JPRS ID: 8679 USSR REPORT RESOURCES

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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 66
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• Sequence Number: 38
• Content Type: REPORTS

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24 SE1~TEI~ER l.9T9 ( FOUO 231T9 ~ i OF i
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JPRS L/8679
24 September 1979
USSR Re ort .
p
~ ry
' RESOURCES
CFOUO 23/79) -
Fg~$ FOREIGN BROADCASl" INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPR5 L/8679
24 5eptember 1979
USSR REPORI
RESOURCES r
(rouo 23/79j
,
CONTENTS PAGE
FUELS~,`AND REZATED EQUIPMENT
Economics, Organization, Administration of Soviet Gas Industry
~ (T. I. Bo,opol'skaya, et al.; GAZOVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST~,
SERIYA: EKONOMIKF., ORGANIZATSIYA I UPR,AVLENIYE V
GASOVOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI, No 2, 1979) 1
Preliminary Results of Geologic Exploration Work
(I. A. Blinnikov, et al.; GAZOVAYA PROMYSHI~NNOST', r_
SERIYA GEOLOGIYA, BURENIYE I RAZRABOTKA GAZOVYKH
MESTOROZHDENIY, No 10, 1979) 30
Inverted-Emu]_sion Drilling Muds Urged for Tyurnen' Oilfields
(A. V. Kaz~min, et al.; BURENIYE, No 7, 1979) 36
Methods for Selecting Drill~.ng-Mud Types
(N. I. Krysin, et al.; BURENIXE, Jul 79) � 39
ELECTRIC POWER AND POGdER EQUIPMENT
Itat-Novokuznetsk 1150 kV Experimental Electrotransmission
Substa~tion
(G. K. Vishnyakov, et al.; ENr~RGETICHESKOYE STROITEL~
STVO, Jul 79) ...............................o......... 4~!
New Transformers for Coa1 Mine Power Suppli~s
(V. I. Sizonenko, et al.; PROMYSHLENNAYA ENERGETTKA,
Jul 79) 54
Agricultural Electrification AchiEVements, Problems Noted
(D. T. Komarov; GIDROiEK~~1ICHESKAYA STROITEL~STVO,
Jul 79) 58
- a- jIII - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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FUCLS AND RELATED EQ[TIPM~i~TT
� , �
'i
~ , UDC 622.691.4
ECONOMICS, ORGANI'LATION, ADMINISTRATION OF SOVIET GAS INDUSTRY
Moscow G9GOVAYA PROMYSHI.ENNOST', SERIYA: EKONOMIKA, ORGAIJIZATSIYA I
UPRAVLFNIYE V GASOVOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI in Russian No 2, 1979 pp 1-27
[rionograph by T, I. Bogopol'skaya, L. F. T~inetskaya, et al., VNIIEgazprom] ~
[Text] The dynamics of the basic technical-economic
indices pertaining to the de~~elopment and operation of
the sy~tem for transporting natural gas in Tyumenskaya
� Oblast are discussed in this survey. It cites an
analysis ct the structure and effectiveness of capital ,
investments and fixed assets; provided an evaluation
of the influence exerted by the basic trends in -
scientific-technical progress in the tran$por.tation
of gas upon the level of the economic indices under
the conditi~~ns of Western Siberia. It defines the
future pro~pects for the further development of the
system of.~the mainline transportation in the region
being cc~nsidered.
- Authors of the survey: T, I. Bogopol'skaya, L. F,
Linetskaya, V. V. Tandalov, G. N. Deriba, V. G.
Prokopets
- Table of Contents
General Description of the Development and Operation
of the Gas--Transportation System During 1970-1977. 1
Analysis of the Use of Material-Technical and Manpower Resources. G
Fixed Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Manpower Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Development of the Gas-Transporting System of Western Siberi~
Up Until 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Liter.ature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ,
1
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u
lluring the c~:xrent ~iVe--yeax pex:Lod and ~.n the ],ong~kex~m y~ew Tyumenslcaya
Oblast will Ue our country~s basic supp~ier oP. gas, a reg:Lon wh~.ch, prac~
tically spe.ak3.ng, will prov~de the enti.re increase in gas extracrion.
This gives importance to the influence exerted by the technical-economic
indices pertaining to the development of this region upon their leval for
the entire branch.
This work is devoted to an analysis o~ the`~7evel and dynamics of the
technical-economic ind~~es pertaining to the mainline transporting of gas
und'er conditions of Western Szberia. Since the volumes of transportation
of casing-head gas are insignita:cant, this work will consider the basic `
technical-economic indices pertaining to the operation'~of that sy.stem
without a detailed analysis.
General Description of the Development and Operation of the
Gas-Transportation System During 1970-1977
~ During recent years a typical feature in the development of the gas
inc~ustry has been the worsening of a number of the basic technical-economic
indices. This is explained by a decrease in the volumes of gas extraction
in the central and southern rayons and by the shifting of the basic centers
oF gas extraction to the eastern part of the country, with its unfavorable
natural and climatic conditions and its weak economic development. Main-
' line transportation of gas is no exception in this regard.
Dur.ing 1970-1977 the return on investments in the branch decreased by
31n~ost one-half; the costs of transporting 10,000 cubic meters of gas
increased by 1.5 tirnes; and labor productivity, practically speaking,
remained at the same level, The same sitt~ation was created with regard
to the Tyumentransga z Association (Table 1). With an increase in labor
productivity during 1971-1977 by a factor,of almost 2, the return on invest-
ment dropped by 42 percent, the costs of transporting 10,000 cubic met~rs
of gas increased by 55 percent, and the costs per unit of transportation
work has had a tendency toward reduction.
It should be noted that the worsening of the basic technical-economic
indices occurs despite the high rates of development of the~gas-transporting
_ s}~stems. For Mingaspram as a whole, the volume of the gas to be transported ~
increased during 1970-1977 by a factor of 1.8; for the Tyumentransgaz
Associati~n, by a factor o~ 6.9. Usually an increase in the volumetric
, indices leads to a relative improvement in the economic indices. However,
in the transportation o~ gas this does not occur. This ~s explained by
the increase in the distance in transporting,the gas, and by the construc-
tion ~ind activation of systems in rayons with unfavorable conditions from--
rhe point of view of economic geography.
The development of the system of gas pipelines "Northern Rayons of
Tyumenskaya Oblast (SRTO)--Urals" in Western Siberia began with the activation
2
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~ in earl.y 1966 0~ its ~i.x'st sectox the .~gr~~--Serov~ gas p~ipel~ne, which
was intended,Por supply~ng the industrial enterprises and cities in the
Northern Urnls, 'The gas was ~ed ~rom the ~'unginskoye, Berezovskoye, and ~
Igrimskoye Deposits. The gas pipeline was constructed of pipes:with a
diameter o~ 1020 millimeters, and had a total length of 525 kilometers.
The second sector of the SRTO--Urals system the "Serov--Nizhniy Tagil"
gas pipeline, with a total length of 223 kilometers and with pipes
1020 millimeters in diameter, and the "Nizhnyaya Tura--Perm pipeline,
with a total length of 114 kilometers and a diameter of 1020 milli.meters
were activated respectively in 1966 and 1969; the third sector of.the
system the "Medvezh~ye-Nadym-Punga" gas pipeline was activated in
1972. A 571-kilometer sector of the Nadym-Punga gas pipeline was made of
pipes with a diameter of 1220 millimeters. During the construction of the
sector of the Medvezh'ye-Nadym gas pipeline, with a total length of 101.3
kilometers, pipes with a diameter of 1420 millimeters, designed to operate
at a working press of 75 kilogram-force per square centimeter, were used
for the first time in the Soviet Union.
The Medvezh'ye-Nadym-Punga gas pipeline, together with the existing gas
pipelines Igrim-Serov--Nizhniy Tagil and Nizhnyaya Tura--Perm' formed
the completed first phase of the system, which, in 1972, began to tr.ansport
gas from.the Medvezh'ye deposit. The construction of the second phase of
the system was begun in 1972, with the Punga-Urals sector, with a total
length af 616 kilameters and diameter of 1220 millimeters. The Nadym-Punga
sector, with a lenth of 538.8 kilometers and a diameter of 1220 millimeters,
was handed over for operation in 1974. The third sector of that phase
the Medvezh'ye-Nadym gas pipeline with a diameter of 1~+20 millimeters,
was turned over in 1975.
,
In 1975 a third phase was activated. This phase includes the Punga--
Nizhnyaya Tura sector, with a 1220-mm diameter and a length o~ 573
kilometers and the Nadym-Punga sector, with a 1420-mm diameter and length
of 596 kilometers. In 1976 one branch of the Punga-~luktyl gas pipeline
was activated. Thus, as or 1 January 1978, 5533.3 kilometers ~f gas
pipeline were in operation (Table 2). The natural gas of,'Tyumenskaya
Oblast is transported flver a system of pipelines from the Medvezh'ye
deposite to Punga, then some of the natural gas is sent to the Urals and
from there to the European part of the country, and ttie rest of it to Ukhta.
In 1977, 13 compressor stations with a capacity of 1,541,600 kilowatts were
in operatiori in the [~Test Siberian gas~tran~porting system. The KS [compres-
sor stations] have been'provided, for the most part, with units of. the
GT-750-6 and GTK-6-750 type, but during the current five-year period the
- newly activated shops are being supplied with units with increased capacity:
- 10,000, 16~,~000, and 25,000 kilowatts. The indices pertaining to the KS
are shown in Table 4. The receipts of ga'~ and its distribution to the
customers are shown in Table 4.
In addition to the transportation o~ natural ga~`in Western Siberia, since
1975 there has been carried otit the transportation of casing-head gas in
3
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insi~nificant quanti.ty (Table 5), The total length of the system is
194 kilometers.
Table 1
Basic Technical-Economic Tndices Pertaining to the
Tyumentransgaz PO [Production Association]
(1)~ ; ~ IIoxhs~xe~as (1) ' ' ' ' ' - . . . . , .
� � . . T970 ~ '~I97I ~ I972 I973 ~ ~ I974 I975 I9?6~ ~ I977
- 06~ea gga~cuo~rrapyee~oro rasa~ . � ~ ~ , ~ ~ � . �
~PA�~ (3) , . � � . . 8~7 8,7 I0.7 � I4~6 2I~7~ 3T~5 4I.8 59~3
06ves~ Tpaac~oprR9 gpadoTx~ ' ~
Y~ ~PA�~ (4)� � 6,3 :~6;4 , 8~9~ I9~I,. .'26~3 39~4 5I,9 69~7
IIparrnteaxocrs ~aa~~Tpa.~abtz I306 'I556 2260~~ ~305I ...3559~~ , 4443 , 5T60 5533
resonposouas, xrr ~ ~
CpEJ(EIAR AOCTb Tp8HCII0PT8 ~ ' ~ � ' �
rasa ~ Y~~ . . . 693 ' 696 � ~ 798' : II05 . II48 . II9I ~ ~ I250 . IT'15
Ko~tecl~~u:(7) . ' , ~ ' � , ~ ~ ' � ~ �
KC (g) . , , ~ . 5 ~ 5 7 8: . 9 . 9 IO ~ I3
xoMnpeccop~ax uezaB ~9) ~ 5 5 - 7 � II ' I6 � ~ 22 28 ~34
rdL9 (1~ ) � ~ : . ~ 25 ' 28 ~ , 39. : . . 64 . 106 I36 ~ ~ ' I6I 204
b~OLqH00Tb HC~ 2~~to.itBT (11) ~ I23,7' �~.I4I;8.~:�~..' 207~8 357,8;:~ 573~6''~ 753~6 I087~6 ~ T54T~6~
~tcAexROCra - soero,: eeA.~ (l~)~ II43 I26I . ~ .`I482� ~ ~T8I8 ; . `2235 ~ 2732 � ; 34I5 , . A330
B Tos~ ~cana s rpa~anopre'~ra.~~a(1"3) 879 943 II20 I4II~~ ; I706 20I8 2486 3I43 ~
ITpOH3B0A$TB.JlbH~CTb ~T~T~~'~14~ � ~ � . , ' ~ ~ ' , � .
rartK.M9~qert.� , ~ ~ . 9~8~~: 9,2 . : 9~5 I0~4�'.' I2~7'� I5,6 � 'I6~8 � ~ I8~9
wtpA.w �ftN1~49A.t~15) . ' 7.i ' - 6~? , 8,0 .I2,I~,: I5~~ : I9~5'.; 2I~J, 22;2:
4ot~,u,oor7r~~a, w3/py6, (16) 50~7 56~6' 28~0 26~6~~. 25~4 25,4 ~ 25,8 ~ 29~3
Ce6ecTOttlaocTa Tpaxcaopra ~rasa,'� ~1.7, ) � � , ~ ~ . ; . � .
pY6/IOOQO Mg I5,28~'`'..:I5,03.:~'.. 20.6~,'; 25~36.~' 25~64~~ .'25~08 24~56 23~68
p3�6~yt,ipA,w3.x~ ~18) ; 2~I3~=~'~ 2,07' ' 2~4a ; 2~I7 ~ 2~I2' 2~OI . . 2,00 . 2~02
Key: 1. Indices
2. Years
3. Volume of gas transported, billion cubic meters
4. Volume of transportation work, 1000 billion cubic meters x kilometers
5. Total length of main gas pipelines, kilometers
6. Average distance of transporting the gas, kilometers
7. Number of:
8, KS [compressor stations]
9. compressor shops
10, GPA [gas-pumping units] .
11. Capacity of KS, thousands o~ kilowatts ~ ~
, 12. Total number of personnel
13. Tncluding, in the transportation of gas
14, Labor productivity, millions of cubic meters per person
15, billions of cubic meters x kilometers per person
16. Return on investment, cubic meters per ruble
17. Cos't of transporting the gas, rubles per '10,000 [sic] cubic meters
18. Rubles per billion cubic meters x kilometers
. ~
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tti
Table 2
Total Length of West Sibera,an System for Transportation
of Natural Gas, as of 1 January 1978
. . . . . � . , . �
_ ' ' � ~ roA IIpo~rxaexxocTb. xM, nps maer~eTpe. ~ uM . ~
~ I'a3onpoHOA � Bao,~a . �
I420 I220 I020 720~ eosro (4)
~ ~ ,
(5) ?~eAeeatse-Ha,~ I ~ . I972 IOI~,3~ ~ - I7,I . � - ' II8;4 , .
