JPRS ID: 10567 USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10567
7 June 1982
~ USSR ~e ort
p
MILITARY A,FFAIRS
(FOUO 6/82)
~
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI:Y
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{
~ JPRS L/10567
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( 7 June 1982
E
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~ ~
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~ USSR REPORT
MILITARY AFFAIRS .
' (FOUO 6/82)
~
~
~ CONTENTS
~ STRATEGIC ROCKET FORCES
~
; Book Fxcerpts: ~cockets and Rocket Forces
! (RAKETCHIKI, ~979) 1
; CIVIL DEFENSE ~
i Book Excerpts: Text on Civil Defense Medical Services
~ (UCHEBNOYE POSOBIYE PO MEDITSINSKOY SLUZHBE
, GRAZHDANSKOY OBORONY, 1q81) 18
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, .
STRATEGIC ROCKET FORCES .
~
~ .
BOOK EXCERPTS: F.OCKETS AND ROCKET FORCES .
~ Moscow RAKETCHZKI in Russian 1979 (signed to press 13 Feb 79) pp 5, 134, 135, 133,
i
7-9, 114-1~3
; [Annotation, zable of contents, introduction, and part of Chapter 4 from book
"Rocke~eers", by M. G. Grigor'yev, G. N. Astapenko, I. P. Terekhov, and A. I.
~ Yarovskiy, Izdatel'stvo DOSAAF, 100,000 copies, 135 pages plus 64~pages of illustra-
~ tions]
[Text] This is a book about rocicets and rocketzers. It tells about the creative
searches of our scientists, designers, engineers, and workers--tha creators of
' rocket equipment, and about its further development and improve~aent. The authors
~ write about the establishment of the rocket troops and show the selfless service of
the men--the masters of mighty contemporary equipment.
The book is intended for a broad ra~ge of readers.
~ Contents Page
~
~ Introduction 7
Chapter 1. At the Sources of an Exploit 10
Chapter 2. In the Flame of Batt~.es 43
! 82
i. Chapter 3. Multistage, Ballistic .....................:..f+...:..:......:���.�
Chapter 4. The Shield and Swoxd of the Fatherland.. 91
i Chapter 5. The Planet Earth Was Entrusted to Them 124
I
Introduction
~ Our contemporary rocket equipment--that remarkable creation of the mind and hands
' c,f talanted Soviet scientists, dESigners, engineers, and workers--shows with all
r.onvincingness how mighty and strong is the economi~y scientific-technical, and de-
- fe~tse potential of the socialist state which was create~d in accordance with the
~ hrilliant plans and under *_he leadership of the Leni.nist party and how great is the
- creative energy of our people.
I
A great number of books of various types have been written about the birth and de-
v~lopmeni of ~oviet rocket technology, the ways and methods for its practical use,
its creators, and testers--people of a true exploit--and many brilliant and.impre~-
~ siue motion picture films, documentary and artistic, have been made. And neverthel.ess,
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the interest of our youth and its striving for k~iowledge about this most compl~x
equipment of modern times which has such great scientific and practical significance
is continuously growing.
, The conquest of space began with the assistance of rockets and rocket systems. And
our co~ntry began the space age.
This book also discusses rocket equipment, and more precisely, rocket weapons. It
tells about combat rockets, about the difficult labor and intense creative searches
of their creators, about the Soviet rocket troops and the difficult path of develop-
ment and conrinuous strengthening which they have covered, and about the rocketeers
~ --soldiers and military leaders who are giving all their strength and their intelli-
gence to serving the socialist motherland.
Combat rockets, which have received an extremely broad reputation in our time, are
called the weapon of the age. And this is correct. Absorbing many of the latest
scientific discoveries, outstanding ac'hievements in the develo~ment of equipment,
industrial production, and military aff airs, they are no~� the most powerful and most
- improved means of armed conflict which, in considerable mea:ure, caused the very
nature and special features of combat ogerations.
- It is weil k~own that contemporary rocket weapons are now represented in all the
services of our Armed Forcee, and comprise one of the most important components of
thPir high combat might. B~,:4 among the combat rockets of various classes and which
differ in their natur.e there are special-purpose rocket weapons which have been al-
lotted an exceptionally f~*~portant role in the system of ensuring the country's de-
fensive capability and ir~ the matter of defending the achievements of socialism
against imperialist aggression. These are strategic rockets. And they have a pre-
cise name--our fatherland's shi~lc~ a:~~d sword.
The Soviet people and their armed forces insert a clear and specific meaning in such
a capacious concept. The rockets are intended for : defeating strike against the ag-
gressor. This book tElls primarily about strategic rockets, about the Strategic
Rocket Troops [SR"_'], and about the valiant deeds of~the rocketeers who, like inde-
- fatigable sentinels, are always in combat readiness.
Heirs to the unfading combat glory and remarkable traditions of the.older generations
of Soviet servicemen, the strategic rocketeers are boundlessly proud of the fact
that the people, who are engaged in the implementation of the grandiose plans for
communisc construction,.entrusted powerful contemporary weapons to them. And this
pride and profound consciousness of their responsibility for the cause of defending
their country multiply their spiritual and moral strength and their striving to re-
alize the historic decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress and to justify with pride
the high conf idence of the party and the people.
When we speaic of contemporary rockets, rae often also recall those pioneers who laid
the foundation for these weapons. Baclc in the last century, military f igures.and
engineers, among whom General A. D. Zasyadka is especially known, stepped forth as
designers of combat rockets which found employment in the milirary operations of the
Russian Army. The work which they began was continued by Generdls P. P. Kovalevskiy
and A. A. Shil'der. In 1827, Russian Army Captain Vo M. Vnukov assu%ed command o:E
a"rocket company" which was formed and consisted of 18 launchc~r mounts.
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~
Further development of combat rockets and the tactics for their employment was con~
nected with the name of General K. I. Konstant~nov. The rockets which he developed
were successfully used in the course of the Crimean War of 1853-1856. However, the
conditions of that time and the extremely low level of scientific development and
; production did not pern:it the creators of new weapons to obtain optimum results.
Rockets, which had only just begun their combat history, were forgotten. Classical
weapons--artillery--gained the upper hand.
