JPRS ID: 9266 EAST EUROPE REPORT SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

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JPRS L/9266
= 22 August 1980
East Euro e Re ort
p p
SCIENTIF~C AFFAIRS
CFOUO 8/80)
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JPRS L/9266
22 August 1980
EAST EUROPE REPORT
, 4
~ $CIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
_ (FOUO s/8o)
CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
J General Smirnov Sees Need for More Physicians Specialized
in Burns
(Rajko Dolecek; CASOPIS LEKARU CESKYCH, 28 Mar 80) 1
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Self-Sufficiency, Higher Exports in Electronics Stressed -
by Minister
(Milan Kubat; EI,EKTROTECHNICKY OBZOR, Apr 80) 8
CSSR Production of Pesticides in 1980
(AGROCHE;MIA, Jun 80) 13
- a - [III - EE - 65 FOUO]
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
GENERAL SMIRNOV SEES NEED FOR MORE PHYSICIANS SPECIALIZED IN BURNS
Prague CASOPIS LEKARU CESKYCH in Czech Nos 12-13, 28 Mar 80 pp 389-391
[Article by Docent Rajko Dolecek, M.D., doctor of science, on "Deep and
Extensive Burns--Second All-Union Conferenc:e, Moscow, 29 and 30 November
1979"]
(TextJ The conference took place at the A.V. Vishnevskiy Surgical Institute
of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR in Moscow. It dealt with
three key topics: 1. the status and organization of specialized help to
patients following thermal trauma (after suffering burns) in the USSR;
2. norphology, pathophysiology, endocrinology, and immunology of deep and
extensive burns; 3. clinical treatment of deep and extensive burns and
their complications. The significance of the conference was underlined by
the presence of the first deputy minister of health, and the commandant of
the Army Health Service, as well as, on the second day, the opening address
by Academician Lt Gen E.I. Smirnov, a well known organizer of Soviet health
services during World War 'LI.
As guests of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, the participants from
Czechoslovakia included Prof Dr M. Fara, doctor of science, Dr J. Moserova,
candidate for doctor of scfence; and Docent Dr R. Dolecek, doctor of
science, as well as Dr Z. Konickova, candidate for doctor of science; Chief
Surgeon Dr R. Koenigova; and Dr J. Samohyl, candidate of science. Other
participants in the conference were physicians from Bulgaria, Yugoslavia,
Cuba, Hungary, the GDR, and Poland.
Academician Kuzin, Professor Sologub et al. (Moscow) reported on 20 years
of operation of the All-Union Burn Center in Moscow at the A.V. Vishnevskiy
Surgical Institute; its main objectives were and are planning and coordination
of scientif ic research in the USSR, devising a uniform administration of
aid to burn victims, training of scientific cadre and specialists for the
entire country, and implementation of scientific research studies regarding
pathogenesis, general and local treatment, rehabilitation, and complications
resulting from thermal trauma. The studies in this regard included monitoring
of changes in ultrastructures of cells, metabolic disorders, and immunity
in burn victims. Particular attention was given to burns affecting the
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respiratory trart and changes occurring in the digestive tract following
burns (fibrobronchoscopy and fibrogastroscopy) and treatment of burns in
environments free of bacteria. Clinical testing included many procedures
for general and local treatment, various nutritive solutions for
hyperalimentation, and various new rehabilitation processes to dec rease the
numbers of disabled. Over 5,000 beds are available in the USSR t o burn
victims in special burn treatment centers (which number 14) ar_d in special
wards for burn victims (which number 58). Every year, many surgeons
participate in specialized courses in the treatment of burn victims.
Epidemiology and indexes of burn treatment in specialized departments of
the Russian Soviet Republic [RSFSRJ were the topics discussed by Professors
Grigoriyev and Ponomarev from Gorkiy. Burns represent 6.2 percen t of all
_ accidents. The RSFSR (136 million inhabitants) has 43 burn wards (1,738
b~ds), so that the ratio of specialized beds for burn victims is 1.3 beds
per 100,000 inhabitants. Of the total number of burn victims, 35.9 percent
were children. Overall, mortality at burn treatment wards ranged between
3.3 and 10.1 percent as a result of concentration of burn victims who, as
, a rule, suffered heavy burns. Otherwise, overall average mortality due to
burns is 2.4 percent. In monitoring the results of treatment for 6,254
patients, only 2.3 percent were drawing disability payments following a burn
trauma. Specialized wards have as their objective not only treatment, but
also scientific research and training of cadre.
