JPRS ID: 10476 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/104?6
22 April 1982 ~
~ IJSSR Re ort
p
~OLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICA.L AFFAIRS
(FOUO 12/82) ~
\
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J~RS L/10476
22 April 1982
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND SOC;OLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(~.ouo ~.2~s2I
CONTENTS
NATIONAL ~
Poll Identifiea Weakneases in Soviet Mass Information Syatem
~ (V. A. Chernova; dBSHCHESTVENNYYE NAUKI.V SSSR: SERIYA
I, PROBLEMY NAUCHNOGO K01~4NNIZMA, No 1, 1982) 1
New Work on Soviet Public Adminietration Reviewed
(L. B. Volkov; OBSHCHESTVENNYYE NAUKI V SSSR: SERIYA I,
PROBLEMY NAUCHIVOGO KOI~IUNIZMA, No 1, 1982) 4
Second Iasue of Antireligious Almanac ~
'(P. M. Komarov, et al.; ARGUt~NTY, 1981) 7
~ Briefa
Conference on Siberia Reported 11
REGIONAL ~
Uaubaliyev on Socialist Internationalism ~
(VOPROSY FILOSOFII, Dec S1) 12
Status of USSR's Kurds Discussed ~
(Norman Cigar; ARABIA, Feb 82) 21
. - a - (III - USSR - 35 FAUO]
~ ~
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NATIONAL
POLL IDENTIFIES WEAKNESSES IN SOVIET MASS INFORMATION SYSTEM
Moscow OBSHCHESTVENNYYE NAUKI V SSSR: SEt~IYA I, PRO$LEMY NAUCHNOGO KOI~IUNIZMA
in Russian No 1, 1982 pp 146-154 .
[Re~iew by V. A. Chernova of book "Massovaya Informatsiya V Sovetskom Fromysh--
lennom Gorode: Opyt Ko~~pleks. Sotsiol. Issled. [Mass Informatioi? in a Soviet
Industrial City: Atte.mpt at an Overall Sociological Study] edited by B. A. Grushin
and L. A. Onikov, Politizdat, Moscow, 1980, 446 pages]
[Excerpts] The moncgraph contains five chapters, an introduction, and three appen-
dices. It generalizes the result of an overall study which was conducted for 76
independent programs during the years 1967-1974 in Taganrog, Moscow, and Rostov-
na-Donu. As the authors note, they set themselves the goal of a systematic study
of the information structure and information pr~cesse~ in socialist society and
the creation of a unique introduction into the sociology of information. The book ,
is dominated by the fundamental level of the examination of such problems as:
� 1) mass information--the subject of the sociological study; 2) the diverse activi- ~
~ ties of the propaganda and mass communications media in producing and transmitting
information; 3) information consumption by different groups; 4) the information
level ~f the population and of its individual groups; 5) the activities of the
poFulation in producing and transmitting information.
Despite the enormous volume of the information which is produced and transmitted,
it is relatively monotonous and poor in TAGANROGSKAYA PRAVDA of 1968-iS73: 25
percent of the social objects are practically not reflected at all, SO percent--
are reflected extremely poorly, 75 percent--quite poorly, and only 25 percent
are treated with a high degree of effectiveness. Over a period of� three months
the newspaper provided extremely negligible treatment of the work of health care,
goods supplies for the public, municipal services, public catering, and the work
of pre-school institutions. Fifty percent of the foreign information was devoted
to five ~ut of 26 spheres of international life. The intensity of the treatment
of the basic population groups was not in proportion to their actual weight in
the structure of the city's inhabitants. The attention of the diverse information
media and channels is concentrated approximately on one and the same group of
objects of each type. (pp 152-154) The authors emphasize that the "systematic
and intensive treatment of one and the same issues and problems of the life of
society and the systematic transmission of the same elements of content (this
shows up in its most vivid form in the f~equent repetition on radio and TV of
the same plays, films, and so~forth) combined with an almost complete oblivion
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to many (an enormous number!) others results, given the population's orienta-
tion toward the mass communications media as a mo~t important source of social
information, in depriving the population of many elements of culture and in nar-
rowing the population's information needs, and so forth." (p 157) The auth~rs
see the solution of the problem in improvfng the structure of. editorial boards~
increasing the range of the specialization of journalists~, improving their pro-
fessional training~ expanding the range of their social interests, and introduc-
ing the methods of content analysfs into the work practice of the mass communica-
tions media.
The picture of the real consumption of information which has been obtained by
the investigators is such that "the more *he consumer is connected with the reali-
ty that is reflected in the newspaper, the less newspaper information he obtains
about it." (p 239) Thus, the materials on industry to which the communicator
gives his greatest attention, just like the issues of party life, are read less
than others, and the important city problems, for which there is a gr.eat interest
among the public are insufficiently reflected on the pages of the newspaper.
The newspaper reflects reality inadequately with regard to those ideas which are
developed in the varic;us social groups during the process of direct practice.
This inadequacy :nanifests itself in a l~ck of correspondence with the judgments
(opinions) of mass consciousness, in the use of concepts and terms which are un-
clear and for this reason alien to the consciousness of the public, and in the
fact that the newspaper does not give sufficient attention precisely to those
problems of the city's life which are in the corsciousness of the information
consumers in the forefront.
One of the studies recorded a lack of ~oordination in the interpreration of texts:
in seven out of ten cas~s the texts offered to the readers were interpreted inade-
quately to the purpose of the communication. (p 242) Stereotyped verbal formulas
and cliches are a serious obstacle to the assimilation of information. This prob-
lem is especially acute in the sphere of newspaper headings. Suffice it to say,
that for this reason the losses of TAsANROGSKAYA PRAVDA with the reacling public
came to: more than 60 pPrcent with the i�egard to the materials under the headings
of "Raw Materials for the Blast Furnaces" and "The Kolkhoz Lands Are Flowering";
more than SO percent with regard to 10Ahe~d of Schedule!" and "There Is An Annual
Plan!"; more than 40 percent for "Let Friendship Strengthen," "Rapid Rates," and
so forth. In addition the readers give the words different nuances which do not
correspond to each other with the result that the reading of a word turns out
to be not only different in coloring but also in meaning.
The study of the attitude toward the information "in term~ of confidence in the
existing official channels of information, satisfac~ion with the information which
is provided, and motives for preferring one or another channel of information,
and so forth" leads to the conclusion that the prestige of the mass communications
media and the mass propaganda media is high among the Uopulation, and that the
attention of r.eaders is attracted by materials which elicit a deliberately posi-
tive attitude toward themselves; the agreement (non-agreement) of the public wit~
the content of information is not marked by stability and depends first of all
upon the problem being discussed.
