JPRS ID: 10530 TRANSLATION NONCONTACT METHODS OF MEASURING OCEANOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS ED. BY S.V. VIKTOROV

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JPRS L/ 1053Q
19 May 1982
Translation
NONCONTACT METHODS OF
MEASURiNG OCEANOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS
Ed. by
S.V. Viktorov
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JPRS L/10530
19 May 1982
~ N(?NCONTACT METNODS UF
MEASURING OCEANOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS
Moscow NEKONTAKTNYYE 24ETODY TZMERENIYA OKEANOGRAF'ICHESKIKH PARAMETROV
in Russian 1981 pp 1--119 � �
IAnnotation, foreword and selected passages from book "Noncontact
= Methods of Measuring Oceanographic Parameters," a collectiQn of
reports of the Third A11-Union-Seminar, Zeningrad, 17-19 January 1978,
edited by S. V. viktorov, candidate of physical and mathematical
sciences, Leningrad Divisi.on of the State Oceanographic Institute,
= Moscow Division of Gidrometeoizdat]
CONTENTS
Annotation 1
Editor's Foreword 2
Active Microwave Methods. K.I. Volyak, R.M. Glushkov, Yu.N. Yelem'yanov,
V.B. Komarov, S.Ye. Kontorov, E.M. Mudrova, A.Ye. Popov and V.A. Starostin S
Radio Altimeter Study of Surface Sea Waves. A.Ye. Basharinov (deceased),
- A.I. Baskakov, A.A. Kalinkevich $
~ Sttidy of Passibility af Deter...ining Sea Wave Height by Multifrequency
Correlation Method Using Satellite Radio Altimeters. A.Ye. Basharinov,
A.A. Kalinkevich, A.I. Baskakov 12
Variations of Characteristics oi Two-Dimensional Speetrum of Radar Images
of Sea Surface Derived from Meter Movement. A.A. Zagorodnikov,
K.D. Chelyshev, V.M. Chegrenets 13
Angular Spectra of Sea WavES According to Remote Measurement Data.
Ye. 0. Zhilko, A.A. Zagorcdnikov, K.B. Chelyshev 17
Rusults of Measurins Sea Wave Parameters and Atmospheric Turbulence by
Gruund Incotierent Radar. Yu. B. Gagarin, G.I. Dyatlov, Ye.O. Zhilko,
Ye. M. Meshcheryakov 20
_ a _ jI - ussx - G - FoUO]
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d -
~ P[easuring Sea Wave Parameters by a Doppler Meter for Various A.ircraft 21
1'light Conditions. Yu.V. Baytsur, Yu. B. Gagarin, Ye.G. Zhilko,
1 I;.I. Miroshnichenko
~
Iinergy Characteristics of Radar Signals Envelope and Their Relation
t:o Wave Parameters. V.G. Vazhenin> A.A. Kalmykov, N.M. Kharlova 25
~
" Estimares of State and Physicochemical Surface Properties of
. IIodies of Water by the Data ifrom Spectral Measurements of
- Microwave Radiation. A. M.,Shutko 29
Results of Microwave Radiometric Sounding of Bodi2s of WaL�er with
Ditferent Temperature and 5alinity. G. I. Chukhray, A. M. ShuCko 34
Spectral and Polarization Characteristics of Microwave Radiation of
- Foam Formations. V. Yu. 1:~yzer, 'fe. A. Sharkov 39
Measuring Small-Scale Elements of [Javes and Foam During Microwave
_ Studies of the Sea Surface. B. M. AndreyPV, V. V. Vinogradov,
B. A. Pomytkin 43
� Problem of Determining Wind Velocity at Water Surface
by Pieasurements of riicrowave Emission of Earth-Atmosphere
System. P. V. Lyushvin 47
_ ExperimenCal Results of Joint Use of Infrared and Microwave
Radiometers for Remote Determination of Sea Ice Characteristics.
V. V. Bogorodskiy, A. N. Darovskikh, Ye. A. Martynova, V. A. Spitsyn 51
rficrowave Study of Sea Ice. P. A. Nikitin 57
, Use of Metliod of Infrared Radiometry to Study Time Variability
of Heat Exchange of Eastern Arctic Seas with Atinosphere.
A. I. Paramonov 61
Application. of Infrared Radiometry in Studies of Far Eastern Seas.
A. A. Visnevskiy 65
Asymptotic Study of Laser Pulses Reflected from Sea Surface.