The development of modern rocket ~echnolog~ is greatly obligated to the works of our
brilliant countryman,. K. E. Tsiolkqvskiy, the founder of the scientific theory of
rocket propulsion. In developing the first mndels of Soviet rockets Soviet scien-
tists and designers were guided namely by his advanced ideas. They l~aned on the ef-
fective support of the Farty and the state in their indefatigable searches and in the
solution of practical problems in the creation of rockets. Scientif ic-design or-
ganizations which further the combinatfon of efforts of enthusiasts for new equip-
ment and ensuring the attainment of practical results in rocke:-buiiding were created
in our country considerably earlier than in the West. Back in the 1930's we had or-
ganized such a genuinely scientific center as the Rocket Scientific-Research In-
stitute which permitted the purposeful conduct of large~scale research aad design
work. It was namely within the walls of the Rocket Scientific-Research Instit;:tC
and on its ranges that, by ~he efforts of. our xocketeers, the first models of new
rockets wer~ created and tested which later found wide employment in the battleP of
the Great Patriotic War.
In the postwar period rocket technology took a giant step forward. It orbited our
country into space and permitted a multifold strengthening of our defensive might.
' In working on the book, the authors used the works of scientists and designers--
, creaters of rocket equipment, military historians, writers, and ~ournalists and
materials from the periodical press, archive documents, and recollecti~ns of service-
men who have mastered rocket weapons. It is ho~ed that this book ~rill serve the
cause of military-patriotic indoctrination of our you*_� and the training of youths
for honorable military service.
~ At the Launch--The Strategic Rocket Forces [Chapter 4, excerpts]
I ThE creation of the Strategic Rocket Forces as an independent service of the Armed
Forces was announced at the faurth session of the USSR Supreme Soviet in January
].960.
_ The separation of the Rocket F~rces as an independent service of the Armed Forces
meant that it was necessary to solve quickly the most difficult problems: to de-
, velop the bases for the combat employment of the troops and their control,
~ t.o select areasfor emplacement and construct launch positions for the rocket com-
plexes, to create a network of educational institutions for the rocketeers, and so
forth.
The composition of the Rocket Forces included newly formed units armed with stra-
tegic ballistic missiles and military educational institutions. '
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The command sent the best Guards units which had combat experience and were capable of
masterin~ new weapons to the Rocket Forces. The ~uards Red Banner large unit was
also among them. The combat path of this large unit began in the years of the Civil
War in the Transcaucasus where its personnel distinguished.themselvea.in the struggle
with nationalistic bandits. .
_ The large unit went into battle against the German-fascist troops in September 1941
at Poltava. The large unit was converted to a Guards large unit in the fall of 194~
for bravery displayed in battles with the enemy. After the Battle of Stalingrad a
r new order appeared on the large unit's Guards banner.
Gn 6 July 1943, the artillery batteries of the large unit engaged fascist tanks on
the I~ursk Bulge. Nineteen enemy tanks rushed at the gun of the chief of artillery
section, Master Sergeant illasov, nine of which were destroyed inciuding five "Tigers."
The next day, mure than 20 enemy .,anks moved on the position of the artillerymen; 8
enemy tanks, of them 3"Tigers," were transformed in=o heaps of_ metal. The fighters
of the section died one after the other. Left alone at the gun, Guards Master Ser-
geant Vlasov knocked out one more enemy tank before he rushed with a bot.tle uf com-
bustible mixture against the last "Tiger" which was moving on liim. Guards Master
Sergeant Vlasov died a hero's death.
In the summer of 1944, the personnel of the Guards large unit ended their crusade on
~ the bar.ks of the Baltic Sea.
The heirs to the soldierly glory of the Guards Red Banner large unit received new,
contemporary weapons, mastered them to perfection, and went on combat duty.
The off icers, sergeants, and soldiers of th~ rocket unit which was formed on the
base of the famous large unit became masters of rocketry. They won first place in
the competition between rocket units, 40 percent of the rocket~eers of the unit became
ex~erts of combat and political training, many of them passed the examinations for
the title of first- and second-class specialist and mastered allied specialties, and
~ half the men are rated sportsmen. The Komsomol Central Committee awarded the unit's
Komsomol organization the Challenge Red Banner and Certificate of Honor.
"Let our fathers and mothers;' brothers and sisters, wives and fianc~es work and
live in peace! We are ready to defend the interests of our motherland at any time.
Let ti:s aggressors know--formidable rockets are in reliable hands! No rocketeer
~ will hesitate if it is necessary to punish the aggressor wherever he may be," said
Guards Private First Class Dorozh when receiving the banner. Subsequently, the
rocketeers of the Guards unit again won the Challenge Red Banner of the Komsomol
Central Committee.
The combat path of the troop unit which began another rocket formation is also rich
with soldierly exploite,. Five men of this unit were awarded the title of Hero of
~ the Soviet Union, 23 wtYe awarded the Order of Lenin, and 220--the Order of the Red .
Banner. The rocketeers received the glorious traditions of the frontline fighters
- as a baton an~1 are conrinuing them with their deeds.
' roiir two-time Heroes of the Saviet Union, 56 Heroes of the Soviet Union, three men
who were awarded Orders of Glor~ of all three classes, 4 Heroes of Socialist Labor,
and thousands of generals, off icer~, and extended-service servicemen who were award-
ed orders and medals of the Soviet Union for valor and bravery came to the Rocket
Forces.
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During the years of the formation of the Soviet Air Forces.the call resounded
- throughout the country: "Youth, to the airplane!"--and the people sent theix sons
off to aviation. Another call sounded: "Youth, to the fleat"--and troop trains
' with recruit se~men raced across the country. The Rocket Troops were formed without
- the thunder of brass bands and without calls. They ~oined them on the call of their
hearts, and not in accordance with the cal?-ups of the rayon military commissariats.
Servicemen enriched with combat experience went. Pathfinders went. It was clear
to all of them--yesterday's officer candidates and ve~erans: difficult work awaited .
. them, but work on which the peace of the peaple depends.