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From the point of view of the character of the consumption of mass information
a"final typology" of the city population is given in the work: 1) a group of
extremely intensive consumption (1.5 percent of the city population); 2) a group
of highly intensive consumption (6 percent); 3) a group of intensive consumption
(35 percent); 4) a moderate consumption group (25 percent); 5) a low consumption
group (29.5 percent); 6) an extremely low consumption group (2.5 percent); 7) a
group of the complete nonconsumFtion of mass information (.5 percent of the city
population). On the average, during an average day thex~a is approximately 30 hours
of information on the channels of the press, radio, television, and mass propa-
- ganda media per inhabitant of Taganrog.
This study, like others, showed a very small degree of dependence by information
behavior upon the demographic and social characterist~ics of the public. The char-
acteristics of peoples' activities in information consumption appears as a factor
which actively differentiates the population: the intensity of the consumption
of information is directly proportional to the degree of the development of a
need for information, particularly to the level of the awareness of these needs.
The level of the awareness of information needs among the surveyed public was un-
even. On the basis of the frequency of the coincidence between actual and verbal
be:avior by the respondents the investigators broke the public down into four
groups. The terms awareness and unawareness were not used very stricCly, but
quite justifiably, since the limits of their use were taken note of: the degree
of correspondence between declared and actually satisfied interests. At the basis
of the stratification of the public are such characteristics of the subject of
information behavior as participation in public work, the degrep of involvement
in the system of mass. information, and the fundamental characteristic~ of the
consciousness of people (system of va1~~eQ orientations, characteristics of linguis-
tic consciousness, and other.s).
COPYRIGHT: INION AN SSSR, 1982
2959
CSO: 1800/382
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NATIONAL
NEW WORK ON SOVIET PUBLIC ADM[NISTRATION REVIEWED
Moscow OBSACHESTVENNYYE NAURI V SSSR: SERIYA I, PROBLEMY NAUCHNOGO KO1rIl~1UNIZMA
in Russian No 1, 1982 pp 154-157 J
[Review by L. B. Volkov of book "Nauchnaya Organizatsiya Upravlencheslcogo Truda"
[The Scientif ic Organ ization of Managerial WorkJ by A. A. Atayev, Ekonomika,
Moscow,1980,143 pages]
[Text] The book which is provided with a preface consiats of an introduction,
three chapters, and a conclusion.
On the basis of the rich practical work experience of the apparatus of th~ Council
of Ministers of the Dagestan ASSR, it is atated in the preface which was written
w by I. M. Solodovnikov, the monograph provides a detailed examination of the or- �
ganization of management, the role of the correct uae of structures and functions
and of informat3on, and of the problems of wnrk with cadres.
In the f irst chapter, "Theoretical Princi.ples of a Study and Analysis of the Or-
ganization of Labor in State Institutioas," on the basis of an analysis of Lenin's
thesea concerning the role of scientif ic labor organization in state management,
the idea is put forward of the necessity for a direct creative application of the
theoretical principles of scientific lab~r organization when methodologies for
analyzing the work of the apparatus of concrete state institutions are developed
and introduced. This idea is illustrated by examples from the practice of or-
ganizing analytic and organ izational work in the administration for the affairs
of the Council of Ministers Dagestan ASSR.
For the purpose of developing a methodology in 1970 the author conducted a pre-
liminary study of "all of the aspects of the work of the state adminiatration
agencies of the Dagestan ASSR, and in 1974 of the Councils of Ministers of the
individual autonomous republics of the RSFSR." (p 23) Tn the process of this work
classifiers were made up which embrace the structure of the cadre contingent, the
types and forms of work, and also the "motives" for work and the relative indi-
cators of the w~ork of the apparatus' workera.
In making up the classif iers an attempt was made to correlate the individual
groups of the cadre contingent to the functions performed by them, and to rational
~
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and irrational expenditures of time for various functions, and to discover the
real significance of the distinctive characteristics relating to nifferent func-
tions.
The special characteristic of the methodology which has been developed by the
author is connected with the inclusion in the classif iers of both rational and
irrational types of w~ork and of both creative and non-creative motives, and so
forth. This method made it possible to compose a quite detailed empirical pic-
ture of the work of the apparatus and to discover the real correlations between
the different types and forms of work and their results and reaources expendi-
tures. But in order to achieve this effect it was necessary, in addition to
the actual data which had been discovered, to work out average normative data
for the individual types of work with the help of expert appraisals and com-
puters. This data was coordinated with the worker respondents. The book cites
tables of actual and normative data and proposes a methodology for calculating
the coefficients of the use of working time, and also "coefficients of efficiency"
which are calculr~ted on the basis of a determination of the relationship between
planned and actual time expended for the performance of individual functions (the
preparation of decrees, the fulfillment of assignments, and so forth).
The second chapter, Ari Improvement of the Organization of the Economic Manage-
ment Work of the Council of Ministers ASSR" containa a description of the dif-
ferent methods of realizing it differentiated for individual forms of work, and
- some proposale on improving it. A number of these proposals which are aimed, in
the author's opinion, at increasing the practical thrust of the w~ork of the Coun-
cil of Ministers are, as is emphasized in the preface, of a discussion character.
Among the recommendations which concern the organization of the meetings of the
i Council of Ministers is the suggestion to limit the circle of participants solely
~ to people who have a direct relationship to the issue being examined, and, at
the same time, to invite "in the event of necessity" people who are not its mem-
bers~for participation in the meetings. The author points to the necessity for
i "establishing a strict procedure under which non members of the government are
~ able to participate in the discussion only of those issues for which they have
been invited." (p 43) The question is raised of regulating the periodicity of
the meetings of the Council of Ministers of an ASSR--once a quarter.
i Dealing with the character of the meetings themselves, the author emphasizes the
importance of discussing at them opposing points of view, different decision var-
~ iants,and the weighing of all "pros" and "cons," "The Chairman of the Council
of Ministers muat not impose his opinion, making use of the authority granted him.
On the contrary, he makes maximum efforts to convince the members of the govern-
' ment by argument, if he is conf ident that it is his point of view which is cor-
rect." (p 46) Various approaches and points of v iew which make it possible for
everyone to make his own contribution to the decision of an issue does not get in
the way of the ~ubsequent unity of opinions and actions. When decrees are adopted
by voting, the members of the government who sometisnes remain in the minority
"exercise a certain influence on the remaining membera of the government, espe-
cially on the chair, and compel them to be more cautious and attentive to the
opinions o� others." (pp 48-49).
