualities and structural
designs of the 10/0.4 kv KTP transformer substations.
The operating reliability of the rural electric power supply systems is
increasing as a result of the introduction of network reserving with
respect to the 35 and 10 kv lines and automation media of the networks.
~ At the present time a significant number of rural dis tribution networks
have been built and are being operated, and now the operations with
respect to their reconstruction and with respect to the construction of
new networks to replace those that are becoming unsuitable are advancing
- to first place. The reconstruction of the networks, as one of the
theoretically important measures with respect to improving their condi-
tion, has found reflection in the resolL~.tion of the Central Committee of
- the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers "On Measures for Further
Development of the Electrificaticn of Agriculture." At the present time
_ the problem is arising of the development of optimal methods and times of ~
reconstruction, determination of the normatives with respect to performance
of operations in this area.
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It is necessary to organi~e the operations with respect to the replacement
of the overloaded transformers at the substations as one of the simple
means of improving the quality of electric power supply.
As the electrical loads and electric power consumption increase, the
~~pproach of the higher voltage of 10-35-110 kv to the farm users must be
provided for. This goal is served primarily by the subdivision of the
35-100/10 kv transformer substations and conversion of the 35 and 110 kv
lines to distribution lines; secondly, the application of deep inputs with
= direct transformation of 110/10/0.38 kv and 110/35/0.38 kv voltage and,
finally, the application of built-in and built-on substations for the pro-
duction facilities and conversion of the 0.38 kv distribution networks to
the intrashop networks.
The transition from the four-step to the three-step voltage system with
exclusion of 10 kv or 35 kv voltages has special significance for improv-
ing the efficiency of rural electric power supply, improving the volta~e
quality of the users and lowering the electric power losses. This
transition has already started, but the development and mass production of
the lighter equipment for 35 kv voltage and the 35/0.4 kv transformers are
required for it to become widespread.
Special attention has been given to improvement of the use of the reserve
carrying capacity of the electric networks. For this purpose it is
necessar_y ta provide organization of the operation of the process units
at the farm sites which will insure (of course, without losses to the
processes) multiplexing and equalizing of. the electric load charts and
improvement of the use coefficient of the installed power of the power
transformers. Here it is very important to increase the accuracy of
determining the maximum calculated and also prospective electric loads an~?
the demand for electric power.
Significant effect will be obtained from the introduction of the full set
of known methods, means and measures for improving the level of reliabil-
ity to the optimal or normalized amounts into the rural networks [1].
The basic element of this complex is the automation devices, including
multiple automatic reclosures (APV), sectioning using breakers, dividers
and separators, automatic input of reserve power, improved forms of relay
- protection. The complex will also include remote control and signal units
[2]. It is necessary to make braader use of two-way feed of the main sec-
tions of the lines by connecting them to different power supplies by
a jumper with sectioning breaker.
One of the conditions of broad introduction of automation .and control of
- the electric networks is the development of inethods of estimating the
cost benefit of the application of automation and remote control means
in the rural electric power supply systems an important problem the
solution of which needs the help of the scientific research and planning
- and design organizations.
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Among the developed measures for improving the reliability of electric
power supply is repair of the 10-35 kv overhead electric power lines under
voltage permitting significant reduction of the planned disconnections of
farm users. The measures to melt ice off the lines and equipment are
included in the same broup of ineans of improving reliability.
In the last decade, underground cab le lines have replaced overhead lines
in world practice to improve the electric power.~supply system for rural
and suburban users. The primary causes of the conversion to cables are
increased requirements on the power supply reliability, saving valuable
fertile farm lands, the necessity for introducing advanced methods of grow-
ing farm crops, widespread communication and aviation in agriculture,
esthetic compatibility between the transmission and distribution of elec-
tric power with the environment and, finally, improvement of electric
safety [3, 4].
In addition, the application of cab les has been promoted by intensive
development of the production of insulation materials based on synthetic
polymers, the creation of new types and lighter structural designs for
cables at reduced cost based on plastic insulations, high degree of
mechanization and specialization of the construction and maintenance of
cable networks.
It is expedient to isolate the areas of primary conversion to cable net-
works with specially responsible users, with new farm sites and also with
serious meteorological conditions and valuable land as an experiment in
the forthcoming five-year plan.
The improvement of the quality of electric power is at the present timE
being given a great deal of attention; in the rural electric net~aorks
this problem is especially acute, for,,as a rule, t-~re means of regulating
the voltage are unavailable, and the voltage deviations frequently go
beyond the normalized values.
- In order to improve the quality of electric power fed to the farm trans-
ducers, it is necessary to make broad application of the voltage regulators
and devices to comp~nsate reactive load with optimal combination of
110-35 kv transformE~s with regulation under load and booster regulation
under load for the o~, -ating transLOrmers insuring counter voltage regu-
lation which are insta~'ed at the feed centers; adjustable capacitors
with transverse compensation for the reactive loads, the 10/0.4 kv user
transformers with regula~ion under load based on semiconductor engineer-
ing, 0.38 kv voltage stabilizers with the corresponding technical-economi.c
base.
In the rural networks it is very important to decrease the voltage
asymmetry, both nonrandom caused by nonuniform distribution by phases of
the single-phase loads ai~d probability asymmetry which is the consequence
of nonuniform inclusion of the single-phase transducers. For radical
solution of this problem it is necessary to make use of the user
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transformers up to 250-400 kv-amps with connection of the windings in a
star-zigzag circuit with null in place of the star-star circuit with null
used at the present time. In the networks where transformers using the
latter circuitry have already been installed, and there are more than
700,000 of them, it is necessary to use static symmetrizers, for example,
those developed by the Institute of Electric Aynamics of the Ukrainian
SSR Academy of Sciences.
In order to decrease the power losses in the rural networks it is necessary
to develop and introduce a set of ineasures including the replacement of
the lightly loaded transformers, ringing of the networ?;s with optimaliza-
tion of the break points, symmetrizing of the signal-phase loads, regula-
tion of the voltage un~er load, use of capacitors to compensate for
reactive p~wer, 10/0.4 kv transformers with star-zigzag-null circuitry,
and a decrease in the number of transformation stages in the electric
power supply systems. Among the measures aimed at decreasing the energy
losses in the networks and requiring additional investigation it is
necessary to note the necessity for studying the problem of a special
series of transformers for agricultural purposes with increased ratio of
losses in copper to losses in steel by comparison with ordinary trans-
formers. From the point of view of decreasing the energy losses it is
also of interest to use the 660 volt voltage in the large complexes.
Further specialization and concentration of agricultural production, the
development of large complexes require intensified attention to ttie devel-
opment of optimal circuits for electric power supply of them. Considering
the serious consequen ces for the large animal husbandry and poultry com-
plexes from pro longed interruptions in the elec:tric power which can occur
during system emergencies and elemental disasters, it is necessary to
install reserve diesel electric power plants (DES) at them. The pawer of
the DES must be selected optimal cons3.dering the losses or by the pro-
cess reserve-quota load. As the latter it is necessary to use the load
of the devices, the operation of which creates minimum comfort conditions
preventing disease of the animals [5].
When selecting the optimal power of the reserve electric power plant it
is also necessary to consider the peculiarities of the centralized elec-
tric power system. For example, if a 600-hea~i dairy complex is fed from
a two-transformer 10/0.4 kv substation connected by two 10 kv overhead
lines to differer.t sections of 10 kv buses of a two-transformer 110-35/10
kv substatian, then an electric power plant with two 2x24 kilowatt units
will be selected as optimal. For the same complex, but with electric
power supply from one 10/0.4 kv transformer substation connected to a
two-transformer 110- 35/10 kv substation, a two-unit 2x72 kilowatt-power
plant will be optimal.
It is necessaiy to develop and introduce economical and reliable electric
power distrib ution systems in the territories and in the f acilities of
the farm enterprises with optimal configuration of the routings of the
distribution networks and the number and placement of the 10/0.4 kv
transformer substations.
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In the future thc social function of the electrificati:,~ of agriculture
direcCed at eliminatin~ the difference between city r3nd country, mental
and physical labor, will be intensified to a still greater degree.
_ A significant effect on the optimization of the parameters of the rural
e.tectric power supply systemm~ and their operating conditions is felt from
the application of computers when designing and operating the rural eiec-
tric networks. In the future, as the introduction of computers into
design and operating practice expands this influence will become stronger
[6].
The use of compur.ers when planning rural electric power supply or auto-
mation of design has received special development. First, a computer per-
mits the productivity of labor in the design organizations to be improved,
- and, secondly, it makes possible a significant approach to optimal design
solutions.
The following steps have been gone through in a comparatively short operat-
- ing period with respect to automation of design:
C'he development of individual programs designed for mechanization of rou- ~
tine work of the designer, the facilitation and improvement of the pro-
_ ductivity of his labor; the programs almost completely repeat the course
act ion of manual design;
The creation of algorithms contain elements of the creative approach, for
example, optimization of the rural electric power supply parameters; the
- rich possibilities of the computer are more completely used here; signifi-
cant changes are being introduced into "manual" methods of accounting;
_ Transition from individual programs to the complexes of programs with -
respect to autonomous steps of the design process, whicb are the terminal
automated design subsystems.
At the present time a eransition is being made to the integration of the -
_ developments with respect to the entire cycle of algorithms and programs
for automatic desi~n, the creation of automatic desi~n systems (SAPR) for
rural electri c power supply.
The application of the methods of designing the rural electric power supply
based ~n rhe use of computera has made it possible to resort to the solu-
' Cion of a number of design problems which up t~ now were solved only on
the basis of the experience and intuition of the designer, which frequently
has led to a reduction in quality of design, worsening of its economic
- indexes . -
An important step ahead in the automation of the design of the rural
- electric power supply system must be considered to be the introduction of
interactive methods which In the future must play the leading role in the -
- 10
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S~APR and which will permit combination of strict methods of solving design
problems with intuition and e~cperience of the engineer. In partic�ilar,
the solution of the comple~; problems of determining the optimal configura-
tion of the rural network will be facilitated significantly considering
the losses imposed on the farm lands, the selection of the optimal
combination of ineans providing for normalized limits of voltage variation
in the transriucers with minimum expenditures and also optimal combina-
tion of the means of insuring optimal reliability.