( 6) � Ha,~e-ITyxra I I972 . 3~ 7 579 ~ 0. 53, 4~ I2, 9 655, 7;
( 71 He,~e~-IIyxra II ' ; ~ , I974 , : . - ' , 543 ~ 3 , 27 ~ 7 - 57I, p
~8 j ~ , ?Irpx.b-l~y~sa . ~ I966 ~ - . ' 36,6 - ~ 36;6` ~
(9) ' Nrp~rn-Cepos-H.Tarxn I966 I06.9 755~7 , 23;3 885~9 �
{ x0 ) CPTO-Ype~t II I974 ~ 762 ~ 7 30 ~ I ~ 792; 8,~.
(11) H.Typa-Aepn~ I ta II I969 : - - II4~q - II4,0 ~
~12~ Me,~en~e-H~ee II � I975 ' 97~0 - ~IB~I , IIS,I ~
~13~ Ha~~un~-IIyxra-H.Typa m I975 54I,8 6II,8 ~ 57~9 ~ I2II~5._ ,
~14~ IIyxra-By~rraA II . I976 289~0� ~ ~ , 5~2' . 2Jq,2 .
~15~ . Ypexrott-Ha1~e I I977 .83.4 - ~ 6,g.~. _ g~~~ -
~~-6~ Ht~n~-IIyxra IY I976 54I.3 2q~q . - 568.7
' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ �
- ~4~ � B c e r'o , ' I663~5 2603~7 rII50,I 36 0 5533~3~~. ~
.
~ . ~ ' ' ~ - ~ � ~ : ~ , , .
(17) 3E~ g TOM ~C~'ie OTBOJ$1 H~I`830IIPOBOJ~i ~f8h12TpOM� 529' e+~e $ eae~me-
80 ~ 02 Ft~t. . ~ : . ~ , . � . . . N . .
Key: l, Gas pipeline
2. Activati~n year
3. Total length, kilometers, with diameter, in iniZlimeters:
4. Total ,
5. Medvezh'ye-Nadym I
6. Nadym-Punga I
7. Nadym-Punga II
8. Igrim-Punga
9. Igrim-Serov--Nizhniy Tagil
~A. SRTO-Urals TI j`~
11. Nizhnyaya Tura-Pexzn' I and i~T
12, Medvezhtye-Nadym II
13. Nadym-Punga--Nizhnyaya Tura TII
14. Punga--Vuktyl IT
15. Urengoy-Nadym I
16. Nadym-Punga IV
17. Includiiig offsets and gas pipeline~~ L=ith a diameter of 529 mi11i-
meters or less 80.02 kilometers.
5
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Table 3
TnformaCion Pertai.ning to Compx'essor Stations in the
Tyumentxansgaz P0, as of 1 January 1978 ~
l~ ' 2 3 ~ ,~4 . 5 , � ,8 � �
KoMnpeccopxax � IIex Bpee+.~ . fix.u ycaa- Hom~ecTBO~ . Moul- ,
' � cTa~ ~ Bao7~ xaBne:t~tx . ~ TIIA ' � ~ xoc~
~ : (rnecxtl, arperaTOS ~
roR) . . Bce o ycT - rea.xBr
' . . � , . . . HoB7i@-
. . . , xo � .
~ g ~ THC-IIaxro~. � : A I2. I9?7 ITH-I6 ~ , 4 � . � , 64 ; ,
, (i~~ Ha~ . A IO.I976~ I'Tf{-25Yf . ;:,,..3; . ' 3 ?5 .
~ TioAr-ifiax., . A. I2.I973 I'T-6-750:~ ~ 6~ 6 36: �
60
� : ~ ~ B � OI.I9,5 ~ IT-6-750 : 6: . ~ '6 ~ .
� . . , B OI.1977 ~ I'~K-I0-4 6 � , 6 , ~ .
' ~ : I' I2.I97.7 I'TK-I0. ; 6 , 6; ~p ~ .
~~.2) � CoP9.~:.1 , ~ : . , A' ~ 08.I974 IT-6-750.,: 6.~ . , 6 � ~ ,
. ; � , 5 09.I975 IT~-?50, 6; : . 6' ' 36
~ ~ B ' IO.I976 . TTK-2,~1i: 3', 3 . ' .75.
(~13) � ; A . T2.I972 . IT-6-750.� , . 6 ~ . . . 6 � 36.. � .
~ ,
. ~ ~ � � . B 07. I975 TT-6-750 . 6 ~ . 6 ' 36 ~ ,
. ' ~ ' . . . ~ . B OI.I977. ~ ITK-I0-4 ~ 8 . ~ 6 . 80 . '
~ . . , ~ . � I' IO.I977 . TTK-IO:...~.7�. , 6 ^,70' ' :
~ 14 ~ HC-I ~ IIysra ~ . A~ ~ I2.I972 , . IT-6-750 6 . , 6 ` 36 ~
~ ; � ~ ' B OI.I975 ~ TT-6-7b0 . ~ 6: . 6 � 36
~15~ KC-3 HoMOOt,ewiscxa,x A I2.I967 . I'T-6-750;~; .5. ~ . ~ ';5 . 30
: ~ . " ~ ~ 5 I2.I972 I'T-6-750 ~ ~ 6 ~ : ~ 6 ~ 36 ' ~
. . ~ ~ . . B " I2.I975 IT-6-750,'. '.6 6 � ' 36. . . ~
~ 16~ . HC-4 .IIe~e~t ~ A Q9.I97~ IT-fi-750: , 5. ' S : ~ . 30 ~ :
. ~ ~ B ~ I0.1974 TT-6--750.:. 6 6� , 36 ~ ~ .
� . . B Q7.I976 I'f-6-750 , 6 ~ ~ 6 . 36 :
~17) KC-5 Hazte.~ A 04.I967 ~ TT-700-5 5. 5 ' 2I.25
� . � ~ r ~ � ' E 02.I973 TT-750-6 ` 9 : ' 9 ~ 54 . ~
. . ' ~ , . ; ~ B , 02.I976� IT-6-750 .6 6. ~ ~ '36�.
(18) HC-8 I(paoxaryps$xos 06.I967 ,I'5-700-5 ; 5 � . 5 ' 2I~25.
. . � . . . ~ ' ' B Q9. I974 IT-75U-6 , g ~ ~ 9 S4 .
� ~ . . , ~ B IO.I976 ITK-I6 3 ~ 3 . , 48''
Key: l. Compressor station; 2. Shop: A="a", B="b", V="c"; G="d";
3. Activation time (month, year); 4. Type of units installed;
5. Number of GPA.; 6. Total; 7. Installed; 8. Capacity of KS,
thousands of k~.lowatts; 9. GKS-Pailgody; IO. Nadym; 11. Long-Yugan;
- 12. Sorum; 13. Kazym; 14. KS-1 Punga; 15. KS-3 Komsomol'skaya;
16. KS-4 Pelym; 17. KS-5 Ivdel~; 18. I:S-6 Krasnotur'insk.
6
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, . Tab~e 3, cont~nued
. ~ .
. ,~i~., . ~2~ ~3~ , , . )
Hon~u~ecc~o aaq uex B~e~ Tan ycTa- n~c~o Mo~-
c ax B oAa xosne~rx AOCTb
� (e~r ~R, arperaTOB Hcero yoTa- xC,
. . . � , . . . . 1 . ~ ~6,; A~o~g~ ~tc.xBT
/
9~ F(C-7 H. Typ2 ~ A~ I0.1968 IT-700-5 5 . 5~- 2I ~ 25
B� 08. I973 I'T-750-fi 6 ~.".6 36 '
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ' B ' I0. I975 ~ IT-750-6 ~ 6 6 ' 3G .
�(10) AKC (s IIyxre) ~ _ ~ . 6~(-8 . 9 9 ' . ' I7,8 ~
' (11) IIpgno.nxpxaR ~ B 09:I977, , ITK-I0. ' 8 ' 6 ~ ~ 8p
(12)' CooaBHxoxaq B~' I2.I977 I'I'K-IO g 6 60 ,
. (13)IIeperpe6soe ~ I''.04.I977. I'TK-IO 8 r; ~g~ ~ gp ~ ~
(14a HTOra r.r^_ 34-----------204--I84 -I54I~6 .
. . . . . , . . ~ . . ~ ~ � . . .
Key: 1. Compressor station
2 . Shop : A, B ~ V ~ G respectively = "a," ~~b ~ '~C ~ ~~d'~
3. Activation time (mvnth, ye;ar)
4. Type of units installed
5. Number of GPA
6. Total
7. Installed
8. Capacity of KS, thousands of kilowatts
9. KS-7, Nizhnyaya Tura
10. DKS [supplemental compressor station?] (in Punga)
11. Pripolyarnaya
12. Sos'vin~kaya
13. Peregrebnoye
14. Tatal
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Table 5
v � �
Technical-Economic Ind~ces Pertaining to the Development and
Operation of the System~ ~or Transporting Casing-Head, Gas
~ ~ F1) ' IIoxasa~re~ ~ ; . . . , ~ .
: ~ � . , . . � . . : I975':' : ~ . ~.I976 . .I977
~3~ ' OdaeM'Tpaaoaopr$pyee~oro.rasa,� e~npA.e~g ~ . . : ; ..O,T13 ~I.682 ' . ~ .~2~462
; ~4~..~ Od~eee,TpaACnoprao~ pa6orx. ~tnpA.~9�~e . ~ . '.Y50,0. ~;:326,0 - 400.03
' ~ 5 ~ . ~ LIxanesxooTb ' pa6or~ucaB, eea. . ' . � . . 35 ~ ~ : 74 . ' .96 '
~6~. ~ YAe~xs~ ~coneaxooTa (aa I00 x~a), ~cen.' ` ; . . IS , 43 ' � ~ 45
� ITpOR3B01~0JII~A0CTb Tpyl(~~ ~PA.ea9/qea:..�: 22.I . 22 ~ 7 . � . 2I ~ 5 -
{.`g~~ CTODIMOCTb OCHOB~i7C IIpOH9B0ACiB0AF~i7C ~Ofl~ ~ ' ~ � � � ' '
Aon.. Nutft. pyd. 27, 0..: 27_.4 � 29 ~ ~
(~3)'. ~oxAOO~rltaea. n~s/pYd � � 2g.7 ` " 61.4' - . ~~z:. '
~1�~~.. C0Q0CTOHMOCTb TpfiH0A0pf0. IWO Wg~I`89a~~ . : _ . i' � . � ~ '
. py6. � ~ , . ' I5.66 . _ T0.83 . . . II~42 .
~1~-) Odbe~t peamcsoBax~o~.nPo~x~ ~�Pp6,_� � . . . 6~2 ~ ' _ I3,4 4I.3 ,
Key: 1. Indices
2. Years
3. Volume~of gas transported, billi~ns of cubic meters ~
~ 4. Volume of transportation work, billions of cubic meters x
kilometers .
5. Number of workers
6. Specific number of personnel (per 100 kilometers) ,
~ 7. Labor productivity, billions of cubic meters per person
8. Value of fixed production assets, mi~llions of rubl'es
9. Return on investment, cubic meters per ruble
10. Costs of transporting 1000 cubic meters of gas, rubles ~
11. Volume of sold output, millions of rubles
_ Throughout the period of existence of the sysrem, there has been no change _
'f in its total length. Gas is fed from the petroleum deposits in the
Central Ob' area to the ciry of Surgut. The Surgutskaya GRES is the
consumer of the casing-head gas. That GRES will be the basic consumer of the
casing-head gas within the immediate and distant future. When operat~ing
at full capacity, the Surgutskaya GRES will consume approximately 12 billiori':~
cubic meters o~ gas.
As a result of the fact that th%~ total~ length of tfie system and the,,volumes
of transporting casing-head gas are insignificant, no detailed analysis ot
its technical-economic indices is provided in this survey.
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Analysis o� the Use o� Matex~al~Techni.cal and Manpower Resources
F~.xed Assets
The trc::sportation of gas pertains to Che capital-intensive subbranches
of industry. In the value of the production assets, fixed assets constitute
98.5-99.5 percent (Table 6). The ef�ectiveness of the use of the fixed . -
~ assets determines the level of costs of gas transportation. Therc~fore we.
sha11 d~vell in more detail in the arialysis of their use. ,
~ Table 6
Str,icture of Production Assets of the Tyumentransgaz PO
. ' , H9 Rfl48]IO I'O,qA ~ '
QaxasaTem I972 ' � I973 I974 ~ I975 ~ ' I976 �
~ Txo.pyb. ~ Tec:pyb. ~ T~a.pyd. ~ abc.pyb. ~ruua.pyd. ~ , ~
IIpoaaHOziaT- ' ' ' . . ' . .
eeat~e ~o~i- � ' '
~cero 24I033 I00~0 452740 I00,0..7III25 I00~0 I205987 I00~0 I526I68 I00~0

~ H rorn excae; : , . ,
oor~oHrn~a 237~198 98~5 448857 99.I;;706I09 99~3.I200645 '99.5 15I9033 99;5
o6opoTxt+e 3535',~~ I~~ _3887 0~9 50I6 : 0~7 5342 ' 0~5 , 7I35 0~5
Key : 1. Indices I9'17 I978 '
2. As of the beginning of the year T~o�py6. z reo.pyd. ~
3. Thousands of rubles ~ .
4. Production assets, total 2035849 I00~0 24I9949 I00~0
5. Including: ' ~ ~ ~ ~ _
6. F ix ed 2026476 99~5 2407044 99~5 . �
7. Working 9373 0~5 ' I2905 0~5 ~
As o~ the beginning of 1978, the value of fixed assets at the Tyumentransgaz
PO constituted 2,407,000,000 rubles, which is 10 times greater than in
1972, and 24 times greater than in 1966. The~average annual rate of increase �
was 148 percent.
This high rate of activation of fixed assets of enterprises in mainline
transportation is linked with the economy1s growing need for natural gas.
How:ver, it should be noted that the rate of growth in the value of the fixed
ass~ts is considerably outstripping the rate of growth in the volume of gas
be ng transported; this is linked wa.th the increase i.n th~~ d3stance required
for transporting the gas. Whexeas, pri.or to 1972, gas was fed from ~the ~
Igrimskaya group of deposits (693 ki.lometers), since 1972 it has been fed from
the Medvezh'ye deposit: the average d3stance for transporting the gas has
increased to 1175 kilometers.