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In the chapter there is also an examination of some of the problems in the work
of the presidiums of the Councils of Ministers of the ASSR whose decrees have
the same force as the decrees of the full Councils of Ministers. There is a
detailed examination of the interrogatory procedure for adopting decisions which
the author regards in a number of cases as pr~ctically advisable and effective.
Data is cited in this chapter which points to the amount of the actual workload
of the individual elements of the apparatus of the Council of Ministers of the
ASSR and of the individual members of government and which makes it possible to
arrive at a~udgment about the structure of the problems being considered and
about the initiative level of the agencies being studied. On the basis of this
data and of work experience the author makes suggestions on improving the struc-
ture of the work of the Councils of Ministers and their apparatuses. The chief
idea in these suggestions is a ref inement of and a strict compliance with the
competence of each element and a profound professional study of all of the issues
being considered and decided upon. ~
The third chapter is "The Scientif ic Organization of Labor and the Eff icient Use
of the Working Time of Employees." The central issue of the topic being con-
sidered is the usefulness and effectiveness of the use of the working time of the
workers of the state apparatus. The book takes note as a defect of the "mosaic
character" of the working time of employees, their constant switching from one
unresolved issue te another, and their great time expenditures in waiting. The
introduction of scientif ically substantiated technological, work schemes, of
thought-out correspondence circulation, self photography, organizational equip'-
ment, and other scientif ic methods have made it possible to greatly improve the
work of the apparatus of the Council of Ministers of the~Dagestan SSR, although
they~did not result in the complete elimination of the above-described shortcom-
ings. The author regards the constant tendency to overload executive workers
and specialists with technical functiona out of their range as being one of the.
most difficult defects to eliminate.
The importance and common natuxe of the managerical functions of the Council of
Ministers of all levels, it is pointed out in the conclusion, requires a constant
scientif ic analysis of the organization of their work in order to strengthen "the
beneficial influence of the top actuating and executive elements of state power
on the accomplishment of economic tasks."
COPYRIGHT: INION AN SSSR, 1982
2959
CSO: 1800/381
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NATIONAL
SECOND ISSUE OF ANTIRELIGIOUS ALMANAC
Moscow ARGUMENTY in Russian 1981 (signed to press 21 Aug 81) pp 1; 48-49, 58-60, '
92-93, 96, 126
[Title page, table of contents and excerpts from book "Argumeats", edited by
P.M. Komarov, E.I. Lisavtsev and P.V. Makartsev, Politizdat, 200,000 copies,
127 pages]
[Excerpts] Contents Page
Introduction for readers 3
Akhmedov, A. Under the Flag of Islam (Certain Theses of Marxist-Leninist
Theory in the Distorting Mirror of Muslim FalsiEiers) 5
Gol'denberg, M.A. Why Does the Vatican Need an Institute of Atheism? 37
Balevits, Z. "This is Vatican Radio...." 44
Zots, V.A. and Migovich, I.I. The Truth of History and the Myths of
the Falsifiers 50
_ Dmitruk, K.Ye. A Hopeless Wager 78
Gol'denberg, M.A. The Religious Fulcrum of Zionism 96
Nikitin, V. In the Footsteps of the Ku Klux K1an 117
* * * * *
After John Paul II assumed the papal throne Radio Vatican patently reinforced
its attempts to oppose the legitimate process of the atrophy of religion in
socialist society. The reasons for this can be interpreted in different ways.
The fact that that a cardinal from a socialist country was elect~ed as Pontiff
of Rome refuted the slanderous myth that the chuch there "is silent." Western
~ournalists accompanying the Pope on his visit to Poland (June 1979) "discovered"
there a religiosity free from sanctimony and demonstrative pomp and peculiar
~ to the parishes of the bourgeois world. To the point, the new head of the
Catholic Church strongly advertises precisely the kind of religiosity that
exists under the conditions of a socialist society, forgetting, however, that
it would be in vain to mechanically transfer it to the "free world" where there
is no true spiritual freed~m--a freedom to make a deliberate choice between
religion and atheism. At 3 meeting with teachers and students from the Catholic
Universi*~� {n Lublin on 6 June 1979, he said that people whose world outlook
is determined by con~unctural considerations and who choose it not by proceeding
from the voice of their own conscience are people who are dangerous and unnecessary
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FUK Uh'hl(.IAL v~r, u;VLl'
both to the church and, he remarked, to the "other side." The Pope has also
repeatedly offered the assertion that the church does not desire privileges
for itself. It is not, however, understood how all these assertions tally
with the statement that freed~m for atheistic propaganda is tantamount to an
infringement on freedom of conscience. On the contrary, it is precisely this
that creates the essential prerequisites for a conscious choice between religion
and atheism.
* * * * *
In contrast to his predecessors, the new head of the Vatican regards their
flimsy claims more favorably. The very choice of Karol Wojtyla by the Pope
in Rome was the cause of great 3oy and greater hopes anong the Uniate leadership.
Immediately after the synod, the secretariat of Cardinal Slipoy sent a greeting
to the new pope in which it stated that the leadership of "the Ukrainian Catholic
Church" hopes for his understanding and support since he, they say, has come
from t:~e hierarchy of a"martyred" church and knows how to suffer, to be
persecuted and to have no rights. The letter expressed the conviction that
John Paul II will act decisively in defense of the "divine rights of man."
It particularly drew attention to the fact that this is what the 10Ukrainian
Catholic Chur.ch" and people need most of all.
It should be noted that the the new Pope is justifying these hopes. Whereas
Pau~ VI was not in favor of the idea of creatinR a patriarchy for the "Ukrainian
Catholic Church," and refused permission for t:~e convocatiors of a synod of
- the Uniate bishops, the new Pope immediately gave this permission. Literally ;
in November 1978 the bishops of the Ukrainian Catholic Church held their i
meeting, after which the Pope receivQd them and had a long audience with them.