Professors N.E. Povstyanoy and I.M. Matyashin (Kiev) discussed mon itoring
of results and operational improvements achieved by regional depar tments
for treatment of burn victims. According to the authors, general data
regarding mortality, average number of treatment days, results ob tained in
the treatment of specif ic stages of burn traumas, and average treatment
duration for victims of serious burns do not offer precise information
regazding the work of combustiologists (this appellation was used at the
conference by a number of authors in reference to specialists in burns), The
data should always include also the number of aged and very old burn victims,
as well as the number of children afflicted by burns, as the progress differs
from the norm in these categories. In view of their presence, it is essential
that the staff of burn treatment wards include pediatricians and internists
as pesmanent cadre.
Professor Vozdvizhenskiy (Mosco~w) reported on peculiarities of org anization
of inedical aid to childr.en afflicted by burns, which still is not sufficiently
comprehended by all concerned. Burn trauma in children has its p eculiarities,
' calling for establishing special centers for child burn-victims, specialized
wards, e.g., at interregional centers of pediatric surgery, which would
make available not only pediatricians, but also psychologis*s, neurologists,
orthopedists, etc. The need for burn treatment beds for children is
estimated at 1.3 per 100,000 children.
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Professor Vikhriyev and I-~is group (chair of thermal traumas at the Military
Medi:.al Academy in Leningrad) shared their observations regarding the
possibility of determining the prognosis for burn diseases on the basis of
the s~riousness of the progress of shock in burn victims. They analyzed 335
burn victims. Even though modern treatment methods make it possible to
successfully guide out of a lighter shock all burn victims, about 29 percent
of persons in this group die in the subsequent progress. Mortality in the
case of severe shock while it lasts is 6 percent; however, approximately 78
percer.t of those guided out of their state of shock die later. Thus, it can
be said that shock due to burns and the degree of its seriousness predetermine
to a substantial ~'egree the progress of the disease due to burns and the
treatment result~. The authors aiso introduced a special "prognostic"
table based on basic indications of shock.
Colleagues J. Nov3k and M. Densy (Budapest) presented their findings with
*he use of a cybernetic method which can be used in selecting the manner of
treatment for burn victi~as and is "capable" of forecasting a prognosis on
the basis of a number of basic data regarding the victim. Professor Roeding
(Potsdam) shared h~s extensive experiences with the use of the so-called
probit-analysis in determining prognoses for burn diseases, comparing his
results with those obtained elsewhere. Probit analysis bases the mortality
of burn victims in direct relationship to the extent of the burned area.
The group of lectures on morphology, pathophysiology, endocrinology, and
i.mmunology of serious burns was opened by an excellent lecture presented by
Academician Sarkisov and his group (Moscow), who monitored morphological
changes in diseases due to burn trauma and their significance for the
pathogenesis by electron microscopy, electron histochemistry, and autoradio-
graphy. They detected initial changes in ultrastructures (e.g., mitochondria,
- lysosomes, various membranes) during microcirculation di~orders; disorders
at the level of CNS synapses; afflictions of heart cells, digestive tract,
kidneys, and liver; and how pathogenic microbes penetrate the body through
damaged barriers. A correlation to these changes in general metabolism
was the superbly documented study by Academician Kuzin and Dr Zayetsova
about disorders in metabolic processes and their significance in the
" pathogenesis of diseases due to burns and their possible modification. The
basi~ is formed by cambined disorders of inetabolism occurring at the site
of the accident and the response to them by the entire organism; of importance
- herein are specific as well as nonspeciftc reactions, various triggering
mechanisms, and various humoral factors (histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins,
etc.) ~e authors pointed out the substantial significan~e of endocrine
response (adrenal glands, the inaulin apparatus, ADH, etc.) of various burn
toxins. Z'he disorder is precipitated by a change in microcirculation with
all its consequences. Prevention as well as treatment represent a search
for some means of influencing disorders of key metabolic processes,
modif ication of disturbed endocrine relations (alpha and beta blocks,
adrenal glucocorticoids anabolytes, insulin, etc.), administration of
inhibitors of specific toxins, and supplementation of these by hyperalimen-
tation. Professor Kochtygov and his group (Leningrad) presented a well
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documented report on hemodynamics, microcirculation, and oxygen supply in
cases of experir~ental shocks due to burns and their possible modification
through treatment. Microcirculation disorders have serious consequences,
such as adversely affect ing mitochondria and their participatian in energy
metabolis:n, with manifestations of separation of phosphorylation from oxi-
dation. The effect on m itochondria could have been caused by release of
lysozymes due to lack of stability of their membranes as a result of hypoxia.