The outstripping rate of growth of value of the fixed assets, as compared with
the growth rates for the volume of gas to be transported, has had an~undesiravle
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' eEtect upon the indices pertain~,ng to the~x use (Tab].e 7). First of
all, there has been a drop j,n the index pertaining to return on i.nvestment.
Whereas in 1970 it constituted 50.7 cub~.c meters pex ruble, in 1977 it wa~
only 29.3 cubic meters per ruble, that is, dropped by a factor of
. 1 In monetary terms, this index constituCed, respectively, 0.86 and
1.~ ' ~
0.25 rubles per~ruble, that is, the decrease as compared with the physical
indPx of return on investment is even more considerable. The nonconformity
of the growth rates for the volume of gas to be pumped and the value of the
fixed assets was influenced not only by the increase in the distance
. required for transportation of the gas, but also by the lag in the activation
of the campressor-station capacities behind the activatic~n of the line part
i.tself, and, as a result, the use of the gas pipeline at less than full
capacity. For example, in 1975, when the lowest level of return on invest-
ment was obtained, practically all the sectors of the gas pipeline were
Ueing used at less than full capacity as a consequence of the incomplete
providio.n with compressor stations and the insufficient use of the existing
capacities.
When considering the structure of the f.ixed assets of Tyumentransgaz Associ-
ati_on (Table 8), it can be noted that the share oF the assets (gas pipelines
and gas-pumping units [GPA]) in the total value of the enterprise fixed
assets is very large 70-80 percent. The effectiveness of the use of
this part of the funds, basically, is what determines the level of return
on investment.
An analysis of the structure of the fixed assets by the production-line
administrations for the main ~as pi.peline (LPUMG) indicated that a relatively
large percentage (from 3 to 10 percenC) is occupied by the fixed assets of
the auxiliary and maintenance.services. On the average for the association,
the percentage of. the fixed assets in those services as of 1 January 1978
constituted 3.7 percent. These services include: steam-and-water supply,
electrical supply, transportation, and communication. Also carried on the
enterprises' balance sheet are roads with a total value of more than 45
million rubles (1.9 percent of the total va1L.e of the production assets).
This is explained by the weak economic development of the area, the lack of
centralized providing of various types of services, and, as a consequent, the
necessity of developing the corx'esponding services at the gas-transportation
enterprises. For exa~ple, as much as 6.5 percent of the fi:ted production
assets can be transferred to the balance sheet of the enterprises in the
electrical-engineering in3ustry and specialized transportation and other
enterprises; that woul.d make it possible to achieve a cor~responding increase
in the return on investment at the gas-transportation enterprises. Despite
the cansiderable increase in the value of thP fixed assets under conditions
of Tyumenskaya Ob~ast, the level of return on investment in the Tyumentrans-
gaz P0, thanks to the use of pipes with increased diameter and those
operating at high pressure,is higher than the average for the branch.
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Tab~.e 7
Tndices o~ USe o~ ~~xed ~~s~~s oR ~yume,n.~xanSgaz ~0 Dux~ng 1970.-1977 _
. ~ , 2, Tam+ . , � . ,
- (1) IIoxaaATemt ~ � ,
~ � , ~ , I970 ; . I97I, .'.I972 . , I973: ; I974 ~ I975 , I976 ~ I977
CpeAtteroAoBart oTOxe~tocT~..oasoB~na(�3): � . ~ . ' ' � '
npoaaBO~ccTBexxxx cpo~toB;, w~.py6.,,:,,I44.6 I60~I ~~'.38I~7.~~~ 560~5 .~'.;854~7 '.:I239.7 ,,I624,I , 2022,6
~ur~cooT~ea npo~mn gxaapoasBO~-. . ' , . . . . , , ;
aTBe,~~x ~~oH: c4g, , . . ~ . . _ .
pYd/PY6�~5). . p~gg , 0.43 1: 0~30.~~: 0,32�,. 0~28: 0~23, 0~24 0,2E
.
, M3/PY9~ (6) 5p~7 , 56;6 2g,p. 26~6.', 25,4 � 25~4 2~,~8 29,3
THO.M XM/PYd..(7) , ~ ~'`43~0 39~7. ~ ~;.23?4'~ ~~30~5 , 30~8 3I~8 ' 3IN9; 34~5
~OH~IOQ~{~ 9g& gRTHHHOR Q80TId;c~10H~' � . ~ , . . . ~ , . �
AOB : l O J . . , ~ , . , - ~ . , . ~ ' ~
pY6/PY6� ~9) . T~I9 0~6I . 0,43 0~36 � 0~32~ 0.27 , 0~30 0~3R
M3IPYd,(1.0) ~ ' . ~ . . , 63~0 , ~~.~�77~7, ~ ~ 33~3� 28.9 , 30,7 ~ .2g~g ~ . , 32~3 , 36~6
, Tyo.M9�,~/~ya.(ilj. ~ . "'59,6 � .56.5' ~ ,27.9: ~:,.33,8 , : ~~37;2 . . , 37.I, �,.;40~T , 43,I
. . . . . , . .
Key; 1. Indices ,
2. Xears
~ 3. Average annual value o~ f3xed production assets, millions of
rubles
4. Return on investment o~ indusCrial~production assets:
5. rubles per ruble
6. cubic meters per ruble
7. thousands of cubic meters x kilometers per ruble ~
8. Return on investment of assets [as opposed to liabilities]
9. rubles per ruble . ~
10. cublc meters per ruble
11. thousands of cubic meters x kilometers per ruble
It should be noted that the level for return on investments, as computed on ,
the basis of the volume oP transportation work, that 3s, with a consideration
o'' the gas-transportation distance~ has been rising since 1972. During _
the five-year period it increased by 54 percent. In this connection one
si~ould support the hypothesis expressPd by a number of economists [1, 2]
concerning the use, in the mainline transportat3.on of gas, of the index of
volume of transportation woxk as being Che 3ndex that reflects most completely
the efforts exerted by the col.lective at the enterprises and that excludes
the influence exerted upon the technica].Peconomic indices by the distance of
;as transportation, and one sfiould change over to the permanent planning and
statistical accountfing o~ tfie 1eve1 0~ this index �or a11 associations and
~PiTMG .
For purpose of locating reserves fox increas3ng the volume of gas to be
transpor~ed, a more detailed analys~.s was made of the ~und assets: the line
part of the gas p3pelines and tfie gas~pumping uniCs.
As is shown by an analysis oP the use of the capacity of the gas~transporting
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system as o~ 1 Januaxy~ 1.9~$ ~ th.~ handl.~.ng c~pac~,Cy~ o~ the system o~ gas
pipelines, expxessed ~n Ce~s o~ ~ompl,eCe capac~Cy~ (Chxe~e sepaxa~e ~.ines) ,
on individual sectars o~ tRe Nadym~~unga gas p~peline ~s d~.f~erent: �rom
191 to 172 milliori cubic metexs per 24~houx per3od. Actually, however, the
gas pipeline can handle on each sector 172 mill3on cubic meters per 24-hour
period, plus the expenditure of gas ~or the own needs of the preceding KS.
Accorciing to data provided by the Gas--TransportaCion Section of Tyumennii-
giprogaz, the computed eff3.ciency with regard to the capacity of Che sectors
varies from 0.90 to 0.94 (Table 9). Considering the Pact tha~ the gas
fed into the sysrem is not quality-srandardized, the actual productivity
of the system of its efficiency will be even lower. In 1978 the efficiency
of the secrors which characterizes the dirt content in the interior cavity
of the pipe changcd from 0.81 ta 0.96. Putting it another way, one of
the directions to be taken in improving the operating conditions of the ,
gas pipelines and i~ncreasin.g their handling capaciCy is the improvement of
its preparation in the oil field and the careful cleaning.of the pipe cavity
by the handling sectors. However, for the Medvezh'ye depcsit, whe~.: Che gas
contains an insignficant quantity of heavy hydrocarbons, the expenditures to
extract them prove to be so great that they do not repay themselves by a
reduction in the expenditures in the transportation o� the gas. Computations
have shown that the additional expenditures to improve the preparation of
the gas ~or the Medvezh'ye deposit will be substantiated if the hydraul.Ic
efficiency for that reason will be increased by no less than 4 percent.
A reserve for increasixig the handling capacity of the system is the installa-
tion oF air-cooling apparatus (AVO). As has been shown by computation for
rhe three individual lines of the SRTO-Urals gas pipeline (Tab1e 1.0), an
. insignificant increase in the productivit�y of th~ gas pipeline (increase by
3-S percent) is accompanied, practically speaking, by the sam~e increase 3.n
expenditures. If the productivity of the sysCem is increased by less than
3 percent, the 1eve1 of specific expenditures with the use of AVO is higher.
~tlere is practically no benefit from the cooling of the gas. However, in
view of the improvement of the operating conditions fox the KS equipment
and the gas pipeline, the use of air-cooling units stiou:ld be considered to
be desirable.
A special place ~n the anal.ys~.s o� the fund assets is occupied by the gas-
pumping units. During 1971--1977i,n the Tyumentransgaz Association, 29 shops
w~th 179 GPA having a total capacity of 1,362,000 k3.lowatts were activated.
As of 1 January 1978 at a11 the KS in the association there were 204 GPA of
various types, with a total capacity of 1,541,600 kilowatts (see Table 3).
The increase in the installed capacity of ttie GPA b,y a factor of 12 is linked
with rhe introduction o~ new KS and the expansion of the existing ones.
For example, from ].970 through 1977 the number of KP increased by a f actor
of 2.6, and the number oP c:ompressor shops by a factor of 6.8. In addition,
the increase in the overali installed capaci.ty is linked with the increase
in the number of GPA in a single shop (from 5 to 6 and 9) and the share of
units with increased individual capacity. Whereas in 1971 the only units
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oper~~ted had a capac~.ty o~ 4,250 and 6000 k3.lowaCts (GT~700~5, GT~6-750),
since 1976 units have appeaxed w~,th a capacity o~ 1.0,000, 16,000, and 25,U00
kilowatts (GTK--1i1, GTK~16, and GTK~25). A.: a result there has been an
increase in the capacity per 100 kilometers of gas p3peline: from 9,500 3.n
1970 to 27,800 kilowatts in 1977, as'we11 as the capacity per 1000 cubic
meters of transported gas: fram 14.300 to 26,000 kilowatts.
As a result of the install~tion of units with increased capaciCy, the average
installed capacity per operating unit is constantly growing. j+Thereas in
1971 it constituted 5,100 kilowatts and in 1975 5,500 kilowatCs, as of the
end of 1980 the planned figure is 9,400 kilowatts, which is 84 percent more
than in 1971. and 70 percent more than 3n 1975. The increase in the individual
capacity of the units is making it possible to reduce the capital i-~vestments
and the operating expenditures per unit of capacity and per 1000 cubic meters
of gas to be pumped (Table 11).
'Thus, with the increase in the individual capacity of the GPA from 10,000
to 16,000 kilowatts, the specific capiCal investments per kilowatt of capacity
under conditions of Western Siberia are reduced by 1.1.0 percent, and per
1000 cubic meters of pumped gas, by 26.0 percent. Thus,� the installation
of units with increased capacity on the main gas pipeline makes it possible
~ to save the capital investments in KS and the expenditures to operate them.
_ For example, when a KS with a capacity of 75,000 kilowatts was being built
in the ciry af Nadym, that would have required eight units of the GTK-10 -
type. What was installed, however, was a total of three GTK-25 units with
the same capacity; this wi11 make it possible to save 3.9 million rubles of
capital investments and to effect an annual saving of 1.4 million rubles of.
operating expenses.
As has been indicated by computations,~during the entire period of 1976-1980,
' thanks to the installation at KS o~ units with increased capacity instead of
GPA of the GT-750-6 type, the saving of capital investments will constitute
138.3 million rubles; operating expenses, 22.6 million rubles; and the level
of return on investment will rise by 2.6 percent.
Ln oi-der to analyze the use of the units that are in operation, the following
indices are used: coefficients of readiness and operational reliability;
freclueticy and complexity of forced outages. Since, for the LPUMG of the , ~
Tyumentransgaz Association, these indices were computed by means of different
formulae, thus making L-hem impossible to be compared, and, in addition,
certain indices were not computed at all, the authors carried out a computation
all the enumerated indi.ces according to a uniform methodology [3] (Table 12).
.ram the data cited, it follows that for the association as a whole, the opera-
t:tng time for the units under load constitutes 61-73 percent of the calendrical
time o� operation of the GPA. There~ore, the coefficient of operat3.on of the ,
GPA is rather low 0.613--0.728 although, during the period being considered,
it rose by 12 percent. For individual KS, the coefficient of operation
varied within broad limits.
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. ' Tah1e 10 -
Technical~Econom~.c ~ndices Pextaini.ng to Transportation
of Gas ~rith Che Use o~ AVO
. : �.CI). . . . ~ . . ~ . ' 3)
� , � ' IIORa3STP.J~ ~ ' E83 ~ oxnaa~iexxx C � ox~na~ple~ea~' � `
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~(9) np~eAeex~e � � ~ , . ~ ' , 2,92 " . 2.8'1:., ,
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~9~ � , np$seAex~te ` . 4 . 2,89', ~ . 2.~'.=' .
. . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . .
Key: 1. Indices
2. Without cooling
3. With cooling
4. Nadym-Punga sector
5. Volimme of gas to be transported, billions of cubic meters per year
6. Specific expenditures, rubles per 1000 cubic meters of gas:
7. capital investments
8, production costs
9. converted
10. Punga--Nizhnyaya Tura sector
J.7 -
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The low figures for the coefficienC of operation attest to the large under-
loading of the CPA. The large shay;e of reserve time that is Formed as a
result of tlie reserve units at the compressor stations considerably
reduces the inclices pertaining to their u;;e. However, the comparatively
.Erequent equipment outages and the large volumes of repair ~work lead to the
necessity of:..installing them at the I:S.