According to the official report, at the meeting there was an examination of ;
~he position of th " ukrainian Catholic Church" and a document was agreed on '
this matter and handed to the Pope during the audience. ~
On 12 March 1979 the Pope sent a message to Slipoy and the Uniate hierarchy
in connection with the preparations for the millenium of the Christianization
of Rus': In this document the thought was expressed on the Catholic sources
of Christianity in Rus', and the "deep" religiosity of the Ukrainians, and
the history of the Brest Union and of Graeco-Catholicism as a whole was falsif ied
and its role in the social development of the Ukrainian people extolled. In
the message the Uniate was illegally identified as the national adiunctum,
and it spoke of some kinds of "sufferings" and "trials" of the nonexistent
Graeco-Catholic Church afte~: World War II and stated that it should "en3oy
respect and religious freedom," and an attempt was made in connecti.on with
the millenium of the introduction of Cr.ristianity in Rus' to activate all
religious life in the republic.
Along with this message, the new Pope took a number of other steps aimed at
suporting the Uniate. He several times received Slipoy, t~e Canadian Metropolitan
[Maksim Germanyuk], the Argentine bishop [Andrey~~opel.yuk] and other Uniate
hierarchs. The thesis put forward in the program encyclical "Redemptor Hominis"
(1978) that "No borders exist for Christ" and the Pope's support for a Catholic
Church of the Ukrainian rite, that is, the Uniate Church which dissolved itself
in 1946 at the Synod of Lvov, have a definite meaning in the context of bourgeois
anti-Soviet propaganda.
****~e
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The petty intrigues of the Zelenetskiys, the Slipoys and the Yanivs and other
supporters of fascism about the Polish-Ukrainian past cannot be regarded as
anything but pharisaical. Like the friendship of the Polish people with the
entire Soviet people, the friendship of the Polish and Ukrainian peoples came
about and was strengthened and made indissoluble in the common struggle against
the exploiters, in the terrible years of revolutianary battles, in the general
heroic struggle against the Hitlerite invaders. In the struggle for this
friendship the peoples of the USSR and of Poland have always been on the same
side of the barricades, but the present "sponsors" of cooperation with Polish
ant isocialist circles are on the other side, along with the deadly enemies of
the Poles and the Soviet people.
From what has been said it is obvious that in the Vatican, 3ust as in the time
of Pope Benedict XV and his successors Pius XI and Pius XII, as before the
Uniate hierarchy is regarded as an instrument of anti-Soviet intrigue, as a
special kind of clan of the obedient executors of the will of the papacy, which
under the guise of "missionary work" is to insure the penetration of Catholicism
to the East. In this connection it is impossible not to draw attention to the
noisy propaganda campaign organized by the Uniate pilgrims and their sponsors
in the Vatican around the personality of the former Polotsk-Vitebsk Uniate
archbishop Iosafat Kuntsevich (1580-1623), well known for his strong-arm
methods in bringing Catholicism to the area and for his cruel reprisals against
the clergy and belivers of the Orthodox Church. In December last year Pope
John Paul II also joined this campaign. Speaking to participants at the "synod"
of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, he named Kuntsevich "an apostle of the unity
of the churches" and "a martyr for his faith" who, if you please, "as it were
sealed with his own blood" the Unicn of Brest in 1596. ~
Historical analogues are always dangerous. They are triply dangerous when they
pursue a definite political goal and are designed to resurrect old bankrupt
ideas. To set a"martyr's" halo above a bellicose Jesuit who more than 350
years ago was killed by the revolting working folk of Vitebsk who had endured
gross social and national-religious oppression and to turn his name into a
banner for the struggle to resurrect the cadavers of the Union will scarcely
succeed. These times are gone!
Despite the widely advertised denial of the flagrant attacks on the theory and
practice of Marxism-Leninism and the Vatican's desire, on the official level,
_ to draw a veil over its anticommunist attitudes using religious terminology,
the direction of the present palitical course of the apostolic city is illustrated
also by the fact that during the 2 years of his pontificate, John Paul II, while
repeatedly declaiming for the more active penetration of clerical ideology into
the socialist countries, has been unable to find the words to condemn U.S.
i~rperialism and its aggressive militarist policy which has led to the present
exacerbation of the the sitauion on our planet. The silence--we say it with
forthrightness--is quite indicative.
* * * * *
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Without a careful concealment of its true aims, any antipopular political
movement would be dead before it was born. This applies in full to Zionism--
t}~e ideologues of chauvinism and a policy of anticommunism by the grande Jewish
bourgeoisie organically linked wfth internationalist imperialist circles. It
would be no exaggeration to say tliat the supertask of Zionist propaganda is
precisely this--to conceal the social genealogy of Zionism and prevent Jewish
workers (and not just Jewish workers, either) from seeing its true class
penetralia. The "best minds" that determine the course of the World Zionist
Organi.zation consider one important method of masking and "sanitizing" the
theoretical postulates of Zionist doctrine and the practical actions stemming
from it on the explotar_ion of "higher values" is through the Judaic religion.
9642
CSO: 1800/327
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IrATIONAL
BRIEFS
_ CONFERENC~ ON SIBERIA REPORTED--On 13-15 October 1981, an all-union conference
was held in Novosibirsk on the problem "Siberia in the Past, Present and
Future." It was arranged by the History Department and the Institute of His-
tory of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of History, Philology and
Philosophy (NIFF) of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences
to coincide with the 400th anniversary of Siberia becoming a part of Russia.
The conference was opened with introductory remarks by Vice President of the
USSR Academy of Sciences Academician V.A. Koptyug. NIFF director Academician
A.P. Okladnikov presented a report "Four Centuries of Siberian History." The
Fussian state and the opening up of Siberia (e~d of 16th to beginning of 19th
century) were the sub~ect~ of a talk by V.A. Aleksandrov. The economic de-
velopment of Siberia was described by Academician A.G. Aganbegyan, director of
the Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production of the
Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences. [Excerpt] [Moscow
VOPROSY ISTORII in Russian No:2,Feb 82 p 144] 7697
COPYRIGHT: .Izdatel~stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy istorii", 1982
CSO: 1800/351
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RLGIONAL
.
USUBALIYEV ON SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM
Moscow VOPROSY FILOSOFII in Russian No 12, Dec 81 pp 10 - 23
(Article by T. U. Usubaliyev, first secretary of the Kirghiz Communist Party
Central Committee: "The Leading Role of the CPSU in Strengthening the Unity of
the International and the National in the Soviet Way of Life"]
[Excerpts] The 9oviet nation is a fundamentally new liistorical community the
likes of which humanity has not know before. The multinational associations,
which now exist in the capitalist world, are torn just as in past social forma-
tions by antagonistic contradictions which have been engendered by the exploita-
tion of some classes by others, of backward nations by stronger ones. The Soviet
nation radically differs from them since it is a community which is free of antag-
onisms of this type and which is based on the mutual trust, unbreakable friendship
and fraternal cooperation of all working classes and social layers, nations and
nationalities.