Suitable infusion treatment., inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes, cytochrome
C, etc., did noticGdbly rectify the ab4ve mentioned disorders.
i
The group from K'?aricov (Professors Kaytsev, Pekarskiy et al.) reported on
their experiences with acute toxemia in burns as the central problem of
modern combust~.ology. They detected a toxic ~ubstance formed following the
burn trauma and proposed a sensitive model for its monitoring (chick embryo).
A~ute toxemia can be mon itored at the level of overall response,
neurogenic-humoral responses of varying types, and at the level of organs -
or cells. Suitable trea tment methods helped to reduce mortality in acute =
toxemia from 36 percent in 1966-1972 to 17 percent in 1974-1977. Professor
Lifshits (Chelyabinsk) p resented a well documented report on the pathogenesis
of early burn toxemia. With his collaborators, he detected the presence of
burn toxins of a protein character in a group of midmolecular peptides, a -
slight dosage (0.04 mg) of which resulted in immediate death af experimental
ani.mals (rats). A sublethal dose of ~hi~ substance produced signs of a
disease due to burns (shock, toxemia). Among alpha-globuiins they detected
_ in the experimental animals agents inhibiting the effects of the above-
mentioned toxins, which certainly wi11 be of importance in treatment of
burn victims.
' An endocrinological topic was presented on behalf of the indisposed Professor
Shurygin and his group (Leningrad) by Dr Rakov on the status of selected
tropliic functions of the pituitary gland and endocrine glands in the dynamics
o~ diseases due to severe burns. Levels of ACTH decrease before glucocortical
levels 30. Levels of testosterone in plasma register a general and sub-
stantial decrease; this decrease :.an be 3etected over protracted periods. '
Levels of FSH ciecreased s imilarly. Formation of insulin is not markedly
- affected in severe burn traumas; however, there appear resistances against
- insulin in the tissues. The above gives indications for possible treatment. -
~ I'rofessor Kolker (Moscow) discusse~i the topic of infection and immunity in
thermal traumas. Mortal ity due to iZfection remains to this day the central
- problem of combustiology. Diseases due to burns actually represent an
immunodeficient state; both specific and nonspecific defenses are affected,
and both B and T systems of immunity are seriously afflicted. This calls
for use of active and pass~:~e immunottierapy methods. He cited positive
results obtained with the us~ ~i preparations against staphylococci and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, along with other complex treatment. New patho-
genetically oriented treatment of burn victims was discussed by Academician
Emanuel and his group (Moscow), who presented their findings regarding dis-
orders in cell membranes due to presence of peroxides which damage the
membranes' lipides. Use of "antioxidants" (e.g., vitamin E) can do away
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with a number of such changes and ha.ve beneficial effects on the progress
of diseases due to burns. Docent Dolycek (Ostrava) shared his experiences
~ with endocrinology of burns. He discussen changes in the level of insuliny
= tolerance o_f gluco~e, growth hormone, system renin-angiotensin II, ACTH,
LH, FSH, testasterone, TSH, thyroxin, and tri-iodotyronin. He described
the syndrome of affliction of the peripheral gland in burns of male gonads
and Che thyroid ~;land, tests with triggering hormones TRH and LHRH on burn ~
victims, as well as a numoer of possible treatments derived from hi~ obser-
vations. Docent Dolecek chaired and controlled all proceedings regarding
morphology, pat:iophysiology, endocrinology, and immunology of diseases due
to burns.
The second day of the conference was opened by Academician Lt Gen E.I. Smirnov,
who underlined differences between peacetime and field surgery, citing
Pirogov (not medicine, but organization). It is imperative to g:eatly step
up training of physiciansy primarily surge~ns, in the treatment of burn
victims. If there were to be a war uaing weapons of mass destruction, over
50 percent of all wounded would be burn victims. Academician Smirnov cited
the case of Hiroshima with an e~timated 40,000 burn victims, a number which
would require at least 800 surgeons familiar with problems of burn trauma.
Subsequently, the well known Professor Murazyan (Moscow) reported on trans-
fusion therapy for burn victims in shock on the basis of treatment of over
1,200 burn victims. Due to substantial losses of erythrocytes on the first
day following the burn trauma (in the case of severe burns, 20-30 percent
of all circulating erythrocytes become destroyed), administration of blood
is indicated mainly on the second and third day following burn trauma, as
well as in later stages of a disease due to burns. A suitable combination
of infusions and transfusions is instrumental in leading all young burn
victims out of shock. The significance of burns affecting the respiratory
tract was discussed by Gerasimova et al. (Moscow). The Moscow burn treat-
ment center treated between 1976-1977 a total of 85 patients (from 1,383)
with burns of the respiratory tract (a total of 6.1 percent). Incidence of
respiratory tract problems increased with the degree of burns. Thirty-
f ive of the victims were subjected to (repeated) f ibrobronchoscopy.