' The leader~ of the Communist Party and the Soviet~government followed the course of
the organization of the Strategic Rocket Troops with great attention. They visited
the rocket units, helped the rocketeers to solve difficult problems on the spat, met
witli tha off_icers and soJLdiers, became acquainted with their life and combat train-
ing, and listened to their suggestions on improving the equipment and~raising the
com~at readiness of the Rocket Troops. Marshals.of the Soviet Union G. K. Zhukov,
R. Ya. Malinovskiy, A. A. Grechko. M. V. Zakharov, and I. Kh. Bagramyan, Chief
Marshal of Artillery N. N. Voronov, and Army General A. A. Yepishev were occupied
with problems in the formation of the rocket unf' , the construction of rocket com-
plexes and housing areas,and the arrangement and living conditions of the rocketeers.
Hero of the Soviet Union a~d Chief Marsl~al of Artillery M. I. Nedelin was app4inted
first commander of the Strategic Rocket Troops. He was an outstanding military
' leader who had gone through battles of the Great Patriotic War as a commander of an
~ artillery antitank brigade of the reserve of the Supreme High Command and artillery
j commander of an army and then a front. ~ ~
General Nedelin displayed ~rganizational and military talent in the offensive opera-
, tions of the Soviet troops to liberate from the fascists the northern portion of the
Donhas, the cities of Dnepropetrovsk, Nikolayev, and Odessa, in the Yassko-Kishinev
operation, in the crossing of the Danube, and in the Budapest,Belgrade, and Vienna
operations. He profoundly understood the difficult art of cantrolling a tremendous
, number of artillery troops. His broad horizon and wealth of combat experience per-
mitted him to solve the problems of reequipping the Soviet Army with new nuclear ~
missiles which were ~u~t as difficult successfully in the postwar period. As chief
of staff of the artillery of the Soviez Army, chief of the Main Artillery Directorate,
commander of artillery of the Suviet Army and Deputy Soviet Minist~r of Defense,
i and then as commander of the 8ocket Troop~, Nedelin.did much for the development and
~ improvement of rocket weapons and the Strategic Rocket Troops. The marshal con-
stantly visited the rocket ranges,.rocket units, and clesigr. offices, studied the
~ state of affairs concErning the development and employment of new weapons, and
helped people in every way in their difficult work.
In October 1960 Marshal. of the Soviet Union K. S. Moskalenko was appointed commander
' of the Strategic Rocket Troops. He began the Great Patriotic War as commander of
the lst Antitank Artillery Brigade on the Southwestern Front. The artillerymen com-
manded by Brigade Commander Moskalenko destroyed more than 200.tanks in border bat-
tles. During the war years, General K. S. Moskalenko successively commanded a rifle
corps, a horse and mechanized group, a cavalry corps, and tank and combined-arms
armies. For ability and bra~~ery di~played, General Moskal.enko was awarded the title
of Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of the~Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and he
was decorated with many combat orders and medals.
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After conclueion of the war, K. S. Moskalenlco was engag~:i in sCxengthening .the Air
Defense Foreea and;~from L953, was cammander of.the Moscow M~litary District. In
1955 he was awarded the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.
From 1960 through ~1962 K. S. Moska?enko was the commander of the Strategic Ftocket
Forces. He constantly visited the rocket garrieons and delved deeply into the or-
ganization of the training and life of the rocketeers. During one of his trips the
commander set out directly from the airfield to the barracks of the post. Entering
- the very first premiaes, he.was i~terested in where the people were. The unit com-
mander reported that he ordered forming up the persIDmnel on the pa~a~.e ground.
"Why did you do it? A guard of honor?Y the commander asked.
"No, Comrade Marshal of the Soviet Unfon," the un~t c~mmander replied."I have served
in the army for many years but I met and talked with a marshal for the first time.
All our officers and men would also like to meet the marshal...."
Since nothing could be said against this, the commander hurried to the ~arade ground.
He ondered the flanks of the formation to close and then had a thorough ~a.lk with the
- rocketeers ar,d told them about the international and domestic aituation in the coun-
try and about the miESions assigned to the 3trategic Rocket Troope. Then the com-
mander inspected the launch positions and the post and was interested i.~ the life
and living conditions of the men. He dropped in at the soldiers' mess, tried the
first and second courses, and thanked the cook for the tastily prepared dinner.
Constant contact with the rocketeers, kno~ledge of their trainin~ and living con-
ditions--th~s was one of t~e bases of his activity for the commander of the Rocket
Troops.
In April 1962, Marshal of the Soviet Union S. S. Biryuzov was appointed commander of
. .the Strategic Rocket Troops. He began the war as the commander of a rifle division
r,nd skillfully directed the combat operations of the personnel. He was wounded five
times during the first year of the war, but~he invariably returned to formation.
In the last period of the war, General Biryuzov, in the post of chief of staff of
the 3d Ukrainian Front, participated in the liberation of the northeast part of
Yugoslavia and its capital., Belgrade, from the fascist troops, and then he commanded
- th~ troops of the 37th Army. In the postwar period S. S. Biryuzov was Deputy Chair-
man of the Allied Control Commission for Bulgaria and chief advisor to the Bulgarian
People's Army. Working in the posts of commander of the Air Defense Forces, com-
mander of~the Strategic Rocket Troops, and chief of the General Staff--First Deputy
Soviet Minister of Defense, S. S. Biryuzov gave all his strength and knowledge to
_ strengthening the combat might of the Soviet Armed Forces.
In 1955, by the Ukase of the Presidium of.the USSR Supreme Soviet S. S. Biryuzov
was awarded the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. In 1957 he was awarded the
title of Aero of the Soviet Union. ~ The commander of the Strategic Rocket Troops did
much for the further development of the nera aervice of the Armed Forces. He frequently
visited the troops and the construction of the launch positions, talked thorough~y
with commanders and soldiers, and delved into all questions of the preparation and
organization of combat duty and the craining and indoctrination of the troops'
personnel.
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~ On S March 1963 one of the celebrated military, leaders, twice Hero of the Soviet
~ Union N. I. Krylov, was appointed commander of .the Rock.:t Troops.