The dialectic of the whole and of the part is clearly demonstrated in the relations
between the Soviet nation as an international community and the nation and nation-
alities which compose it. The Soviet natiox~ itself is not a social and ethnic
community which is similar to the nations or nationalities. At the same time,
it is not a naGion-less formation and not an alternative to socialist nations.
In this connection, the attempts of bourgeois ideologists to alepict the Soviet
nation ,as a"Russian-Soviet nation",in which the ethnic features of non-Russian
nations have allegedly been dissdved and disappeared are completely groundless.
_ In actuality, the Soviet nation.is an international community in which the un-
breakable unity of the nations and nationalities, who are preserving their distinct-
ivic ethnic features, is being cemented by the social unity of all workers regard-
1e5~ of their national affiliation. Each of the nations and nationalities, which
compose the Soviet nation, is an integral part of it; and the Soviet nation is
a social ~and international whole~in relation to them. The interests of the Soviet ,
nation an international community do not contradict the national interests
of any one of the national ethnic communities which compose it, but embody in them-
selves their main substance.
If is also impossible to mix up the features and signs which are inherent in all
nations with those which are only characteristic of nations of a certain historical
type and which indicate their social and class nature. Thus, social unity, collect-
ivism in relations between people, and the subordination of the workers' vital
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activity to their common interests whose most consistent spokesman is the
working class are common to all socialist nations. These signs, which typify
tne essence of socialist nations.are a concrete and historical commonality which
is international. It expressesthe vital interests and communist ideals of the
working class with whcse origin the principles of internationalism were developed
for the first time in history. It is necessary to emphasize that the internation-
al features and qualities, which characterize the social and class nature of the
socialist nations and their way of life, are the determining ones in their develop-
ment.
However, ther~e is not only a commonality but also a peculiarit~, which disti.nguish-
es one nation from the others, in the social and class nature of a nation and in
its ethnic features. V. I. Lenin emphasized that it is extremely important in the
struggle for th.e socialist reconstruction of society "to explore, study, look for,
divine, and catch national peculiarities and national specifics in the r_oncrete
approaches of each country to the solution of a.unified international task ...."1
Within such a multinational country as pre-revolutionary Russia it was very nec-
essary to bring out the peculiarities for leading the various nations, which
inhabit it, to the solution of the international task of constructing socialism.
[1s is known, one of the most important was the question concerning the peculiarities
in transition to socialism by nations which had not undergone the capitalist
sta~;e of social development. In justifying the opportunity for such a transition,
V. l,enin pointed out specific ways to realize the general conformities to law
uf socialist construction, conSidering such peculiarities of the backward nations
c~s tl~eir underdeveloped economy, poor class differentiation, and the obstruction
uf the people's consciousness by the remnants o f patriarchal and tribal notions
and religious ideology. In accordance with these peculiaritie::, specific measures
and transition forms: such as land and water reforms, tribal kolkhozes, etc. in
the economic sphere; peasant councils in the area of the political organiza[ion
of society; and others, were used in the practices of socialist construction in
Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
With all its peculiarities, however, the path which all the nations and nation-
alities of the 9oviet Union followed to socialism was a common one for them.
This path meant developing the economy based on socialist industrialization and
the collectivization of agriculture, the improvement of social relationships based
on the growth of the leading role of the working class and the strengthening of
its union with the peasants and the intelligentsia, the unfolding of socia].ist
democracy and the development of a culture which was varied in its national forms
i~~it unified in its international content.
'CI?c friendship of USSR peoples was, is and will be a very important feature in the
soc~ialist way of life. It ensures their victorious movement toward communism. The
revolutionary transformations which have taken place in Kirghizia with the compre-
hensive help of the people of fraternal republics,especially the great Russian
peoplo, are a convincing witness to this. It is possible to say without exagg-
eration that the unselfish and generous fraternal help of the Russian working class
and of the Russian people in eliminating the actual inequality of the forn?erly
backward outlying nationality districts is a great international exploit and a
concrete embodiment of the CPSU Leninist nationality policy.
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Socialist internationalism was and remains an objective force in the development
uC Sovict Kirghizistan and the other fraternal republics and the source of our
successes. The workers of Soviet Kirghizistan, just as all Soviet people, know
this; and all their achievements in the construction of communism are linked with
ttie further deepening of the process of internationalizing the economy and social,
political, and spiritual life.
* * . *
Social and political activity occupies a special place among the components of a
socialist way of life since the role of the popular masses as the creators of
}iistory and the scale and depth of the consciencious cr2ativ~ty of rnillions of
workers are most clearly revealed in it. The qualitatively new nature of the
}iistorical process under the conditions of a communist structure is distinctly
revealed here. It is completely natural that the CPSU, as the decisions of its
26th congress once again clearly testify concerning this, and the communist and
workars parties of the other countries inti~e socialist commonwealth are devoting
a great deal of attention to developing the social and political aspect of the
socialist way of life.
As the scales and complexity of the tasks in communist construction increase, the
importance of subjective factors in their fulf illment grows more and more. This
requires an intensification of the role of the party, the common state, and the
public organizations of the workers; and an intensification of the activity of
worker collectives and of each Soviet citizen. The importance of the unity of
the international and the national in the sphere of social and political activity
is also growing correspondingly. This dictates the necessity for a further streng-
~ he ning of the social unity of the Soviet people and of all the nations and .
nationalities forming them.
A developed socialist society is characterized by a high level of social uniformity.
Tt~is is reflected first in the fact that its social foundation is now the indestruc-
tible union of the working class, the kolkhoz peasants, and the peoples' intellig-
entsia-- which became possible thanks to the enormous changes in the make-up of
tl~ese basic social groups of workers and as a result of which they drew considerably
closer together in their fundamental qualitative indicators. Second, a uniform
social structure was affirmed for all Soviet republics. The fundamental feature
of this uni~ormity is the fact that the leading position in the social and political
1if~ uC the republics belongs to the working class the social nucleus of all
tlic S~~viet people and of each of the nations and nationalities composing them.