Nineteen burn victims died (22 g~c~n~). As a part of complex treatment,
they were administered heparin, eufqllin, prednisone, antib ioCics, and
oxygen, both topically and in the form of inhalations. Tracheostomies were
perform~d eight times. Treatment of burn victims in a bacteria-free
environment was discussed by Academician Kuzin, Professor Sologub (head of
the burn victim ward) et al. (Moscow). They used rooms (compartments)
with laminar air flow at.30-34 degrees Celsius. Air in the compartment
changed 12 times per hour, resulting in a conspicuous decrease in the
presence of bacteria, lower energy loeses in burn victims, and accelerated
transformation of moist necroses into dry. To date, 60 burn victims have
~ been treated in this manner. Burz victims in a bacteria-free environment
- showed rapid and distinct improvement; their temperatures decreased faster;
and manifestations of toxe~ia also decreased. It goes without saying that ~
even in this environment, provisions must be made for hyperalimentaCion,
_ removal of necroses, etc.
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I'rofessor Yudenich, Docent Polishchuk et al. (Moscow, Donyetsk) presented
an interesting ceport on local treatment of burn victims, wherein there are
currently two key trends: removing necrotic tissue as expediently as possible
with immediate grafting, using either the victim~s own slcin, or temporary
grafting by allo or herero-transplants', or, thanks to modern surgery, by
chemotherapy (mafenid, betadine, sulfadiazine of silver) eliminate local
in�ection and perform then a"delayed" transplant once necrotic substances
have been removed. The authors recommended timely excision in burns
involving up to 40 percent of body surface, deeming the f irst two days
following the burn rrauma to be most auspi.cious. They use biological (to
include Pig skin) or synthetic grafts. They achieve good results with local
application of various chemotherapeutic means (see above) with a mash graph
type transplant. Her experiences in this regard were shared in an interesting
lecture by Dr J. Moserova (Prague), who discussed various surgical problems
o: necrotomy and various types of biological grafts, to include pig skin.
Ttie study showed the extensive experience of its authoress. Another lady
auttlor from Prague (Chief Surgeon Dr Koenigova) presented a well-documented -
lecture on face reconstruction following severe burns, various applications
of plastic surgery, and the need for rehabilitation of burn victims (masks,
massage, special bandaging). The lecture aroused considerable interest.
Significance of parenteral nourishment and enteral hyperalimentation (by
probe) of burn victims was presented on behalf of a group from Kiev,
Moscow and Sofia by Professor Potrstyanoy (Kiev). Thermal trauma produces
conspicuous increases in the energy losses of the organism (up to 209-335
kilo joules per kilogram of weight) and losses of nitrogen. Acquisition of
energy is much less economical; often proteins are used as fuel. Potassium
losses can result in decreased formation of macroergous bonds (ATP). This
calls for supplying much energy in the form of enteral and parenteral
hyperalimentation, e.g., per kilogram of weight, 209-251 kilo joules, 50
milliliters of water, 2 grams of protein. Eighty percent of the caloric
demand is to be met by basic providers of energy (glycerides, fats, alcohols),
and only 20 percent by amino acids. To achieve a positive nitrogen balance,
at least 627 kilo joules of "energy" must be provided per gram of nitrogen.
Hyperalimei~i~tion promotes not only healing, but also helps maintain the
defense capabil~ties of the organism. Grafskaya et al. (Moscow) reported
on acute changes in the mucous membrane of the upper part of the digestive
tracr of buz`n victims, which they followed by means Af fibrogastroscopy,
which was performed 58 times on 32 burn victims. Endoscopic pH measurements
were also carried out. Achlorhydria was diagnosed is acute erosions. ~
Indications for f ibrogastroscopy (instrument Gif "K" Olympus) were acute
bleeding and various dyspeptic impairments. Therapy took the form of diet,
perfusions by hydrocarbonate solutions, antacids, etc.
Kazatseva et al. (Leningrad) discussed their experiences with treatment of
55 children with severe burns affecting over 20 percent of their body sur-
faces. There were 35 survivors; 20 children died. Thanks to improved shock
treatment, administration of maximum doses of antibiotics, hormonal
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preparations, active and passive immunizatian, and timely surgical treat-
ment prognosis for child burn victims improved markedly over the past six
years is comparison with 1955-1972. Nevertheless, serious burns covering
over 40 percent of body surface registered even now 100 percent mortality.