An important problem requiring solution is the oPti.mization of the design
system considering the introduction of SAPR on the level of the design
organization. This optimization includes the selection of computers,
determination of an efficient ratio of volumes of design work performed
by machine and man, determination of the requirements on the automated
work place (ARM) of the designer, and so on. The equipment of an auto-
mated work place is theoretically important from the point of view of
accelerating the intraduction of interactive methods into design practice
and acceleration of the conversion to SAPR.
At the present time the computer is used by the designers as auxiliary
equipment. In the future the central, primary role in design must go to
man. However, the role of machining will increase significantly, and in
the design organization man must service it and make decisions on the
basis of the results of the operation of the computer. Thus, the great
~ossibilities of the computer will be used more completely.
An automated design system is being created and functions in the design
organization as an independent system. Hawever, in the rural electric
power supply ~ther automated systems are developing in parallel. In
particular, operations have started with respect to the application of
computers in the operation of the rural electric networks. The region of
their application is highly significant. Thus, they are used for calcula-
tions of the optima~ repair times, determination of the losses of elec-
tric power in the networks, and the performance of calculations with the
subscribers. Consi.dering that a number of the initial information files
can be used both for design purposes and for operation and maintenance,
in the future the SAPR and automated system for operation and maintenance
of the networks can function as interre],sted on the level of hardware and
data banks.
For further technical progress in the rural electric power supply the use
of advanced foreign experience has great significance.
This pertains primarily to the underground low and medium voltagP cables
sahich have become widespread in the rural networks not only of small
countries (Belgium, The Netherlands), but also in the United States
where 10 to 15,000 km of such lines are being built annually.
- 11
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The eq uipment for the rural electric networks, light reliable and with
small dimensions, in particular for 35 kv voltage is of significant iiiter- -
- est. In particular, this includes vacuum breakers which have become wide-
spread .
In many countries wide use is being made of small KRU* This is making it
possib le to convert to the kiosk type transformer substations which are
signif icantly more reliable and convenient for operation (~Torway, Belgium, -
and so on) .
The experience in the application of computers in operation of rural net-
works (Bel6ium, the Federal Republic of Germany) deserves to be studied.
_ Not on ly are ti~e previously presented problems solved by computers, but
prob lems are also solved in the dispatch control of the areas with a very
large number of transformer substations and higY~ly branched network.
The s t udies of the voltage systems used in various countries in order to
estab lish a voltage system in th~ rural networks of the Soviet Union for
the distant future are of inte.rest.
The t e chnical designs adopted in the future must insure minimum national
- economic expenditures considering the specific z�equirements of the rural
users and the electric power supply conditions and also the forecasting
data and scientific and tQChnical progress in farm production and the
standard of living of the farm population, electric pawer engineering and
the electrotechnical industry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Komarov. D. "Advances in the Electrification of Agriculture,"
ELEKTRZCHESKIYE STANTSI~ [Electric Power Plants), No 7, 1979.
2. Budzko, I. A.; Zul', N. M. "Improvement of Efficiency and Quality
the Primary Goal in the Development of Rural Electric Power Supply
Sy stems," NAUCHNYYE TRUDY VIESKH [Scientific Works of the A11-Union -
S cien~ific Research Institute of Rural Electrification], 1978, Vol 45.
3. Kholmskiy, D. V.; Bronnitskiy, M. A.; Vyskirka, A. S. "Effectiveness
o f Using 10 kv Cable Lines," MEKHANIZATSIYA I ELEKTRIFiKATSIYA
SOTSIALISTICHESKOGO SEL'SKOGO KHOZYAYSTVA [Mechanization and Electri-
fication of Socialist Agriculture], No 6, 1977.
4. Budzko, I. A.; Kholmskiy, D. V.; Bronnitskiy, M. A., et al.
"Reliability of Rural Cable Lines," ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII [Electric
Power Plants No 2, 19 79.
5. Levin, M. S.; Ebina, G. L. "Effect of the Electric Power Supply System
and Reliability Indexes on Losses When Selecting the Reserve Electric
Power Plant Power," NAUCHNYYE TRUDY VIESKH, Vol 45, 1978.
* [Complete distribution systems] ~
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6. Muradyan, A. Ye. "Optimization of the Development of Rural Electric
Networks Using Computers," NAUCHNYYE TRUDY VIESKH, Vol 45, 1978.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1980
10 845
CSO: 1822
13
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ELECTRIC POWER ~
UDC 621.311.25:621.039.001.86 '
_ ~'ERFORMANCE OF STARTUP, ADJUSTMENT OPERATIONS AT KOLA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 7, 1980 pp 7-10
[Article by L. M. Voronin, candidate of technical sciences, A. P. Volkov,
B. A. Trofimov, engineers]
[Textj The first phase of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant consists of two
series power units with WER-440 water-cooled, water-moderated reactors.
In January 1973, complex startup and adjustment operations began on '
unit I, and in August 1974, on unit II. Here pawer unit I was started up
in June 1973, and II in December 1974.
When preparing for the performance of the startup and adjustment opera-
tions on units I and II of the Kola Nuclear Pawer Plant, the experience
of the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant was considered, and a procedure
was defined for successive perf.ormance of the startup and adjustment
operations and their volume. Schedules and programs were compiled.
In order to reduce the time required for the startup and adjustment opera-
tions, the decision was made to do away,.;aith the time charts and, accord-
ingly, to put the following units and systems into operation first:
The chemical water purifiers ~o provide desalinated water for flushing
and purging the process systems and equipment;
The 110/6 kv reserve transformer for inhouse needs to feed the inhouse
electrical system from the power system;
Storage battery to provi.~le direct current to the signal and protection
systems;
Electrical distribution stations for inhouse needs on 6 and 0.4 kv to
provide electric power to the inhouse machinery;
14
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~
An electrolyzer to provide the turbogenerators with hydrogen when testing
at idle and under load;
An oil system to provide oil to the turbogenerators and transformers;
A technical water supply system to provide water to the chemical water
purifiers and for flushing the system and equipment;
Nitrogen-oxygen station to provide all of the systems of the nuclear power
plant with nitrogen.
It is especially necessary to note the decision for advanced testing and
adjustment of the turbo units from an outside steam supply.
The boiler cars of a power train were used as the outside source of steam
on unit I. Steam was fed from unit I to adjust the turbogenerator of
unit II.
Testing the turbo units from an outside source of steam permitted not
only more uniform distribution of the efforts of the personnel, but also
significantly reduced the time for power startup and bringing the unit up
to power.
Thus, the startup and adjustment operations on units I and II of the Kola
Nuclear Power Plant were divided into several steps.
1. Adjustment and introduction into operation of the auxiliary system
and objects providing for starting up the basic equipment.
2. Adjustment and testing at idle and under load of the basic and
- auxiliary equipment of the turbine shop and the electrical equipment of
the main system.
3. Adjustment and testing of the basic and auxiliary systems of the
reactor installation.
4. Physical and power startups of the reactor, including complex testing
of all of the systems of unit I.
S. Step-by-step attainmer.t of design pawer.
This sequence of startup and adjustment operations also permitted more -
uniform distribution of the efforts of the personnel for performing the
entire volume of startup and adjustment operations in compressed times.
The basic startup and adjustment operations with respect to the turbine
division and the electrotechnical devices were performed before the
completion of the delivery and assembly of the basic equipment of the
first circuit.
15 ~
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'fhe input monitoring is one of the most important preparatory steps for
performance of the startup and ad3ugtment operations oa the equipment
and systems of the nuclear power plants.
When performing input monitoring, the follc~aing methods were used:
analysis of the certificate data: visual inspection, sample photographing _
of defective sections on the surface of the metal; color defectoscopy;
luminescent-hydraulic monitoring; magnetic-powder defectoscogy; ultrasonic
defectoscopy; gamma and x-ray control of the welds; investigation of the
microstructure of the basic metal by tne indentation method; determination
of the hardness of the metal.
_ The startup and adjustment operations on the equipment of the reactor unit
included the following steps: the flushing and functional testing of
auxiliary systems and equipment; hydraulic testing and circulation flush-
ing of the primary circuit; hot break-in; physical startup; power startup;
step-by-step bringing up to power.
The hydraulic tests on the primary circuit were made up of the following
tests of the disconnected part of the individual loops and hydraulic
testing of the primary circuit as a whole. This breakdown was caused by
the delay in delivery of the equipment during the course of the construc-
tion and installation ogerations to open up the operations front with
respect to thermal insulation and reduction of time to eliminate defects
discovered during the tests. -
The hydraulic tests on the primary circuit on the whole were performed
at a pressure of 175 kg/cm2 with a reactor vessel temperature of more
than 100�C. The water was heated by operation of the main circulating
pumps (GTsN) and supplying steam to the steam generators from the secondary-
circuit. Simultaneously with heating, circulation flushing of the primary
circuit was carried out.
- During flushing the following operating conditions were tested: startup,
operation and shutdown of the main circulating pumps (GTsN), determination
of their characteristics, heating of the primary circuit with the energy
of the operating GTsN; checkout of the thermal expansion of the ~ipel.ines
of the primaiy circuit; the closed and open purging mode on the primary
speci3l water purification unit.
In the final phase of flushing at a temperature of more than 200�C, the -
inside surfaces of the reactor vessel and the volume compensator were
passivated by introducing hydrazine hydrate into the primary circuit.
The application of the process cover during circular flushing is more
preferable by comparison with the standard upper unit, for in this case
the operations with respect to clo~ing off the jacket tubes and the
heat monitoring connection lines by temporary blind flanges are excluded
16
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In addition, the upper unit is relieved for operations with r~spect to
input monitoring and head installation finishing.
After hot break-in of the primary circuit ~ahich confirmed the readiness of
_ the nuclear power pZant equipment for the next phase of operationr
- physical startup the intravessel de.vices with subcritical core were
installed. The loading of the subcritical core w2s accomplished with the
performance of all measures to insure nuclear safety.
_ The experiments performed during physical startup confirmed the neutron-
physical characteristics of the first f.uel charge of the reactors obtained
by calculation; the reliability of the shielding and blocking, the fitness
of the emergency protection system and the process monitoring were con-
firmed.