A considerable share of the time for repair operations (4.8-8.6 percent)
_ and the forced outages'(1.3-6.0 percent) in the calendrical time fund for
operation nf the GPA also has a detr3mental influence upon the level of use
of the units. The coef.ficient of operational reliability, which depends
upon the force~3-outages time, and the coefficient of reac?iness of the units
for operation,'wiZich depends upon both factors (during the period being
studied), as a whole increased for the association.
The reduction in idle-time periods is aided by the reduction of forced
outages. In 1977, as compared with 1971, the frequency of forced outages
per 1000 machine-hours worked dropped by 30 percent. And although the com-
plexity of each forced outage increased by 20~pexcent, the share of their
time~~~in ti?e overall time fun~i for operation of the G`PA dropped from 6 percent
in 15~71 tu 5.7 percent in 1977.
The basic reason for forced outages is the disappearance of voltage. The
number of outages for this reason constitutes 19-39 percent. And although
their share during the period being considered was decreased, their percentage
still remaitis considerable (31 percent).
The second reason, from the point of view of importance, for the forced
outages of the GPA is the poor working condition of the KIPiA [control
and measuring instruments and autamation equipment] (18-35 percent of all '
forced outages). This attests to the fact that the employed.relay scheme �
for the KIPiA is not yet sufficiently reliable and the elaboration of ineasures
hy the apprapriate services to prevent them is necessary. ~ !
A relatively large number of outages (1.0-12.7 percent) of the units are 1
lir'ced with failure to observe technological disc3.pline. The large
percentage of outages for "other reasons" (10-39 percent) attests to the
fac~ that this~group of reasons~has been studied insufficiently.
In order to locate`r.e~serves for reducing the number of forced outages and
their total time, it~is necessary to improve the system of accounting for
them. At the present time, the only factors being analyzed are the
rezsons for the number of outages, but it is also neces'sary to keep record
oI the total time involved, since, not always, the largest part of the outages
f~r some reason corresponds to the maximum time expenditures to eliminate
ttiem. In addition, by analogy with the other branches of industry, it is.~
necessary to monitor the activities of the guilty services and the services
ttiat are responsible for the duration of work to eliminate the outages. The
introduction of this kind of accounting will increase the responsibility
borne by the services for the number and duration of the forced outages of
20
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of the GPA and will aid in reducing them,~and this, in the final analys3s,
will make it possible to raise the coef~icient of operaCional xel~.abaLl~,ty
of Che units.
Thus, analysis of the use of fixed assets indicated:
the basic reason for the sharp drop in the level of reeurn on investments
in the mainline transportation of natural gas in Western Siberia is the
- increase in the transportation distance. With a consideration of ttte
transportation distance, the index of return on investements during~1972-1977
rose by 54 percent;
a large percentage in the structure of fixed assets is occupied by other
branches (6.5 percent); this is influenced by the wesk econamic development
of the region and reduces the level of return on investments; .
the basic direction for increase in return on investments is the increase
,in the handling capacity of the gas-transporting system, and therefore the
efforts of the technical services to locate production reserves must be
concentrated in this direction. One of these directions is the increase in
the handling capacity oF the system by means of an improvement in the prepa-
ration of the gas at the oil field;
a characteristic peculiarity o~ the development of the gas-transporting
system is the increase in the individual capacity of the GPA. The installa-
tion of units with increased capacity, as compared with the GT-750-6, will
make it possible, during 1976-1980, to reduce capital investments by 138.3
millton rubles, operational expenses by 22.6 millioti rubles, and to
raise the 1eve1 of return on investments by 2.6 percen~; .
in order to improve the indices pertaining to the use of the GPA, it is
necessary to improve the system of accounting for the forced outages for
various reasons.
Manpower Resources
The rapid growth of the volumes of gas transportation and the total length
of the gas-transportation system has been one of the reasons for the con-
siderable changes in the indices per.taining to the use of manpower resources.
During 1970-1977 the number of maintenance personnel increeRed by a factor
of 3.6; the wage fund by a factor of 5.6; and the labor productivity
rose by a factor of more than ~..9 (Table 13).
This increase in labor productivity during the past seven years was caused
by the fact that the growth rares for volume of gas transported exceeded
the growth in the number of r~a~ntenance personnel; this was influenced,
chiefly, by the use of large--diameter pipes and GP~1 with increased r_apacity.
An index whicti merits special attention is the index of labor productivity,
21
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computed for the volume of transportation work and taking into consideration,
in addition to other factors, the degree of labor-intensity of Y.he delivery
of gas to the customers, the distance required to transport it. During the
period being analyzed, this 3ncreased by s factor of 3.1. The increase in
labor productivity is also expected ~in the future.
An analysis of the structure of the number of personnel at the Tyumentransgaz
Production Association during 1970-1977 ind3.cated that the share of workers
employed in basic production, that is, directly in transportation of gas,
constitutes, all told, 72-77 percent (Table 13). During recent years one
has observed a relative reduction in that index. At the same time the
share of workers in auxiliary production and the maintenance sphere increased
by 4.3 percent and in 1977 constituted 27.4 percent of the total number of
workers. This is explained chiefly by the increase in the degree of
wear and tear of the fixed as~,ets, which was one of the reasons for the
increased in the number of workers engaged in the capital repair of the
equipment.
~
The increase in the number of workers at the Tyumentransgaz Association
was accompanied by ` change in the social composition of the collective.
During 1970-1977 the number of workers increased by a f actor of 4.8 and
in 1977 constituted 73 percent of the total number of workers employed in
the transportation of gas. The percentage of other categories of workers
~engineer-technical workers, employees, junior service personnel dropped,
although their total number increased in 1977, as compared with 1970,
by a factor, respectively, of 2.1, 1.9, and 3.2. An analysis of the
skill composition of the workers indicated that in 1970 the share of highly
skilled workers (Category V-VI) and skilled (Category III-IV) workers
constituted 91.6 percent. During 1970-1977 their percentage dropped by 9.2
percent. This is explained by the increase in the number of workers in the
nonbasic occupations, amon~ which the share of relatively lowly skilled
workers (Category I-II) is large.
Changes als~ occurred�in the makeup of the engineer.-technical workers and
en.~~loye~s. In late 1977, 81.2 percent of them haci higher or ser_ondary
special education. During the past three years their percentage in~reased
b;~ 11.6 percent.
Une's attention is also attrar_ted by the fact that the category of workers
includes specialists with higher or secondary special education. Moreover,
their number during 1974-1977 increased and in 1977 constituted 2 percent of
c'~e total number of workers. .
study of the structure of .workers by services indicates that the~number of
workers at the gas-compressor services (GKS) constitutes 35-53 pexcentage
and has a tendency toward increase. During the past five years alone, it
increased by a factor of more than 3.3. This large increase is explained by
- the activation of new compressor stations (Nadym, Sorum, Kyzym, Peregregnoye,
Pripolyarnoye, Sos'vinskaya) and by the increase in the capacity of the
. 22
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already existing ones as a result of the construction of new turbocompressor
~ shops (TKTs), the number of personnel at which constitutes more than half
the mmmber of personnel at the GKS a
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Also representing a considerable percenCase in the overall numUer of
personnel at.the GKS are the power--and-water-supply serv~.ces (EVS) and the '
control and measuring instruments and automation equipment (KTPiA). The
st~are of the latCer has risen noticeably (from 13 percent in 1973 to 18
percent in 1977).
The number of workers in the line-operations services (LF:S) who are engaged
in providing maintenance directly for the line part of the gas pipeline,
despite the considerable increase in the total length of the main gas
pipelines,.rose by just 14.5 percent. But the share of those services in ~
the overail total of association workers during the indicated period
dropped by 9.6 percent.~ One of the reasons was the fact that the
line-operations services are not adequately staffed. For example, according
to NIS VPO Tyumengazprom, for individual LP1JrIG the LES are staffed only by
37-81 percenr.
The developing network of mainline and technological communications requires
the increase in the number of maintenance personnel. During the period
analyzed, the number of workers in the communications services increased by
a factor of mor.e than 2.2, and constituted 8.7 percent of the total
number of workers employed in the transportation of gas. �
The percentage of workers in the administration apparatus and the dispatcher
servi.ce, a11 tota]_, constitued, in 1977, 12.0 and 2.1 percent, and dropped
respectively, as compared with 1973, by 5.7 and 3.2 percent.
A study of the composition of the workers by services, in terms of 100
kilometers of gas pipelines, indicates that the largest percentage is
represented by the gas-compressor service (34 out of 64 persons) and the
line-operations service (13 out of 64 person5).
It should be noted that, since 1973, the number of personnel per 100 kilo-
eters of gas pipeline has not been dscreasing. This is explained by the
fact that, with the comparatively sma11 increase in the total length of main
g:~.s pipelines, during recent yeaxs there has been a considerable increase
:Ln rhe pool of gas-pumping units. For example, during 1973-1977 the number
o~ GPA increased by a factor of 3.2; the number of personnel maintaining
_ them, by a factor of 2.2; and the total length of the gas pipelines, by a
factor of 1.8. As a consequence, the specif ic number of personnel increased
during the same period by 14 persons and in 1977 constituted 64 persons
per 100 kilomerers.
The level of that index for Tyumentransgaz is somewhat higher than the
~verage for the branch. This is explained by the influerice of two factors:
~he large individual capacity of the system (the diameter of the gas pipelines
is larger and the capacity of one KS is greater) and by the historical and
econamic peculiarities of the region. Whereas the former factor, with a
negative influence upon the specific number of personnel, has a positive
influence upon the labor productivity, the later has a negative effect upon
both indices. A detailed study of the composition of the KS workers indicates
2~.
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ttiat ~or the associatipn as a rahole, ~.n 1977, with the existence of central-
ized power and water supply, Che number of workers could be reduced (ba3ed
on norm lists) by 180 persons, that is, the specif.ic number oF personnel
would be 60 persons per 100 kilometers (instead o� 64), and the labor
productivity could be 7 percent higher.
A large 3nfluence upon the technical-econom3.c indices is exerted b. personnel
turnover. An analys3.s of personnel movement in the Tyumentransgaz+PO
showed that the coefficient of personnel turnover aC the enterprises engaged
3n the transportation of gas is relatively high, with the largesl turnover '
rate being observed among [ordinary] workers. Over the course of a year,
approximately half the workers [o� all categories] at the enterprise
are replaced (the coefficien,t of replaceability 3.n 1977 constituted 40.1
percent, and i.n 1976, 39.4 ~?ercent). It must also be noted that the
persons who areseparated are, for the most part, [ordinary] workers who
have worked at the dssociation less than three years, and therefore the
chief attention should be devoted to the permanent asssignment of thaC
categ,ory of workcrs, and to the ascertaining of the reasons for.separating them. -
The basic reason for separations is dissatisfaction with the wages or the
everyday or working conditions. However, a large percentage of the total
number i.s made up of separations for "other reason~." Research studies by
a number of authors [4] have shown that 79 percent or the workers in that
~roup are spparated because of dissatisfaction with the living conditions
(I.ack oE housing, kindergartens, nursertes, etc.). The creation of favorable
~sorking and everyday conditions will subsl-antially reduce the personnel
turnover rate �or these reasons.
Re:search studies have shown [5] that the high level of wages in the North
resolves only one part of the problem of labor resources the problem of
~ttracting personnel but it does not resolve the pr.oblem of assigning
them permanently. When the factors pertaining to the permanent assignment
of personne]. were being studied, a clear-cut natural law was ascertained:
the categories which are the ~ost stable are the low-paid categories of ~
workers, 46 percent of whom intend to remain as permanent residents,
whereas among the high-paid categories that figure is only 27 percent.
This attests to the fact that insufficient attention is being paid to the
development oF the projects in the infrastructure.
' An example of permanent assignment of personnel, despite the several climate,
can be provided by Komi ASSR, where a network of large-scale inhabited
points has been created cities and settl~nents. The average amount of
housing provided is 11.1 square meters per person, and the cultiiral and
everyday services are on a par with those in the middle Iatitudes.
In the Tyumentransgaz PO in 1977 there was a total of 99,900 square meters
of housing. With a consideration o~ the coefficient of family structure,
the amount per person is 5,8 square meters. As of 1 January 1978, 926
persons were living in railroad-car housing. At the same time it is known
25
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~h~t ttie severe clima~ic cond~~ions make it necessary, in northe~n settl.e-
meuts, to provide tncreased norms for housing (1.0-1.2 squAre meterss) and
other projects in the soc3ar infrastructure, that is, the creation o~
higtily comForrable set~lements and improved condiCions will compensate for
~he inevitable difficu~.ties and deprivations ~.nvolved with living in the ,
North and w:ill contribute to personnel stability.
An important factor �or resolving the question o~ providing people with
housing is, in addition to the total hou9ing area, the consideL~ation of ~he
fam:Lly structure. Studies have shown Chat, in the total number of persons
warking in the north of Tyumenskaya Oblast, single persons constituCe 17-20
pPrcetit; families consisting of Cwo persons constitute 9-10 percent;
consisting of three, 35-40 percent; four, 28-30 percent; and five and more,
5-6 percent. '.~hese relationships should be taken into consideraCion when
designing the housing accommodations and determining the structure of the
housing fund.
Unfortunately, within Che confines of this study it is impossible Co carry
out a more detailed sociological analysis of the use of labor resources.
A s~udy of the wage fund has indicated that, during the period being analyzed,
i~ increased by a facror of 5.3; the aver.age annual wages increased by 39.0
percent; their growth for persons employed in the transportation of gas
constituted 40.9 percent. The increase in the wage fund is linked basl.cally
(by 65-70 percent) with the increase in tne number of workers. It should be
noted that that fact that level of average wages for the association exceeds
the average for the branch is linked with the natural and climatic conditions,
which are reflected by means oF the territorial coefficient and the northern
wage differentials.
The increase in the annual c~ages is accompanied by changes with respect to ~
rhe increase in labor productivity. During 1970-1974 the growth rates
for the average wages of workers at the association exceeded the growth rates
for l.abor productivity. During recent years one has noted a tendency toward
substantial ~nprcvement in this relationship. Whereas in 1970-1974, per
percenrage of increase in labor productivity, the increase in the average
wages constit�uted, an the average, 1.3 percent, during the past three years
it has been 0.26 percent. But if the labor producitivity is measured accord-
ing to the volume of transportation work, this correlation between the
indic:ated indices has been steady ever since 1971.