Yudenich et al. (Moscow) presented the last lecture of the conference on
modern concepts of rehabilitation of burn victims, pr~vention of funationally
adverse scars, and preventing the formation of keloid scars. They also
mentioned modificat~.ons of face changes (elastic masks, gypsum f illers, etc.).
Complex therapy must thus include not only the survival of the burn victim,
- but provide for his functional capabilities to the extent possible.
The conf erence was clos~d by academician Kuzin who summarized practically
all the f indings presented at the conference. ,
The atmosphere of the entire conference was very frisndly and inf oraial. We
obtained a number of new publications on burn trauma from our colleagues in
the USSR. They are well familiar ;;rith our work, and our published book on ~
changes in metabolism following burn trauma has been at least partially
translated at a number of wor:cplaces and is often cited.
- The successful conference was terminated by a friendly social gathering at
the Hotel Sputnik in the evening.
Address: R.D., 708 00 Ostrava 4, Urxova 2
COPYRIGHT: AVICENUM, Zdravotnicke nakladatelstvi, Prague, 1980
8204
CSO: 2402
.
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
UDC 621.314.6:33
621.382:33
SELF-SUFFICIENCY, HIGHER EXPORTS IN ELECTRONICS STRESSED BY MINISTER
Prague ELEKTROTECHNICKY OBZOR in Czech No 4, Apr 80 pp 145-19b
[Artir_le by Professor Engr Milan Kubat, DrSc, federal minisrer of electri-
cal engineering: "Technical Policy on Power Electronics"]
[Text.] Introduction, Brief Review of Past 25 Years
Soon after the inven*ion of the transistor in 1948, the thyristor (a con-
trolled p-n-p-n structure) was designed in 1956. During the past 23 years,
the thyristor underwent further development. Its static and dy~namic para-
meters have increased signif icantly. Thyristor currents are of the order
of 103 A at voltages of (4 to 5)�103 V, and the dynamic critical parame-
ters dU/dt and dI/dt are at a level of 109 V/sec and 10$ A/sec. The thy- =
ristor turn-off time has been shortened significantly, and in the case of -
higi~-speed thyristors it is 10 to 15 usec. All these (and a number of
other) parameters permit the use of thyristors in the most demanding power
circuits. Also a series of other thyristor variants, a number of new struc-
tures have appeared: the triac, quadrac, reverse-blocking thyristor, turn-
off thyristor, power optothyristor, GATT thyristor, etc. Likewise note- _
worthy are the new transistors for heavy currents and high voltages (400 A
at 400 to 800 V), and also the power FET structures. Even before many of
these structures could be adequately tested in practice, information ar-
rives about additional new structures (the static induction thyristor, ~
beam-base thyristor, and VMOS structures for power applications). As evi-
dent, this power semiconductor technology is undprgoing dynamic develop-
_ ment.
To ehe mentioned power semiconductor structures we should add the advances
in contral circuits, which are becoming more and more digitalized. Micro-
processor technology seems to be finding ever-wider application lately, -
offering new capabilities to automate all types of motor drives. ,
State of the Art in Czechoslovakia -
The present state of the art in Czechoslovakia is determined by state tech-
nic~l policy and the results of the sectoral enterprises:
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In 1978 we developed and assigned to production a new series of power semi-
conductor devices, diodes and thyristors comparable and equivalent to the
- products of the foremost multinational companies. Here we have attained a
ver~� respectable inter:iational level.
As we very well know, the situation is somewhat less favorable in the case
of microelectronic elements for control circuits. Although we have A num- _
ber of good analog microelectronic devices, we are lagging particularly in
digital microelectronics. This shortcoming has been recognized, and a num-
ber of forceful measures are being introduced to remedy the situation. By
1980-1987. we will have available two systems of digital microprocessor cir-
_ cuits: the 8080 (unipolar) microprocessor system, and the 3000 (bipolar)
microprocessor system.
The two systems are closely interrelated, and in microcomputors their in-
tegrated circuits are mutually complementary, and thus we should not re-
gard them as entirely separate systems.
The first of the two, the 8080 (unipolar) system, is functioning somewhat
slnwer, the microprocessor frequency is 2 MHz, and the system consists of
13 types of integrated MOS circuits (n-chaz~nel, Si gate).
The other, the 3000 (bipolar) system, is faster, operates at a frequency of
10 ^4Hz, and likewise comprises 13 types of integrated circuits.
- Using both systems, so-called single-board microcomputers (SBC), and
single-board memory modules, interface modules, etc. will be constructed.