The powers of both power units were assimilated in stages.
At the power level of up to 20%, the operations of studying the fuel field
were performed; the heat balance of the primary and secondary circuits
was compiled; the natural circulation conditions were tested; the run-
down conditions of the turbogenerators jointly with the GTsN were studied;
the total deenergizing mode of the nuclear pawer plant was tested; the
radiation situation in the process facilities was checked, and the water-
chemical regime of the primary and secondary circuits was adjusted,
_ The experiments with respect to deenergizing and running down the turbo-
generators demonstrated the great reliability of the GTsN feed circuit.
Rundown was i50 to l0^0 seconds.
The natural circu'lation insures the release of up to 9.0% of the power
- from the reactor (in percentages of the rated value).
The results of the indicated operations confirmed the fitness and the
reliability of the basic equipment and the process systems.
During assimilation of the powers of units I and II, the following opera-
tions were performed: compilation of the heat balances of the primary
and secondary circuits snd determination of the efficiency of the unit;
the study of the proportion of energy release in the core; the study of
the state of the fuel elements by the method of radiation-chemical analy-
sis; checking of the turbogenerators under a load of 230 megawatts;
testing and adjustment of the operation of the automatic power regulator;
adjustment of the operation of the information computer.
The schedules for assimilation of the design power of power units I and II
are presented in the figure.
17
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The experience in performing the startup and adjustment operations at the
Kola Nuclear Power Plant indicates that the period of these operations ,
can be reduced. Their volume must be determined by testing the estab-
lished equipment and by complex tests.
In practice the Kola Nuclear Power Plant has operated since assim.il.ation
of the powers of units I and II in the Kola power system primarily in the
base source regime, with some reduction in loads during the spring and
summer period.
The WER [water-cooled, water-moderated power reactors]are highly re~istant
to disturbances as a result of the negative temperature and power co-
efficients of reactivity. The units of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant
demonstrated good self-regulatability of the reactors under such large-
scale disturbances as disconnection of the GTsN, disconnection of the
turbogenerator from the network, the total load dropped, and so on.
The maneuverability of the nuclear power plant is characterized by compara-
tively short time expended on bringing the unit to power after a prolonged _
shutdown connected with cooling of the primary circuit. The total time
required for complex testing of the safety and control system (SUZ) of _
the reactors, achievement of the rated parameters of the primary circuit,
heating of the steam generators and synchronization of them with the sys-
tem is about 15 hours. The same time is required for cooling down the
reactor and bringing it to the repaired state.
High operating stabiliry of the nuclear power plant is achieved as a re-
_ sult of insuring reliable operation of the main equipment.
The experience in the operation of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant indicates
that the nuclear electric power plants with VVER reactors are simple and
reliable to control and operate.
In the reactors of the Kola AES, the safety rod control system with 37
mechanical adjustment elements was used for the first time.
At the present time the introduction of an automated system for operative
monitoring of the distribution of the neutron flux with respect to the
active core volume has ended at the Kola Nuclear Power Plant.
In January 1977, studies were made on both of the units of the Kola
Nuclear Power Plant to determine the economically optimal parameters of
the main circuits. For example, it was demonstrated experimentally that
with a reduction in pressure in the secondary circuit from the rated
value of 47 kg/cm2 to 42 kg/cm2 (with the corresponding reduction in the
temperatures of the secondary and primary circuits) and invariant thermal
power of the reactor the efficiency of the unit decreases insignificantly.
18
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- 19 .
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1
However, here the possibility appears for the use of the mode of opera-
tion on reduced parameters for lengthen~ng (as a result of the thermal
effect of reactivity) the operating run of the unit at power after find-
ing (at the end of the next fuel cycle) the reactivity reserve for burnup.
This possibility has been used many times. The lengthening of the run on
individual power units has reached up to 84 effective days. Here the
average burnup of 34.4 megawatts X days/kg has been achieved as opposed
to the dESigned 28.6 megawatts-days/kg. In the performed operations with ,
respect to optimization of the fuel cycles, the problem of decreasing the .
fuel component of the cost of the electric pawer is solved. ~
The operation of the units of tha Kola Nuclear Power Plant on increased
power levels has a significant effect on increasing the ecanomy of _
the operation of the entire electric power plant as a whole.
For the satisfaction of this goal, the following series of organizational-
technical measures has been realized ins uring stable and reliable opera-
- tion of the basic equipment:
Separation tests were performed on the steam generators of unit ~I;
Thermal tests were performed on all of the basic generators of the first
phase (TG Nos 1-4);
Installed with respect to the auxiliary safety valve on the volume
compensators, and additional protection was introduced with respect to
exceeding the pressure in the primary circuits in both units;
The method of continuous monitoring of the activity of the heat transfer -
agent in the primary circuits and the already-mentioned system for opera-
tive monitoring of the power distribution in the core were developed and
are in the introduction stage.
From 1 December 1978, the power units of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant have
operated constantly on a power to 470 megawatts (with a design. power of
440 megawatts), which permits additional generation of more than 400 million
kilowatt-hours of electric power annually.
An important area of insuring reliable and safe operation of the nuclear
power plants is timely determination of the level of unsealing of the
fuel elements. It is necessary to note that the low level of activity
discharge into the ventilation tube of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant
(hundreds of times less than admissible with respect to the norms) includ-
ing other factors is explained by sufficient seal of the fuel element
jackets.
The monitoring of the jacket seal (KGO) on the operating equipment is
carried out without radio chemical release of the elements from the sample
and direct spectrometric measurement on a semiconductor detector with
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high resolur_ion. An automated system has been introduced with semi-
conductor detector (PPD) in the bypass, which satisfies the requirements _
of operative monitoring with respect to the tidal activity of the fission
~ fragmznts. In addition, it is necessary to note that a system with PPD
in the bypass permits us to obtain information about the process of
washing off precipitation of radioactive products of corrosion on
the inside surfaces of the primary circuit of the operating equipment.
The operation of the nuclear power plant turbines operating on saturated
steam has demonstrated the importance of the problem of controlling
erosion to which the individual turbine elements are subject. During the
operating process, erosion wear of the through-fiow section of the high-
pressure cylinder, its joints and diaphragms is observed. Accordingly,
the joints of the high-pressure cylinder were clad with stainless
steel, the moisture-trapping shutters and dia~hragms thenselves were
replaced by stainless steel ones.
Individual electrotechnical devices and systems were improved during
operation. For example, step forcing of the excitation of the natural-
flow generators was carried out, which significantly increased the
operating time of the GTsN in the deenergizing mode.
_ The system for group startup of the emergency cooling mechanisms with
simultaneous cranking of the diesel generators was tested, which permits
the startup time for the electric motors on the inhouse machines to be
reduced and the reliability of the cooldown of the reactor to be increased
significantly.
The nuclear power plant belongs to the power engineering enterprises with
complex process equipment, the control of which without automated data
processing is complicated. If we consider the factor of responsibility -
which the operator has for probable consequences of errors, it is possible
to state that without the indication of modern measuring devices and auto-
mation systems, the operation of a nuclear power plant would be impossible.
Automation permits intensification of the technological processes, which
offers the possibility of decreasing the labor expenditures on servicing
it and a reduction in the operating expenditures.
The water regime of the primary and secondary circuits to a significant
degree determines the fitness of the fuel element jackets, the equipment
and lines. For the primary circuit of the reactors of units I and II of
the Kola Nuclear Power Plant, a mixed ammonia-potassium regime is used
with boric acid in the heat-transfer agent.
The advantages of the ammonia-potassium water regime consist in the
following:
The pH is maintained higher than 6.0, which satisfies the reduction in
corrosion rate of the basic equipment and the deposits on the fuel element
jackets; 21
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The required hydrogen concentration is maintained by introduction of an
ammonia solution into the circuit, which permits suppression of the
radiolysis of the water;
The regime makes it possible to apply hydrazine hydrate for binding the
o~cygen during startup of the reactor when going up to power;
The maintenance of the reducing environment as a result of the constant
presence of alkaline ions prevents oxidation of the zirconium alloys under
irradiation.
Tab le 1
Actually
Index for the Primary Circuit Norm Uriit I Unit II
' Value of the pH 6.0 7.4 7.35
Boric acid, g/kg - 2.1 2.26
Ammonia, mg/kg 5 8.7 8.3
Chloride, mg/kg 0.1 0.05 0.05
Iron, mg/kg 0.2 0.035 0.03
Potassium, mg/kg - 6.7 7.5
Oxygen, mg/kg 0.01 0.005 0.005
Hydrogen, nml/kg 30-60 41.4 43.6
Total activity, curies/kg - 4.10-3 8�10-3
_ The basic quality indexes of the water-chemical regime of the Kola Nuclear
Power Plant are presented in Table 1.
The coater regime is controlled by using the SVO-1 ion-exchange filters and
by the introduction of reagents by the makeup pumps. At the present time
means of automated chemical and radiochemical monitoring of the water-
chemical regime of the primary circuit are being introduced. ~ased on the
experience in the operation of ur.its I and II of nuclear power plants, it
is possible to note that the mixed ammonia-potassium input mode of the
heat-transfer agent of the primary circuit is one of the most available and
reliable modes making it possible to reduce the corrosion of the construc-
tion materials to a minimum.
The performed studies of the possibility of applying correction of the
feed water by hydrazine and ammonia made it possible in 1974 to introduce
the hydrogen-ammonia,water-chemical regime of the feed water of the second
circuit at Kola Nuclear Power Plant. Here the oxygen and carbon dioxide
concentrations are below the analytical threshold of the determination,
the concentrations of the copper and iron are 3 to 5 times less than the
establi~shed norms, and the contamination of the tubes and surfaces of the
steam generators is significantly below the designed contamination.
- .22. .
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23
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At the Kola Nuclear Power Plant, for deactivation oi the process equipment
(the recessed parts of. the CTsN, the drives of the saf.ety and control
system, and s4 on), special devices have been inatalled, Work is constantly
being per�ormed on the selection of the more highly effective and less
corrosion-active deactivation solutions, and so on.