'1'liird, a uniform social structure took shape not only in all of our 9oviet republics
in ~;eneral with their multinational populations but also in the indigenous
nati~~ns and nationalities representing them. This is especially important in
strengthening the unity of the international and the national in the workers'
socialist way of life. Fourth, the ratio of the urban and rural population has
been brought considerably closer in all republics. This has great significance
for developing a socialist way of life since the city is the bearer of the most
deve.loped state and public property in its industrial form. The vanguard of the
workers the industrial working class and the great bulk of cultural workers
operates here; and the predominant number of party organizations and party members
are concentrated here. All this permits the city to be in many respects the
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trail-blazer of what is new and progressive i.n a socialist way of life. Consequent-
ly until the essential differences between the city and the village are overcome,
t.he urban way of life will be the leading one in respect to the way of life of the
rural population. Fifth, the active i.nvolvement of women in all spheres of public
life lias become typical of all republics and all nations and nationalities in the

~ country. This is especially remarkable and important for the republicsof Central
Asia 3nd Kazakhstan where the position of women having no rights in society had
been cultivated for centuries.
The fundamental principle which insures the steady strengthening of the unity of
the international and the national in the social and political sphere of vital
activity and in the Soviet way of life on the whole, is the principle of democra-
tic c~ntralism. The correct combination of centralism and democracy is an indis-
pensa'~le conditioci for this. The slightest retreat from this principle inevita-
bly l~~ads either to strangling the initiative of the masses, production collectives
and iiidividual persons i.e., to bureaucratic distortions of this principle;
or to an overstated and unjustified exaggeration of local interests to the detri-
ment ~~f common ones. The 26th CPSU Congress directed party organizations toward
. an uncompromising struggle against perversions of this type.
* * *
The u~iity of the international and the national, which is characteristic of the
Soviet way of life is also demonstrated in its spiritual sphere, in spiritual
culture. In this ~onnection, it is necessary to pay attention to some methodolog-
ical items which have important signif icance for disclosing the correlation
between a way of life and a spiritual culture.
rirst, since a way of life is an integral characteristic of the acr.ivities of all
of society's subjects and is unthinkable without the�spiritual especially the
ideological and moral aspects, a spiritual culture itself is in a certain res-
pect one of the necessary elements of a socialist way of life and an important
structural component of it.
Second, the place of culture in a way of life does not boil down to the use of
spiritual values, but assumes an thi~ is the main thing creative activity
to create them work in which the active vital position of the Soviet people is
expressed.
'1'I~ i rcl , the nat ional and spec if ic is demonstrated to greater degree in spiritual
culture than in the social economic and social political spheres. This is linked
with the relative independence of national traditions, national psychology and
language. The ever more solid combination of the international and the national
in the spiritual sphere, which is primarily caused by such objective factors as
the development of the country's unified national economic complex and the
strengthening of the Soviet people's social and political unity, is a character-
istic feature of mature socialist.
Pourth, although the spiritual side of a way of life is defined in the final
analysis by economic and social factors, it is at the same time not passive, but
p1ay5 an active role in the development of these factors.
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The growth in the role of the way of life's spiritual sphere is caused by the
workers' ever deeper mastery ~~f Marxist-Leninist ideology. The formation of the
broad masses' world outlook based on it and the development of their political
awareness arethe main content c� the party's ideological and indactrinational work.
Socialist collectivism occupies the central place in the system of the Soviet
people's convictions and moral qualities which form the spiritual features of
their way of life. Collectivism and internationalism in the convictions and
behavior of the Soviet people are 3nseparably linked with society's concern for
the welfare and all-round development of each person this concern is charact-
eristic of the socialist way of life. The essence of real humanism, which is
opposed to the individualistic tendencies and racial prejudices which permeate
the bourgeois way of life, lies in this.
I'raternal solidarity between workers, regardless of class and national aff ilia-
tion~engenders in each one of them confidence in their future and in the further ~
undeviating improvement of the conditions and content of their vital activity.
This optimism of the Soviet people is radically different from the fear of the
future and the pessimistic attitudes which the bourgeois way of life creates.
The confidence of the members of Soviet society in their future is based on the
realization of the fact that it is being created by their combined efforts and by
their juint creative activity. The effectiveness of this activity, which is
directed toward the common good, essentially depends on the active vital position
of each one of its participants. This is also a distinetive feature of the
socialist way of life and an important factor in its continuous improvement.
All these features, which characterize the spiritual side of a socialist way of
life, make up the general the international which is inherent in all socialist
nations and nationalities and which determines the nature of the process of draw-
ing together and the interaction of their national cultures.
Under the conditions of socialism, the interaction of the national cultures of the
peoples of aur country has permitted the separation and narrow-mindedness,which
was typical of them during the pre-revolutionary period, to be overcome and has
allowed them to enter onto a wide path of prosperity. Thus, under the beneficial
influence of the culture of the Russian and other fraternal peoples~the ancient
and distinctive culture of the Kirghiz people not only received powerful develop-
ment, but also acquired new forms which were unknown to it before. For example,
the hirghiz people did not have an operatic art, but now they do. They did not
have classical~dancing, but now the Kirghiz ballet is known far beyond the limits
of the republic. Painting is being developed, and applied art has been signific-
antly enriched. The works of Kirghiz writers, mus~cians and cinematographers
have received wide fame.
Therefore, the assertions of bourgeois ideologists that the drawing together of
national cultures leads to the extinction of national distinctions and to their
unification and leveling have been deprived of any basis. It is just the opposite.
It is only thanks to this drawing to~ether that it is possible to reveal and
develop everything that is valuab~.e. The richer that each national culture is,
the greater will be its contribution to the treasury of a culture which is common
to all mankind. L. I. Brezhnev has pointed out: "Any national culture, which is
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buttoned up in itsglf, inevitably losses and sheds the features of its commonality
w~th all mankind".
Tl~e international is an expression of the ideology, interests, yearnings, and
historical goals of the working class. Based on the ideology of the working class,
the development of elements common to all mar.kind in the spiritual culture of
each nation rec.eives unlimited scope. Everything, which hinders their development,
is eliminated thanks to this ideology.
The Russian language as the language of international intercourse has enormous
importance in the intensive interaction and mutual enrictunent of national cultures.
The mass yearning to study the Great Russian language has indeed become a new
social and general phenomenon which is exerting a deep influence on all aspects
of the socialist way of life.
Tlie broad sprea3ing of the Russian language and its ever growing role in the
development of the Soviet people are two of the clear manifestations of the unity
of the international and the national and an important feature of the international
nature of the Soviet way of life. For the first time in history, the common
language ~f a multinational state the Russian language has become not only
the language of daily intercourse but also, speaking in the words of V. I. Lenin,
the language of the fraternal unity of peoples. In this regard, the maximum
favorable conditions for the development of the national languages and for the
flowering of the national cultures of USSR peoples are being created. The role,
which the Russian language as a means of international intercourse for the peoples
of the USSR is playing, can justifiably be called historically unique. This
objective evaluation is supported by the fact ~hat the Russian language is
gradually becoming the means of interstate intercourse within the framework of
the world socialist commonwealth and one of the major world languages in many
international forums and congresses.