V. Ye. Rokotyan 66
Possibilities of Determining riarine Hydrosol Concentration by Remote
Laser Methods. S. F. Korchagina, A. L. Kravtsov, A. S. Lezhen,
V. I. Khalturin 67
Remote Detection and Identification of Ui] Pollution at Sea by Fluorescent
Spectra. V. A. Torgovichev, V. F. Krivolapov, T. N. Klimova,
V. Yu. Maslov, G. Ye. Nefedov 68
Application of Method of Statistical Tests to Calculate Ocean Reflectivity
Under Laser Irradiation, A. S. Lezhen. N. V. Urikova 72
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Yush and Drift of Ice in llead of Gulf of Finland as Appl.ied tD
Problems in Hydraulic Lrgineering (According to Aarial Pha~ographic
Survey Data). V. V. Drabkin, M. L. Monosov 73
Experiment i'n Deciphering Zones of Highest Biological Productivity with
Respect to Multizonal Space Images of lJater Environment.
G. P. Vanyushin 76
Some Results oi Aircraft Measurements of Currents in Lakes and
Reservoirs. Ye. D. Yegorikhin, T. N. Filatova 80
Application of Analog-Digital Devices for Interpreting Aerospace Data.
V. A. TLtkhaylov, V. F. Usachev 81
Influence of Spatial Averaging on Accuracy of Location Wave
Recorder Measurement of Wave Profiles. N. I. Seregin, A. A. Kalmykov 84
_ Comparative Analysis of Using Electromagnetic and Acoustic Vibxatians
for Ship Location Wave Recorders. N. A. Neknonov, A. A. Kalmykov,
Yu. I. Kirpa, V. G. Vazenin 87
Some Results of Aeroacoustic Measurements of Sea Surface Time-Space
Characteristics. A. P. Aleksandro-v, E. S. Vayndruk, G. Yu. Narodnitskiy 88
Informativeness of Sea Surface Amplitude Scattering Characteristics
During Local Irradiation. G. Yu. Narodnitskiy 93
Optimal Calibration in Remote Sounding of Ocean. S. V. Dotsenko,
B. A. Nelepo, L. G. Salivon 97
Iteproduction ol Averaged I'ield by Satellite Measurements.
S. V. Dotsenko, A. N. Nedovesov 101
Influence of Certain Factors on Accur.acy of Satellite Determination of
_ Undcrlying Surface Temperatu-ze. Yu. M. Timofeyev, M. I. Tri."onov 105
iteproduction of Sea jdave Spectra by Measurements by Moving Sensors.
A. V. Kats, I. S. Spevalc 109
Problems of Compressirig Oceanographic Information During Remota
i�teasurements. N. N. Volynskaya, I. F. Kon`kov 113
A
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UDC 551.46
NONCO14TACT METHODS OF MEASURING OCEANOGRAPHIC PARAMFTERS
Moscow NEKONTAKTNYYE METODY IZMERENIYA OREANOGRA..'~'ICHESKIIZH PARAMETROV -'n Rus-
sian 1981 pp 2-5
[Annotatton and foreword fram book "Noncontact Methods of Measuring Oceano-
graphic I'arameters," a collection of reports of the Third All-Union Seminar,
Leningrad, 17-19 January 1978, edited by S. V. Viktorov, candiaate of physical
and matheraatical sciences, Leningrad Division of the State Oceanographic In-
st{tute, Moscow Division of Gidrometeoizdat]
[Text] Annotation
_ A study is made of the results of theoretical and Qxperimental research aimed
at creating noncontact methods and means of ineasur:ing oceanographic parame-
ters.
The problems of using instrument's installed on board aircraft and spacecraft
to measure the characteristics of sea waves, ice, the surface temperature of
the sea and pollution of the sea suxface with petroleum products are discussed
in the greatesti detail. The collection contains the following sections:
1. Active Microwave Methods.
2. Passive Micrawave Methods.
3. Measurements in the Infrared Rar.ge.
4. Laser Methods.
5. Space and Aerial Surveying in the Optical Range.
6. Ultrasonic Methods.
7. Procedural Problems of Nonc:ontact Measurements.
The collection is designed for a broad class of scientific workers and engi-
neers studying the natural resolarces of the earth and the world ocean and also
= students in the advanced course:3 of the corresponding specialties.
1
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Editor's Foreword
In the program:document "Basic Areas of Development of the National Ecanomy of
the USSR in 1976-1980" adopted by the 25th CPSU Congress, along with other
highly important goals, the goal has been set for Soviet science "to expand
comprehensive studies of the world ocean." This far-reaching endeavor re-
quires significant expenditures, the creation of special hardware, and the in-
volvement of high?y qualifie3 specialists. The necpssity for reinforcing ana
developing scientific research organizations engaged in ocean research and the
study of the possibilities of efficient use of the resources uf the sea is en-
tirely obvious, for with every year the ocean is becoming to an ever greater
degree a province of scientific and production activity, an arena for the ap-
plication of the forces of many countries. The ocean is the "hydrocosmos";
the study of the ocean is a no less difficult matter than the stu3y of outer
space.