The user will thus get a kit that he will be ahle to use universally for
the most diverse applications, and hence also for various types of motor
- drives. The kit of such single-board modules also should be available in
1981, ~
To employ these single-board modules, of course, the user must be able to
program. For this pur ose we ha.ve already developed an apparatus to gener-
' ate programs (at VIJVT ~eXpansion unknown] in Zilina and also at WAP
~Research Institute of Automation Equipment]).
In addition to power devices (diodes and thyristors) and microprocessor
technology for control circuits, it is necessary to ensure a number of other
_ components that for the time being are in short supply: power capacitors,
special quick-acting fuses, windings and coils (transformers, choke coils),
and assembly and connecting components and parts, etc. A number of these
things are being ensured gradually. It is increasingly clear to our en- ~
- gineering ministries that engineering products cannotsurvive without elec-
tronics, cannot compete successfully on the domestic and foreign markets.
To support the development of electrical engineering, the Federal Ministry =
of Electrical Engineering (FMEP) has been established as of 1 January 1980.
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~ National Econ~~mic Interrelations
If we are to discuss at least briefly the national economic interrelations,
then ae must begin aiready with the strict order of the day: to drastical-
ly reduce ~he spec{fic consumption of energy, fuel and material, particu-
larly of inetal. We know for certain, for example, that one ton of rolled
steel represents 1.5 tons of standard fuel equivalent. It is likewise true
that one ton of sCandard fuel equ~_valent cost 9 dcllars in 1970, now costs
117 dollars and will unquestionably become more expens ive in the coming
years.
And how can the specific consumption of material be reduced in engineering,
and thereby also the specific consumption of energy? In particular by in-
creasing the utility value of engineering products whil e keeping their
_ weight unchanged; in other words, by increasing the pr ice per kilogram.
The application of electronics to engineering products is the most effec-
tive way of achieving this.
- Example: The Czechoslovak-made 3600 rolling mill supp 1 ied to the Soviet
Union without electronic controls cost 108 million rub les. The latest
variant of the same rolling mill, equipped with electronic controls, costs
275 million rubles, while the total weight of the equ ipment remains the
same as before. With the use of electronics, the price per kilogram has
increased 2.5-fold.
- Another example: An electronically controlled circular knitting machine
of small diametPr 4~eighs half as much and has twice the output of a mechan- _
i.cally controlled knitting machine of the same type, at the same price. -
_ Thus the application of electronics has increased the knitting machine's
price per kilogram from 180 to 360 korunas.
The significance of thyristor rectifiers for industrial and traction
motors becomes evident if we consider that already under the Seventh Five-
Year Plan these rectifiers will save 200,000 tons of standard fuel equiva-
lent per year, which corresponds to annual savings of about 25 million dol-
lars.
Application of Microprocessors ,
If it is true that today microelectronics is penetrating deeper and deeper
aIl areas of human activity, then this is increasingly true of electric
drives. Further development of electric drives, and of their control an~i
automation, cannot be imagined without the extensive us e of microproces-
- sor technology.
However, this places exceptional demands primarily on the engineers who
design the motors. Their approaches to designing and the content of their
work have undergone a qualitative change. Whereas in the past the elec-
tronics engineer's basic tool, figuratively speaking, was the soldering
iron, his basic tool today is the apparatus for develop ing software. In
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the past the engineer designed electronic circuits; today he gets a ready-
made micracomputer, for which he must develop the software, on the basis
of the given technology. Each day we receive reports from abroad that soft-
ware programmers for microprocessor sqstems are being trained intensively -
everywhere. Higher educational institutions, large and small enterprises
are providing su~h training, clubs are being formed for training in micro-
processor technology, etc. The software is written not in computer language
that is very different and not readily understandable to man, but in higher
languages that can be mastered fairly easily. It is being reported that
working with a microprocessor will gradually become as rciutine as driving
a car. Even though this statement smacks somewhat of advertising, it prob-
ably comes close to the truth if we consider that gradually we will encoun-
ter microprocessors everywhere.
This entire process of the further application of electronics and cyberne-
tics is unquestionably demanding, and this fact is fully evident particu-
larly in the case of electric drives.
Preparations by State Organs for Wider Use of Electronics
The state organs are preparing for this process as follows:
We are ensuring the development of the necessary microelectronic component
base, at home as well as through international cooperation--with socialist
countries in particular, but also by purchasing licenses from nonsocialist
countries.