-t
~ Nikolay Krylov voluntarily ~oined the Red Army in 1919 as a 16-year-old lad and,
~ from that time, linked his life with the Soviet Armed Forces. During the years of
; the Civil War N. I. Krylov fought against the White Guards bands in the Northern
i Caucasus and in the Transcau~asus and participated in the liberation of the Far East
~ from the interventionists.
E The talent and organizing abilities of N. I. Krylov were disclosed especially bril-
` liantly during the Great Patriotic War. He le~ the troops which fought heroically _
against the fascist hordes in the defense of Odessa and Sevastopol' and in the Battle
- of Stalingrad.
"I had the occasion to endure 180 fiery days and nights with Nikolay Ivanovich in Stalingrad.
Iwillneverforget the fierce battles o~ the narroar patch of the Volga bank. At the most
critical moments of the combat situation, he always displaye~ exceptional self-
control and composure. He was always seen where it was more dangerous, where honor
gave.rise to honor and glory--to glory. He was a person of great personal bravery
and courage, a commander with,a firm will and unlimited faith in victory. His
faith was transmitted to his subordinates and they, no matter how difficult it was,
~ stood to the death," Marshal of the Soviet Union V. I. Chuykov recalls of his chief
of staff.
I ~
: During the war, for courage and heroi~m which were displayed General Krylov was
; twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and was decorated with tnany or-
j ders and medals.
I
In the postwar period, N. I. Krylov commanded the troops of a number of military
i districts, giving.all his knowledge and experience to raising the cambat readiness
~ of the Soviet Armed Forces. In April 1962, N. I. Krylov was awarded the rank of
Marshal of the Soviet Union. In 1963 he was appointed commander of the Strategic
Rocket Troops. In this important post,-N. I. Krylov showed himself to be an out-
~ standing military figure. He did much to raise the combat readiness of the rocket
units and for the improvement of combat dut,y, and he often visited the troops and
ranges during missile tests.
! The commander was attentive to the organizazion of the training and indoctrination
of the troop personnel, was concer~ed that combat duty at the strategic rockets was
performed by excellently trained soldiers, sergeants, and officers, and that the
rocketeers had good training simulators and.training aids, and he did much so that
all cenditions were created for the rocketeer soldiers for successful combat ser-
vice and good rest. N. I. Krylov was known to the Soviet reader as the author of a
number of books and articles on questions of the combat activity and traditions
of the Soviet Armed Forces.
In April 1972 Army General V. F. Tolubko was appointed head of the Strategic RockeL
Troops.
Fie volunteered for the ranks of the army as a 17-year old youth. In the prewar
, period he completed tank school and then the academy of armored and mechanized
tr.oops.
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In the period of the Great Patriotic War, he was a chief of staff and then c~mmander
of a tank brigade and chief of the operations branch of a corps headquarters. He
took an active part in the battles with the German-fascist aggressors on the Lenin-
grad, Kalinin, and other fronts as well as in the Yassko-Kishinev, Budapest, and
Belgrade operations.
After conclus ion of the war V. F. Tolubko worked in various command and staff posts
and completed the General Staff Military Academy. In 1960 he was appointed first
deputy commander of Rocket Troops. From 1968, he commanded the troops of the
Siberian and then the Far East Military Districts. V. F. Tolubko has been a member
of the CPSU since 1939. He was elected a delegate to the.2lst, 22d, 23d, 24th, and
25th CPSU Congresses and a deputy of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet, Sth, 6th, and 7th
convocations. ~ In 1971, V. F. Tolubko was elected deputy of the USSR Supreme Soviet~,
and at the 25th Party Congress was elected a member of the CPSU Central Committee.
The CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers adopted measur~:s to
provide the Rocket Troops with the latest combat and training equipment an~, to im-
- prove the lif e and living conditions of the personnel. Comfortable houses, dormi-
tories, barracks, messes, polyclinics, Off icers' Houses and soldiers'.clu~~s, ~coffee
st~ops, anc~ sports complexes were constructed for the rocketeers.
Today's rocket garrison is no longer a tent or dugout can~onment of the first rocketeer-
settlers. It is a military post with personal service shops, stores, coffee shops,
with gymnasiums, swimming pools, and a stadium. Mail, telegraph, automatic tele-
phone exchanges, and a television center are very important ~or rocketeers who live
far from big cities. Today, the posts of the rocketeers contain everything to work
and rest fruitfully.
~he organization of the Rocket Troops and rocket weapons was improved. The f irst
rocket units were armed with gr~und-launehed rocket complexes. The installation of
.such a rocket complex was cumbersome and required considerable manual labor, and a
large combat section was needed to service it. .
Silo launchers were created to inc~�^ease the invulnerability of the rocket ccmplexes
- and strengthen the combat readines~ of the Rocket Troops. Contemporary sil~s have
automatic control and protection which ensures the increased protection of the
rockets in them even with an enemy nuclear attack.
"...Let us drop below the ground," says a rocketeer. What strikes one between the
eyes here? First of all--an absence of people. I recall the past rocket complex.
It happened that at the moment of the alarm several services resembled a swarming
anthill. And sweat, it happened, poured into the eyes of the rocketeers and salt
came through on the service shirts. Now everything has been transformed: the sub-
units were amazingly shrunken; today's specialist copes calmly with the duties of
five or six past organizational units, in which regard he does not feel overloads in
so doing. He is unspeakably strengthened by automatic equipment, electronics, and
all types of cybernetic devices. The equipment becomes ever more wiser and fan-
tastically capacious. It is one more impression left by an acquaintance with to-
day's underground bastions.
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~
,I
' "Reduced in volume and weight, at the sa~e time the new instruments strike one with
! tne compactness of the parts' arrangement. We rightly were dumbfounded by the small
~ horseshoes seated on the extremities of a flea. And here in front of us were ele-
; ments of a computer the size of an ant's larva. And they were created not for
~ adornment and not for a museum display, but for work: so as to be able to "split" a
~ second into fractions of many thousandths when determining the time; to concentrate
; a colossal avalanche of information in an electronic "memory"; to finely adjust
j various rocket assemblies if necessary and refine its course. .
; "Flere is a box with a silvery coating--a child can lift it without difficulty. At
one time, 'at the dawn of rock~t youth,~ the contents of such a box occupied an en-
tire room.