The classical methods of studyizg the world ocean by instruments carried by
ships and buoys do not fully correspond to modern requirements, they do not
provide a complete picture of processes occurring in the ocean. The growing
practical requirements of science and the national economy require the appli-
cation of qualitatively new measurement techniques which will provide regu- -
larly available information about the basic oceanographic parameters from the
entire body of water making up the world ocean.
The possibility of a new approach to the solution of this problem can to a
- significant degree be supported by the use of noncontact methods of ineasuring
oceanographic parameters with the help of instruments installed on spacecraft
and aircraft.
In the above-mentioned document the goal was set "to expand research in the
application of space hardware to study the earth's natural resources, in mete-
orology, oceanology, navigation, couimunications and for other needs of the na-
tional economy." Attaching great significance to the development of noncon-
tact methods and the creation of modern measuring devices based on these meth-
ods, for a number of years the State Oceanographic Institutp (GOIN) has pro-
moted the coordination of various forms of activity of the numerous scientific
research and design-development organizations and institutions of higner
learning working in this field. One form of such coordination is the holding
of all-union seminars on the problem of "roncontact measurements af oceana-
graphic parameters."
~ The first seminar was held on 4-7 September 1973, in Sevastopol, and it was
primarily devoted to noncontact methods of ineasuring the parameters of sea
waves. The Second All-Union 5eminar on "Noncontact Methods of *Seasuring
Oceanographic Parameters," held on 18-21) November 1975, in Sevastopol, summed
- up the results of the work in this field by a number of scientific research
and design organizations of the country in the ninth 5-year period.
The third all-union seminar, held on 17-19 January 1978 in Leningrad, was the
largest and most representative gathering of apecialists in r.oncontact oceano-
graphic measurements. Opening the seminar, chairman of tce Presidium of the
2
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USSR Geographic Society, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences
A. F. Treshnikov emphasized the urgency of the development and introdluction of
noncontact methods into oceanographic research practice, and he called on the
participants in the seminar for "active discussic,n of re-ports, heated, but not
malevolent creative discussion."
The work of the third all-union seminar was participated tn by about7S0 repre-
sentatives of 62 institutions of the Main Administration of the Hydrometeoro-
logical Service, the USSR Academy of Sciencea and union republ{cs, the.USSR
and RSFSR ministries of the institutions of higher learning, the Ministry of
the Fishing Industry and other ministries and departments of the country.
~ About 60 original reports were heard and discussed during the seminar.
In order to inprove the effectiveness of the third seminar, the following for-
mat was introduced in the practice of holding all-union seminars on'nor_contact
_ methods of ineasuring oceanographic parameters. Along with plenary sessions,
there we.re five parallel sections on basic research areas. Reports of the
section chairmen were heard in the concluding plenary session. These reports
- discussed the cosrse and results of the section discussions, the-I singled out
the most i.n�eresting reports, they characrerized the general state of the art
- and level of performed research. Thus, along with the possibility of entering
into detailed discussions of his own basic topic in the section, each semi-
~ nar participant was able to obtain a compactly formulated view of the state of
�the art of work in adjacent fieZds. A new format for holding an all-union
- seminar was greeted with interest by the participants, and it was approved.
- In the snminar resolution adopted at the concluding plenary session on 19 Jan-
A uary 1978, it was noted that during the time since helding the second all-
- union seminar, definite progress had been macle in the cievelopment of noncon-
tact methods and the creation of hardware for measuring oceanographic parame-
= ters based on thzm. Nevertheless, difficultias !~?ere also noted in connection
+ with the organization and coordination of scientific research work, the pro-
duction of new types of equipment, and the introduction of the results of the-
oretical and experimental work into practice. (Resolutions of the Third Semi-
nar an Noncontact Methods of Measuring Oceanographic Paramaters" published
for discussj.on in "Automation of F:ydrometeorological Data Gathering and Pro-
~
cessing," IItSPRESS-INFORMATSII VNIZGMI-MTsD, No 4(58), 1978)
When couipilirig the present collection, it was recognized as expedient to group
the reports presented for publication in the following areas:
1. Active Microwave Methods.
2. Passive Microwave Methods.
3. Measurements in the Infrared Range.
4. Laser Methods.
5. Space and Aerial Surveying in the Optical Range.
3
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- 6. Ultrasonic Methods.