The key question in developing microelectronics is the acquisition of the
unique machinery and technology for microelectronics: photolithographic
- lines, exposure equipment, new types of lithography (electron and x-ray),
equipment f or diffusion, epitaxy and ion-implantation, contacting and en-
- capsulating equipment, testing equipment for integrated circuits, etc.
We are striving to concentrate the necessary capacities for this purpose
in our engineering, optical, watchmaking and electronics industries. Si-
multaneously we are striving to establish close cooperation with the other
socialist countries whose state of the art is the same as ours, or some-
times more advanced.
Specifically this unique technological equipment is under strict embargo
by the nonsocialist countries. Here, together with the socialist camp,
we must learn to stand on our own feet.
We are striving to assign electronics a more active role also in foreign
trade. Tt would be a mistake to assume that this is not feasible; ex-
amples indicate that it is. We are exporting a large volume of integrated
circuits not only to socialist countries, but also to nonsocialist coun-
tries (for example, to France).
In accordance with the decision of the federal government, a program is
being prepared for the wider use of electronic~ in the national economy.
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. H UR OFI~ 1C 1AI, U5E ONLY
The chief org~nizers of this program are FMTIR [Federal Ministry of Tech-
nical and Inve~tment Development] and FMEP (the newly established Federal
Ministry of Electrical Engineering), but every central agency will have to
- participate in the elaboration of this program and will have to prepare
its own concept of the wider application of electronics, with specific sub-
stantive and economic targets.
The state target programs for the Seventh Five-Year Plan include also a
program for developing the microelectronic component base. It has been
separated from general electronics as a purposefully narrow circle of prob-
lems. Everyone today understands its importance, and it appears that al-
so the resources ror it will be available under the Seventh Five-Year Plan. `
COPYRIGHT: SNTL, Nakladatelstvi Technicke Literatury, Prague, 1980.
1014
- CSO: 2402
~
;
i
~
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CSSR PRODUCTION OF PESTICIOES IN 1980
Bratislava AGROCHEMIA in Czech No 6, Jun 80 pp 189-190
[Article by ob: "New Products for the Protection of Plants from the Czecho-
slovak Chemical Industry in 1980"]
[Text] On the occasion of the Symposium on Chemical Plant Protection Tech-
nology, it has become a tradition of sorts for representatives of individual
plants of the J. Dimitrov Chemical Works [CHZJD] national enterprise, co-
operating with the SVTS [Slovak Scientific and Technical Union] House of
Technology in Bratislava to regort on their production programs and new
products in preparation for the coming year. This is also how we learned
about the new pesticides which will be produced in 1980--at the 23rd Sym- _
posium on New Technologies of Chemical Plant Protection Agents held on
27 and 28 November 1979 in Bratislava.
- At the CHZJD national enterprise in Bratislava the focus is on improving
the quality of the pesticides produced. The enterprise participates in the
comprehensive quality-management experiment and pesticide quality is part
of. this program. The urgent problem at this time is improving the quality
of MCPA by reducing the level of chlorinated cresols in the active agent.
In view of the emphasis on MCPA quality for the domestic and export markets,
the general management of Slovchemia has commissioned the Research Institute
of Agrochemical Technology in Bratislava with researching a proposal for
- the erection of a MCPA production unit of 3,800 tons annual capacity pro-
ducing a product which is at least 95 percent pure. This large-capacity _
unit is to be erected at a new location outside Bratislava. But legal
obstacles cited by the authorities stand in the way of overcoming existing
~roduction difficulties by the planned reconstruction. While minor improve-
ments in production were accomplished in cooperation with the VUAgT [Research
Institute of Agricultural Technology], reduction of the high content of the
undesirable chlorinated cresols was not achieved. At the same time, the -
quality of Zeazine 50 is being improved by the introduction of a new milling
Cechnology. Beginning in 1980, Zeazine S-40, an aqueous suspension of
Atrazine, will become the new herbicide for use on corn cultures. The pur-
poseful cooperation of all interested departments of the enterprise resulted
in the speedy erection of a pilot plant for the production of Zeazine S-40
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which in October 1979 produced 200 tons of the new product with outstanding -
quali~y indicaCors. The program also includes improvement of the quality
of Burex with the aim of securing stability of suspension of up to 83 per-
cent. In addition, the existing ready-to-use preparations (Aniten Combi,
Baildex N, Keropur N, Galinex and Totazine ZP-50), the new preparations Dual
500 EC (active agent metolachlor) and Teridox 500 EC (active agent dimetha-
chlor) will be placed on the market. Further, the compounding of Bisidine
EC 50 is under consideration. In 1979 the compounding of Gesagard 50 and
Pyramine was successfully resolved. Currently the compounding of addi-
_ tional pesticides (:1Ealon special, Bradicaine, Bladex SO WP and Avenge
200/300) has been resolved or is still in progress.
