JPRS ID: 10566 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10566
7 June 198~ .
.
U SSR f~~ ort ~
~
ENERGIf
CFOUO 8/82~
FBIS FC~EICIV BROADCAST IfVFORMA,TIOtV SERVICE -
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~
JPRS L~'10566
- 7 June 1982
, ~
u USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FAUO 8/82) ~
f CONTENTS ~
~ -
ELECTRIC POWER
Methods of Calculating Nucleax-Fu~e1 Expenditures Discussed
i (L.D. Gitel'man; ELII{TRICHESKIYE STANTSII, Mar 82) 1
Brie.s
All-Union Conference 9
~
FiJEIS
Ministries Invr,lved Comment on Roundtable Talks ,About Pipeline-
building
I (Sh. Dongaryan, et.e~.l.; KHOZYAYSTVO I PRAVO, No 12, 1Q81) ].0
Book Dis:~usses New Methods for Improving Recovery of Oil, Gas,
_ Gas-Condensate
(Yuriy Vasil'yevich Zaytsev, Yuriy Ayrapetovich Balakirov;
DOBYCHA NEFTI I GAZA� 1981) 15
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_I
!
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- a- IIII - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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I ELECTRIC POWER ~
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i UDC 621.311.25:621.039.54:657.471.1.U01.24
i
j METHODS OF CALCULATING NUCLEAR-FUEL ERPENDITURES L'ZSCUSSED
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 3, Mar 82 pp 6-9
~ [Article by L. D. Gite1'man, candidate of economic aciences at the uJral'skiy Poly-
i ~:echnical Institute: "Particulai Features of Calculating and P:Lanning Expenditures
~ f.or Nuclear Fuel "
' ['lext] Up until now, the matter of calculating and planning nuclear-fuel expendi-
; tures has heen a controversial q~testion in the economy of nuclear power atationa.
! To a consideiable degree, this is associ~te.3 with the specific properties of nuclear
~ fuel and the characteristics of its production consumption at AES's. The calculation
~ of the fuel component in the cost of electr3.c power from AES's is complex and differs
' fundamentally frum the method employed at thermal electric-power stations. The cal-
( culation is complex, since it requires that one consider many constantly changing
i fuel-cycle parameters, the depth to which the nuclear f ue~. burns, partial-recharge
~ operation of the fuel. assemblies, tt?e presence of a tranaient period of reactor oper-
~ ation and the feasibility of reclaiming spent fuel.
I
~ The ~cethod used to calcu~ate t~ae fuel component must have the correct theoret3cal
'j basis. Up until now, the points ~f view regarding t'he economic nature of the re-
i actor's fuel load have been varied. In [1] it is shown that, theoretically, the
~ necessity of applying the fuel load to the fixed capitsl. has been clearly estab-
~ lished fcx AES's operating in an open f uel cycle. Recently, many practical and
! sc ient:~ f ic workers who previously held another opini~n (the fuel load is to be ap-
plied to the working capital) have since change~ it. Thus, the authors [2] believe
~ that the fuel load must first of $11 be applied to the AES's fixed capital, while
; the fuel assemblies adderl during partial recharging must be applied to working capi-
i! tal. Such a"aplit" solution is theoretically incorrect, since, with the e~~ception
~ of mox~ies inveated in the inltial fueY load, capital is not required to carry out
partial recha�sginga. With a correctly formulated method for calculating the ~uel
~ ~ component, each group of fcel assemblies tranafers its cost to the cost of electric
power up untfl the moment that assembly is ~`eplaced. We ehall explain.
~ In the general case, the fuel component conaists of n similar groups of fuel assem-
~ b? ies (each similar group i~s taken to be a specific set of fuel assembliea poasesaing
~ identical cost and service life) . Z'he cost of each similar group is tranaferred to
~i
,i
In the form of a discussion. Ed.
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the electric power in accordance ~rith the group's service life. The first group
o� fuel assemblies tranafers its cost per unit of time in the ainount of Cl/Tl; the
second is C2/T2; the third C3/T~, and so forth. Thus, the initial advanced cost
of the fuel charge
. ~ n
. CF~ ~ ~ Ci
2
is broken into parts from the moment the fuel charge enters the production process.
~ Each of these parts begins to be converted at a very specific rate.
Up until the moment any of the fuel-asaembly groups is replaced, caeh must be set
aside to accomplish recharging. This ia possible if the amount of the cost trans-
ferred over a specific period of time corre~ponds to the amount of the fuel charge
burned. :'he latter is determined as the total burn-up af all fuel-charge components
of simi?ar groups. Consequently, if this condition is met, partial rechargings Zo
not require additional expenditures. A portion of the initial advanced cost which
has returned to its initial point is apent for this purpose. If additional fuel
assemblies or assemblies more expensive than those previously located in the core
(it is possible, for example, in the transition period when f uel-assemblies of a
higher enrichment level are loaded) are~used during recharging, then additional funds
axe required. In this case, these funds must come f rom capital investment.