7. Procedural Problems of Noncontact Measurements.
It must be noted that regrets that in view of the limited size of the
collection, a number of reparts are only represented by annotations, and some
- of the reports are not reflected in the collection at all.
- I consider it my duty in the name of all the seminar participants to express
' appreciation to the directors of the USSR Geographic Society for setting up
conditions under which the plenary and section meetings were held.
- In conclusion, I should like to note with gratitude the efforts of many co-
; workers of the Division of Space Oceanography and Aerial Techniques of the
Leningrad Division of the GOIN with respect to the preparation for and holding
of the seminar. I thank B. A. Pomytkin and M. D. Latkin, who participated di-
rectly in the preparation of this collection for publication.
COPYRIGHT: Gosudarstvennyy okeanograficheskiy institut (Leningradskoye
otdeleniye), 1981
10845
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ACTIVE MICROWA4E METHODS
UDC 551.501.81:502.55:665.~(260)
STUDY OF OIL SLICKS AT SEA BY SIDE-LOOKING RADAR
Moscow NEKONTAKTNYYE METODY IZMERENIYA OKEANOGRAFICHESKIIQi PARAMETROV in Rus-
sian 1981 pp 6-8
_ [Report by K. I. Volyak, R. M. :37lushkov, Yu. N. Yemel'yanov, V. B. Komarov,
' S. �e. Kontorov, E. M. Mudrova, A. Ye. Popov and V. A. Stiarostin]
~ [Text] Annotation. Results are presented from studies of
~ petroleum pollution of the sea over large areas using bipo-
- larization side-looking radar. It is demonstrated that
- this type of radar is a highly efficient mean.s of opera-
tional monitoring of pol'Lutian.
~ The primary goals of the study and monitoring of petroleum pollution of the
sea surface are as follows: 1) determination of the pollution sources; 2) de-
~ termination of the surface area covered by the petroleum; 3) estimation of the
� thickness of the petroleum layer; 4) indication of speed and direction of
. drift of the oil slick. Prospective means cf remote sounding permitting com-
_ prehensive solution of these groblems i.nclude side-looking radar (RLS BO).
Using this type of radar installed on board an a3rcraft, it is possible in a
' comparatively short time to measure the distribution of the specific backscat-
tering cross section over a quite significant area of the underlying surface.
By comparison with optical methods of indicatiing pollution, side-looking radar
has 3mportant advantages: it is possible to make the radar survey at night
= and through a cloud cover.
In the centimeter wavelength band, the primary mechanism of the backscattering
- of electromagnetic waves by the sea surface is the resonant Bragg effect,
- where thp scatterer is the small-ecale ripple with Bragg wavelength [1]:
Ag = ao/2 sin 90,
tihe wave vector of which is parallel to the plane of incidence (Xo is the in-
cident radio wavelength, Ao is the aagle of inctdence reckoned from the verti-
cal). For large angles Ao ? 60 to 70� where Ag = ao/2, reflection from large
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gra.vity waves before breaking also becomes significant in the horizontal po-
larization [2]r
- The specific effective scattering cross section 6o is proportion3l to the
spectral plane S(AB) of the Bragg component of the wave action. It is known
[2] that the presence of a thin film on the surface of the water greatly in-
creases the damping decrement of small-scale ripple, which leads to a signifi-
- cant decrease in the backscattering cross section uo� According to the data
of [4], a film about 0.1 micron thick on a wavelength of ao = 3 cm at large
angles Oo - 87� leads to a drop in the 1eve1 uf the received vertically polax-
ized signal by more than 20 decibels by comparison with a smooth sea surface.
Remote observations of petroleum pollution were made in November 1976 in the
Caspian Sea in an area of inzense oil production (Neftyanyye Kamni) using an
e:cperimental model of a bipolarization centimeter-band side-looking radar in-
stalled on board an aircraft. A special electronic camera (EFRU) recorded
ttie distribution of the scattering cross section Qo in a side-looking strip
15 km wide on photographic film. The near edge of the scanning strip lay 4 to
6 km from the flight path.
: The short-wave suppression effect of the oil slick was observed clearly on
~ both polarizations. However, the image contrast between the clean and pol-
luted sections, as should be expected according to the calculation of [4]
based on the Bragg scattering model, was significantly better in the vertical
polarization, for the average signal level on the horizontal polarization in
the given range of angle 6a = 70 to 86� is 20 to 30 decibels less than on ver-
= tical polarization. In addition, the contrast on horizontal polarization is
worse as a result of the signal spikes connected with Zarge breaking waves,
inasmuch as large waves are much less subject to the damping effect of an oil
slick.