The radiation situation in the external environment around Kola Nuclear
Power Plant is controlled in a radius to 75 km from the Kola Nuclear Power
Plant, The gaseous discharges of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant and the
results ~f the environmental studies, and namely the waste water of the
_ industrial site and Lake Imandra, the air and atmospheric fallout and
vegetation in 1973- 1977 are presented in Table 2.
From the table it is obvious that the gas-aerosol discharges are apprecia-
bly below the norm, and the content of the radioactive materials in the
- basic objects of the external envizonment does not change after starting
up unit I, and it was caused by tb.e products of global fallout and of
cosmogenic origin (Ce141,144~ Ru1~J3~ ge7~, Here their content in the
atmospheric air and water objects is less by 10,000 times than the mean
annual admissible concentration for individual people in the population.
In spite of the favorable radiation situation in the external enviror.ment,
measures have been planned and are being implemented which will permit
not only increased sensitivity of the monitoring methods, but also the
quality.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Elektricheskiye stantsi.i", 19 80
1U845
CSO: i822
-24. .
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.315.05.027.8:Q05
STRUCTURE OF ?'HE ELECTRIC NETWORKS OF USSR POWE R SYSTEMS
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 7, 1980 pp 30-33
[Article by V. V. Yershevich, candidate of technical sciences,
D. L. Faybisovich, engineerJ
[Text ] The e:ct-ent of the electric networks of the 110 kv power systems
and higher with respect to the state of the art at the beginning of 1979
was 418,000 km, and the installed power from the transformers at the
step-down substations of the indicated voltages was about 560 GV�A. In
order to obtain data on the structure and the operating conditions of the
electric networks and discover the trends in their development the
Energoset'proyekt Institute performed work reflecting the condition of
the 110 kv and higher electric networks on 1 January 1979. A number of
the generalized indexes of the development of the electric networks
turned out to be possib le to compare with the corresnonding data for t:_e
preceding 10-year period.
_ As is known, for voltages of rtore than 110 kv two systems have become
widc~spread in the USSR: 110-220-500 and 110(150)-330-750 kv. The first
system of voltages is used in the majority of the integrated power systems
(OES) of the country, and the second in the integrated power systems of
_ the Northwest and the South. In the electric networks of the integrated
power systems which are at the junction of two voltage systems, a mixed
system is used (the OES of the Center, the Northern Caucasus). About 70%
of the load is in the power systems with the voltage system of 500/220/110
kv.
With respect to the situation on 1 January 1979, for every kilowatt of
ins talled power of the electric power plants in the 110 kv and higher
electric networks there were 2.28 kv�A of tra*:~iormer power, including
on voltages of 110(15Q) kv, 1.31; 220 kv, C1.51; 330 kv, 0.21 and 500(400)-
750 kv, 0.25 kv�A. It must be noted that the corresponding mapnitt~de
in 1968 was 1.5 kv�A, 1nd in 1975, 2.1 kv�A. The ir.crease in the investi-
gaL�ed index characterizes the high rate~ of development of. the electric
networks of the power systems and, above all, the high-voltage networks.
25.
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At the same time significant growth of the specific installed power of
the transformers in recent years indicates the prevailing nature of the
trend in the assimilation of new voltage stages with respect to the trend
in increasing the use of the deep inputs. Further growth of the indi-
cated value can have negative consequences, for this leads to an increase
in the generalized power transformation coefficient in the networks and,
_ as a consequence, to an increase in loading of the transformer plants
and an increase in the electric power losses.
The 110 kv networks were developed in all of the pawer systems and the
power junctions cperating in isolation in the country. The 150 kv voltage
is used only in the Dneprovskaya and Kola power systems and partially, in
the regions adjacent to the Dneprovskaya power system. The primary purpose
of the 110 kv networks is external electric power supply of the basic
group of industrial users,. output of the power of the electric power plants
and, above all, the industrial and municipal heat and electric power
plants, external power supply of the electrified sections of the railroads,
electric power supply of the objects of rural electrification, and so on.
The extent of the 110(150) kv overhead lines on 1 January 1979 in the
single-circuit reckoning was 287,000 km. In the first years of the five-
year plan (1976-1978) the extent of the 110 kv network increased by
33,700 km, that is, the mean annual increase in extent of the overhead
power line was about 11,000 km. The highest rates of construction of the
110 kv overhead line in recent years occurred in the OES of Si.beria,
Central Asia, the Urals and Central Volga where, along with encompassing
new territories, a large volume of purposeful construction of 110 kv net-
works was realize~ for the electric pawer supply of the o bjects of irriga-
tion, extract~~n and transportation of oil and gas, the external electric
power supply of the electrified sections of the railroads, and so on. -
About 27% of the 110 kv overhead lines were made two-circuit with respect
to extent. The indicated relation has not in practice changed in recent
years, for in spite of the predominant construction in the cities and the
industrially developed junctions of the two-circuit overhead lines, the
basic volume of construction of the 110 kv lines took place in rural
areas where primarily the single-circuit overhead lines are constructed.
The average length of the 110 kv overhead lines in 1968-1978 did not
change and amounted to about 30 km. This index was determined by the
extent of the overhead lines for one feed center, which include the 110 kv
and higher electric power plants and substations having 110 kv distribu-
tion stations. The stable nature of the average length is determined by
the joint effect of the factors of an opposite nature. Thus, with an
increase in der.sity of the network, the index of average length decreases.
At the same time the construction of the extended rural lines and the
second circuits to the substations in order to increase the reliability '
of the electric pawer supply to the users is determined by its growth.
26
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The weighted mean of the wire cross section of the 110 kv overhead lines
in 1968 to 1978 in practice did not change and amounted to 146 mm2. At
the same time in the investigated period the proportion of overhead lines
with small (70-95 ~2) and large cross sections (240-50~ m~2) decreased
correspondingly from 21.4 to 17.3y and from 8.8 to 6.8% of the total
extent of the overhead lines.
The relations with respect to number and installed power of the 110 kv
transformers with different combinations of rated voltages are presented
hereafter (in percentages).
Combination of voltages Power Number
110/35/NN 58.4/52.7 55.8/54.1
110/25/NN 3.7/3.2 2.5/2.2
110/10 16.1/21.2 19.7/24.9
110/6 21.8/22.9 2 1.0/18.8
Note. The numerator ln 1968; the denominator is 1978.
A gradual reduction in the use of the 35 kv networks for external electric
power supply of the industrial users and in the electric power supply
~ systems of the large cities of the country was felt in a reduction in the
proportion of 110/35/NN triple-winding transformers. In the investigated
period the relative proportion of the deep input substations with
secondary 10 l;v voltage increased, which indicates the higher rates of
development of the 110 kv network by comparison with 6 kv. The noted
trends will be manifested to a higher degree also during the prospective
period.
- About 65% of the 110 kv substations have two or more transformers; by com-
parison with 1968 the indicated value increased by 13%, whi ch indicates
an increase in reliability of electric power supply of the users.
The 220 kv networks are available in all of the OES of the country, and
only in the unified power systems of the Northwest and the South have they
received limited development. The basic purpose of the 220 kv networks is
supplying power to the large junctions of the 35-110 kv network, output of
the power of electric power plants, the electric power supp ly for the
enterprises of the energy consuming branches of industry, external electric
power supply of the electrified sections of the railroads, and so on.
In a number of power systems of the country the 220 kv networks perform
system-forming functions.
The extent of the 220 kv overhead lines in the single-circui t execution on
1 January 1979 was 82,200 km. In 1971-1978, 31,000 km of 220 kv overhead
lines were put in operation (about 4,000 km per year). The highest growth
_ rates of the extent of the 220 kv overhead lines are characteristic of
27
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the unified power systems of Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East where
this value was 20 to 25% higher than the average for the country.
About 15% of the 220 kv overhead lines with respect to extent were made
two-circuit. The construction rates of the 220 kv overhead lines on the
two-circuit supports are growing constantly. Thus, in the last 8 years
the relative length of the two-circuit 220 kv overhead line increased
from 12.3 to 15%. In 1976-1978, the introduction of the two-circuit 220 kv
overhead line amounted to 31% of the total. The indicated trend is stable
and is determined by the increase in the distribution functions of the
220 kv network.
Increasing the density of the 220 kv network leads to a reduction in the ~
average length of the overhead line. Thus, in 1968-1978, the average
length of the 220 kv overhead line throughout the country decreased from
130 to 103 km. With respect to the individual unified power systems in
1978 this index changed from 81 to 114 km.
The weighted mean cross section of the wires of the 220 kv overhead lines
in 1968-1978 decreased from 398 to 358 mm2, which corresponds to the ever-
increasing nature of the distribution functions of the 220 kv network.
During the years of the Ninth Five-Year Plan the construction of overhead
lines with a wire cross section of 240 and 300 mm2 was of a prevailing
nature and amounted to 67% of the total input. The weighted mean cross
section of the 220 kv overhead line introduced in 1976-1978 is equal to
325 mm2.
The comparative data with respect to number and power of the transformers
and water transformers of the 220 kv substations with different combina-
tions of rated voltages are presented below (in percentages).
Combination of voltages Power Number
220/110/NN 83.5/88.0 78.9/77.5
220/35-27/NN 6.6/6.3 17.2/17.7
220/NN 4.9/5.7 3.9/4.8 '
Note. Numerator 1968, denominator 1978.
The power of the 220/110/NN autotransformers (AT) is about 88% of the
total 220 kv transformer power which is determined by the basic purpose of
the 220 kv networks feed of the large 110 kv junctions. The installed
power of the 220/35-27/NN transformers which are primarily used to amplify
the feed of the 35 kv distribution network in rural areas and for electric
power supply of the electrified sections of the railroad will be about 6% -
of the total power and 17.7% with respect to number. The latter is
determined by the relatively low unit power. The comparative data with
respect to use of the unit power of the 220 kv transformers in 1968
(numerator) and 1978 (denominator) are presented below (in percentages).