"Electronics unspeakably eased the ~ervice of the rocketeers and sharply reduced the
tables of organization. Where 10 men formerly worked is now controlled by one. And
that is why there is an absence of people at the launch position. Electronics has
successfully implemented the order of the times: it appeared in the units and sub-
- ' units in sports uniform, with a soldierly smart appearance, and appeared not in order
to pose and be wondered at, but to work!"
The rocketeers and military construction personnel did important work in the con-
struction of the launching positions. Expeditions consisting of experienced
rocketeer officers, designers, surveyors, and other specialists were appointed to
select the places for the emplacement of the rocket complexes. The military rocket-
eers in the expeditions worked un the drilling rigs, laid roads through impassable
forests and across swamps, worked in the steppes and deserts under the scorching sun
E and in frigid snowstorms, and prepared th~e base for their units.
t
i "We lived in tents, prepared our food ourselves, cut clearings for the range poles,
' and dragged handbarrows with concrete. In so doing, I do not recall that anyone
' refused to work because of sickness although it was rather simple to become sick
; under such conditions. On the contrary, it was necessary to remove from the
vehiclPS which were taking off for work people who were sick and were ashamed to show
; their weakMess in front of their comrades." This is how an off icer who worked on
one of the expeditions recalls those days.
~ The periods for surveying work at the sites of tl:e future rocket garrisoiis were ex-
treinely compressed. The expeditions worked day and night. In uninhabitable places
' --in the burning steppe or in a meadow jammed with dense forest; the men of the con-
struction units soon settled down at pegs which stuck out singly where the first
- scouts recently disembarked from helicopters. And the reconnaissance groups even
left this camp--they took off farther. And again they covered hundreds of kilo-
meters, searching for "coins" for the construction of rocket installations.
= The participants of the reconnaissance groups ended the surveying work quickly. The
- construction of the rocket installations was begun exactly at the planned times. A
~reat number of Soviet institutions and industrial enterprises took part in the de-
signing, construction, and assembly of the rocket complexes--it can be said that the
entire country constructed the rocket complexes.
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The questions of putting the rocket complexes into operation were at the center of
attention of the Minister of Defense and the commander of the Rocket Troops. On ~
assignment from the CPSU Central Committee, member of.the Presidium and Secretary
of the CPSU Central Committee, L. I. Brezhnev, occupied himself with the problems in
the construction of the rocket complexes and equipping the Soviet Army with the
newest weapons. He often visited the ranges and rocket units and he was constantly
interested in the course of th'e working out of the rocket complexes and the organi-
zation of t~eir series production. In June 1961, L..I. Brezhnev was awarded the
title of Hero of Socialist Labor for outstanding services in the development of
missile technology and cosmonautics.
The strained international situation dictated the accelerated rates for.the creation
of the Soviet Strategic Rocket Troops and the construction of the complexes. De-
spite the scattering of the military construction sites on the tremendous territory
- of the country and the absence of experien~e in such complex defense construction,
the rocket complexes were put into operation exactly in the established times. The
commander of one of the military construction units, officer N. V. Kolbasin, tells of
= how work was begun at installations of the rocket troops by the military builders.
"The first echelon with people and equipment arrived at the work site on a frosty
January night. They unloaded on a railroad branch line of a timber management
f ac:ility, on an unimproved sector. The site for the builders had been selected in
a forest. They began ta erect a tent cantonment.
"The day began with digging out the equipment and materials and clearing the roads
_ which had become buried with snow during the night. The motor vehicles moved in
columns accompanied by prime movers and snow scrapers. Food was prepared for all at
small mobile field kitchens. All builders underwent acclimat~zation in tents.
Sect~onal-panel barracks were assembled quickly. They went out to work before
breakfast and after dinner. The men of Sergeant Kudin worked better than tbe others.
"Gradually, life became routine: the settlement was illuminated from mobile power
plants. The radio center acquired the gift of speech, connecting the unit with the
- world. And work proceeded more gaily. The motor vehicle company commanded by the
competent and willful officer communist Tyapyshev supported round-the-clock work
at the construction site. All subunits worked conscientiously.
"Spring arrived and new difficulties appeared. The roads were washed away, rivers
raged around the settlement, and the high water overflo~ved. Construction materials
and equipment were now transported by tractors. The delivery of fresh produce
stopped for a while. It was necessary to change to canned goods. But the rate of
work increased.
"Socialist competition which was widely initiated in the country found an ardent re-
sponse among the military builders, too. Subunits competed with one another, and
the unit--with the adjacent unit. It was difficult to distinguish the best subunits
and brigades. The honored title of shock worker of communist labor was awarded for
the first time in the unit to the machine and motor vehicle operators, Comrades
7.verev, Suleymanov, Isbasarov, Mkrtchan, Kudan, Zhuk~ and Shul'titskiy."
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ln order to get to know their "defensive line"--the rocket complex--better, the
rocketeers took an active part in its erection: in building structures, in assemb-
` ly and debugging work, and they introduced many suggestions on the rational equip-
ping of the complex. ~
- During the time when the rocket complexes were being :;onstructed and put into opera-
- tion, commanders and political officers of units and subunits, staff oFficers, and all
; officers passed through a genuine school for organizers of production and made a deep
j study of the equipment. Amazing structures concealed from outside observation were
f constructed by th~ joint efforts of the builders and the rocketeers.
Here is how a veteran of the rocker troops described the contemporary rocket complex.
"...We rode out to the cantonment surrounded by a forest where the readiness signal
had just sounded. But the cantonment was immersed in the night darkness and not
even a small light ~ould be seen anywhere. No voices wer~ heard. Only the leaves�
of the young trees on the lanes rustled in the wind. But right here--the front posi-
tion where the security of the Soviet people is guarded, the front position of their
; peace; the rocketeers are serving for this. And the command 'Action' ~ust sounded
here."
"The path suddenly runs down in steps. The staircase comes up against a door. We
enter a room which is brightly flooded with light.
"Your pass!" the guard dPmands.
"We pass the control point and enter the forest. Our path, loo~,ing between trees and
bushes,invariably goes farther and farther. In the forest, the silence is thicker.
than in the cantonment. Night birds scream from time to time.