_ Z'he dynamics of an oil slick over a 24-hour period were easily traced as a
function of ineteorological conditions with the help of sl.de-looking rad.ar.
Thus, according to the observations on 26 November, with a northeasterly
wind at 5 to 8 m/sec, the leeward part of the continuous slick was seriously
broken up in 1 hour, as a result of which the slick diminished by several
times in size (only the southwestern part of it was left). During the next
4 hours the wind intensified to 12 m/sec without changing direction, and the
solid slick in practice ceased to exist.
The dynamics of the development of -oi1 slicks in the open sea were observed
analogously. Radar images of fresh oil slicks in the Black Sea (in the vicin-
ity of the port of Batumi) permit estimation of the rate of spread of the
slick, its rate of drift under the effect of wind and also simultaneous detec-
tion of the source of the pollution.
= The results of the performed research shows that by using side-looking rar.ar
instailed on board an aircraft, sources of petroleum pollution are comr?ately
reliably detected, the area and outlines of the oil slick and also the dynam-
- ics of its development are determined. The deterini.ation of the thicluiess of
the slick obviously requires the application of other procedures, for example,
_0
104
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combination of centimeter-band side-looking radar with a meter- ar decimeter-
~ band scatteroppeter or with passive instruments.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 1. Bass, F. G., and Fuchs,I. M., "Rasseyaniye voln na statisticheski nerovnoy
poverkhnosti" [Wave Scattering on a Statistically Uneven Surface], Moscow,
Nauka, 1972.
2. Long, M. W., IEEE TRANS., Ap-22, No 5, 1974, p 667.
3� Phillips,0. M., "Dinamika verkhnego sloya okeana" [Dynamics of the Upper
Layer of the Ocearij, Moscow, Mir, 1969.
4. Galayev, Yu. M., Kalmykov, A. I., Kurekin, A. S., et al.i IZV. AN. SSSR,
FIZIKA ATM. I OKEANA, Val 13, No 4, 1977, p 406.
COPYRZGHT: Gosudarstvennyy okeanograficheskiy institut (Leningradskoye
otdeleniYe), 19$1
10845
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UDC 551.46:621.396.969
RADIO ALTIMETER STUDY OF SURFACE SF.A WAVES
Moscow NIItONTAKTNYYE METODY IZMERENIYA OKEANOGRAFICHESKIKH YARAMETROV in Rus-
sian 1981 pp 9-12
[Report by A. Ye. Basharinov (deceased), A. I. Baskakov and A. A. Kalinkevich]
[Text] Annot3tion. It is demonstrated that by recording
the average shage of an echo it is possible to evaluate the
disturbed state of the sea surface. Calculations are pre-
sented for two types of sounding signalA: a simple radio
pulse and LFM pu]_se.
In the vertical sounding mode, the data on the degree of disturbance of the
sea can be obtained from analysis of the average shape of a pulse reflected
from the sea surface. Let us find the expression for the average shape of
echo and let us investigate its dependence on the intensity of the disturbance
and characteristics of the radar.
Let us use a phenomenological model of the sea surface [1], which is a set of
independent elementary reflectors. The echo is a superposition of partial
signals with respect to the irr4diated region having randon, independent and
uniformly distributed phases in rhe 0 to 2ff interval. Let the transmitting
and .receiving antennas of the radar be matched, and let the receiver consist
of a filter matched with the sounding signal and an envelope detector. Then
the signal at the filter exit
PP.A ot6'n J - C'Q.J) ~~In~ '
p S 'pI (
v(t)-~2 L j-T~ F(enr7n+~l e
In c I
~
(1)
where Qn is the effective reflection area of the elementary reflector oriented
normal to the direction of incidence of the radio wave; An, ~n are the coor-
dinates of the n-th reflector; F(An, On, t) is the normalized coefficient de-
defined by the antenna radiation pattern (DNA) and the surface backscattering
pattern (DQR); Rn(An, On, t) 3s the distance from the radar to the n-th re-
flector; p(t) is the autocorrelation function of the sounding signal; wap is
the Doppler frequency shift. The dependence of the echo on the Doppler fre-
quency and the dependence of F(9, 0, t), R(9, t) on time can be neglected,
for in practice the relation VTu sin 6< 0.25a is always satisfied, where V is
the radar velocity, Tu is the sounding pulse duration (Tu :5 10'7 sec).
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FQR UFFlCIAL USE ONLY
Here let us considsr that the 0.5 power radiation pattern width doea nox ea-
ceed 90 < 30�, and i.ts axis ia oriented almost nonaal to the average surface
level. The echo is characterized by its autocorrelation function
F're, yl ~e0�C), cold water among the ice of different
packing (t