28
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Rated power of the
220 kv transformers,
PiV � A Power Number
20-32 3.2/3.0 14.7/14.3
_ 40-63 11.5/1.7 22.1/23.7
90-125 43.9/4.7 41.8/38.8
140-200 18.6/2.9 11.2/14.7
240 and higher 22.8/18/7 10.2/8.5
During the investigated period, the introduction of the "low" power trans-
formers (20-63 MV�A) into the OES of Central Asia, Northern Kazakhstan
and the Far East where they are widely used for electric power supply for
the pumping stations of the irrigation systems, electrified sections of
the railroads, electric power supply for the energy-consuming users, and
so on, increased significantly. It must be noted that in 1976-1978 the
proportion of the 200 MV�A transformers increased, the proportion of which
was about 38% of the total input.
The relative weight of the single-transformer substations in 1968-1978
dropped from 47 to 34%. The average power of the substations increased
from 169 to 181 MV�A. The insignificant growth of the average power of
the 220 kv substations in 1968-1978 is explained by the increase in use
of the 220 kv network for the electric power supply of the electrified
sections of the railroads and industrial enterprises, at the substations
of which the 32-63 MV�A transformers are widely used.
About 74% of the substations are made by the systems with 220 kv breakers,
including 25% connected to the network by simplified circuits (1-2 breakers)
and 49% have developed bus systems, on which three or more breakers are
installed. The number of 220 kv substations with simplified circuit dia-
grams without breakers decreased from 29 to 26% in the investigated
period.
The 330 kv networks received preliminary development at the integra ted
power system of the South and Northwest, the proportion of which is about
80% of the total extent of the 330 kv overhead lines. The basic purpose
of the 330 kv networks is supplying power to the large 110 kv load junc-
tions, distribution of the power of the electric power plants and insur-
ance of intersystem couplings.
The extent of the 330 kv overhead lines in the single-circuit execution
on 1 January 1979 was 22,300 km. During the Ninth~Five-Year Plan the
annual extent of the overhead lines increased by 1,000 km. The total
introduction of the 330 kv overhead lines in 1976-1978 was 2,600 km. The
average life of the 330 kv overhead lines in 1968-1978 did not change in
practice, and is on the level of 128 km. The stability of the indicated
index is determined by the fact that along with the increase in the num-
- ber of 330 kv substations and, as a consequence, reduction in average
29.
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length, the construction of a number of extended 330 kv overhead lines
and also the introduction of the secondary circuits for the operating
substations into operation were realized. In the future it is necessary
to expect a reduction in average length of the overhead lines.
For the 330 kv lines basically wires 2x300 and 2x400 mm2 in cross section ;
are used, the proportion of which is about 81% of the entire extent of
the ~verhead line data. In spite of the broad use of the 330 kv voltage
for distribution of power of the largest nuclear power plants of the
South and Northwest and, the corresponding large introduction of 330 kv
overhead lines with wires 2x400 mm2 in cross section, the weighted mean
cross section of the 330 kv overhead lines in 1968-1978 in practice re-
mained unchanged (698 mm2 in 1968; 694 mm2 in 1978). _
The ratio of the indexes of the 330 kv AT with respect to combinations of
rated voltages in 1968 (the numerator) and 1978 (the denominator) is
presented below (in percentages).
Combination of voltages Power Number
330/110/NN 66.2/55.9 53.2/65.3
330/150/NN 19.6/18.9 27.2/14.9
330/220/NN 14.3/25.2 19.6/19.8
About 75% of all of the installed transformer power to 330 kv is fed by ;
the 110-150 kv network junctions. The relative magnitude of the 330/220/NN
AT, which are the junction units for the two systems of voltages, is _
highly significant with respect to power and number. It can be noted
that the introduction of the 330/220/ kv transformers, providing far the
junction of two systems of voltages, during the years of the lOth Five-
Year Plan was reduced, which must be considered a favorable phenomenon.
The data on the use of the unit pawer of the 330 kv AT are presented below
(in percentages).
Unit power of the AT, MV�A Pawer Number
60 1.8/0.4 5.2/1.0
125(120) 30.2/21.4 42.8/32.3
200 19.6/32.1 16.8/30.5
240 48.4/39.5 35.2/31.3
250 -/6.0 -/4.6
400 -/0.6 -/0.3
Note. The numerator 1968; the denominator 1978.
The average pawer of the 330 kv AT in 1968-1978 increased from 175 to
187 MV�A. In the unified power system of the South, the power of the
30 .
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"average" AT is above average with respect to the country, and it amounts
to 196 MV�A. What has been indicated is determined by the energy-consuming
nature of the large group of users.In 1968-1978 the relative magnitude of
the substations with one AT was decreased from 55 to 23y, and with two,
increased to 587, and with three or more, to 19%. The reduction in the
number of single-transformer substations indicates an increase in the
operating reliability of the feed centers of the 110 and the 150 kv net-
work. The growth of the number of substations with three or more trans-
formers is determined by the absence up to the present time of the three-
phase 330/110 kv AT with a power of 400 MV.A and also the favorable t~ch-
nical-economic indexes of the 4x200 MV�A substations. The average power
of the 330 kv substation in 1968-1978 increased from 272 to 385 MV�A.
About 80% of the 330 kv substations are substations with developed bus
systems (one and a half, and so on), 177 of the substations have simpli-
fied circuit diagrams (up to three breakers), and the rest are attached
to the network without breakers.
The 500 kv networks received development at the OES of the Center, the
Central Volga, the Urals, Siberia, Central Asia, Norther_a xazakhstan, the
South, Trans Caucasus, Far East and Northern Caucasus. The basic purpose
of the 500 kv network is the system forming and intersystem functions and
also the distribution of pawer of the largest electric power plants.
Along with the unified power systems indicated in the series where the
500 kv networks operate for a prolonged period, their distribution func-
tions are gradually manifested. This function of the 500 kv network will
be intensified in the future. The 400 kv electric networks are used only
in the unified power systems of the South, and the realized communica-
tions with the networks of the CEMA member countries.
The extent of the ~~1'J (400) kv overhead lines on 1 January 1979 was
23,700 km, and the mean annual introduction in the last 10 years was
about 1,200 km. The average length of the 500 kv overhead lines in 1968-
1978 varied insignificantly, and in 1978 it was about 280 km. The stabil-
ity of the indicated index, in spite of the growth of the number of sub-
stations was determined by the construction during this period of the
number of extended 500 kv overhead lines which can include the Konakovskaya
State Regional Hydroelectric Power Plant Cherepovets, the Yermakovskaya
State Regional Hydroelectric Pawer Plant Omsk, the Votkinskaya Hydro-
electric Power Plant Kirov and others. In the unified electric power
plants of the Center and the Urals, the average length of the 500 kv over-
head lines are 10% lower than on the average throughout the country.
All of the 500 kv overhead lines are made with steel-aluminum wires. The
trend in the structure of the used cross sections of the current conduct-
ing part is characterized by a reduction in the weighted mean cross sec-
tion of the wires of the overhead lines. Thus, in 196~1978, the weighted
mean cross section dropped from 1488 to 1253 mm2. The proportion of the
31
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- 3x300 and 3x330 mm2 cross sections is about 62% of the total i.ntroduction
' of the 500 kv overhead lines in 1976-1978,
The variation in structure of the installed transformer power with respect
to combinations of rated voltages in 1968-1978 is presented below (in
percentages) '
Combination of voltages Power Number
500/110/NN 39/15.4 51.4/26.6 ~
500/220/NN 61/83.9 48.6/72.7
500/330/NN -/~�7 ~
Note. Numerator 1968; denominator 1978.
The grawth of the use of AT with a combination of voltages 500/220 kv and
a corresponding decrease in the relative amount of use of the 500/110 kv AT -
leads to a reduction in the economic indexes of the network as a result
of an increase in the installed transformer power on a voltage of
220 kv and growth of the electric power losses during transformation. -
In 1976-1978, the introduction of the AT 500/220 kv was about 93% of the
total. _
The data with respect to the use of the unit power of the 500 k~~ AT are
presented below (in percentages).
Unit power of the AT, MV�A Power Number
250-270 28.3/12.3 40.5/22.4
300-405 49.9/17.7 48.6/21.2
SO1 -/44.8 -/41.5
750-801 21.8/25.2 10.9/14.9 .
Note. Numerator 1968; denominator, 1978.
Out of the 500 kv substations operating on 1 January 1979, the single-
transformer substations amount to 21%, the two-transformer substations
amount to 63%, and with three or more transformers, 16%.
_ The majority of the substations are executed with developed bus systems,
which is determined by the high reliability requirements imposed on the
500 kv network. About 15% of the substations are connected to the network
by the simplified circuits (1-2 breakers), and one substation, without
breakers.
The 750 kv networks received development in the unified power systems
of the South, the Northwest, aild the Center and performed system-forming
functions.
32 .
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The total extent of the 750 kv overhead lines on 1 January 1979 was
1,930 km. About 68% of the extent of the overhead l~nes was made up of
a cross section of 4x400 mm2; there are overhead lines with a cross section
of 5x240 mm2, and overhead lines are being constructed with a cross section
of Sx300 mm2. The average length of the 750 kv overhead lines on
1 January 1979 was 323 km.
In 1978 the installed power of the 750 kv AT was 13 GV�A, including
11.7 at the 750 kv substations and 1.3 GV�A at the electric power plants.
About 68% of the power of the AT iflstalled at the substations have a
combination of 750/330 kv voltages, and the rest, 750/500 kv, by means of
which junctions of the two voltage systems are realized.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1980
10845
CSO: 1822
33
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ELECTRIC POWER ~
UDC 621.315.1.027.875.001.5
QUALITY ST RUCTURAL DESIGNS OF 750 KV LINES, EFFICIENCY I'.~'ROVEMENT
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 7, 1980 pp 41-45
[Article by V. V. Burgsdorf, doctor of technical sciences,
N. P. Yemel'yanov, candidate of technical sciences, L. V. Timashova,
engineer] ,
[Text] The extent of the 750 kv lines which are acquiring decisive sig-
nificance for the power output of the largest stations and development of
the unified pawer system of the European part of the Soviet Union and its
coupling to the power systems of the countries of the socialist alliance
is increasing greatly. It is therefore very important to develop measures
for further improvement of their efficiency.
The scientific studies of recent years have provided for significant
limitation of the overvoltages and the reduction of the insulation dis-
tances, the availability of electric field intensity of approximately 15
kv/m at ground level has been confirmed. The production of economical
insulators for high loads permitting the application of the most expedient
single-circuit chains has been mastered. Significant progress has been
made in the construction of supports. All of this is opening up the pros-
pects for creating more compact lines which will be essentially promoted
by the introduction of synthetic j.nsulators.