"The path stops suddenly, and again steps downward. The turn of a lever--a heavy
hatch opens, Another hatch, another. And each one is battened down tightZy behind
us.
"We descend on an elevator. Ahead--a light corridor. The silence was left above.
Here we have deafening and powerful sounds. A dynamic loudspeaker carries the words
~f commands. The screens of oscillographs flicker and display boards of various
colors light up. People in blue coveralls move near the control consoles and knife
switches--everything is as in a fantasy film. But work is under.way here. This is
also the cause which they serve here.
"}~ere they are all young. At the remote-control console is the commander; he i.s not
much older than his subordinates. Great experience and an excellent knowledge of
his business are divined in his movements and the words of his commands. Somehow,
the word "veteran" does not square with his age. But he is actually a veteran of
t}~e rocket troops and began his service at the first rocket complexes. Then--the.
military academy, practice on the ranges.... And it is not surprising that the men ~
oper.ate so calmly and clearly. Stopwatches tick off.the seconds. Receiving re-
, port.s, the commander reports the readiness of the rocket for launching over special
cor~unicat ions .
~ .
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"'Conduct the launch exactly at the established time!' the command follaws. .
"'Yes sir!.' Each one looks once again at the instruments.. Yes, everything is
ready, nothing has been overlooked, and the equipment i$ operating in a common
rhythm with the people....
"The seconds race along. Now there, above.,the mounds overgrown with brush trembled
and crawled to the sides. In the place where yellowed leaves had just whispered
the orifice of the silo shaft opened.
'�The rocket stands deep in the shaft. It looks at the sky. But it only appears to
do tnis. The rocket's "electronic brain remembers" the target coordinates....
"Here it is, a contemporary weapon, our reliable shield and punishing sword~ How
much indestructible power and strict beauty is in it! How many strained days and
nights did scientists and engineers labor over the implementation of its plans, how
many workers' hands cast, turned, and polished each part in it, how much strength
did thousands of people give to it! One can say much about rockets, but only here,
looking at how they are aimed at the sky, do you understand forever the meaning of
the short and sharp word--rocket.
"We did not hear the increasing roar of the powerful engines. '
"1'he mission was accomplished. The moon is rising above the forest. And nothing re-
calls that there,beneath the ground, rocketeers are working and indefatigably stand
guard over the motherland." ~
After. the completion of construction and putting the rocket complexes into operation,
the main content of the rocketeers' service became training, the mastery of new weapons,
- and their maintenance in constant combat readiness. In this connection, the urgent ne-
cessity arose to create a contemporary training base and training and drilling equip-
ment. The special features of the training process had to be considered. First,
the rocket is a flight vehicle which is employed once; its launching with a training
- or combat target can be canducted only once. Second, drills prior to launching such
as, for example, are conducted by riflemen, artillerymen, or tankers on the rifle
range, artillery range, or tank driving grounds cannot be conducted at a combat
rocket complex. At the same time, it is not sufficient for the rocketeer to study
the equipment of the complex. It order to perform his duties suc~essfully, each
member of a combat section must drill systematically in order to make his actions
automatic during the preparation and launching of the rocket.
Now each rocket unit has classrooms and laboratories which are equipped for the
training and drilling of personnel in all rocket specialties. Using models and
traininK aids, they can understand the most complex circuits of varied equipment.
At Cirst, special design offices were created in the rocket units on the voluntar}~
service principle which usually had their own designers, training-production shops,
and a material and technical support group. Knowledgeable and technically trained
of.ficers, sergeants, and soldiers comprised the membership of their own design of-
fice. The~y began their activity with the study of rocket weapons. For this pur-
pose, they travelled to scientific research institutions and design offices at the
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-t" enterprises where they became acquainted with the construction of the missiles, in-
struments, assemblies, and systems; then they prepared textbooks and methodological
~ aids for the rocketeers and introduced suggestions for the creation and improvement
i of the training and drilling equipment. In the training-production shops the spe-
E cialists transformed the schemes of the designers into models and aids. Materials,
f instruments, and parts for the construction of ;.he models were delivered by the
r.;
p?:. material and technical support group.
.
r~. .
R. The public design offices became a school of technical creativity for many rocketeers
! and played a large role in the creation and improvement of the training base.
~
~ _
' Later, in the 1960's, classrooms were set up in the rocket units and simulators were
~ cr.eated which permit the employment of contemporary methods of programmed instruction.
Training buildings were converted into unique "electronic ranges." Individual and
group simulators were placed in them which do not differ from combat control conscles
~ and assemblies not only in appearance, but also in operating conditions. On them,
. the rocketeers began to acquire the necessary practice for work with live rockets.
It is difficult for a person who has visited the rocketeers to believe that he is in
; the training classroom of a rocket unit rather than in the training laboratory of
. a technical higher educational institution.
j
i'
f Meanwhile, the rocketeers study not only in the classrooms and on the simulators.
Lessons and exercises and practical rocket launchings are conducted under extremely
difficult conditions.
~ Initially, training positions were set.up in the rocket units for training purposes.
~ Now training rocket complexes exist which are vir_tually indistinguishable from combat
' ones.
I The skill of the rocketeer is checked many times before he goes on a re~~onsible
I
watch--combat duty. But for him, the main examination for maturity is participation
' in r~ rocket launching. ~
The crews travel out to a rocket range where their ability is comprehensively tested.
The high quality of the live rocket launchings as an indicator of the combat readi-
ness of the rocket troops was reported to the 22d CPSU Congress in October 1961: "In
the Rocket Troops practical live rocket launchings provided convin~ing results: of
al.l. medium range rocket launchings more than 90 percent were accomplished with a
�r~cle oE 'excellent' and 'good.' And as regards intercontinental rockets, they ac-
c~c~mF~lish all their missions only with grades of 'excellent' and 'good'," said the
tic~viet Minister of Defense.
"An excellent rocket launching. It is not only military skill. It is a combat
~pi~�it, ideological tempering and patriotism of the hearts which have bee:~ fused to-
~echc~r. Even a robot is able to push a button. But we are not robots, we are Soviet
::~lcliers, the entire planet has been entrusted to us," said the commander of one of
chc~ r~cket units at a meeting devoted to the return of the rocketeers from the
r ~n;.;~ � .