Under the conditions of mature socialism which is characterized by a grawth in
the cooperation, mutual assistance and friendship of the country's nations and
nationalities and by their unprecedentedly intensive intercourse, the voluntary
use of an international language is an urgent necessity. The Russian language
well serves the cause of the international unity of Soviet nations and national-
ities, the improvement of the country's economy and the mutual enrichment of
national cultures; and contributes to the successful solution of the tasks of
constructing communism.
Tlie representatives of more than 80 nationaliti~s, who in mainta3ning contacts
between themselves in the Russian language are increasing the republic's
contribution to the general struggle for communism through their combined work,
live and work as a single friendly family in Soviet Kirghizistan.
The Kirghiz people, just as the other nations and nationalities of our country,
have been firmly convinced of the constructive role of the Russian language by
their own experience. The Russian language has opened up for the Kirghiz the
path to knowledge, science, technology, and the heights of native and world
culture; brought the Kirghiz people closer to all the fraternal peoples of our
� motherland; and given them an opportunity to master the immortal teachings of
Marxism-Leninism and the theory of scientific communism.
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Tl~e Russian language is exerting an enormous effect on the development of the
Kirghiz language just as on the languages of the other Soviet people. The
crcation of a national written language, the enrichment of vocabulary, the
formation of terminologies especially public, political, scientific, and
technical, and the dEVelopment of their own expressive and artistic terms for the
Kirghiz and other national languages all these processes took place and are
taking place under the beneficial influence of the Russian language. In the
consciousness and spiritual world of a Soviet individual of any non-Russian
nationality, the Russian language as an inseparable part of his knowledge and
culture occupies a firm position along with his native language. Therefore, a
pro~ressive bilingual process justifiably arose and is being rapidly developed
in our country. Today, we, the representatives of non-Russian nationalities,
call the Russian language a second native language with complete justification.
Tl~e higher the national culture interpenetration process in which the role of
the Russian language is so great is; the richer and more varied the unif ied
multinational culture of the Soviet people becomes, and the stronger its influence
on improving the socialist way of life is.
As a result of carrying out profound social, economic and political transformations
and the cultural revolution, the ideology of Marxism-Leninism the world out-
look of the working class has become ti~e ideology of all workers and of all
Soviet people; the international basis of the spiritual sphere of the socialist
way of life was thereby formed and strengthened. At the same time, the national
cultures of all the country's nations and nationalities received a powerful impulse
in their development. The grand successes in developing the national cultures of
peoples who had been backward for,a long time serve as a convincing example of
socialism's superiority over capitalism. They possess an enormous attraction for
all the people who have been liberated from the centuries-old colonial domi.nation
of ttie imperialist states.
Thanks to the fTourishing of national cultures, the truly widespread, truly
mass, truly multifaceted and equal cooperation of all our country's nations and
natienalities in cultural development a cooperation which leads to.the ever
great.er internationalization of the spiritual life of the Soviet people and the
spiritual sphere of the socialist way of life has become possible.
Ttie development of literature and art in the Soviet republics is~a clear indicator
of tt~e spiritual flourishing of national cultures and of the ever greater enrich-
ment uf their international content. Thus, Kirghizia, which several decades ago
sid not even have its own national written language, now stands in the ranks of
tl~e more developed republics in the area of artistic creativity. The Kirghiz
Communist Party Central Committee is seeing to the further development of the
re{~ublic's artistic culture, directing the efforts of artist unions and art
institutes toward raising the ideological and political level and the professional
skill of literary and artistic workers and toward the creation of a business-like
creative atmosphere in collectives.
Tl~e fostering of reasonable demands is an important feature of the socialist way
of life. The 26th party congress paid special attention to the need for a
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purposeful formation of the interests and needs of Soviet people, corresponding
to the tendencies in the formation of communist social relationships. ?~e are
primarily talking about studying the improvements in the demand structur~~ which
~ have taken place during recent years, analyzing the basic tendencies in this
process and the effect of the growth in prosperity on the development of the
" people's spiritual wants, and relying on this analysis formi.ng a series
of ineasures for overcoming the urge for incessant egotistical consumption and
the cult of things.
Literature, art and the mass information media, by helping to strengthen pro-
gressive traditions and the people's reasonable demands, are playing a large role
in the internationalization of such an important component of the socialist way
of life as daily living. Basically, daily living is the same for all the nations
and nationalities forming the Soviet people. At the same time, certain differ-
ences have nevertheless been preserved in this important sphere of the social
life of the different nationalities. National peculiarities in daily living are
caused by the distinctive features of the natural and climatic factors and by
the historical development of the people.
The customs and usages, which are passed on from generation to generation, take
shape spontaneously for the most part. The force of centuries-old traditions
exert a large influence on them. Remnants of the past, such phenomena foreign
to the Soviet way of life as bribery, rudeness, drunkenness, nepotism, bride-
moaey, etc., are still adhered to in daily life. Their relatively large surviv-
ability in the consciousness of individual population groups is caused by the
fact that they are transmitted to the younger generation primarily in a daily
life which has been least of all subjected to public influence. L. I. Brezhnev
has pointed out: "Unfortunately, we still have occasion to often encounter
displays of egoism, money-grubbing and a consuming attitude toward life. It3
would be incorrect to underestimate the danger of these negative phenomena".
The struggle against them forms one of the important tasks of the systematic,
purposeful, political, indoctrinational, and ideological work of party and
other public organizations.
However, as was pointed out in the CPSU Central Committee report to the 26th.
party congress, there are still "those individuals who desire to give less and
to snatch more from the state". Egoism, petty bourgeoisie, acquiring, and
indifference towards the concerns and work of the people appear on the soil of
such a psychology: In this matter, we must be consistently guided by the
instructions of the 26th congress which require that "conscientious workers be
encourage in every way possible and that no loophole4be left for slackers and
bad workers to lead a good life with very bad work".
A very fierce ideological struggle is now taking place around the way of life
Problem. It is connected with the fact that the merits and shortcomin gs of
tl~is or that social system, which are reflected through the way of life prism,
~ arc becoming more evident. It is natural that our party is devoting a lot of
attention to publicizing the socialist way of life and to unmasking bourgeois
fabrications.