Thus, when analyzing the use o� the labor resources at the Tyumentransgaz
P0, it was ascertained that:
the indices perta:ining to the use of labor resources at the Tyumentransgaz
PO during 197Q-1977 rose. The same tendency wi11 continue into the future.
With respect to the level of branch indices, the labor productivity at the
Tyumentransgaz PO is higher by a factor of 1.5-2, while the number of
workera, in terms of 100 kilome'ters of gas pipelines, is lower;
26
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Ctie largest percentage ~n the sCxucCure af the total personnel strength
is occupied by workers at tihe compressor stationa, and thereEore the
development of ineasures Co reduce their number is the basic trend to be
taken in improving the ind~ces of us3ng the labor resources in the rrans-
portaC~on of gas;
the percentage of workers at services whose existence is influenced not
by the nature of the production process, but by the economic and geographical
conditions of the region (lack of centralized elecCric-power supply, water
supply) conshltutes 6-8 percent of the total number of workers in the
transportaCion of gas;
in the transportation of gas, there is a high rate of personnel turnover
(25-30 percent) and replacement of personnel (39-45 percent). The basic
condition for the permanent assignment of persomiel in the regions thaC are
being newly assimilated is the high level of development of pro~ects in
Che social infras~ructure.
Development of the Gas=rransporting System
of Weseern Siberia Up Until 1980
The basic indices for the development and operation of the systems for
transporting natural gas during the Tenth Five-Year Plan (Table 14) have
been computed in conformity with the plan for the development of the gas-
extracting industry. Tn order to transport the extracted gas during the
ive-year plan, it is necessary in Western Siberia to activate 7,300 kilometers
of gas pipelines. There will more than a threefold increase in the number
of compressor shops, and the capacity of the compressor stations wi11
increase by a factor of almost 6.
In order. to service this gas-transporting system it wi11 be necessary to
h,sve a substantial increase in the number of workers (from 2000 persons in
1975 to 5,700 persons in 1980). This considerable increase in the number
of personnel has been caused by the fact that during that period a new
sector in the transportation of gas will appear Urengoy-Surgut-Tyumen'-
Chelyabinsk.
It should be noted that the question of the further development of the
Surgut sector for the transportation of gas, taking into consideration the
gas reserves in Nadym-Purskiy Rayon and the necessity of assur3ng the
operation of the system at full capacity over a prolonged period of time,
requires thorough substantiati.on.
Provision is made for the further. development of the system of transporting
casing-head gas. Whereas at the present time the basic consumer of rhat
gas is the Surgutskaya GRES, within the foreseeable future casing-head gas
will be suppl3ed to the Kuzbass. The development of this system will
, ~~t
require 500-SSO million rubles of capital investments. 'z~~,
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Table 14 ~
Technical-T;conomic Tndices Pertaining to tihe Development and
Operation of the Gas~Txansporting System of the Tyumentransgaz PO
for 1978-1980 (Natuxal Gas)
, . ~ . . . .
(1) 1loxaaaTe~ ' . ; . ~~2~ ~ I'o~t . ~ . : 3 ,
~ � ~ , . . ~ , ~ I978 I979 I980 Y~~ ~
I975~ K ,
TIpoTS~settxoo~ MaracTpa~x~uc ra- ' . . " .
3onpoaaAOS~ xer . ' 7800 ~T0000 .II800~ :,267~ '
~ 5 AOJBSLleCTHO: . ` ~ � . � . ~ . . ' .
~6~ ~ � 2I . 27. '32 ~330
~ ~ ~ xornIIpeccopt~x r~exoa ' ~ 46 ' ' 55 ' ~ 69 . ~ 3I4' '
~8) . ' 298 370 445 , 327 .
� (9) MoaixocTb HC, i~T . , 2478 3238' , 4333 ~ 575� � ,
~10) 06~e~t Tpaxcnoprapye~aor,o ra3a~ . . . . ' � ' : ~ _ ,
~pA.y3 . 82~5 , IOI~7 ~ . I3I~0 ~ 4I6
(11)~cazent+ocTb padoTtatxos,saxsrrbtx ~ ~ ' ~ , ~ ' '
B Tpaxcnopre rasa , 3900 5000� 5700 278�
~].2~ IIpOS{3B0,1~'IT8I~HOCTb TPY,~B~ , . . ~ . . ' . ii
nv~.e~3/qen., . . 2Z~I' 20,3 , 23.0 . I,4g
~13~CTOHMOCTb OCHOBHHX i1POH3BOJ(CT- ' ' ~ ' ~
Betu~uc c~oxAOS, ~.py6.� 3400 4500 ~ 5600 453. ,
(14)qb~ooTAa~a, M3/py6.. 24~3, ' 22~6 23~4 . 94
~15~F{amiTanoBnoue~sx~ uns.py6. . II07 I276 . ~ 89~' . .�293
~~6~C e6 TO~.MOCTb~ T OIIOpfH~ . ~
I04~ m rasa, , 24~4 , 25~6 26,5 II2��
Key: 1. Zndices ~ ~
2. Years ~
3. 1980 in percentage to 1975
4. Total length of main gas pipelines, kilometers
5. Number of:
6. KS '
7. compressor shops ~
8. GPA ~
9. Capacity of KS, megawatts .
10. Volume of gas to be transported, billions of cubic meters
11. Number of workers employed in the transportation of gas
12. Labor productivity, millions of cubic meters per person
13. Value of fixed production assets, million rubles
14. Return on investments, cubic meters per ruble
15. Capital investments, millions of rubles
16. Costs of transporting 10,000 cubic meters of gas, rubles
For Western Siberia as a whole one expects a substantial increase in only
the labor productiyity, with an insignificant reduct3on in the specific
number of personnel. With an increase in the return on investments for
individual sectors in th~ transportation of gas one expects a reduction in
that return on investments by altnost 10 percent for the Tyumengasprom VPO
[All-Union Production Association] as a whole. This is linked with the
development of the new gas-transporting system Urengoy-Surgut-Tyumen~-
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ChES'lyabinsk wh~ch ~.s o~ gxeat length and which, dur.~ng the fixst years
of operation, has not been used at �u11 capacity. Th~~ 1eve1 of costs of
transporting gas has a tendency to increase. This i~ explained chiefly by
the increase in the distance of transporting the gas. However, for
individual sectors all the 3.ndices are improving noticeably. It should
be noted that these indices have been computed on the basis ot an analysis
oF the existing GTS [gas-transporting system] with a consideration of the
influence exerted by the following basic trends in scientific-technical
progress: the increase in the diameter of the gas pipeline, and in the
pressure, and the capacity of the GPA: change in the distance between KS;
the cooling of the gas. The introduction of other. measures will require
the corresponding r~computation of the 3.ndices.
LITERATURE
1. Neskubo, B. I., "Indices Pertaining to the Effectiveness of the Operation
of Main Gas Pipelines," EKONOMIKA GAZOVOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI, Moscow,
VNITEgasprom, 1976, No 12, pp 9-16.
2. [lrskiy, A. K., Volchkova, M. N., Galiullin, Z. T., et al., "Ekonomicheskiye
iritervaly primeneniya gasoperekachivayushchikh agregatov razlichnogo
tiporazmera" [~conaomic Inter;als for the Use of Gas-Pwnping~ Units of
Various Standard Sizes], Mos;cow, VNIIEgasprom, 1971. (Scientific-
technical Survey. Series: Transportation and Storage of Gas).
" 3. Aleksandrov, A. V., "Raschet ekspluatatsionnykh pokazateley i rezhimov
KS magistral'nykh gasoprovodov" [Computa.tion of Operational Indices
and Operating Modes for Compressor Stations on Main Gas Pipelines],
Moscow, VNIIEgasprom, 1968.
4. Semkina, L. M., Zaytseva, I. M., "Peculiarities, Status, and Prospects
for Development of the SociaJ_ Infrastructure Under Conditions of the
Formation of the Gas-Extracting Complex in the Narth of Tyumenskaya
C~blast," in the book: "Tr. TII" [Transactions of the TII [unknown]],
Tyumen', 1974, pp 132-143.
5. Kin, A. A., "The Choice of Efficient Methods for the Economic Assimilation
of Western Siberia," IZV. SO AN SSSR [News of the Siberian Branch,
USSR Acan'r~y of Sciences] , Issue tdo 2, 1971, No 6.
COPYRIGHT: Vsesoyuznyy nauchno~issledovatel'skiy institut ekonomiki,
organizatsii proi.zvodstva i tekhniko-ekonomicheskoy informatsii.
v gazovoy promyshlennosti (VNIlgasprom), 1979.
5075 ~
CSO: 8144/1357
' 29
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rurL~ ~ND R1;I~ATGll ~QUTPMrNT , .
� UDC 553.981.2:550.8
~ ,~I `
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF GEOLOGIC EXPLORATION WORK �
Moscow GAZOVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST'. SERIYA GEOLOGIYA, BURENIYE I RAZRABOTKA
GAZOVYKH M~STOROZHDENIY in Russian No 10, 1979 pp 22-27~
[Article by I. A. Blinnikov, USSR Ministry.of Geology, G. P. Volkova,
Ye. V. Kudryashov and G. A. Podkina, Al1-Union Scientific Research Institute
of Economics, Production Organization and Technical-Economic Information in
the Gas Industry]
[Text] It was stipulated in the State Plan for Development of the National
Economy of the USSR that geological.prospecting for gas would be intensified
in 1976-1978 of the Tenth Five-Year Plan in the northern part of Tyumenskaya ~
Oblast, in Eastern Siberia, in the Yakut ASSR, Arkhangel'skaya Oblast, the
Komi ASSR, Soviet Middle Asia and the Kazakh SSR (the border regions of the
- Caspian Basin).
In addition to new and highly promising territories, searches and prospecting
for deposits have been in progress in the older gas-producing territories of
the Ukrainian SSR, the Northern Caucasus, Uralo-Povolzh'ye and elsewhere.
According, to preliminary data, geological prospecting has resulted in 103.9%
f~.i.lFillment of the quota for increase in natural gas over the entire nation.
The major incrpase`(76.1%) has been attained in the northern territories of
Tyumenskaya Oblast, and chiefly through completion of surveys on previously
discovered deposits. The quota for increasing gas reserves has been~met
3y prospectors in rhe Ukrainian SSR, Uzbek SSR; Kazakh SSR and elsewhere.
In these three years, 103 new deposits have been discovered (Table 1):
50 gas deposits, 3G gas-condensate.deposits and 9 petroleum-gas deposits.
Geographically, 56 of the deposits are in the European part of tfi e~country,
and 47 are in the Asiatic part. Most of the deposits in the European part of
the nation have been found in the Ukrainian SSR and Uralo-Pc,volzh'ye.
~
j
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� TABLE 1
- 'i',
Gas Deposits Discovered in the USSR in 1976-1978
Number and type of deposits
Territories Gas- Petroleum-
Total Gas
condensate as
USSR: 103 60 34 9
'>y,, ~uropean territories 56 30 20 6
Asiatic territories 47 30 14 3
RSFSR: 47 28 16 3
~ Northwest 4 2 1 1
Uralo-Povolzh'ye 15 9 5 1
Northern Caucasus 10 5 5 -
West Siberia 12 7 4 1
East Siberia 1 - ~ 1 -
Far ~ast 5 5 - -
Ukrainian SSR 23 14 7 2
Kazakh SSR 7 2 3 2
Azerbaijan SSR 1 - - 1 ~
Soviet Middle Asia 22 16 6 -
Caspian Sea 3 - 2 1
Azerbaijan sector 1 - 1 -
Turkmen sector 2 - 1 1
Al1 are small, with the exception of the Astrakhan deposit, located to the
north of the.city of Astrakhan and confined to the ~xtensive Astrakhan
Anticline. Thz gas is of multicomponent makeup, containing 20-26.5~ hydrogen
sulfide, and 11-24.3% carbon dioxide.
The Volozhkovsk gas-condensate deposit was discovered in this same area in
1977.
A fairly large gas-condensate deposit (Intinsk) was discovered in the north-
~ west part of the USSR. This is the,~,first deposit to be found in the Kos'yu-
Rogovsk Basin in the territory of the Komi ASSR. Gas flows have also been
found here on the Lemvinsk prospecting territory. Small deposits have been
discovered in the Northern Caucasus and in the shelf regions of the Caspian ,
and Black seas.
Extensive deposits have been discovered in the Asiatic part of the USSR, and
particularly in Tyumenskaya Oblast: the Yen-Yakhinskoye, South Samburg and
East Urengoy gas-condensate deposits, and the Kruzenshternovsk, Upper
Lurneysk, Antipayutinsk and Gydan gas deposits.
The last two are the first discoveries in the new gas fields in the north of
Tyumenskaya Oblast.
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~
7'he Middle Tyungsk and Viluysko-Dzherbinskoye gas deposits were discovered ;
in L�he Yalcut ASSR, and the Chonskoye gas-condensate deposit was discovered !
on tl~e boundary of Irkutskaya Oblast.
'i.taenty-two deposits were discovered in Soviet Middle Asia, six of them being
very promising: the Uchadzhinskoye, Seyrabskoye, Dauletabatsskoye, Gagarin ~
and Donmez gas deposits in the Turkmen SSR, and the Alanskoye gas-condensate
deposit in the Uzbek SSR.
The gas deposits discovered in the Kazakh SSR (7) and Azerbaijan SSR (1) are
sma11, witti est,imated reserves in the range of 5 million cu. m.
Isolated gas pools have also been found in previously discovered deposits,
~ appreciably enhancing the outlook for gas show. For example in the northern
part of Tyumenskaya Oblast (Yamal Peninsula), new gas traps have been dis-
covered in Lower Cretaceous formations of the Bovanenkovskoye and Kruzen-
shternskoye deposits, considerably increasing their gas reserves.
A number of traps have been found in the Yakut ASSR on the Mastakhskoye~,
Middle Tyungsk and Upper Vilyuchanskoye deposits. Further prospecting of
the nor.thern periclinal has expanded the main developed trap on the Vuktyl'-
skoye deposit (Komi ASSR).
A trap has been discovered in Middle Jurassic formations on the I~uznetsovk.a
deposit in Krasnodarskiy Kray. Visual estimates set the gas emission from
the Bathonian stage at 8-10 million cu. m per day. At present the well is
yielding 350,000-8,100,000 cu. m per day.