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~lere is how one of the officers describes a check of the rocketeers' skill on the
range .
~~...It was diffiEUlt. And.it was not. a matter of the blizzard which broke out inoppor-
tunely. And not the strictness of the check of knowledge--we were accustomed to thie.
Prior to the launch itself two instruments suddenly proved to be defective, ~Maybe
. everything has been intentionally read~usted,' Ma~or Prokhorov, commander of the .
subunit being checked, thought with alarm. 'Let them show what they ~sn do, they
say ' .
_ ."Only later did Prokhorov learn that the malfunctions had in fact been inserred in
the plan for the check.
"The rocket rose gigantically in the silo. The people operated quickly. Quickl~?, but
calmly and not blindly.
"'Ifound it!' shouted Private Vasiliy Paznetsov. Almost simultaneously Ma~or ~
Prokhorov also found another 'failure.' A record short time was spent on its cor-
rection. The qualifications of Kuliyev, who helped the commander, were also felt
here. .
"'Sorcerer,' uttered the general who followefl the preparations of the rocket for
launching, it? a rather muffled manner without concealing satisf.action. He glanced
at his watch: everything proceeded according to the standard.
"Endin~ the control check, Major Prokhorov glanced at his watch and pressed the but-
ton with the white letters 'Launch.' A white flame accompanied by a terrible roar
- burst from the nozzles. The flame expanded, becoming crimson. It already approached
a giant hurricane. The commande~ had a great desire to look out of the reinforced
concrete bunker now and to feast his eyes on the fiery trail created by human hands
which was cutting the sky, but he could not...."
The excellent ability of each member of a rocket crew still does not convert the
subunit into a single, smooth organism capable of accomplishing a combat mission ex-
actl.y at the designated time. ~
The smoothness of actions of rocket subunits is worked out on combined special tac-
tical lessons and tactical exercises.
Exercises often showed the high skill and smoothness in the actions of the rocket-
eers when accomplishing missions.
The constant good working order of all the complex mechanisms of the strategic
rockets is maintained by technical checks of the rocket complex with the placement
oE the strategic rockets on combat duty as well as by the conduct of prescribed main-
tenance.
To ensure the constant readiness of strategic rockets, a system for their maintenance
was worked out. Its basis was formed with the creation of the ballistic rockets and
it developed during the construction and assembly of strategic rocket complexes.
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Improvement of the rocket-weapon ~aintenance system proceeded along the line of re-
~ ducing the number of people servicing the rocket. The main thing in maintenance to-
' day is the prescribed system for.the technical servicing of .the strate~'c rockets.
E~ Such a system ensures the long-term faultless operation of all assembliea of the
rocket complex under any conditions.
~ "We now have the best machines in the inventory.... It is clear that the construc-
; tion of such apparatuses is complex and their systems require periodic thorough
i checking. Only the attentive and qualified servicing of the rockets and techni:al
launch systems can ensure a high degree of combat readiness and reliability for a
' long time which are required of the contemporary rocket complex. Such periodic ser-
vicing of the combat equipment is conducted during periodic technical servicing.
"Periodic ~echnical servicing is now consider~d as the final and general preparation
of all rocket armament for its combat duty. In other words, combat readiness is
forged on periodic technica~ servicing. Therefore, the great significance which its
conduct on a high engineering and technical level as well as organizational level
~ acquires is clear." This is how one of the military leaders evaluates the signifi-
' cance of prescribed maintenance work.
"The concept of 'combat readiness' is not new," wrote Marshal of the Soviet Union
N. I. Krylov. "It was born, perhaps, together with armed conflict itself. But at
each stage of development of military ~ffairs the concept of 'readiness for battle'
changed substantially, and was supplemented, defining the necessary complex of pre-
parations to rebuff possible attack."
' For the Strategic Rocket Troops readiness for battle is a concept which is absolutely
new in its content.
~ First, our readiness for battle is the readiness of all rocket units to accomplish
their assigned missions on order of the Supreme High Command under any conditions and
circumstances. The unprecedented power of nuclear weapons and the virtually un-
limited range for destroying targets expand the boundaries of the sphere of combat
influence on the enemy on any cont~nents. Therefore, if we speak of the readiness
c?f. oiir service af the Armed Forces for battle, it is the readiness to repel aggres-
sion with the employment of the most powerful means of destruction.
+ Second, the readiness of the rocket troops for combat operations today can be called
absolute with complete justification.
'I'he combat readiness of the rocket.troops finds expression in combat duty. In the
Armed Forces~today there is no service more important and responsible than the per-
formance of combat duty by the strategic rocketeers. Each of them is ready at any
- second to accomplish his duties upon receipt of the order. And not one of them can
take over on combat duty without having demonstrated firm knowledge and skillful
~ actions on lessons and without having studied the order for operations with the
i rocket and the physical essence of the processes which occur in the rocket when ac-
' complishing any operation.
~
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For all rocketeers, going on combat duty is an event of tremendous importance.
Crews which know the weapons entrusted to them to perfection are permitted to go on
combat duty.
Permission to perform combat duty at the rockets--this is the passing of the state
examination by the personnel and the peak of the rocketeers' labor in mastering the
weapon.
The day of going on combat duty is.a festiva day for the rocketeers. When going on
combat duty, a solemn ceremony is performed.
The men stand in a clear formation. The unit's sacred ob~ect--its Battle Standard--
' burns with red calico. Moire ribbons hang down along the staff. The fighting men
of the older generation fought against the hated enemy beneath this Standard which
was scorched on the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War. `i'he motherland evalu-
ated their soldierly exploit highly. Years passed. Now serving under this Standard
are those whom the fatherland has entrusted with protecting the peaceful labor of
- the Soviet people--the rocketeers.
' At these moments you look at the concentrated faces of the rocketeers who have re-
ceiv~d from the hands of their older brothers and fathers the combat baton of ex-
ploits and who heard the combat orders for the attack under this Standard, and you
experience a feeling of the greatest pride and joy for the tremendous confidence
rendered in each of us.