The issue of the economic nature of the fuel charge is not only tr.eoretical--it has
important practical significance. The application in practice of the fuel charge to
the working capital leads to a number of negative points, aside from the difficulty
_ in creating a method of determining the fuel component. In design practice, the
determination of the indicator for per-unit capital 3nvestment in constr.uction is
- based on the cost of the fiXpd capital created. When the fuel load is applied to
the working capital, the va~.ue of thia indicator is reduced considerably. In accord-
ance with the existing stand on f�"inancing the working cap ital of an enterprise under
consrruction, the necessary cash funds for manu~facturing the first fuel charge ar~
allocated after a considerable delay. This complicates the mutua'1 f inaneial rela-
tionship of the client and the manufacturing plant.
The method employed for calculating the fuel component must meet the followi:-~g re-
quirements:
it must provide for the feasib ility of regenerating the f uel charge when the reactor
reaches its maximum service life; ,
it must inciude in the electric-power.cost the total expenditures for partial re-
- charging;.
it must be as stable as possible over the course of the period for which the release
tarif.f on slectric power is established (over the course of the f ive-year plan, ob-
viously);
it rnust be simple and easy to use;
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it must be as unfversal ae possible; that is, it must be suitable for making calcula-
j tions at AES's w~.th varioua types of reactors and different methods of. fuel-cycle
j organization (operating or. "waste" or with regeneration, with "complete burning"
; of Fuel asaemblies unloaded in the ~ransition period or without their repeat utili-
I zation) .
~ I~n ordex ta realize complete regeneration of tha fuel charge, one must, in our opin-
' ion, establish a depreciation rate for the renovation. This rate must be determined
based upon the reactor's service life. As far as partial recharging is concerned,
i there are a number of specific features stemm3ng from the gresence of a transition
I peri~d of reactor operation (as noted in [3J, page 298, "in the general case, any
. change in the tiechnical-economic characteristics of the fuel elements used gives
rise to a transition period."). This transiti.on period can reach 6 to 8 years for'
, a channel-type reactor. Fluctuations occur in the fuel assemblies during this period,
' and they can be eliminated by only one method--by a proportionF~l d~.stribution of
i the future r~charging Expenditures for any period.
Obviously, it is necessary to establish a f ive-year accounr~�~b Y~riod.. The ob~ections
~ of some operational workers based on tl-ie difficulties encountered in predict:ing re-
charging expenditures for 5 year~ in the future are not to be examined as a contrary
argument, since the five-year plan for an AES, ~uat like for any other enter~rise,
~ is developed accord~Cng to a mandatory procedure. The problem consista of achieving
~ the necessaxy degree of accuracy in the average term calculations.
al Thus, expenditures for partial rechargings must be written off gradsally according
to a fixed rate, deapite the e~con~mic rotion that the rate of dep~c:.iation for major
_ overha~sls not approved in the state planning agencies is r~ local accounting entry.
i
~ As a result of the theoretical approach examined, we have developed a working meth~d
; that combines long-term fuel-assembly planning (f.or the f ive-year plan) and current
~ fuel-assembly planning (annual) ana determin~es the actual fuel-asaembly value.
{
In [ZJ ii is suggested that the time factor be taken into cons:Lderation when de~er-
mining the annual deductions from the 3nitial fuel charge. We will n.ote the method
used at AES's in capitalist countries: the annual totals for dczprec i~tion a,re dis-
counted by the amount of income which these funds bring to the enterprise. These
funds remain in circulation until the moment when they are needed f or total regen-
eration of the f uel charge. In our country, a number of economists propose that the
i time factor be taken into consi~teration when calculating the deprec iation deductions.
i W.fthout going into a theoretical discussion, we note that, in our opinion, the exam-
; i~nation of this factor aa applied to AES's is premature until the .aa.tter i~ resolved
~ for the economy as a whole.
The problem is more complex when it comes to the regeneration of spent nucleor fuel
~4). In this case, production at AES's must be considered as multipurpose: the
, seneration of electric power and the manufacture of intermediate products in an effort
to extract plutonium-239 and the retnaining uranium-235. Dual-purpose production
- is examined fAr further simultaneous production of i:~t water and steam at an AES
(an AT~Ts) , The distilling of wate�r and the carryit:~ out of radiochemicr:l processes,
etc are possible in principle.
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The cost of fuel in dual-purpose production is split--one half is included in the
cost of the electric power, che o~~er in the cost of the intermediate products~
Since the duration of the electric-power production cycle and the intermediate-product
cycle are ~iot identical, the procesa by which each indicated part of the fuel-charge
cost is transf ezred to the output takes place in various ways.
The electric-power production cycle at AES's is many timea shorter than the period
o;: fuel-charge functioning. Consequently, a corresponding portion of the fuel-chaxge
cost is gradually transferred to the electric power and is likewise gradually re-
placed in cash form to the degree it is realized. Only f ixed capital is similar
in nature with respect to productive consumption and cost turnover.
The product~~n cycle fnr intermediate products is equal to the time individual groups
of fuel elements are l~c~rpd in the reactor, that is, the operating period. Conse-
= quently, the other part of tt~e fuel-charge cost is transformed to the manufactured
- product in one production cycle and is replaced in cash form after ite realiZation.
Obviously, thie part of the cost appears as working capital.
Ti~is is illustrated in the drawing for an indivi.dual fuel element in the fuel charge.