It is especially important for improvement of the 750 kv lines correctly
to select the wires, the structural design of the phases and the distance
between them. Accordingly, the new data with respect to the actual
levels of radio and acoustic interference and losses to corona are acquir-
ing great significance.
At the present time on ttie 750 kv lines splitting of the phase into four
and five wires is used. The splitting into four wires was used on all of
the 750 kv lines built in Canada, the United States and in the southern
power systems of the USSR. The splitting into four wires is simple and
constructive. It insures good technical and economic indexes, especially
for the wires of large cross section on which emphasis has been placed
abroad in connection with an increase in the transmitted power.
34
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The wires 32-35 mm in diameter permit us to obtain comparatively small
losses and interference to corona with spacings of 12 to 13 mer.ers
between phases which are sufficient also for preventing flashovers on
the support and in the span.
When using wires of smaller diameter to limit interference and losses to
corona, it is required to increase the spacing between the phases. As
the experience of the USSR has demonstrated, this path is expedient for
economy of conductor materials and reduction of the load on the supports
make it possible to decrease the cost of the lines.
The next step in the development of the 750 kv electric power transmission
lines is the use of five wires in a phase. The construction of the phases
- from five wires on the 750 kv lines as highly prospective was proposed by
the VNIIE Institute in 1967 [1], but there were insufficient available
data then for completed development of it.
Tl~e studies performed by 1970 permitted the VNIIE Institute to develop a -
structure with five wires in a phase on the 750 kv lines and to make con-
structive proposals to the Energoset`proyekt Institute insuring economy of
conducted materials with good corona indexes. In particular, the construc-
~ tion of a line with minimum consumption of aliuninum with splitting of the
- phase into five ASU-240 wires (d=22.4 trnn) arranged with a spacing of 30 cm
and an interphase distance of 19.5 meters was completely substantiated.
- The phase cross section with respect to the aluminum was a total of
1200 mm2, that is, it turned out to be even less than in a number of the
constructPd 500 kv lines. This construction was used later on the 750 kv
electric power transmission line between Leningrad and Konakovo on which
- the northwest branch of the Energoset'proyekt Institute achieved very high
technical and economic indexes.
Subsequent statistical studies of the VNIIE Institute on the 750 kv lines
and experimental sections at 1150 kv confirmed the correctness of the
decisions made and made it possible to advance new proposals with respect
to the construction of 750 kv lines. They are based on maintaining the
noise levels within admissible limits and restricting the energy losses
to heating and corona to economically expedient values.
Interference Levels. According to the requirements of the All-Union State
Standard for Industrial Interference (All-Union State Standard 22012-76,
16842-76) their intensity from the electric power transmission lines must
not exceed 45 decibels (CISPR)1 at a distance of 100 meters from the
projection of the edge phase on the ground for 80% of the time in the
_ year on a frequency of 0.5 megaHertz. The observation of this condition
insures maintenance of admissible levels of radio interference in the
entire frequency spectrum.
1
With respect to the instrument satisfying the requirements of the Inter-
national Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR).
35
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Abroad usually requirements are imposed on radio interference at a
f.requency of 1 megaHertz. For the 750 kv lines in Canada 26 meters from
the edge phase the intensity of the radio interference mu~t not exceed
67 db (ANSI)1 for 99% of the rain time [2], and in the United States,
55 db (ANSI) for 50% of the rain time and a distance of 30 meters from tt~e
edge phase [3]. For the 1200 kv lines in the United States the same norm
is maintained, but at a distance of 43 meters, that is, more intense inter-
~ ference is permitted. The interference level with 50% guarantee with
respect to rain is classified as interference from wet wires.
Thus, it is natural that all of the recommendations are based on statisti-
cal laws for which one-time measurements are entirely inadequate. There-
fore in the USSR and abroad special significance is ~ttached to the mass
recording of interference. In the Soviet Union it was organized by the
VNIIE Institute in 1963, on the 500 kv lines in 1968, on the 750 kv lines
with phase splitting into four wires and in 1976 with five wires in a
phase. As a result, a large amount of factual material has been obtained
which includes many tens of thousands of recordings for each type of line.
The interference was recorded with intervals of 5 minutes and encompassed
all of the encountered forms of weather. With respect to scales of the
_ studies and the materials obtained, this work plays one of the primary
roles in the world and its results must be considered as entirely reliable
for characteri2ation of the interference levels from electric power trans-
mission lines. In order to determine the intensity of the interference
as a function of voltage, line parameters and remoteness of the investi-
gated object, the formula can be used which is presented in the "Guidance
Instructions for Considering Losses to Corona and Interference ~~om Corona
when Selecting the Wires of the AC, 330-750 kv and DC 800-1500 kv Over-
head Electric Power Transmission Lines" (1975)
Eq - E'~ KE (E - E') 40 l~ ~d 20K lg k~ ~ 1~
~1) ~ ~ y
20 (K - 1) Ig H, ,
Key: 1. n
~,rhere is the interested level of radioactive interference at a distance
R from the line with wires having a diameter d, height of suspension of the
wires (dimensions) H and electric field intensity on the wire surface E;
E'.~ is the measured statistical level of radio interference at a distance
R' from the line having a wire diameter of d', a height of suspension of
the wires H' and electric field intensity on the wires E'; Kg is the
lAccording to the instrument satisfying the requirements of the National
Standards Institute of the United States (ANSI).
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coefficient of the rate of variation of the radio interference level with
variation of the electric field intensity on the wires; K is the coefficient
of transverse damping of the radio interference equal to 1.6 for lines with
t~orizontal arrangement of the phases.
The coeff icient KE was investigated in detail by the VNIIE Institute. New
_ numerous measurements with fast voltage variations made it possible to be
convinced that the previously obtained value of 1.8 [4] is confirmed well
by recent data. When using the coefficient .1.8-2, the results of the
measurements are well generalized for various 500 kv lines in Moscow Ob last
and also the 750 kv lines from Leningrad to Konakovo and the Donetsk Basin
to the Dnepr, Good results were also obtained when comparing our data
with the results of recordings in the United States on the industrial and
experimental 750 kv line and on the experimental 1200 kv lines with split-
ting of the phases into 8 wires 41 imn in diameter [5, 6].
Thus, the suitability of formula (1) was confirmed by the data for essen-
tially different structural designs of the lines, electric field intensi-
ties, number of wires in the phases and distances between them. For its
use in practice it is necessary to take as the basic lines, those for
~ which sufficiently complete measurement data are available and those which
operate under similar conditions to the ones in which we are interested.
The fact is that in addition to the line parameters the intensity of the
radio interference is affected by air pollution and humidity along the
route.
According to the data ob tained by the VNIIE Institute it is necessary to
distinguished especially clean, clean and moderately polluted areas. For
each of them, being guided by the previous ly presented requirements of
the norms and the obtained distribution curves for the noise intensity
during th e year, the admissible field intensities were determined on the
middle ph ase depending on the radius of the wire for horizontal arrange-
ment of the phases. When constructing the curves in Fig l, the value of
KE=2.0 was used, This value is close to the practical upper limit with
respect to the measurements made, and it insures a reserve by comparison
with 1.8. For electric power transmission lines with phase arrangement
differing significantly f rom horizontal, it is necessary to consider the
difference in the damping coefficients of the radio interference with
distance.
In Fig 1 curve 5 is characteristic for the 750 kv Donbass-Dnepr and
Konakovo-Leningrad (in the Konakovo-Kalinin section) lines sub~ect to moder-
ate indus trial pollution. The investigated segment of the Konakovo-
Leningrad line runs through the swamps, that is, it is in a zone of
increased moisture.
Curve 2 was constructed by the measu.rements on the 500 kv lines in the
agricultural zones of Moscow Ohlast. Finally, curve 1 was obtained for the
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xe/~n (1 . . _ . _
)S Eao~, ~ -
3< ' \ -
3] ~ 3
/
31 1
31
<
30
19
- ?8
17 -
16
_ 1~ 7
7y 5 6
ro
I,0 ~ 1,1 !,4 1,6 cn
Figure 1. Admissibl.e electric field intensities on the
surface of a wire as a function of its radius.
1-- especially clean area; 2-- cle~n area; 3-- by the
_ criterion Ead,Q.9 Eq for d=1.04; 4-- by the cr.iterion
Ead;0.9 E~ for 8=1.02; S-- moderately polluted area;
6-- 1150 kv overhead line according to the American
normatives; 7-- 750 kv overhead lines according to the
American, Canadian normatives.
K2y:
1. kv / cm
2. Ead
route of the Koiiakovo-Moscow line. It characterizes an especially clean
area where the highest field intensities can be permitted. Accordin~ to
many years of data, they turned out even to be somewhat highe r than
previou~].y recommended in the guidance ins tructions .
It is expedient to compare the curves obtained with the previously pre-
sented requirements adopted :~.n Canada and the United States where there
is significant experience j.n the construction, operation and maintenance
of the 750 kv lines.
The analys is of the Canadian recommendations has demonstrated that in
pracCi ~e they coincide witht he American reco~nendations for 750 kv.
The requirements for the 1200 kv lines are lighter in the United States
Beginning with these recommendations, admissible electric field intensities
on the wires were defined for the 750 kv (curve 7) and 1200 kv (curve 6)
~ lines in Fig 1.
38
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Considering the entire set of relations obtained, it is possible to draw
the following conclusions.
The most rigid requirements are being imposed in Canada and the United
States for the 750 kv lines. The admissible field intensities be~inning
with the intensity of the radio interference required in the USSR for
moderately polluted areas and in the United States for 1200 kv lines in
practice coincide, In rural areas (Fig 1, curves 1 and 2) according to
the data of the VNIIE Institute the admissible intensity can be.
increased by 1-2.5 kv/cm.
It is improper to be oriented to the Canadian and American recommendations
~ w~th respect to the 750 kv lines. These requirements do not correspond
to the positive experience jn the maintenance of lines in the USSR and
the majority of 750 kv lines (first phase) in the United States success-
fully operating about 10 years with higher field intensities. These
recommendations are oriented essentially to the electric power'trans-
mission lines recently built in Canada and the United States with very
large wire cross sections.