. Spolana Chemopetrol-k p(concern enterprise) is likewise trying to improve
t.he quality and packaging of its pesticides (Nitrosan 25, Nitrosan SO and
Arborol M). In 1980, this producer will continue to supply the assortment
of its traditional pesticides such as the mercury-based dipping agent Agronal
and the fungicidal preparations Sulikol K, Kuprikol K and Neroxon 50. In
the area of finished products, the preparations Gramoxone, Gramoxone S,
Reglone, Actellic 50 EC and new special insecticides Scolycid EC for the
control of bark beetles in sylviculture will be produced under license of the
ICI Co, PPD; the preparations Elocron 3 percent dust, and potentially also
- other products which may be needed in agriculture will be produced under li-
cense of the Ciba-Geigy Co;Phosdrin 24 EC and Super Barnon 20 EC will be pro-
duced under license of the Shell Co; Avadex BW and the new preparation Lasso
N 40 EC will be produced unde~ license of the Monsanto Co whose pesticide
Roundup is being considered for future use. Another preparation, Altercid,
a soil disinfectant based on alloisothiocyanate and lower chlorinated hydro-
carbons is undergoing certification tests.
The third most important pesticide producer in the CSSR is the East Bohemia
Chemical Works Synthesia national enterprise with production plants at
Pardubice and Kolin. The new pesticides produced there are based on develop-
mental products of phosgene. The traditional preparations are based on
chlorotolurone and its combination with other herbicides (Dicuran special
60 WP, Lumeton forte 60 WP and Igran special 80 WP). Benatal and recently
also Benatal AM-11 (active agents desmedipham and phenmedipham) serve as
herbicides for use in sugar beet cultures. Other ready-to-use pesticides
are Balan L.C. and Topogard SO WP. In 1980 the assort~~:ent of compounded "
pesticides will be enlarged by the product Purivel (active agent metoxurone)
produced in license of the Sandoz Co. It is a nontoxic dissecating agent
used primarily to control weeds in flax cultures. This producer is
interested currently in compounding the insecricide Decis 2,5 EC under license
of the French Procida Co. The advantage of this insecticide is its low
toxicity to warmblooded animals. In 1980, a new original product of this
enterprise, the herbicide Synlox based on asulam, is expected to be produced _
at the Pardubice plant and merchandised.
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The versatile VCHZ Synthesia branch enterprise national enterprise at Kolin
specializes in compounding pesticidal preparations. In 1980, the systemic
fungicidal preparation Bayleton 25 WP (ac[ive agent triadimefon) will be
produced in license of the West German Bayer Co as a replacement for the
old compounded fungicides Milgo and Calixin. Chlormequat, produced in our
- country under the trade name Retacel is to a large extent being exported
_ to capitalist countries which, in view of the stiff competition, is a con-
siderable success. Among the new products in preparation by this company
is the insecticide Ambush 25 (active agent permethrin) in license of the
British ICI Co, PPD. Another compounded pesticidal preparation will be
Eradicane 6 E(active agents EPTC and R 25788) produced in license of the
American Stauffer Co for control of annual dic'otyledon and also meadowgrass
weeds in corn cultures. Under consideration is the compounding of the herbi-
cide Amiben (active agent chloramben) produced in license of the American
Union Carbide Co.
The most recent development is the potenCial production of chelates of cobalt
and molybdenum in concentrated emulsion form in cooperation with the Research
Institur.e of Inorganic Chemistry at Usti nad Labem.
Another producer of pesticides in the CSSR is the Lachema national enter-
prise at Brno which has been cooperating very closely with the British May
and Baker Co since 1974. Cooperation with this company resulted in the de-
velopment of a number of different herbicidal preparations with Labuctril
25 (active agen~ Bromoxynil) and Loxytril 4(active agent bromoxynil, dich-
lorprop, ioxynil and MCPA) in current production. In preparation is the
production of the additional herbicide Labuctril MP (active agents bromoxynil
and mecoprop) and under development is the preparation Loxytril CM (active '
agents esters of bromoxynil and ionoxynil). These are mostly contact and
systemic herbicides used to control dicotyledon weeds in cereals. Labob,
based on the active agent Dinoseb, is another herbicide this enterprise
continues to produce. The possibility of producing some active agents from
available raw materials or intermediary products is also currently being
- explored.
COPYRIGHT: ALFA, Bratislava, 1980
8664
CSO: 2402 END
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