In bookkeepi:~g practice, an individual accounting of the fu21-charge cost components
is not suitable. The following conclusions can be made in favor of ~i.ncluding it
with the fixed capital.
In the f irst place, in a fuel cycle without regeneration, the issue of the economic
nature of the fuel charge as f ixed capital is resolved clearly, as was shown. In the
general case, when the AES operates in a cycle with regeneration as well as without
it, uniformity will be insured in accounting for the fuel charge.
In the second place, including the fuel charge in the f ixed capital makes it possible
to consider the ob~ective nature of the movement of the greater part of its cost
- (the formation and utilization of the depreciation fund and the procedure for f inan-
cing regeneration) . For fast reactors where the core and breeding blanket are sepa-
rated in the design, another solution is possible: the cost of the core is applied
to the ~ES's f ixed assets, while the cost of the breeding blanket is applied to the
working capital.
The f.eatures noted for fuel-charge productive consumption in an AES reactor operating
= in a closed f uel cycle must be taken into account when calculating the cost of the �
power generated. The selection of a method of calculation depends on how th2 AES
output will be classified according to the specific purpose of the production pro-
- cess. ~
Obviously, the primary purpose of production at ar~ AES with thermal reactors will
be the ~eneration of electric power. Thus, in this case, this product will also
- be the primary one. The spent fuel (intermec~iate praduct) in which plutonium is
accumulated, formed as an unavoidable result of the production process, must b e exam-
ined as a by-product. Since the latter is an unavoidable consequence of the produc-
tion process, one can assume that only a portian of the past labor applied to the
cost of the raw mat~rial from which this by-product is derived and only a part of
- the direct~expenditures in its manufacture (if there are auch) take part in the
formation of i.ts cost. All remain in g expenditures in the given production process
are applied t~ the cost of the primary product.
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The production process at AES's with fast reactors is arranged so as to obtain two
~ speci~ic producta--electric power and plutonium. Consequently, each of these is
i~ a primary product. In such production, all expenditures (excluding direct) are ap-
~ plied to a certain degree to both products.
h
Taking this into consideration, the following methods of calculating the cost of
` production can be proposed for AES's with thermal reactors.
' 1. The exclusion or write-off inethod. In this method, the cost of the by-product--
~ the intermediate product--is not calculated.
Th~ cost of the spent fuel elements at previously established prices is subtracted
from the overall expenditures, depending upon the depth to which the fuel has burned.
The remaining f igure is applied to the fuel component of the electric~power cost.
The primary drawback to the exclusion method consists of the following. The costs
for the spent fuel elements can differ significantly from the actual AES expendi-
tures for the formation of plutonium in the nuc?.ear raw material, since many factors
that do not depend on the AES inf luence the level of these costs. As a result, it
is possible that "in certain cases, the fuel component of the cost of electric power
can approach zero, and, seemingly paradoxical at first glance, a negative value can
arise for the fuel component of the cost of electric power generated at an AES."
~ [3, page 146]. The appearance of such a"paradox" contradicts the labor theory of
~ cost. ~
I On~the other hand, the exclusion method is simple and in principle is not ruled out
for application at AES's with thermal reactors where the price levels correspond.
I� 2. The clistribution method. Expenditures for fuel are distributed between the elec-
i
! tric power and the intermediate product using some criterion,
I Such a criterion can be selected ba.sed upon the physical nature of the production
i process: proportion~l to the amount of neutrons in the core expended on fission and
~ radioactive capture. Or, the criterion can be ecc,nomic. It can be, for example,
~ proportional to the cost of the commodity output with respect xo whol.esale pr.ices,
j or it can be proportional to the average industry coat for each of its products.
All remaining expenditures are included in the electric power.
~ This method is more complicate3 than the f irst, but ita impc;~tant advantage is that
~ it makes it possible to calculate the cost of electric power with greater accuracy.
~ Moreover, in this case the possibility of the "paradox" we mentioned arising is ruled
~ out.
-1 .
~ At AES's with fast reactors, as was pointed out, the electric~power and the inter-
~ mediate product are the primary products- This predetermines the methodological
features of the calculation. In out opinion, the cost of each product must be cal-
culated. This is only possible when the expenditure-distribution method is employed.
; rirst of all, it is necessary to distribute the fuel expenditures with respect to
a spe~ific criterion. .
~
'
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~
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- Hypothetical Diagram o~ the Movement of Fuel~Element Cost
Key :
1. Initial cost of the fuel element
2. Portion of the cost applied to the cost of the intermediate product
3. Portion of the cost applied to the cost of the electric power
4. Realization
5. Acquisition of new fuel elements
6. Service life of fuel element �
7. Spent fuel--intermediate product
8. Cash
9. Cash equal to the initial coat of the fuel element
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i
Another simpler method, however, is possible. If, in the pr~cise-approximation pro-
cedure, it is assumed that heat is formed in the core while plutonium iR formed in
~ the breeder blanket, then it is logical that the cost of the core fuel be applied to
~ the electric power and the cost of the raw material in the breeder blanket to the
~ intermediate product. Thua method, of course, provides an approxi~nate result. Con-
~ sidering the ease with which it can be applied, w: must examine its feasibilitq.