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hUlt Uh'H'1(:tAL ~~h UNLY
In examining the leading role of the CPSU in the formation of a Soviet way of
life and in strengthening the unity of the international and the national in its
cl~v~lopment, we see with our own eyes how the scale of the party's transforming
work is being expanded in the pro~ressive movement of our society toward
communism. Based on ::he creative development of Marxist-Lenin ist science and in
close union with the life of the people, the CPSU is directing r:~e activity of
tt~e Soviet people toward the complex solution of all the main tasks in the
construction of communism, including the development of a socialist way of life.
The Soviet way of life not only is acquiring enormous signif icance in creating
the material and spiritual foundations of communism, but is also demonstrating
ever more clearly and fully to all the world the historical advantages uf the
new social system.
FOOTNOES
1. V. I. Lenin, "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy" [Complete Works], Vol 41, p 77.
2. L. I. Brezhnev, "Leniniskim kursom. Rechi, privetstviya, stat'i, vospominan-
iya [A LeninistCourse. Speeches, Greetings, Articles, Rem in iscences], Vol 7,
Muscow, 1979, p 172.
3. Brezhnev, "Leninskim kursom. Rechi i stat'i" [A Leninist Course, Speeches
and Articles Vol 5, Moscow, 1976, p 49.
4. "Materialy XXVI s"yezda KPSS [Materials on the 26th CRSU Congress]~ Moscow,
1981, p 217.
COf'YRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Tsk KPSS "Pravda". "Voprosy filosof ii", 1981.
8802
cso: 1830/291
,
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M'OR ONFIC'IAI. UtiN: ONI,Y
REGIONAL
STATUS OF USSR'S KURDS DISCUSSED
London ARABIA in English No 6,Feb 82 p 26
[Article by Norman Cigar]
[Text] Althuu~;l~ numerically small, the Kurdish mixed settlements in the mainly Muslim Cen-
a~mmunity of the Soviet Union is of tral Asian Republics of Azerbaijan, hazakh-
cunsidcrable interest. Thrse Kurds are rela- stan, Kirghiz~tan, Turkmenistan and Uzhekis-
tivc newcomcrs to the are~, having arrived in tan. Some of the latter were deported from
what was thcn Tsarist Rus~ia during the 18th, the Caucasus to Central Asia in the late 1930s.
19th and early 2Uth centuries as a result of Living as they do in generally fertile agri-
fleeing from various forms of repression in cultural areas, the Kurds have been relatively
]ran and the Ottoman Empire. prosperous with about 60 per cent still work-
The exact number of Kurds now living in ing on the land. However, by force of cir-
the Soviet Union is a matter of some conjec- cumstance, most have had to adapt to their
ture. While the most recent official figure surrounding ethnic environment. By 197U,
avaitable is 116,000 (1979), independent about 56 per cent of Soviet Kurds spoke
sources make the total ~ome three times that another lan~uage besides their own, com-
numher. Soviet estimate~ of minority ethnic pared with a national average of 21.5 per cent
grc~ups are nc~t always reliahle and freyuently who were bilingual. Of this 56 per cerit, twice
appear inron.istent. In thc cace of the Kurds, as many have learned Soviet languages other
part of the inconsistency may arise irom the than Russian (nine times the national aver-
vagaries. of I~~cal pressures on them to register age), indicating assimilation into local society
with other ethnic grours. more than "Russification." Only 88 per cent
Unlike othrr minorities, even smaller of Kurds still consider Kurdish to be their
ones, the Soviet Kurds no longer have a native language, which is below the national
separ~te :+dministrative unit, althouRh a Kur- avcragc.
dish Autone~mous Repuhlic did exist in Cen- A~similatiun has, to somc extent, hcen un-
tral Asia fc~r a~hort time during the 19:Os. in avoidahle. In Centr:il Asia, for ex~~mple,
part, this is due to their geographical disper- Kurds have been prestiurr~~ into c~mf~~rming
sion. both lin~;uistically and culturallv, largcl~~ he-
Ahout 1.5 ~rr cent live in thc Caurasian cause separate ethnic farilitics hs~ve hccn dis-
Repuhfics of Armenia and Georgia, while the a~~ir~i~ed. 1'hc fact that ('en~r.il A~isi is mainh~
remainder arc in huth homu~encaut and Ivluslim has (acilitated thi~ prcuess. Onh~ ah-
out lU per cent of Kurds arc 1'ezidic, the rest
are all either Sunni or Shia Muslim. Though the Soviets claim that religious
distinctions "are used only in the ethnographic aenae," now that "the bulk
of the Soviet Kurds have abandoned religion," it is clear that religious
distinctions still play an important role in the Kurds' identity. Religion
has, for example, hindered assimilation with the non-Muslim population of
Armenia and ~eorgia.
Despite pressure and inducement, however, it seems that Kurdish awareness of
belonging to a wider community has by no means been entirely erased. While
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Soviet Kurds may have developed along different paths from their fellow Kurds
in the Middle East, they retain strong emotional ties. Most Soviet Kurds
still know the names of the villages and tribes left behind when they
migrated. They listened closely to the prograrames broadcast by the rebel
Iraqi Kurdieh radio when it was in operation. Individuals are reported to
be eager to contact the Syrian and Iraqi Kurdish students who visit the Soviet
Union and there are even reports that Mustafa Barzani's pl-.otograph could be
found in many Soviet Kurdish homes.
It is, perhaps, not altogether surprising that the most self-aware and cul-
turally signif icant Kurdish community is to be found in Armenia. Kurdish
language and literature are taught in school, a daily newspaper and books
(printed in the Cyrillic alphabet used for Russian) are published, and Kurdish
radio progra~es are broadcast. Kurds in Armenia en~oy a high standard of
education and are well represented in the Party and administration.
In fact, the Kurds of Armenia have produced a number of intellectuals who
have made signif icant contributions to Kurdish studies. There are several
flourishing research institutes devoted to this field which have provided
study facilities for Kurds from the Middle East, thus boosting Kurdish self-
awareness and culture among the larger Kurdish community.
The Soviet authorities have actually encouraged these study centres, which not
-only serve as centres of attraction for non-Soviet Kurds but provide useful
information for government policymakers considering the question of "Kurdistan."
Given the small number of Kurds in the Soviet Union, it seems u:ilikely that
the authorities see them as a serious threat. However, something which might
cause concern to the Soviet regime would be the challenge based on religion
in which the Kurds might unite with.their more numerous fellow Muslims.
CSO: 1812/54 g~
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