_ Acoustic noise, according to measurements in the USSR and the United
States, is not defining f.or the 750 kv lines when the phlase is split into
- f.our or five wires. If we take them as the criter~~n, it would be possible
to permit higher field intensities on the wires than by the condition of
_ restriction of the radio interference to the normalized level. The
acoustic interference can, however, have a serious value for the 1200 kv
lines.
In addition to what has been stated, in the USSR the practical criter3on
of limiting the field intensity of the wires to 90% of the initial corona
intensity is used for average operating conditions, that is,
E ~1~0,9Eo,
(2)
Key :
1. ad
where ED is the initial field intensity of the occurrence of corona on
the wire wfth a mean annual air intensity 8 on the route of the line.
The magnitude of the latter in the.central and northern parts of the
European territory of the USSR is equal to about 1.04, and in the
southern part, 1.02.
Curves of the admi~sible field iu~tensities with respect to the criterion
(2) were constructed for these values of the air density in Fig 1 in
addition to the curves of the electric field intensities on the surface
of the wires admissible by the condition of restricting the radio inter-
ference. The results obtained are of great interest. As is obvious from
39
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Fig 1, the admissible values of the electric field intensity on the surface
of the wires even ~n the regions with atmospheric pollution are determined
from the condition of restricting the radio interference only for ].arge-
diameter wires (to the right of the point of intersection of. curves 3 or 4
with curve 5). For the wires of smaller diametera (radius less than 1.4 r.m
- wiCh respect to curve 3) the criterion (3) is decisive for selection of
the wires. In especially clean areas the values of the admissible elec-
tric field intensities are entirely defined by the criterion (2).
The correctness of this in practice steady-state criterion, considering its
defining significance, will be in need of special analysis.
_ Losses to Corona. The prob lem of determining the losses to corona for a
significant phase is highly complicated inasmuch as the conditions of
development of corona on the surface of the wire vary with variation of
_ the electric field intensity around its periphery and the number of split
wires. Therefor.e direct measurements of losses under field conditions
considering the statistical relations of each type of weather had
especially great significance. Similar measurements were performed on a
broad scale by the VNIIE and NIIPT Institutes for splitting of the phase
into three and four wires on experimental spans and by the ENIN Institute
on the existing lines. They introduced significant clarity into the loss
characteristics for such lines and made it possible to propose generalized -
calculated functions which were used to determine the losses to corona
on the 750 kv lines [4, 7, 8j. ~
1,35 K^ n_8 -
~ ~,30 ,
� ~ ~ n=5
~ ~
l2 n=4 -
~ \ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
� 1,15 ~
~ ~
~ ~
1,10 ~
n=3 ~
n=2
~A5
1,00 ' E'7E�
0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 O,B 0,85
Figure 2. Graphs of the splitting coefficient ICn as a
function of the ratio E3 /E~ for a different number n of -
wires in the phase
When determining the losses to corona according to [5, 7, 8] the most
significant differences are included in the procedure for determining the
- 40.
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equivalent intensity of the electric field and the exponent for the number
of split wires. The VNIIE Institute has used values of the equivalent
field intensity E~ obtained by integration of the loss characteristics
P=f(E) around the circumference of the wire. Hawever, this turned out to
be insufficient, for the differences in the processes of the formation of
the volumetric charge of single and split wires and the polarization of
the charga on the surface were not taken into account. Therefore it was
necessary to introduce the correction factor ICn which depends on the
number of wires and the degree of development of the corona E~/E~.
It is possible to take the.intensity KnE,~ as the calculated intensity.
With this approach the loss characteristics for a single wire and a split
phase can be represented by one generalized function. Fig 2 gives the
experimentally obtained values of the coefficients Kn with splitting of
the phase to eight wires. They can be represented with sufficient
accuracy by straighL lines. The relation for the five wires was obtained
by interpolation.
_ For precipitation the ratio E3/E~ increases as a result of a decrease in
the actual value of Ep, and the coefficient Kn approaches one; therefore
with precipitation it can be neglected and the calculation performed using
the guidance instructions.
In [4] the losses were taken proportional to the number of wires in the
phase at the same time as in [7] a quadratic function was used. In the
latter paper no significant reduction in losses to corona with a decrease
- in the splitting step size was discovered. In [4] the effect from varia-
tion of the step size and the number of wires of the split phase was sig-
nificant. This result is very important for constructing the 750 kv lines,
and it discovered limited growth of losses in such transmissions. The
moderate level of losses to corona in t3,.e 750 kv lines was predicted also
in [9].
The calculated values of the mean annual losses in power to corona for
areas with temperate climate in the 750 kv lines are presented in the
table.
Selection of the Parameters of the 750 kv Lines. For the characteristic
of practical leads from the performed studies in the table a study is
made of the number of the structural designs of the 750 kv lines, both
applied and certain prospective ones. The electric field intensities on
the wires are presented for horizontal and triangular arrangement of the
phases which are campared with the admissible ones according to Fi; 1,
It was assumed that the mean annual air density is 1.04, and the inter-
ference must be calculated for conditions of a moderately polluted area.
The natural power of the lines of different structural designs and the
power transmitted over them beginning with economical current density of
0.7-0.8 amps/mm2 are defined, and the losses to corona and heating of the
41.
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42
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[Key to table on preceding page]:
1. Wi re
2. Wire radius r~, cm
3. Admissible intensity of the electric field on the wires, kv/cm
4. Distance between phases, meters
5. Splitting step size, cm
- 6. Inductive resistance, ohm/km
7. Greatest intensity of electric field on the wires of the middle phase
E2m, kv/cm
8. E2m/E~
9. Natural power PH, MVt
10. Losses to corona, kilowatt/km
11. Calculated transmitted pawer, MV�A
12. Losses to heating, kilowatt/km
13. AS
*Middle phase raised by 4 meters, spacing between adjacent phases
indicated among the horizontal.
Note. Value of the admissible electric field intensity on the surface
of the wires, ratio of the greatest intensity of the electric field on
the wires of the.middle phase to the initial intensity E2~/E~ and the
losses to corona are presented for relative air density of 1.04.
wires with the indicated current densities and T=4000 hours are estimated.
Thus, the data in the table give an exhaustive characteristic of the basic
parameters of the 750 kv lines and the losses in them with different struc-
tural execution.
The natural power of the 750 kv lines of the structures presented in the
table varies from 2000 to 2700 megawatts. Its increase (to 25%) is
achieved by increasing the splitting step and decreasing the spacing
between phases, that is, using entirely construction so~utions. The
increase in natural power is limited to an increase in the field intensity
on the wires and an increase in losses to corona. The losses to corona
essentially depend on the structural design of the line, and they can vary
from 6 to 26 kilowatt/km, that is, by 4 times.
By corresponding combination of the splitting step and the spacing between
the phases it is possible significantly to limit the losses, achieving
this by inexpensive means by comparison with increasing the wire cross
section, but the natural power of the line decreases simultaneously.
On transmission of relatively law power and with small phase cross section
the reduction in losses is highly effective inasmuch as in these cases
the natural power significantly exceeds the economical pawer and, conse-
quently, in this sense there is a defined reserve. As the phase cross
section is increased, the natural and economic powers approach each other;
43
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therefore an increase in the splitting step and reduction in distances ,
between the phases are justified. If for the structural design of
SxAS-240/56 distances between phases of 16.5 and 19.5 meters can be used
with step of 30 or 40 cm, on a line with 5 wires AS-300/39 it is possible
to obtain good solutions not only with an interphase distance of 13.5 m,
but even for 12.6 meters, raising the middle phase by 4 meters.
The triangular arrangements of the phases were investigated abroad both
by lifting the middle phase [10] and by lowering it [11]. In the USSR
the structural design with lifting of the middle phase was realized by the
Northwestern Department of the Energoset'proyekt Institute with wires
SxAS-300/39 with a step of 30 cm on the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant to
Leningrad line. According to our data, raising the fi.iddle phase with
step of 40 cm would be effective for increasing the natural power.
It is ex~edient to use raising of the middle phase to decrease the intensity
of the electric field on it and prove the line characteristics.
The lowering of the middle phase can be of interest in the presence of
reserves with respect to electric field intensity on the middle phase
(application of wires of larger cross sections SxAS-400/93 and SxAS-500/64
with diminished splitting step). The effect of equalizing the intensity
of the electric field on the ground level under the edge and middle phases
achieved when doing this offers the possibility of decreasing the distance
to the ground.
With large wire cross sections the distances of 12 and 13.5 meters between
phases become the basic structural solution. Moreover, from the corona
conditions they can be reduced to 10 meters. However, the practical imple-
mentation of these solutions requires special investigation of the degree
of danger of the coming together of the phases in the span. When splitting
thf~ phases into four AS-400/93 wires, a distance between phases of 16.5 m
can be used only with step of 30 cm, and for the 4xAS-500/64 circuit both
with a 40-cro step and a 60-cro step. In all of these cases, however, the
line characteristics are noticeably inferior to the design with splitting
into five wires with respect tothe maximum attainable natural powers,
energy losses and dimensions. When constructing the lines it is necessary
to consider that with maximum increase in natural power for the selected
spacing between phases, the losses to corona increase noticeably.
Conclusions
1. Long-term measurements of the actual levels of radxo interference from
corona on the 750 kv lines built in the USSR with four and five wires in
the pl:ase permit sufficiently reliable characterization of the admissible
values of the electric field intensity on the wires for design.
2. The curves of the electric field intensities that are admissible with
respect to radio interference must be classified by areas with different
degree of pollution. The greatest values of the admissible gradients can
be assumed in especially clean areas.
_ 44
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In the areas even with moderate atmospheric pollution admissible intensi-
ties decrease by 2.5 kv/cm and limit the selection of the wires with
radti of more than 1.4 cm.
The acoustic interference from the 750 kv lines is not defining.
3. For selection of the wires of small cross sections, the practical cri-
terion Ead,0.9 ED is the limiting criterion, which can be considered as
the safety margin preventing visible corona in good weather with flucuta-
tions of the relative density of the air during the year and operating
changes in voltage in the line.