~ All remainfng expenditures can be calculated by a similar method used at TETs's:
~ the direct expenditures and immediately applied to t:~e product with whose gex~eration
' they are associated. The indirect expenditures are distributed proportional to the
values of the fuel and raw-material components of the cost of the electric power
and the intermediate product. .
When the distribution method is applied, the matter of the relationship b etween the
level of prices according to which th~ spent fuel assemblies (the intermediate pro-
, duct) are realized and the cost of the intermediate product itself ie very important
; for the, economic activity of an AES. Since this price is established based on the
necessary expenditures for the production of plutonium (P), three versions of the
relationship between its value and the cost of the intermediate product (CIp) are
possible in the general case: 1) P= Cip +~,j; 2) P> Cip Z~; 3) P< Cip + PN,
where PN is the normal profit for an AES. When the prices established for spent fuel
~ elements correspond to the individual expenditures f or pro~uction (version 1), AES
rPVenues are insured at the normal industry level.
~ If the price for apent fuel elements is considerably higher than the cost of the
~ intermediate product (version 2), additional revenues are generated for the AES which
_ are not a result of any improvement in its econo~iic activity. Obviously, the ~xtra
I revenues must be removed from the budget. Another method can be emplo~?ed--one can
, establish estimated prices for spent fuel elements at the level of individual produc-
I
tion ~expend.itures at a given AES.
~ Finally, with version 3, the utilization of a method of expenditure distribution
when calculating the cost of production can lead to systematically unprof itable AES
operation. In order to avoid this, in the given case it is advisable to use the
exclusion method for AES's with thermal reactors, especially ~ince at such a price
; level the possibility of the indicated "paradox" occurring is eliminated. As far
j as AES's with fast reactors are concerned, such a method of relating the price and
the cost of the intermediate product is doubtful.
i
Conclusions
i 1. For an AES operating in an open fuel cycle, the reactor's fuel charge must be
considered as part of the fixed assets. Applying the fuel charge to the circulating
capital causes a number of problems.
~ 2. The method used to calculate the fuel component must examine the total regenera-
I tion of the fusl charge and provide for an ac~umulation of cash for partial recharg-
j ings. In the author's opinion, it is most advisable if the expenditures for partial
' recharging are written o�f gradually according to a fixed norm determined for the
' five-year plan.
3. With regeneration of spent fuel, the fuel charge of a nuclear reactor has a dual
economic nature--it simultaneously takes on the roles of f ixed and working cap ital.
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In practice,, the entire cost of the fuel charge must be included in the AES's f ixed
assets. The calculation of the fuel component must be made in accordance with this.
4. At AES's with thermal reactors, electric power is the primary product, while
speat fuel elements (the intermediate product) are considerEd a by-product. This
being the case, it is advisable to calculate the cost of~producCion uraing the ~xc1u-
sion method or the method of distribution of expenditures.
5. At AES's with fast reactors, the electric power and the intermediate plutonium
product are the primary products. In this case, the calculation of the cost of each
of the products must be carried out on the basis of the method of distribution of
the overalZ expenditures.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Batov, B. I., Khanin, V. V. and Gitel'man, L. D., "Certain Questions of the
Econom}? of N�iclear Electric Power Stat~.ans," ELEKTRICHESKIYE STAPiSTII, No 12,
1971. ~
2. Brodov, D. L., et al., "On Calculating the Fue1 Component of the Cost of Electric
. Power and the Efficiency of Fuel Utilization at AES's," Scientific Proceedings
of the Energiya Scientific Production Association of the USSR M~.nenergo, No 2,
1975.
3. Batov, V. V. and Koryakin, A. M., "Ekonomika yadernoy energetiki" [The Economics
of Nuclear Power Engineering], Atomi2dat, Moscow, 1969.
4. Gitel`man, L. D. and Khanin, V. V., "On the Method of Calculating the Fuel
Component of the Cost of Electr ic Power at AES's With Regeneration of the Nuclear .
~ Fuel," Proceedings of the Ural'skiy Polytechnical Institute, Sverdlovak, No 212,
1973.
COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1982
9512
CSO: 1822/123
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~
( -
CLECTRIC PUWER �
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~
~ ~ BRIEFS
i
ALL-UNION CONFERENCE--An All-Union Conf erence organized by the USSR Ministry of Power
and Electrif ication, Sverdlovenergo, LTraltekhenergo and the Sverdlovsk Oblast Admin-
~ . istration for the Scientific and Technical Socie~y of Electrif ication and the Power
Industry took place in Sverdlovsk. Representatives of leading sc ientific-reaearch
and design institutes, installation and adjustment organizations, manufacturing
' plants, power stations and power systems took part in the conference's work. At the
conference, 45 papers and regorta were listened to and discussed. In his address,
~ chief engineer of Glavtekhupravleniye V. N. Timofeyev emphasized that in the coming
years the Ekibastuz fuel and power-production complex will be developed further.