Also ot fundamental importance are industrial gas flows from basalt formations
of the Lower Cretaceous on the Beysug deposit of the Ukrainian SSR. A gas
trap has been discovered in the chemogenic stratum of the Lower Permian on
the West Kresishchenskoye deposit (gas yield was 398,000 cu. m per day on a
pipe 22 mm in diameter), and on the Golitsyn deposit in Paleocene-Danian
formations. A new trap has been discovered on the Shurtanskoy deposit
lt;zbelc SSR) in Upper Cretaceous formations in a depressed block of the
s~ructure.
Tn aildition, a considerable number of small gas traps and condensate traps
have been found in deposits of Kazakhstan, the Ukraine, Turkmenia and Azer-
baijan that have increased their reserves to a fair extent, or have indicated
~reas for searches and prospecting.
~as flows discovered in the Gremyachinsk and U1'kentabinsk prospecting regions ,
~f the Kazakh SSR, and in the Lobodinsk and Tashlinsk prospecting regions of
Uralo-Povolzh'ye confirm once more the prospects for petroleum and gas show
of Paleozoic formations in the border region of the Caspian Basin. ,
riost territories of the nation show a tendency to a reduction in volumes of
drilling as compared with the preceding five-year plan. In old gas fields ,
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, (Uralo-Povolzh'ye, Northern Caucasus, l~azakh SSR) this is due both to the
deficit of prepared local structures a~d to their small dimensions, as well
as Co low estimated reserves, and in the new fields of East Siberia and the
Far East it is due to difficult geological engineering conditions. There
has been some increase in the volume of exploratory drilling in such promising
territories as West Siberia and Soviet Middle Asia.
Analysis of the volumes of drivage and the corresponding increases in gas
reserves shows that it is most difficult Co increase reserves in old gas-
producing territories. Considerable volumes of drivage are expended for
relatively sma11 increases. For example in the European territories of the
nation the increase in gas reserves was 8.7%, with 63.49~ of the Soviet-wide
drivage, and of th~s increase, 3.1~6 fell to the I1kr.ainian SSR, 2.4~ to
Uralo-Povolzh'ye, 2.1~ to the Northwest, 0.7% to Azerbai~an SSR and 0.4%
to the Northern Caucasus (Table 2).
TABLE 2
Technical-Economic Indices of Exploratory
Drilling for Gas in Three Years of the Tenth Five Year Plan
Drilling Drilling ef- Cost of 1 m
Territories volume, fectiveness, of drivage,
ttious . m thous . cu. m/m rub .
USSR:. ~ 4535.1 1534 438
European territories 2876.1 209 406
Asiatic ter.ritories 1659.0 3830 499
RSFSR: 2063.7 2844 532
Northwest 3~0.9 479 766
Uralo-Povolzh'ye 599.6 277 419 .
Northern Caucasus 485.5 56 280
West Siberia 206.1 25795 544
East Siberia and the Far East 471.6 456 805
Ukrainian SSR 1357.4 158 329
Azerbaijan SSR 132.7 372 735
Kazakh SSR 101.0 356 312
Soviet Middle Asia 880.3 894 344
Miscellaneous expenditures - - -
In the Asiatic territories, which account for 36.0% of the volume of drivage
completed, there was a 91.3% ~_ncrement,in natural gas reserves, most of it
(76.4%) coming from West~Siberia; the increase for Soviet Middle Asia was
11.3%, in East Siberia and the Far East 3.1%, and in the Kazakh SSR 0.5%.
The index of effectiveness of exploratory drilling for gas is given as the
increment in gas reserves in thousand of cu. m per meter of drivage.
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'ilie goal for effectiveness of exploratory drilling throughout the USSR was
1,399,000 cu. m/m, and the figure actually reached was 1,534,000 cu. m/m.
Dril.ling was most effective in West Siberia, where the increase in gas
reserves per meCer of drivage was 25.8 million cu. m. Drilling was also
effect~.ve in Soviet Middle Asia, the Ukrainian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR and
Kazakh SSR.
7'he reason for the considerable expenditures on geologi.cal prospecting on the
territory of the Ukrainian SSR is that the increase in new reserves in this
area comes from regions that are difficult to reach.
The cost of preparing 1000 cu. m of gas,~reserves (specific expenditures on
preparation of reserves) was planued at~`~0.40 rub./1000 cu. m on the average
throughout the USSR; the actual expendil!:ures were 0.38 rub./1000 cu. m.
~
Thus despite an increase in the cost pel~~.~meter of drivage, the cost for
preparation of 1000 cu. m of gas was 5% below plan, which is the result of
an increase in the effectiveness of exploratory prospecting.
Ttie most important results of geological prospecting for the first three
years of the Tenth F~ve-Year Plan are:
1. i)iscovery of the Elntipayutinsk and Gydan gas deposits on the Gydan
Peninsula. These are the first deposits within the limits of the Gydan
t�fega-Arch. Their discovery marks a new direction for exploratory prospecting
for gas in Tyumenskaya Oblast.
2. ConFirmation of gas show for the border regions of the Caspian Basin,
pai�ticularly in the vicinity of the Astrakhan Anticline, where the Astrakhan
_ and Volozhkovsk gas-condensate deposits were discovered in Paleozoic subsalt
formations, which is of great importance for the future direction of pros-
pecting for gas in Povolzh'ye. ~
3. C~etting a strong gas flow in Middle Jurassic formations on the�Kuznetsov
deposit opens up a great outlook (a new prospecting facility) for the future
dlrection of geological prospecting in Krasnodarskiy Kray.
4. Discovery of the Intinsk gas-condensate deposit and acquisition of gas
flow on the Lemvinsk prospecting territory cvithin the limits of the Kos'yu-
Rogovsk Basin confirms the presence of a new gas-bearing region in the Komi
~SSR. .
The discovery of new traps on the Kruzenshternovsk.and Bovanenkovskoye
deposits, besides increasing reserves, confirms the promise of the gas show
of the Gothian-Aptian sedimentary complex on the territory of Yamal.
6. The discovery of the Uchadzhi and Seyrab deposits confined to .the
extensive Uchadzhi-Kulach Arch with a number of local rises along the
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reg:tonal Repetek break gives every basis for counting on the discovery ot
new gas deposits in this region of East Turkmenia, both in Lower Cretaceous
and in Jurassic formations.
Of fundamental importance is the discovery of the Gagarin deposit within the
limits of. the Cast~Uchadzhi Arch of the northern part of the Amudar'insk
Syneclase.
7. Despite the increased cost per meter of drivage, the cost of preparing
gas reserves was lower than the plan, which is a result of the increased
effectiveness of exploratory prospecting.
Thus as a result of geological prospecting in 1976-1978, a real base has
been developed that ensures an increase in gas reserves in the Tenth
Five-Year Plan.
[8144/1817-6610]
COPYRIGHT: Vsesoyuznyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut ekonomiki,
organizatsii proizvodstva i tekhniko-ekonomicheskoy
informatsii v gazovoy promyshlennosti (VIvIIEgazprom), 1979
6610
CSO : 81L}!~/1817 "
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P'OR OFFICIAL UST~, QNLY � � , ,
T'UI;I.S AND R~LATFD F.QUIPMENT ~
UDC 622.244.442:66.063.612 .
INVGRTED-EMULSION DRILLING MUDS URGED FOR TYUMEN' OILFI~LDS
Moscow BURENIYE in Russian No 7, 1979 signed to press 26 Jul 79 pp 19-21
[Ar~icle by A. V. 1Caz'min, Yu. F. Loginov and L. K. Mukhin of SibNIINP [Si-
berian Branch of the Scientific-Research Institute of the Petroleum Indus-
try.~ and b1INKh i GP im. I. M. Gubkina [Moscow Institute of Petrochemical
and Gas Industry imeni Academician I. M. Gubkin]: "Effectiveness of the
Use of Inverted Emulsion Muds While Sinking ~Vells in West S.iberia'!] ~
[Tcxt~ Raising drilling-in quality at reservoir collectors of Tyumenskaya
Oblast oi.lfields is an urgent problem. An analysis made by Tyumennefte-
geofizika [Tyumen' Trust for Oilfield Geophysics] of the inflow profile by
high-precision flo~a-metering of more than 1,000 facilities at various oil-
fields indicates -L-hat, as a rule, on1y.40-60 percent of the thickness of
the productive bed is being utilized usefully in the perforation interval.
- A characteristic feature of most petroleum reservoirs at West Siberian
- oilFa.elds is their lithological inhomogeneity with respect to thickness.
Drilling-in with the use of water-base drilling mud leads to a sharp re-
duction of the permeability of rocks in the critical zone, especially of
roclcs with low permeability.
In order to improve drilling-in quality of the productive reservoirs, the
Drilling-Muds Laboratory.of SibNIINP developed an .inverted-emulsion mud
(IGR), which was used while sinking wells~at the Salym oilfield, where
anomalously high reservoir pressures and a bottom-hole temperature of 145
degrees C. were characteristic for the productive reservors. Thirty wells
have now been drilled through into productive horizons with the use of
I~R's at eight West Siberian oilfields. Collectors of various types with
low permeability--5~50 millidarcys were selected--for drilling with the
use of these muds. .
I;;~ploratory wells often have been drilled in zones of low productivity,
where insignificant inflows of oil (2-5 m3/day) were obtained from neigh-
boring wells under various dynamic conditions. In all cases, when the
produci~ive reservoirs were drilled in with the use of IER's,~gushing oil
was obtained, and withdrawals from the wells increased, but the opinion
was expressed that, in so doing, the wells could prove to be in zones of
' high permeability, because of the great lithological inhomogeneity of the
. , 36 .
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collectors in cross-section and in area. In order to show convincingly
the effectiveness of IER use, it was decided to drill a bore parallel to
the bore of a well tha~: had been drilled in to the reservoir-collector,
using a water-base mud.
The exper~iment was conducted at the Pal'yanovskaya area of the Krasnolen- '
insk arch during the drilling of wells R-48 and R-49. The productive part
of the deposit was made up of Jurassic sediments of the Tyumen' suite (at ~
the 2,400-2,700 meter interval). Three oil-bearing intercalations with
thicknesses of 3-10 meters each were singled out. The permeability of the
collectors varied~greatly both as to area and as to cross-section. In
this connection, the oil inflows that were obtained during drilling-in, I~
, using water,base muds, fluctuated from 150 m3/day to a few hundred lit- i;
ers under various dynamic conditions. The reservoir temperature was 145- ~,I
i;
150 degrees C, and reservoir pressure was 280-300 kg-force/cmz. The col-
~'~;i lectors were of the granular type. ~
T)uring drilling in of the reservoir collectors, clay muds with the fol-
lowing indices ordinarily are used: p= 1.24 g/cm3; specific viscosity
T= 30-35 cp, according to an SPV-5; water recovery V= 5-7 cm3 for 30
minutes, according to a VM-6; and static shear strength in 1-10 minutes
SNS1/10 - 10/20 mg-force/cm2.
Well R-48 was drilled through to a depth of 2,692 meters with a bit 190
mm in diameter, after which a"hanging" 168-mm production drill string was
lowered to the roof of the Tyumen' suite at a depth of 2,462 meters (see
figure). The productive reservoir in the 2,500-2,600 meter interval was
drilled in, using a clay mud with,the following indices: p= 1.20 g/cm3;
T= 28 cp; V= 6 cm3 in 30 minutes; and SNS1/10 - 12 mg~force/cm2.
~
Design of a Well for the Drilling-in of a
Reservoir Collector with the Use of a Clayey
Inverted-Emulsion Mud.
K ey : z
1. Cement plug. i
2. If:R [inverted-emulsion mud].
s. r1.4s mm. ~ ^
. h P.IICNp!//hT! ~ '
4. Clayey mud. ~ ~~^'~m'~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
ti
916~vX r;y6.+
A sample was raised from the indicated interval I(3)
and then a slotted filter was lowered into the
well and it was tested with flushing by water ~ v ~
( Lhcrc was no i.nfl.ow) by reducing ~;he dynamic ~~y,,,,,~�:. ~s~"" '
1cve1 i;o a dep~:h of 800, 1,~00 and 1,909 meters, ~i90.s~
to which inflows oP 0.41, 1.5 and 2.59 m3 per ~ ~
day corresponded. After this, with reverse ~ '
fiushin~, an inflow of reservoir fluid--oil ~
with a total volume of about 5 m3--was obtained. At this the test was
concluded.
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1~OIi OI~[~ICtAL USI~; O~LY
7'hc ~~ruduc l. i c~ii 51,r i n~ i ii R-~18 tvas shot at a depth oF 1,000 m~ i:ers , and
Lhe uppcr~ part of il; tvas raiscd to 1:he suri'ace. A cemenL- plug ~vas in-
stalled at; the ~100-1,000 meter interval, after which a parallel bore was
cut at a depth of 600 meters. Well R-~!9 was drilled ~:o ~he roof of the
'T,yumen' suitc by a bit 190 mm in divneter, using a clayey mud. A 1~16-mm
product;:ion string was lowered in~;o it. Dri.lling, with flushin~ by an iri- ~
vcri:ed-�emulsion mud, tvas conducL-ed under ~:he shoe of the dri11 string.
The Tyumen' suiL-e was drilled in with a bit 118 mm 111 diameter (see fig-
urc) to thc basement; (2,676 meters).
'I'he dispersion medium (the IER) was oil of the Pal'yanovslcoye oilfield, a
~vat:c:r component--~ calcium-chloride solution, an emulsiFier--SZhK [syn-
i:hetic fatty acids], a stabilizer--NaOH, and a weighting agent--iron-ore
concentrlte. 'Phe IL;R was additionally treated with a t,her~mal stabilizer
1I1C~ a water repellant.
II?I2 indices were as follotivs: p= 1.24 g-force/crn3; T= 170 cp; V= 0 cm3
Por 30 m:inul;es; SNS1/10 - 49/107 mg-force/cmZ; and the breakdown voltage
was 500 V.
Dui~i.ng the drilling process (15 cutting operations) ~;he mud indices re-
ii~a.i~icd unchanged. Drilling time was 1 mon~h. No complications were ob-
servcd. The required set of ~eophysical studies, with instruments brought
corii;inually ~to tlie bottom hole, ~vas carried out.