4. The losses to corona in the 750 kv lines have great significance and
must be considered when selecting the wires. Their values can be defined
by the procedure from the guidance instructions and are more precisely
defined in accordance with the data of this article.
S. The performed studies have demonstrated that by varying the arrange-
ment of the phases and the splitting step, it is possible significantly
to increase the natural power of the 750 kv line and reduce the losses to
corona in it. This is a simple and cheaT method.
6. Splitting of the phase into five wires significantly improves the
750 kv transmission parameters. It per-~nits an increase in natural power,
a reduction in spacing between phases and losses to corona by comparison
with splitting into four wires. With small transmitted power the split-
ting into five wires insures significant savings of conducting materials.
7. The spacing between phases on the 750 kv lines can be reduced signifi-
cantly by comparison with existing practice.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l. Burgsdorf, V.V.; Yemel'yanov, N. P.; Zhuravlev, E. N; Liberman, A. Ya.
"Studies of the Structural Design of the 750 kv Electric Power
Transmission Line Ph4se," TRUDY VNIIE [Works of the VNIIE Institute],
No XXXI, 1967.
2. Lecomte, D.; Meyere, P. CIGRE, Nos 22-08, 1980.
3. Flugum, F., et al. CIGRE, Study Committee No 22, Sienna (Italy)
Colloquim, 1979, rep. No 3.1.
4. Burgsdorf, V. V.; Yemel`yanov, N. P.; Timashova, L. V. "Selecting
Wires and Phase Structure of 750 kv Lines by Corona Conditions,"
DAL'NIYE ELEKTROPEREDACHI 750 kV [Long-Distanee 750 kv Electric Power
Transmission Linesj, 24oscow, Energiya, Part 1, 1974.
45
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5. Comparison of Radio Noise Prediction Methods with CIGRE/IEEE
Survey Results, Electra, No 22, 1972.
6. Gehria, E. H. CIGRE, Study Committee No 22, Sienna (Italy) ,
Colloquium, rep. No 2.2.
- 7. Yegorova, L. V.; Kislova, N. S.; Tikhodeyev, N. N. "Losses to Corona
on 750 kv Lines," DAL'NIYE ELEKTROPEREDACHI 750 kV., Moscow,
Energiya, Part 1, 1974.
8. Levitov, V. I.; Popkov, V. I. "Power Losses and Energy Losses to
Corona on the Wires of Superhigh Voltage Lines," DAL'NIYE
ELEKTROPEREDACHI 750 kV., Moscow, Energiya, Part 1, 1974.
9. Levitov, V. I.; Popkov, V. I. "Study of Corona on High Voltage Lines," ,
IZVESTIYA AN SSSR. ENERGETIKA I TRANSPORT [News of the USSR Academy
of Sciences, Pawer Engineering and Transportation], No 3, 1964.
10. Andeson, J. G.; Laforest, J. J. ELECTR. LIGHT AND POWER, Vol 47,
No 6, 1969.
11. Carpena, A.; Cauzillo, V. A.; Nicolini, P. CIGRE, No 22-13, 1976.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1980 '
10845
CSO: 1822 �
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ELECTRIC POWER
PETR STEPANOVICH NEPOROZHNIY SEVENTIETH B IRTHDAY
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 7, 1980 p 75
[Unsigned article]
.
[Text] Pet Stepanovich Neporozhniy-=minister of pawer engineering and electri-
fication of the [1SSR, member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, deputy
of the Supreme Council of the USSR, Lenin Prize Laureate, corresponding
member of the USSR Academy of Sciences ce lebrated his 70th birthday on
13 July 1980.
He has devoted more than 50 years of his life to the development of power
engineering and electrification of our country, traveling the path from
construction worker to minister and prominen t power engineering scientist.
Petr Stepanovich Neporozhniy was born in 1910 in a peasant family. On
graduation from Kiev Polytechnical School and later, Leningrad Water
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Transportation Engineers Institute specializing in hydraulic engineering,
until 1941 he worked in construction and the operation and maintenance of
the irrigation systems in Central Asia, on the construction of the Kadyr'ya ~
Hydroelectric Power Plant and Chirchikstroy, in the Leningrad Department
ofthe Gidroenergoproyekt Institute, chief of the technical division of
- the Glavgidroenergostroy Administration of the People's Commissariat of
Electric Power Plants and chief construction engineer of EnsoGES Hydro-
electric Power Plant.
During World War II P. S. Neporozhniy was named director and chief
engineer of the Central Asian Department of the Gidroenergoproyekt
Institute, where he headed up the work on the design of hydroelectric
power plants, the construction of which took place on a broad front during
the war in Uzbekistan, and in 1944 he was in charge of the construction of
the EnsoGES Hydroelectric Power Plant and restoration of. the Raykhial
Hydroelectric Power Plant.
- In 1946 Petr Stepanovich was appointed chief construction engineer of the
Verkhne-Svirskaya Hydroelectric Power Plant. He is simultaneously chief
engineer of the Svir'stroy Trust, the composition of which included the
construction organizations of Enso, Raukhial, Nizhne-Svirskaya and
Verkhne-Svirskaya Hydroelectric Power Plants. Since 1952 he has worked
as chief construction engineer of the Kakhovskaya Hydroelectric Power
Plant.
Under the direction of P, S. Neporozhniy, the method of continuous pouring
of concrete was developed and implemented for the first time in Soviet
hydraulic engineering construction, a number of scientific research pro-
jects were carried out proving the actual possibility of building the
Kakhovskiy Hydroengineering Complex on the fine-grained sand, and advanced
methods of organizing construction and performance of operations were
developed and applied.
Simultaneously, he was a teacher, first the docent of the Central Asian
Polytechnical Institute and later department professor of Odessa Poly-
technical Institute.
The high businesslike qualities, exceptional physical fitness, energy,
comprehensive engineering wisdom, skill in working with people advanced
P. S, Neporozhniy to the first ranks of the leaders of power engineering
construction. In 1954 Petr Stepanovich was appointed to the job of deputy
chairman of the Ukrainian SSR Council of Ministers and representative of
the Ukrainian SSR Gosstroy, and in 1959, first deputy minister of electric
- power plant construction of the USSR. In 1962 P. S. Neporozhniy was
appointed minister of power engineering and electrification of the USSR.
He has worked at the job to the present time.
48
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During these years Soviet power Angineering went through exceptional growth.
The production of electric power in 19 79 was 1239 billion kilawatt-hours
as opposed to 369 billion kilowatt-hours in 1962, and the power of the
electric power plants increased from 82.5 million kilawatts to 255 million
kilowatts.
An enormous amount of work has been done directly under the supervision of
P. S. Neporozhniy to introduce the achievements of scientific and technical
progress into power engineering construction, Its direction is character-
ized by broad application of units with high unit power operating in heat
engineering on high and superhigh press ure steam, b road introduction of
automation and technical remote control means, mass application of prefab-
ricated reinforced concrete both in the construction of the thermoelectric
power plants and networks and in hydroengineering construction, the creation
of powerful base for the construction industry.
The scientific-research, planning and design work has been performed, and
powerful nuclear power plants have.been built such as Beloyarsk,
Novovoronezh, Chernobyl', Leningrad, Kursk, Armyanskaya, Smolensk, and so
on.
The new structural designs and advanced methods of organizing construction
and performance of. operations developed under the s upervision of
P. S. Neporozhniy have made it possible to reduce the times and increase
the quality of power engineering construction.
Along with a~reat deal of organizational work with respect to the develop-
ment of power engineering in the USSR, P. S. Neporozhniy has directly
managed the construction of the most important national economic industrial
complexes charged to the pawer engineering construction collectives. Among
them are projects such as the Bratsk and Ust'-Ilim Forestry Complexes and
Aluminum Plants, the largest enterprises of the chemical industry in
Saratov, Tol'yatti, Nizhnekamsk, Orenburg and other cities and also the
largest Volga and Kama Automobile Plants built in unprecedentedly short
times.
Far all of these years Petr Stepanovich has fruitfully combined engineering
and management activity with scientific work. He has hundreds of scientific
works published in many books, brochures and power engineering journals to
his credit. The most important of them are devoted to the solution of the
problems of electrification of the USSR, ~cceleration of scientific and
technical progress in power engineering and power engineering construction,
the analysis and the directions of deve lopment of the fuel and energy
complex of the U~SR, all around utilization and conservation cdi the water
resouzces of the USSR. The materials of his scientific works reflect many
problems of construction and technology, they generalize the Soviet and
foreign experience in construction and the operation and maintenance of
electric power plants, the direction and prospects for the development of
power engineering of the USSR. P. S. Neporozhniy has given a great deal of
attention to the problems history of development of Soviet electric and
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power engineering and popularizing Lenin`s i.deas about electrification
of the country.
, For his great invaluab le scientific wark he was elected correspondinK
member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
P. S. Neporozhniy is a deputy of the Supreme Council of the USSR of several ,
convenings. He is chairman of the CEMA Commission on Electric Power and
director of its Sovie t section, chairman of the Council for All Around �
Utilization of the Water Resources of the Country of the State Committee
of the USSR on Science and Engineering. He is initiator of the creation
of the Council of th e Senior Pawer Engineers th at joins the efforts of
more than 30,000 veterans of Soviet power engineering who, under the ,
direction of the council chairman P. S. Neporozhniy perform a great deal
of work to popularize Lenin's ideas on electrification.
The tireless engineering, scientific and social activity of Petr Stepanovich
has been recognized by high awards from his homeland. He has been
awarded the Or.ders of Lenin, the Red Banner of Labor, the "Symbol of
Honor" and many medals of the USSR.
P. S. Neporozhniy is a man with a brilliant biography whose modesty and
achievements serve as an example for all who know him. He is a worthy
example of a modern leader. High party morals, an attentive attitude to
people, outstanding t alent as an engineer, scientist, organizer and leader
have brought P. S. Neporozhniy great recognition and deep respect.
Soviet power engineers and all who have worked and do work with
Petr Stepanovich con gratulate him on his 70th birthday and wish him with
all their heart good lzealth, happiness, new labor and creative success in
- the electrification of the country.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel's tvo "Energiya", "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1980
108