~ He also pointed out the urgency of questions associated with the burning of Ekibastuz
i coal and the set-up and mastery of 500-MW power units. At the conference,~opera-
~ tional experience gained from six power unit�s at the Reftinskaya and Troitskaya ~
~ GRES's as well as the Ekibastuz GRES-1 was covered. The speakers noted that a great
; contribution to the construction and mastery of power-unit equipment was made by the
~ collectives of the Podol'sk Machine-Construction P~ant imeni S. Ordzhonikidze (Zi0);
-i the Khar'kov Turbine Plant (KhTGZ); the Elekt~:otyazhmash and Sibelektrotyazhmash
plants; the Troitskaya, Reftinskaqa and Ekibastuz GRES's; Chelyabenergo,
Sverdlovenergo, Pavlodarenergo, Glavtekhuprav:leniye of the USSR Minenergo, the Kazakh
~ SSR Ministry of Power and Electrif ication, Teploelektroproyekt, the all-Union
Institute of Heat Engineering imeni F. E. Dzerzhinskiy, Soyuztekhenergo, the Kazakh
; Scientific Research Institute of Power Engineering, Kazenergonaladka and enterprises
of Glavteploenergomontazh and Glavenergoremont. All power units of the Troitskaya
~ and Reftinskaya GRES's achieved their design-indi^.ator levels. The per-unit expend-
iture of fuel at the best unit (No. 8 of the Troitskaya ~RES) was 328.8 g/kWh. The
( utilization factor of installed capacity at the No. 8 unit of the Reftinskaya GRES
~ reached 90 percent. The maximum period of uninterrupted operation at the GRES's
~ No. 7 unit was 2,352 hours. In addition, the participants at the conference noted
; that a number of important matters remain unresolved. The accident rate on turbines
~ has risen considerably in recent times. The low quality of power-unit equipment
i delivered by plants of Minelektrotekhprom, Minkhtmmash and Minenergomash was noted.
! In a number of cases, there are signif icant shortcomings in the design documentation.
The problem of reducing the harmful nitric oxides released into the atmosphere has
j not been solved. The conference adopted a further resolution directed at continually
' improving the reliability and economy of SOO~MW unit~c operating on Ekibastuz coal.
, [Textj [Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 3, Mar 81 p 78] 9512
~
~ COPYRIGHT: F~ergoizdat, "Elektricheskiye st antsii", 1982
4 CSO: 1822/123 '
~ 1
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- FUELS
. MINISTRIES INVOLVED COMMENT ON ROUNDTABLE TALKS ABOUT PIPELINEBUILDING ~ �
Moscow KHOZYAYSTVO I PRAVO in Russian No 12, 1981 pp 81-83
[Replies by Deputy Minister of Petroleum Industry Sh. Dongaryar~, Deputy USSR Mini-
ster of Gas Industry A. Gudz (deceased) and First Depuiy Mini;~ter of Construction
of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises Yu. Batalin to previausly published
roundtable discussion report: "Work Zealously and Build Economically"; passages
enclosed in slantlines printed in boldface; for previous reporting on this round-
table discussion please see JPRS 80205, 1 March 1982, USSR Report Energy, No 91,
pp 21-44]
[Text] Information about a roundtable meeting organized by the
editors of the journals KHOZYAYSTVO I PRAVO [The Economy and the
Law], PLANGVOYE KHOZYAYS~'VO [The Planning Activity], MATERIAL'-
NO-TEKHNICHESKOYE SNABZHENIYE [The Supplying of Materials and
Equipment] and SOTSI~,LISTICHESKIY TRUD [Socialist Labor], which
was held in Tyumen', and at which questions of the rational use
of resources during oil and gas pipeline construction were dis-
cussed, was published in the journal's fifth issue this yea.r.
The editorial board is publishing replies that have been rF:-
ceived from the Ministry of Pe~roleum Industry, Ministry of' Gas
Industry and Ministry of Construction of Pet'roleum and Gas
Industry Enterprises.
/Deputy Minister of Petroleum Industry Sh. Dongaryan/ reports that a large number of
urgent problems on whose solution the ministry is,working constantly were touched
upon in the information that was published.
One of the most important ways to increase capital-investment effectiveness is to
concentrate it, to reduce the number of construction projects. The capital-invest-
men~: concentration that the ministry is now effecting is marked by the following
data. While the amount of work performed in 1981 increased by 38 percent over 1978,
~ the number Of facilities being erected simultaneously was decreased.
Minneftegazstroy [Ministry of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterpris-
- es], Minnefteprom [Ministry of Petroleum Industry] and Mingazprom (Ministry of Gas
Industry] have also unified the dimensional schemes for production buildings for
var:ious oil and gas industry facilities. Minnefteprom an,d Minneftegazstroy design
organization specialists have prepared a list of outfitted-modules(BKU s) that are
- necessary for building the appropriate facilities.
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~ Thc industrialization of construction, based upon the use of outfitted madules,is a
basic Minnefteprom engineering policy. Today's construction volume is unthinkable
without further development of the outfitted-module method and the solution of
questions that participants of tne Tyumen' roundtable meeting spoke about.
l
I:
r. /These problems would l~e solvEd more successfully if they were included in inte-
; grated systems programs fermulated by the ~FSSR State Committee on Science and
Technology./
~ Supplying outfitted-moduie production with the required equipment should be im-
proved. Minnefteprom and Minneftegazstroy are working on solution of the question
referred to.