A slc~tted fil~er 89 mm in di.ameter was lowered into the exposed part of ,
Lhe bore. A stable inflow (gushing) of oil was obtained--45 m3/day with a
Plow bean 10 mm i.n diameter, a buffer pressure of 18 lcg-force/cm2 and a
pressure of 45 kg-force/cm2 in,the annular space.
IIorizontal offset of well R-49 from well R-48 along the roof of the Tyumen'
suii;e was 80 meters. At this distance the productive reservoirs were ~
lithologically homogeneous. ~
I~_~sed on l:he results of the test, and also taking into account tha resuli;s
~f' dr.illing-in with the use of T~R's at other poorly permeabl.e reservoir
culleci:ors at many Tyumenskaya Oblast oilfields, it can be confirmed that
the effectiveness of use of IER's for these purposes is high.
COPYRIGHT: Vsesoyuznyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut organizatsii,
upravleniya i ekonomiki neftegazovoy promyshlennosti
('~1VIIOGNG) , 1979
11~109
CSO: 182?
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~ FOR OP'P'ICIAL USI: ONLY
I~ III~;I.?~ ANI1 ItI~;I~A'I'Itil) 1~;c?1?1('MI~;N'I'
UDC 622.24.063
' M1~:THODS FOR SGLLCTING DRILLING-MUD TYPES
Moscow BURENIY~ in ltussian No 7, Jul 79 signed to press 1~1 Nov 78 pp 17 -19
[Article by N. I. Krysin, Yu. M. Sukhikh and R. M. Minayeva of PermNIPI-
neft' [Perm' State Scientific-Research and Design Institu~e of. the Petrole-
um Zndustry]: "The Status of and Me~hods for Prornoting Work on the Regu- ~
lation of Drilling Mud Types in Permneft' [Perm' Petroleum Industry Asso-
ciation]"]
[Text] The theory and practice of developing formulas for and using drill-
ing rnuds indicate that the greatest difficulty is not so much the prepara-
tion of high-quality muds as the prevention of change in their properties
during drilling as a result of interaction with reservoir fluids and the
cuttings.
The effect of rocks on drilling mud properties is a function of their solu-
bility in water and the valence of the cations formed as a result of dissolu-
Lion. Thus, unlike sulfate rocks, carbonaceous rocks are practically
insoluble in water, as a consequence of which ion exchange is absent, and,
_ where hydrated-ion layers develop on the surface of clayey and carb~onaceous
particles, no essential deteriora~:ion of the drilling mud's properties is ~
observed. At the same time, the transfer of finely dispersed particles of
clayey, carbonaceous and other rocks into the mud makes their removal in
i;he cleaning system difficult and causes a high content of solid phase in
the mud, an inerease in viscosity, a thickening of the filter cake, a col-
cnation of the rocks in the critical zone, and a worsening in the breaking
off of rock particles from the bottoni hole when there is a positive pres-
sure differential in the well-reservoir system. .
Obviously, prevention of the deviation of the drilling mud's properties
from those specified will be determined to a great extent by how correctly
the geolog.ical and economic conditions of sinking the wells have been
assessed.
While drilling we11s in the Permian Kama region, the following types of
drilling soluti~ns were used: process water and clayey, clayey-carbona-
ceous, oil-emulsion clayey, oil-emulsion carbonaceous-clayey, clayey with
natural polysalt mineralization (YePSM), calcium-chloride (KhKR), sodium
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~ chloride,.inverted-emulsion and weighted muds. Calcium-chloride and poly-~
mer-ca'lcium muds are in the test phase.
Process water, which is used mainly for drilling in stable sediments, is
applied most widely as an agent for eleaning out bottom holes. Permnef~:'
is pay~ng major attenl:ion to expanding the amounts of drilling with process-
waLer flushing. ~:l.so, emulsion muds (emulsion clay mud (CGR) and emul-
sion carbonaceous-clay mud (EGKR)) are used very widely, and in second
place in volume of use is carbonaceous-clay mud (GKR).
~ In receri~. years, during drilling that combines complications in the form
of rock c~tving and inflows of mineralized brine, ~he use of inhibited
muds--KhICR and clay mud with YePMS [sic]--has been expanded.
When drilling wells in cross-sections that include zones of anomalously
hig}i reservoir pressure (AVPD), weighted muds with a density of p= 1.3-1.8
g/cm3 are used.
Sodium chloride and inverted-emulsion muds have limited application.
_ 'Phc Followin~ procedur~e is used in analyzing the appropriateness of mud
i;ypes For the drilling conditions.
Holes selected for analysis purposes are divided into groups, depending
upon the geological and engineering conditions for drilling, trie depth,
the drilling interval with flushing by the given mud, and the density anci
- type of mud. Wells, during the drilling of which accidents or complica-
tions have occurred for causes that do not depend upon the quality of the '
mud, are excluded from the analysis.
'The i.nFluence of mud types on drill-bit operating indices is studied at
arialogous stratigraphic horizons by using identical, standard-size drill
bi1;s.
~
The specific share of expenditures for materials and chemical reactants
for preparing and processing the mud (C , in percents of the cost of
sp
- building the tivells) and expenditures for materials and chemical reactants
r~ferred to 1 meter of penetration (C1) are adopted as basic indices dur- _
ing the analysis.
The lowest values of CSp and C1 were obtained where a clay mud of reduced
~iensity, carbonaceous-clay emulsion mud and carbonaceous-clay mud were
~ised to sink wells in the Baklanovskiy, Kokuy and Orda areas.
'.'he use of drilling muds of reduced density (1.10 -1.12 g/cm3), relatively
uncomplicated geological-engineering conditions for drilling, particularly
a small drilling interval with flushing by the specified solution, and
comparatively low intensity of inflow of mineralized brine water helped to
reduce expenditures for materials and chemical reactants for preparing the
mud at the Baklanovskiy area.
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The reduci:ion of the mud's densi~y, moreover, exercised a positive effect
on the bit's operating indices. Thus, For the Baklanovskiy area as a
whole, penetration per bit rose 28 percent, mechanical penetra~ing speed
by 41 percent.
The hi~h effectiveness of use of EGKR and GKR was occasioned by their ,
suitabilil:y to the drilling conditions and by the simplicity of the tech-
nical preparations.
It was established that expenditures for materials and chemical reactants
w:ith Plushing by emulsified carbonaceous-clay mud were a function of the
mud's oil content. Thus, for we11s of the Kokuy and Orda areas, where the
t;GKIt's oil content was 4-6 percent, C= 6.35 rubles per meter, and for
wells of these same areas where the oil content in the EGKR was 10 percent,
C1 = 3.35 rubles per meter. Where clay muds with natural polysalt mineral-
i�r.ation were used, the values of C1 and CSP were higher than when fresh-water
muds we.re used. The conversion of clay muds wii;h natural polysalt minerali- .
;:ation into emulsified muds also enables expenses for ma~erials and chemi-
cal reacLants to be reduced. It is recommended that these muds be used only
in those cases where complications arise when fresh-water muds are used
during drilla.ng (particularly during the caving of clays, argillites and
broken limestones, and also during inflows of mineralized brine waters),
For Flushing wells that have been complicated by intense falls of clays,
argill.ites and aleurites of the Saraylin series and the Eocambrium complex
and broken-up limestones of the Oksu-Serpukhov superjacent horizons, it is
planned to use calcium-chloride and calcium-polymer drilling muds.
In order to assess the effect of the drilling mud's oil content on bit op-
erating indices, an analysis was conducted, as a result of which it was
established that a rise in oil content of from 4-6 percent to 10 percent
enables penetration per bit to be increased by 8.6 percent.
On thc basis of the analysis that was conducted, a study of the peculiari-
ties of ~he geological and engineering conditions for drilling, and exper-
imental research, it was established that in the Permian Icama region, it
is rational to use both fresh-water and mineralized drill muds. In se-
lecting types of drilling muds, recommendations developed in PermNIPIneft'
were used.
Drilling with flushing by fresh-water drilling muds is recomnended where
wells are drilled into dense, stable, carbonaceous and sulfatic rocks with
small intercalations of clays and argillites whose stability is achieved
during drilling by flushing with noriinhibited muds, and reservoir brine
hardness changes over the range of 0-20 mg-equiv/liter where the backpres-
sure at the reservoir is 5-10 percent higher than the hydrostatic pressure.
Drilling with flushing by mineralized muds (clayey with YePSM, KhKR and
calcium-chloride mud) is recommended where wells are drilled into thick
beds of clays and argillit;es or broken-up limestones, the caving of which
1~1
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was not prevented by drilling with flushing by fresh-water muds of the re-
. quired amount, and the hardness of the brine waters fluctuates over the ~
rangc of 20-50 mg-equiv/liters or more and where the backpressure at tlie �
' reservoir is 5~10 percent higher than the hydrostatic pressure.
:IL iti r~commended tha~: oilfields or a portion of a cross-section t}iercof
Lhat .is made up of thic{t salt;y strata be drilled over with flushing of t;he
corresponding salts with saturated salt brines or with hydrogels.
I~ is recommended that productive reservoirs that are represented by por-
ous or cracked carbonaceous or terrigenous sediments whose composition in-
cludes claye,y rocks be drilled in with flushing by oil-based muds.
The technical regula~tion on drilling solutions was developed basically in
accordance with procedural instrttction~ [1, 2]. They were made up in ac-
cordance with the results of experiment;al researches, industrial tests
and advanced production experience in sinking wells in the Permian Kama
region and in other regions. .
Regulation of the types of drilling mu~s will enable the question of which
muds and which properties should be u~ed�during well sinking to be solved
a~: alI areas and oilfields that are being drilled over in Permnef.t'.
Ano~ther important aspect of these regulations:i.s the characteristics of
~ their development and approval.
Initially, based upon the results of an analysis that has been made and on ;
directive-type materials, preliminary solutions are developed, which are -
examined at expanded engineerin~ councils of the drilling-operations and ;
exploratory-drilling administrations, and then by the association's tech- , '
nolo~ical service, and they are presented for the approval of the deputy-
gen~ral director of the association and the deputy director of the insti-
ttite for scientific work. . ;
;
;
It; s}iould be noted thai::, during examination of the preliminary solutions,
a;. all si:ages, only tho:>e changes are introduced that will help to raise
dri:lling speed and reduce the cost of well construction.
The basic trends for further improving regulations on drilling muds are to
develop procedures for choosing the type of drilling mud and to accumulate
iiiformation for each oil-bearing region about the characteristics of the
rocks and their interactions with the working agent for cleaning t}ie bot- ~
':om holes of wells.
~he next important step in developing the work on regulations is to im-
prove the setting of norms for the consumption of drilling mud, materials
and chemical reactants for the construction of wells.
ZI.2
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Ii 11i l,.L UCltA1'11Y
1. "Metod.icheskiye ukazaniya po sostavleniyu reglamentov burovykh rastvo-
rc~v" ~~Prc~eedural Instruet:ic~ns ['oc~ Making Up Rules for Dri.lling Muds] .
Iir.tSnc~cl;ir, 1 ~)77.
2. "Metodicheskiye ukazaniya po proyektirovaniyu promyvka sicvazhin"
[Procedural Instructions for Planning for the Flushing of Wells]. .
Krasnodar, 1975.
COPYRIGHT: Vsesoyuznyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut organizatsii,
upravleniya i ekonomiki neftegazovoy promyshlennosti
(VNIIOENG), 1979
11409
CSO: 1822
,
~ ~
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i
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
.L
'1 `I/
~
UDC 621.311.4.001.2
ITAT-NOVOKUZNETSK ].150 'KV EXPERIl~fENTAL ELECTROTRANSMISSION SUBSTATION
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 7,.Jul 79 pp 53-56
[Article by G.K. Vishnyakov, A.A. Voynov, A.M. Nazarov and Yu.A. Yakub,
engineers]
[Text] Tn connection wifih the necessity of master3ng a new voltage class---
1150 kV--it became necessary first to erect an experimental setup and then
an experimental industrial 1150 kV electrotrans~nission system.
In 1973 an experimental 1150 kV setup was put into service at the Belyy Rast
substation and in 1978 was begun the construction of the Itat-Novokuznetsk
experimental industrial 1150 kV electrotransmission syst~m with twa substations.
Below are discussed the key decisions made in designing these substations.
Electrotransmission Systems
The Itat-Novokuznetsk exper.imental industrial electrotransmission system is
the first link in the Siberia-Kazakhstan-Urals inters,ystem electrotransmission
system. At the f irst.stage of operation it will link the GRES of the Ka.nsk-
t~chinsk Fuel and ~Power Complex (KATEK) with the power system of the Kuznetsk ,
B~sin and will operate according to an autotransformer-line-autotransformer
system (fig 1).
For the purpose of conducting research work and testing, ad~usting and re-
pairing the equipment of 1150 kV substations without interrupting the electric
power supply, the capability is provided of switching the electrotransmission
system over to 500 kV voltage.
~,.he number of autotransformers, shunting reactors and synchronous phase modifiers
installed in substations, as well as of electrotransmission lines connected .
~o them, is shown in tabie l..
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B~ AC 300/39
Z7OHM '
2 3 2 ~ , .
4 1150 ' 4 5
5� 1150kB .
1~ 1 ~
~
500 ~
~tgure 1. Diagzam o� Ztat-Novokuznetsk 1150 kV Experimental Industrial
Electrotransmission System: 1-~1150/500 kV, 2000 MV�A auto--
trans~ortner group; 2~-air--break switch; 3~,closing and cutoff
switch; 4--group o~ 1150 kV, 900 M~1�A shunting reactors;
5~~repa3r ~umper
Key. �
i15o kv
Table 1.
Item Pirst stage Reference Future
' of develop- period
ment
Itat Substation
Group of single-phase autotrans~
formers:
1150/500 kV, 2000 MV A 1 1 2
500/220 kV, 500 MV�A 1 1 ~
Group of single~phase 1200 kV,
900 Mvar shunting reactors 1 2 4
Electrotransmission line for voltage
of , in kV :
1150 1 1 2 .