There is nothing comparable with the solemn elation in the ceremony of the rocketeers .
who are taking over on combat duty. Before beginning the accomplishment of a combat
mission, they hear the order. Its embossed words sound like the mandate of the mother-
land: '
"We take over on combat duty to ensure the security of our motherland--the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics."
From this moment, occupying their work sites at the consoles, the rocketeers will ac- '
complish the duties defined for them day and night. The will, thougl~ts, and actions
of each of them will be directed to seeing that at any instant the combat equipment
- on his sector as well as with the comrade who is sitting alongside and in the entire
subunit is in a high state of readiness. Only people who are boundlessly devoted ~
to the socialist motherland, are ideologically steadfast, and morally and physically
tempered are capable of being in such a state of self-collection. And our soldiers,
sergeants, and officers are just this type.
The special responsibility of the rocketeers to the people follows from the very
purpose of the rocket troops which have been placed on the front line of the father-
land's defense High combat readiness is the law of life for them. All their
strained service is subordinate to this. A thirst for knowledge, creativity and
initiative, the striving to accomplish the assigned mission irrep~�oachably--this is
what characterizes the rocketeers.
...Massivc~ steel doors swung open noislessly and, passing us through, were closed
just as silently. The sounds of the land were left behind.~ A soft dull light is
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emitted by ceiling fixtures. A labyrinth of passa$es--zigzags, turns. A new door.
A small room is before us. Ahead we see a control console: a.figured table, stands
~ with signaling and control. A rocketeer rises and reports: everything is in order!
f
~ Everything is in�order.
i
~ He does not take his eyes from the signal stands. I~ere a dull-white display board
i lit up in the center. Numbers flash brilliantly one after another. It is an
order which passed through to the rocket. A short time passes and the rocket is
; ready for launch. And after another short time green display�boards flash alongside
' white readiness display boards-~.aunch! This mear~s tha~ at a certain distance from here
a massive lid is moving away on the surface of the Earth, and a rocket soars upward
from the silo launcher and lays on a combat course....
~ It is going to the target. And then they report over the loudspeaker communications:
"Rocket launch accomplished!"
And this is how it will be if the aggressor tries to attack our motherland.
~ The Soviet strategic rocketeers are standing on combat duty so that quiet dawns arise
above the fields, so that children can build whimsical castles of sand, and so that
~ moist stars look into tl~e night windows of the houses.
! COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo DOSAAF SSSR, 1979
I
i
I 6367
CSO: 1801/167
~
{
I
,
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CIVIL ~DEFENSE
- BOOK EXCERPTS: TEXT ON CIVIL DEFENSE MEDICAL SERVICES
Mosc~w UCHEBNOYE POSOBIYE PO MEDITSINSKOY SLUZHBE GRAZHDANSKOY OBORONY in
Russian 1981 (signed to press 6 Jul 81) pp 2-4, 134-135
[Annotation, table of contents and foreword from book "Text on Civil Defense
Medical Services", by group of authors, edited by P. N. Safronov, 2d ed.,
revised and supplemented, admitted by Main Administration of Educational Insti-
tutions of USSR Ministry of Health for all faculties as a text for studPnts of
medical institutes, Izdatel'stvo "Meditsina", 100,000 copies, 136 pagesJ
[Excerpts] The second edition of the "Uchebnoye posobiye po meditsinskoy
sluzhbe grazhdanskoy oborony" (the first edition came out in 1973) examines
the arrangement of inedical support of the population in various stricken
areas, and it covers the work of the Civil Defense Medical Service in pro-
viding for medical sorting and a two-stage system for treating the stricken
and ill with their further evacuation to their destination.
It sets forth the organizational structure and tasks of the primary mobile
formations of the Civil Defense Medical Service (MSGO)--first aid detachments.
The text is written in conformity with the program approved by the USSR
Ministry of Health and is intended for students of inedical institutes.
The text has two figures, two tables and eighteen diagrams.
The reviewer was Candidate of Medical Scicnces V. I. Latyshev, instructor of
the Civil Defense course of the 2d MMI [Moscow Medical InstituteJ imeni N. I.
Pirogov. ~
Table of Contents
ForEward 3
Chapter I. Organizational Structure of Civil Defense Medical Service
- ~ (MSGO). MSGO Formations and Establishments 5
1. MSGO Missions 6
2. MSGO Organizational Structure 8
3. MSCO Formations and Establishments 12
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~
~ (:hapter II. Medical-Tactical Characteristics of Stricken Areas........... 18
_I
_ 1. Medical-Tactical Characteristics of a Center of Nuclear Destruction... 19
~ 2. Characteristics of the Trace of a Radioactive Cloud 29
~ 3. Medical-Tactical Characteristics of a Center of Chemical Damage...���� 33
i
i 4. Medical-Tactica~ Characteristics of a Center of Bacteriological Damage 38
~
i. Chapter III. Medical Support of the Population in Conducting Civil
I
~ Defense Measures 41
! L. Medical Support in Conducting CD Measures under Peacetime Conditions.. 41
2. Medical Support in Mopping up the Aftermath of Natural Disasters and
~ Major Production Accidents 42
i 3. Medical Support with the Threat of Enemy Attack......... 45
Mcdic~~l Siipport of Dispersal of Workers and Employees and Population
~ 1?vacuation 46
i rvacuating MedicalEstablishments 51
! 4. Medical Support in Perf orming Rescue and Urgent Emergency Restoration
~ Work in Stricken Areas 52
~ Chapter IV. Treatment and Evacuation Support of the Population in Mopping
~
up the Aftermath of Enemy Attack 56
~ L. Two-Stage System of Treatment-Evacuation Support of Victims........... 58
2. Kinds and Scope of Medica~ Assistance 59
~ 3. Medical Sorting 60
~ 4. Medical Evacuation 63
Chapter V. Work of MSGO Formations in Performing Rescue Operations in a
- Stricken Area......... 68
Organization of MSGO Organizations' Work in Mopping up Center of Nuclear
~ Destruction 68
1. Rescue and Urgent Emergency Restoration Work 68
- 2. Organization of the Work of Medical Teams 73
' 3. Organization of the Work of OPM [First Aid Detachments] 77
c)r~;