/But alsa directly connected with this is the overdue need to abolish the USSR Gos-
stroy decision of 30 December 1976 to include the cost of manufacturing outfitted
modules in construction and installing operations volume. The cost of the BKU's,
as industrial products, should, in our opinion, be included in equipment costs./
[n 1975-1976, temporary prices that were su~posed to be reexam:ined during the mas-
tery of large-scale module output were set for experimental BKU's. fTowever, these
prices are still in effect now. In the opinion of specialists of Giprotyumennefte-
gaz ~yumen' State Institute for the Design of 0~.1 and Gas Ind~istry Enterpr~~es] of Minnef-
teprom, they have been oversta~;ed by 20-40 percent for various types of BKU's.
Art.icles produced by Minnefteprom plants in Tyutnen' average 25 percent lower in
~ cost than similar output by Minneftegazstroy. USSR Goskomtsen [State Committee for
~ Prices], USSR Gosplar~ and USSR Gosstroy could participate in solution of the indi-
~ cated problem.
; The roundtable participants expressed an interesting suggestion about including a
chapter, "The Organization of the Supplying of Materials and Equipment," in trunk
~ pi.pel.ine construction designs. It is desirable to introduce this also into the de-
~ sign for the buildup of oilfield facilities. If USSR Gosstroy produces a positive
~ solution to t'he question, the erection of facilities for furnishing supplies and
equipment to construction projects will be regularized.
i
' The Ministry of Petroleum Industry also considered the proposal of the roundtable
~ participants to grant USSR Gossnab's main regional administrations the right to
redistribute above-standard surpluses of equipment and materials that exist at en-
~ terprises, regardless of the agency having jurisdiction, to be justified. This
i will satisfy entirely the task of making rational use of supply and equipment re-
sourccs that was advanced in 26th CPSU Congress decisions.
' Thc balancing of plans for production and for construction and installing opera-
tions in regard to all indicators is a basic for successful fulfillment of the
c~sl,ablished tasks. Minnefteprom is taking all the steps that are necessary for
; this. However, it is still not possible to achieve a full balancing. Thus, only
the cli.ent ministry, not the contracting construction minis~ries, has to.plan the
' .intrc~duction into operation of fixed, capital in production construction and of liv-
ir~g ~pace in housing construction. This causes great difficulties in the formula-
tion and realization of plans. Minneftegazstroy often breaks down for its organi-
iations tasks for introducing housing into operation that are different from the
, M.innefteprom planning indicators. Planning organs should firmly adopt the measures
called for by the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers decree of 12
July 1979.
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;
/Twice Minnefteprom has examined Minneftegazstroy proposals to build trunk oil -
pipclines turnkey style, and it considers this possible (in accordar~ce with Min-
nefteprom designs) in regard to gas-treatment plants and repair plants, production '
bases, supply bases, and centers for gathering and processing oil and gas./ The
turnkey construction of trunk oil~pipelises i~ unacceptable,since all the construction ~
and installing work on the linear portion is concealed, and even where there is
constant client surveillance, it is not always possible to get the necessary quali-
ty in laying them. In turnkey eonstruction the client is eliminated entirely from
surveillance.
In order to coordinate with precision the work to develop the recovery of oil and ~
gas and to build housing and social and cultural facilities in West Siberia, Min- '
nefteprom has created within i'cs central staff a standing current-operations group
manned by highly qualified specialists. West Siberian sections have been estab- '
lished within a number of administrations.
In 1985, drilling done by the expeditionary rotating-personnel method in West Si- ~
beri.a will increase 2.6-fold over 1980, and worker manning will be approximately
rioubled. For those who work under the rotating-personnel regime, a summarized ac-
counting of worktime is being established. Brigade members work, as a rule, on a ,
- 12-hour schedule in continuous production work and on a 10-12 hour schedule in
noncontinuous groduction, with the personnel changing each 15 days.
- In order to provide for supervision over workers, additional posts for engineers,
technicians and workers have been introduced into departments, brigades and other ~
structural subunits. In particular, a second foreman is being introduced into the ,
drilling brigade, and a deputy chief for administration is being introduced into ~
the drilling-administration staff.
~
/In order to regulate rest time and worktime and to regularize mutual relationships ;
among drilling organizations, the ministry has recently developed the following ;
documents: "Temporary Regulation on the Rotating-Personnel Method of Conducting ~
Drilling Operations," "Instructions on the Procedure for Accounting for Worktime i
and Time Spent en Raute," and "Temporary Regulations on Worktime and Rest Time for
Workers Who Work Ur.der the Rotating-Personnel Expeditionary Method." However,
there are no interiridustry documents on organization of the rotating-personnel ;
me~:hod. Obviously, such documents should be developed and approved in the near :
future./ ~ ~
Minnefteprom is working to introduce the brigade contract widely. For example, as
of 1 May 1981, out of 129 drilling brigades in Glavtyumenneftegaz [Main Administra-
tion for the Oil an3 Gas Industry in Tyumenskaya Oblast] 116--or 90 percent--were
working under the brigade contract. In Tatneft' [Tatarskaya ASSR Oil Production ;
Administrati.on] all drilling and construction brigades are under contract. Alto-
gel;her, 164 brigades converted to the brigade contract in 1980, 260 brigades in
1981. ~
with the severe shortage of labor resources in West Siberian Oil and Gas Complex
areas, thc role of centralized sources for furnishing workers to enternrises is
growing. USSR Gosprofobr [State Committee for Vocatxonal and Technical Education]
should solve more rapidly the problem of the possibility of sending PTU [vocation-
al and technical school] graduates from the various regions to West Siberia's oil-
industry enterprises.