500 4 3 1
220 2 ,
[Table continued on follawing page]
:r
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Table 1. [Continued]
Kuznetsk Basin Substation
Group of single-phase autotrans-
f ormers :
1150/500 kV, 2000 MV�A 1 1 -
500/220 kV, 800 MV�A - 2 ~ -
Group of single-phase 1200 kV,
900 Mvar shunting reactors 1 2 2
~ 350 Mvar synchronous phase
modif ier ~ 2 '
Electrotransmission line for
voltage of, in kV:
1150 1 1 1
500 3 1 -
220 - 8 2
_ ~i
Electrical ConnecCion Circuits of Substations
~or tlze first stage of operation of both substations identical 1150 kV RU
[distribution system] circuits are employed: a line-autotrarisformer assembly
with two switches connected in parallel. This makes it possible to ensure
operation of the electrotransmission system at 1150 kV when testing or re-
pairing one of the switches.
The charging power of the 1150 kV VL [overhead line] is compensated by in-
stalling at each substation one group of shunting reactors which are connected
to the line via a closing and cutof~ switch.
With completed development, at the Kuznetsk Basin~substation will be installed
two groups of 1150/500 kV autotransformers and three 1150 kV VL's will go
out from it. For such a number of connections a bus-transformer system 3s
employed, with connection via two switches.
Wjth;completed development, to the 1150 kV RU of the Itat substation will be
coririected four VL's and four autotransformers. In selecting the 1150 1tV RU
arrangement, an analysis was made of several variants, on the basis of the
results of which an arrangement of "two coupled" squares was deemed advisable.
This arrangement is not only economical, but also makes possible both a minimal
area for the RU and stage~by-stage development.
"he 500 kV RU`s of both substations are executed with sesqui-circuits. Taking
~nto account the great number of RU cc~nnections and the considerable magnitude .
u~ short-circuit currents with total development of the Itat substation, the
500 kV buses will be divided into two sections.
Key Equipment -
The characteristics of the equipment of the Itat-Novokuznetsk 1150 kV ex-
perimental industrial electrotransmission system have been determined on
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~ the basis of general conditions o~ its operation in electrotransmission
systems of this voltage class. The proposal is that the characteristics will
be refined after the performance oP a set of studies and on the basis of
experience gained in the operation of this electrotransmission system.
I.n connection with the fact that all equipment has been placed under conditions
of an unpolluted atmosphere, the outside insulation has been selected in
accordance with the length of the leakage path (1.5 cm/kV) at the maximum
operating line voltage. ~
Busing, Insulation and Air Gaps of 1150 kV Distribution Systems
In s~lecting the phase design for the installation of 1150 kV RU buses, the
maximum permissible electric field strength on the surface of leads must
ec{ual appro~imately 30 kV/cm (by analogy with 500 and 750 kV ORU's [outdoor
distribution systems]). The phase design consists o~ five PA--500 hollow
aluminum leads arranged at a distance of 40 cm from one another. The permis-
sible load on this phase is 13.2 GV�A.
The installation distances (in meters) for 1150 kV RU's with this phase
� design are given below, selected to take into account safety engineering con-
ditions, repair and maintenance servicing requirements and the limitation of
the influence of the electric field:
Between various phases with rigid bus installation 11.4
From current carrying parts to grounded structures (gantry
pedestals) with rigid bus installation 7.5
~rom current carrying parts to the external dimensions of
transported equipment 7.55
From current carrying parts to permanent internal barriers 9.25
From disconnecting switch contacts to current carrying parts 10.2
Between current carrying parts of different circuits with a
serviceab].,~ or unserviceable lower circuit and an undisconnected
upper (in different planes) . 6,3
From unprotected current carrying parts to the ground or to the
roofs of buildings with maximum slack~in wires (without taking
into account the influence of the electric field) 12
~ Between current carrying parts of different circuits ~rlth one
circuit being serviced and the other not disconnected (hori-
zontally) 11.9
From current carrying parts to the top edge of an external barrier 11.7
Between current carrying parts and buildings or structures 11.3
In keeping c~rith conditions for mechanical strength and reliability, the
busing system is sus~endPd on double chai,ns of 58 PS~16B glass insulators,
56 PS--22A insulators or 58 PS~22 insulators,
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Layout and Design o~ Outdoor Dfistribution Systems .
`rhe layout of the ORU is determined by the electrical system at the completed
devel.opment stage, taking into account stage-by--stage addition, employing
simPler circuits. . ~
'1'lie designs of 1150 kV ORU~s have been developed on the basis of employing
equipment with air insulation o~ the su~port type~ In connection with the
fact that 1150 kV ORU~s occupy a greaC area, one of the main problems is the
maximum reduct3on of this area.
For intermediate stages in development simpler ORU arrangements have been
employed, such as a line-autotransformer assembly, a triangle and a square.
In development of 1150 k~'ORU's it was necessary to provide for the ability
to change from simple systems to mor~ complex with the employment of permanent
system elements and ensurance of reliable relay protection. In addition one
of the requirements for the design of 1150 kV ORU's was the maximum reduction
of the influence of the electric field on maintenance and repa3r personnel.
_ Taking these requirements into account, in the design process several variants
of ORU arrangements were considered. Preference was given to an arrangement
with a~two-row placement of switches and three systems of buses. Such an
arrangement, firstly, eliminates the laying of an upper busing system above
the equipment of sections witli circuit breakers and closing and cutoff switches,
and secondly, line equipment (capacitive voltage transformers, dischargers and
h3gh-frequency wave traps) and the electrotransmission line can be repaired
simultaneously with the absence of voltage in the busing system. The advantage
o~ this design consists in the fact that not only is the influence of the
electric field reduced, but the height of busing gantries is also reduced
drastically, since there is no necessity to maintain repair distances to the
upper point of equipment requiring servicing with the line switched on, i.e.,
the height of the busing system above the line equipment can be lowered prac-
tically to the hea.ght of the equipment. On this basis, in 1150 kV ORU's high
gantries have been used for collecting mains and low gantries for section
Luses.
Tn turn, the employment of high gantries for collecting mains makes it possible
substantially to reduce.the length of ORU secCions and the number of support
insulators, as well as to improve the operating reliability o~ collecting
mains (the busing system of the VL, as a rule, passes beneath them). The
r.ollecting mains are located at Che outer ends of the ORU, and therefore
cme of them can be repaired with the other operating.
:.n installing high collecting mains Che bus disconnecting switches can be
placed closer to the collecting mains, which makes it possible to reduce
the number of bus supports and the length~of the ORU from embankment tracks
to the exit gantry.
Vehicle roads havePb een provided along rows oCablectre cheskand troughs as
between equipment hases (inside sections).
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covered wi~h ~erroconcrete slabs can be used b}r ma~ntenance and repair ~per--
sonnel for passing over the ARU.
Outdoor Distribution System Construction Structures
The amount of construction work which must be done at the firsC stage in
the development o~ substation systems is shown in table'2.
Tab1e 2. ' .
Tndicators Substation
Ttat Kuznetsk Basin
Extent of excavation, thousand m3:
Excavation 794 863
Backfilling 506.7 635.4
Volume of monolithic fer~roconcrete
structures, thousand m 9.9 10.6
Volume of pr~ecast ferroconcrete,
thousand m 16.8 19.8
Weight of steel structures, thousand2tons ~ 4.3 4.9
Area of asphalt covering, thousan~ m 11.8 9.9
Volume of gravel fi11, thousand m 6.1 4.9
Length of conduiCs, thousand m 28.5 25.4
Labor costs for erecting substations,
thousand man-days 2~6.4 304.1
The structures supporting the 1150 kV busing system are in the form of single-
span gantries with cantilever cross members. The elements of the gantries
have been designed in the form of solid lattice type galvanized structures.
Individual elements are interconnected by means of bolts, cross members are
fastened to pedestals in articulated fashion, and pedestals are fastened to
~oundations rigidly.
Foundations are designed in the form of mushroom-shaped unified pedesta]:s with
inclined supports. In planning, the requirements of inetal structure fabrication
plants were taken into account w.Lth regard to the maximum utilization of standard
elements and their unification. It should be mentioned that gantry supports
wexe designed with the partial utilization of the pedestal of a standard U-220-2
support (since the pull o~ leads to a stage reaches 120 kN, it is necessary
to s~rengthen the chords by replactng VStZPS steel with 14G2-6 steel).
For purposes of unification, the geometrical dimensions of a cross member
(length of 46 m) for all gantries were selected to be identical. Special
bolts are provided on each pedestal for climbing to the gantries.
Common Substatton Control Center
With completed development, at each substation it is necessary to accotmnodate
a~ew hundred control, signaling, relay protection and automatic device control
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panels. The optimal variant (in connection with the large areas occupied by
substatians) i~ the decentralized distribution of protect~.on and automatic
device panels. Here panel equipment is located both at common substation
control cenCers (OPU's) ~or substations, as we11 as in separate relay panel
buildings located in the direct vicinity of a 1150 and 500 kV ORU. Installed
at the OPU are all panels for controlling elements of the substation, and
panels for central signaling and for the common elements of substations,
remote control devices, as wel~. as panels for the protection and automatic
devices of elements of 500 kV ORU's located near the OPU. On 1150 and 500 kV
ORU relay boards are placed, in addition to panels for the protection and
automatic devices of ORU elements, also d.c. and a.c. panels.
The OPU building is a three-story bu~lding made of series II-04 precast
ferroconcrete structures. On the flrst floor are located coupling equipmenC,
storage batteries, a.c. and d.c. power boards, the electric boiler room and
maintenance persannel areas; on the.second, the cable area for the control
Uoard and areas for installing air conditioning system equipmenC and ventilation
equipment; and on the third, control tioards. In addition, at the OPU are
technology, laboratory and auxiliary areas.
Arrangement of Substation Structures
The arrangement solution is governed as a rule by the relative position of
ORU's, taking into account the entry of VL's and the shortest electrical
connections between ORU's.
In spite of rhe fact that at the Kuznetsk Basin substation there are ORU's
for three voltages (1150, 500 and 220 kV), and at the Ttat substation, only
tivo (1150 and 500 kV), optimal for both substations proved to be variants with
a Lront arrangement of 1150 and 500 kV ORU's. For the purpose of shortening
the length and electrical connections, as well as for the efficient utilization
~f the area occupied, a 1150 kV ORU has been designed with a two-row circuit
breaker arrangement, and a 500 kV with a single-row arrangement. Taking into
account the f act that the width of substation areas is quite limited (with
r~~ard to local conditions), in a 500 kV ORU section equipment is arranged
not ~cross, but along collecting mains. ~
At both substations there is Che capacity for future one way expansion of
ORU's of all voltages. On the permanent face side of the substation, in the
area of auxiliary structures, are located a transformer oil serv3.ce building,
ccmbined with a united building and workshop for the repair of sw3tches,
at.d an oil storeroom, pumping stations for all purposes, tanks, cleaning
fr~cilities, warm and cold storage areas, a fire station, etc. Between 1150
r�d 500 kV ORU's are located three-story OPU's, relay panel buildings, a
building for the 10 kV closed distribution unit for internal needs, and
compressor stations. The development density of substation areas is greater
than 80 percent.
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Organization of the Equ~,pment ~epa~r Sexvice ~
. For the purpo~e of speeding the repair of air--break switches, per~ormed at
~ the point o~ their installation in an ORU are nnly the disassembly of modules
to be sent for repair and the assemb Iy o~ standby modules delivered from the
repair shop.
The repair. of oil--filled equipment is to be carried out in the transtormer
workshop, designed for the simultaneous servicing of one phase of a 1150 kV
autotransformer or reactor.
The 1'I~Ch [transformer oil supply] building, of course, is the most camplex
building facility in the substation's complex. It is in the form of a united
block of buildings with a different number of stories and height (fig 2).
The tower for inspecting transformers is equipped with an electrcic overhead
traveling crane with a load lifting capacity of 50/10 tons. Provided in it
is a system of rail traverses along which transformers are delivered to the
repair and inspection point and are also moved crosswise. Qn the ORU side,
in the tower have been designed sliding gates through which it is possible
to move a completely assembled autotransformer.
At the zero mark in the tower are located areas for preparing oil and a
chemical laboratory, whose spans are used for holding a bell from an auto-
transformer being inspected or repaired, as well as a bench for repairing
leads.
~ .
The transformer tower ha~� a steel frame with rigid joints for attaching the
collar beam to the pillar~~. The pillars are made of welded I-beams and
channel bars made of three sheets. Girders with a span of 24 m and a system
of stays for the upper and lower chords have been used in conformity with
series 1.460--2 v.I, and simply supported beams under the crane, with series
KE-10-57 v.V.
Foundations for the 2~ bu3.lding have been designed from precast ferroconcrete
elements installed on a fill base. Adjoining the t~ansformer tower is a
workshop for the repaix and maintenance servicing of air--break switches.
For the convenience of servicing equipment in the Z~ bu3lding there are
platforms, balconies and bridges, which are located at different levels and
are interconnected by stairs.
In the workshop are installed an electric overhead fraveling crane with a
load lifting capacity o~ �ive tons and a swingi.ng ~ib with a load lifting
capacity o� one ton.~ The frame oF the workshop, ~ust as the frame of the
trans~ormer tower, is of inetal. Gixdexs are supported on pillars in articulated
~ashion. -
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- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ i
~
; . , ~33 f,0 - - - .
. - - - ;
- i
DI~I if1II~C~~ii~':?.I~IIlI~I~ ~ ;
- ~
~
~e,un
~ ~~,zo _ ' ' ~
_ . - ~ ~}'1'I.,JD
a,nn - ~
-
~ 450U 9000 4500 -
6U00 60DD 6000 600D 19U00 l0U J0/10 3 0 6000 .G00(1
- ~ " 6Z )00
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soov . hoao . 6noo sooa soao sooa , I sooa N o00 3aon snriu r,nno
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Figure 2. TMICh Building: a--section;,b~-plan
i
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The united building, made o~ series TT~04 (linked variant) structures is
a three,story~bu~.lding. Tt is separated from the transformer tower by a
keyed expansion ~oint and i~ offset three meters in the plane.
In the Soviet Union a great amount of scientific research and design work
has been done, which has made it possible to embark upon the practical
mastery oi' a new voltage class---1150 kV. The experience gained in the design,
construction and entr}* into service o~ the Itat-Novokuznetsk electrotransmissian
system will make it possible in the very near future to embark upon the
construction of industrial electrotransmission systems for this voltage
class.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Energiya, ENERG~TICHESKOYE STROITEI,'STVO, 1979 .
8831
cso: isz2
,
53
.