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;
I /Considering the importance of the West Siberian Oil and Gas Complex, it is desira-
~ ble that USSR Gosplan, USSR Goskomtrud [State Committee for Labor and Social Prob-
i lems] and USSR Gosprofobr ~uthorize West Siberian oil-industry enterprises to per-
~ form the selection and training of workers in Minnefteprom-system educational in-
stitutions that are located in other parts of the country./
The ministry has charged appropriate subunits, enterprises and organizations with
considering the proposals for practical work that were expressed at the roundtable
i meeting.
~
~ /Deputy Minister of USSR Gas Industry A. Gudz (deceased)/ noted that his industry
~ has attentively analyzed the information from the roundtable meeting. I:nsuring
that deadlines are met for high-qualitv construction and for the introduction of
, gas-industry facilities into operation, and, in the final analysis, that estab-
lished tasks for recovering and transporting gas are fulfilled, depends to a great
' extent upon the precise solution of the questions raised.
Somc Minneftegazstroy construction and installing organizations are not insuring
fulfillment of established tasks for introducing production capacity, housing and
facilities for social, cultural and domestic-amenity purposes into operation.
The Ministry of Gas Industry, for its part, is doing everything possible to reduce
uncompleted construction. The plan for the current year includes the construction
of ~t4 fewer facilities than in 1980. Ninety-one percent of the capi�i;al investment
~ allocated is aimed at construction projects that are due for early startup. This
will help to reduce the amount of uncompleted construction by 400 million rubles in
1981.
/The ministry recently developed and sent to Minneftegazstroy for coordination a
~ draft of"Regulations for the Turnkey Construction of Gas-Industry Enterprises (and
i Structures)," which was approved 13 October 1980, and putting the indicated document
into effect will provide for actual conversion to the construction of facilities on
the basis of this principle./ Turnkey erection of the industry's facilities will
~ enable capital-investment effectiveness and the motivation of prime contracting or-
; ganizations to introduce facili~Cies into operation to be raised.
=1 /I'irst Deputy Minister of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises
~ Yu. Batalin/ reported that the ministry has examined the report about the round-
table meeting, and it considers that questions of making rational use of material
and labor resources during the construction of trunk pipelines are urgent in the
i highest degree. In July 1981 these questions were discussed at a session of the
board and at a ministry party meeting.
' "The Main Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR During
; 1981-1985 and During the Period up to 1990 " calls for implementation of a program
! for boosted development of gas recovery, by accelerating the assimilation of
! wcst ~iberian gas fields. Realization of this program will be based upon broad
use of the newest achievements of science and technology, the fulfillment of indus-
try and interindustry systems programs, the introduction of progressive methods for
organizing the performance of construction and installing work, and the use of ef-
~ t'cctive technological decisions through the whole construction cycle--from design
to thc int:roduction of facilities into operation. The ministry is taking concrete
stc;~s to carry this out.
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More rational routes for laying trunk lines have been planned, jointly with Min-
gazprom, and questions about building them in one corrisior have been solved. The
main rules about organizing the construction of trunk gas pipeline systems by large
flow-line operating groups, using the shuttle method, have been worked out. This
will permit the time lost by redeployment from job to job to be precluded, prepara-
tory operations to be carried out in good time, and housing settlements with the
amenities to be created for the builders of compressor stations and for the linear
flow-line groups.
The outfitted method of construction will be further developed. Thanks to'its use,
labor productivity during the last 5 years for ~~on-ground" construction was raised
by 23 percent, and the average time for erecting compressor stations was reduced 30
percent. This year more than 63 percent of all work on the building of compressor
and pump stations, installations for the integrated processing of oil and gas, and
other gas and oil industry facilities will be ~arried out by the outfitted-module
- method.
/The ministry is at present formulating an indusiry program to improve systems for
the delivery and use of pipe./ Organization supervisors have been vested with per-
sonal responsibility for the use of pipe and other equipment. Intensive work is
being done to save electricity and heat and to suppress cases of wastefulness. Or-
ganizations and enterprises of the industry have comtnitted themselves to saving
11,000 tons of rolled metal, 25,000 tons of cement, 7,200 tons of standard fuel
equivalent, and 20 million kw-hr o~ electricity in 1981.
~ /The ministry has developed a master scheme for managing the construction of oi.l
and gas industry enterprises. It will enable systematic acceleration in the pace
of erecting trunk pipeline systems, building up gas field and oilfield facilities,
and constructing cities and settlements of West Siberia in integrated fashion./
The industry is taking a number of steps to improve the organization of pay. A
thi.rd of the total construction and installing work volume has been carried out by
the brigade-contract method. As a result of introducing this method, constx~uction
effectiveness has been raised, and the time taken to erect the most important fa-
cilities has been reduced.
/The board's ministry and the Central Committee of the Trade Union of Oil and Gas
Industry Workers have approved a specific program for developing and improving the
}~rigade contract in Minneftegazstroy organizations during 1981-1985. By the end of
1981, 40 percent of all the work will be done by contract brigades./
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Ekonomika", "Khozyaystvo i pravo", 1981 .
11409
CSO: 1822/143
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FUELS '
UDC 622.276.5+622.279.5
' BOOK 'QISCUSSES NEW METHODS FOR~IMPROVING RECOVERY OF OIL, GAS, GAS-CONDENSATE
I Moscc~w DOBYCHA NEFTI I GAZA in Russian 1981 (signed to press 23 Sep 81) pp 1-4, 384
~ [Annotation, foreword and table of contents of the book, "Oil and Gas Recovery," by
i Yuriy Vasil'yevich Zaytsev and Yuriy Ayrapetovich Balakirov, Nedra, 4,400 copies,
. 384 pages]
~ [T.ext] A set of questions asaociated with drilling into the pay, completing and
( studying wells, and operating oil, gas and gas-condensate fields and with the
I equipment and technology for recovering oil and gas is set forth.
~ Methods for recovering oil and gas and for raising well productivity in the envir-
onment of the country's northern regions and offshore fields are examined. Light
is thrown on the chief directions of the work to preserve the environment during
the drilling and operation of oil, gas and gas-condensate wells, and the prospects
~ for developing the oil and gas industry are determined. .
The book is for engineers and technicians of the oil and gas industry. It will .
also be useful to students of petroleum vuzes and departments.
There are 97 tables, 172 illustrations and a bibliography. of 50 items.
i
I Foreword
i
j The Accountability Report to the 26th CPSU Congress stated: "...the successes of
! the whole national economy will depend greatly upon an increase in the effective-
i ness of the extractive industries. The way to do this is to accelerate scientific
'i and technical progress...."
~ Improvement of the equipment and technology for operating wells (in combination
~ with the various progressive processes for stimulating the formation) is the most
' effective, accessible and high-speed method for increasing the formation's produc-
' tive capacity. Unlike intraformation processes for stimulating the formation in
j order to promote the flow of fluids, the use of the potential possibilities of the
? well itself will enable a planned increase in the output of hydrocarbons to be ob-
; t~ined with few resources and in a much shorter time. Obviously, it is also
' impossible to ignore intraformation processes for stimulating the collector; on the
'I contrary, only with creation of the best conditions for the movement of fluids in
f. the formation can flow from the well be intensified.
f
1
' .
~ 15
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During the last two decades new means for lifting the formation liquid from wells,
taking various oilfield-geology and climatic and geographic factors into account,
and new methods f'or stimulating the bottom-hole zone of oil, gas and gas-condensate
wells and for preservation of the environment in oil and gas recovering regions
have been tested and introduced at the industry's oil.and gas recovery enterprises.
Much experience in developing and operating offshore oil, gas and gas-condensate
fields and wells has been gained in our country and abroad.
The authors have striven to focus the reader's attention mainly on that information
that has not been generalized in publications of this nature,and, of course, they
have tried not to repeat information that has been published in recent years.
. The authors set themselves the extremely extensive and important task of setting
forth systematically a whole complex of questionF; associated with recovering oil
and gas. This task is extensive because one has to examine the whole technological
sequence of the ba~ic method for recovering oil and gas, ques~ions of design and
optimization and of technical and economic evaluation when forecasting operating
methods, and so on.
'The authors express gratitude to their readers who will consider it necessary,first,
to introduce the information abo~lt the most effective and new methods and ways
- for recovering oil and gas at their own production sites or to use the information
when preparing scientific and design documentation, and sscond, to express their
desires and comments about the book they have read.
Table of Contents
Page
Foreword 3
Part I--The Recovery of Oil
Chapter I. The Composition and Parameters of Drilling Fluids Used in Drill-
ing into Productive Horizons 5
Chapter II. Methods for Completion of Oil and Injection Wells 13
Chapter III. Study During Well Completion 65
Chapter IV. The Improvement of Pumping Jacks 96
Chapter V. Optimization of Computerized Pumped-~Well Operations 119
Chapter VI. The Use of Small Polymer Additives to Increase Oil-Well
Productivity ].60
Chapter VII. The Modern Technical Status of the Development and Operation
of Oil and Gas Fields of the Continental Shelf 181
Part II--The Recovery of Gas
Chapi;er I. The Operation of Gas and Gas-Condensate Wells 233
Chapter II. The Study of Gas and Gas-Condensate Wells and Formations....... 264
Chapter III. Methods for Hydrochloric-Acid Treatment of Gas Wells.......... 285
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Page
Chapter IV. Improvement of the Buildup of Gas-Field Facilities 308
Chapter V.. Preservation of the Environment During the Development of Oil and
Gas Fields 363
,
Bibliography 381
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1981 .
11409
CSO: 1822/144 ~
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