JPRS ID: 8667 NEAR EAST/NORTH AFRICA REPORT

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~
- FOR OF~IC'IA1, 11,~F: ONI.Y
JPRS L/8667 ~
_ 19 Septer~ber 1979 ~
, ~
Near Ec~st North Afr~c~ Re ort
p
(FOUO 35/79)
F~IS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION S~RVICE -
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JPRS L/8667
i'~
19 September 1979
NEAR EAST/NORTH AFRICA REPORT
- (FOUO 35/79)
~ CONTENTS PAGE
ISRAEL
~
Water Sources, Their Uses in Judea, Samaria .
~ (Yohanan Boneh; YEHUDAH VESHOMRON: PERAQIM -
BEGIOGRAPHIYA YISHiJVIT, 1977) 1 ~
Planning, Development of Jewish Settlement in Jordan Valley
(Nahum Markovski; YEHUDAH VESHOMRON: PERAQIM
BEGIOGRAPHIYA YISHWIT, 1977) 35
- a- [III - NE & A- iai FOUO]
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ISRAEL
I -
WATER SOURCES, TIiEIR USES 31~T JUDEA, gAM~IA
Jerusalem YEHUDAH VESHOMRON: PERAQIM BEGIOGRAPHIYA YISHWIT [Judea and -
Samaria Studies in Settlement Geography] in Hebrew 1977 pp 34-38
_ r_
~Article by Yohanan Boneh, hydrologist and lecturer in geography department
at Universitv of Tel Aviv, a.nd L''ri Baida, Israel Water Planning Authorit~
LTex~ Introduction
T~e phyeical etructure of ~udea end Semarie mountainous arch (dolomi-
tic chalk) which takee up moat of the territory in tho center; the loW
~ordan ~alley in the eaet; end the hiila of Samaria and the higher loWlend
in the weat, determines in fact the cheractor oP the Water aourcom, on the
ane hand, and ths location of settlementa in the region, on tihe other.
- I.ike Mt Hermon, about which it is said "all of its best is at its base" so is
this region of the country, where the water sources are found at the feet of
~the mountains. Some of the runoff water, which is called the "repeating re-
~ fill," which penetrates the soil and reaches the aquifers of the subter-
ranean water, finds its way back to the surface of the ground by way of
various springs which flow from the foot of Mt Gilboa and the Beit-Shean
Valley in the north, along the Jordan Valley and the coast of the Dead Sea
'in the east, to Rosh Ha'ayn and Nahal Hataninim (Crocodile River) in the west.
most iP not all of this water is uaed for irrigation, either directly ~ro~
the aprings themaelvea, or by meana of drilling to drew it fram the eourcos.
mo~t of the water saurcea Found in the area of ~udea and Semaria eorve to
water the lands of the ~ordan Valley, and a losser amount ie used in the ~
irrigated Pielda Which nre at the Peet o~ the hilla and the high~r loWlend
in the weatern part oP the region.
These water sources are availebla primarily at the Poot of the hilly areae,
but most ot the people live on the top or slopes ot the mountaina. BOCause
of the transition between the mountains and tho d~sert, in goneral n~ost of
the large aettlementa hnve been located et ths threshho~d oP th~ deesrt of
~udea end Semaria, While the smell and intorrnodiato oized villagea have
develaped in the center oP the mountainous aree snd to the west.~ The Weter
sourcns on the top oP th� mountains are limited, end include primerily
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wells which fill up with Winter runoPP water, locel epringe having e rele-
tively small flow, and isolated drillinga intended to aupple~nent the minimnl
household conaumption oP drinking Water for urban settlemente, When other
eources ere insuPficient Por that purpoae. With the rfae in the etendard
of living and the growth in eize oP the population, th~re hae be~~'an
increased demand for larger quantiitiea of u?ater for houaehold uee. Ae e
result, the principal development of weter eourcee in recent yenra hee been
directed to the creation or expaneion o~ pro,jects for supplying houaehold -
wa~er for the area's residents. In irrigation pro~jects, tha principal
emphasis hae been placed on increasing etPiciency, and not neceasarily on
- quantity.
This peper will be a survey of the water sourcea in the region, including
a quantitative estimate and methods of exploitation.
HYDROLOGY '
precipitation
The average annual amount of precipitation in the region of ~udea and ~
Samaria f or the years between 1931 and 196~ varied betwe~n 70~ n~illi~neters -
in the high mountaina (the area oP Ramellah) to 100 millimeters~~in the
area of the Dead Se~. In generel, the amaunt of rain declinee Pram the
mountain topa to the margins, and the differencea are particulerly sharp
east oF the water shed.
In eddition to the decline in the amount of rain from.west to eaet, the
amount of rain also declines Prom north to south, and varies between
300 millimeters per year in the region oP gardaln in the ~orthern ~orden
Valley to 100 millimeters alonq the coaet of the Dead gea. The changes
in the emount oP rain depend upon the location oP the region, the elevation
above sealevel, and the orientetion. The slopes of the mountnins facing the
wind which brings the rain receive a lerger emount ~F rain than tho alopes ~
which are prote~ted from the wind. _
The distribution of precipitation in the region is as follows; In the
mountaina of gamaria and the mountaina oP ~udea en average of 600
millimeters; in the mountains aPBeit El and the vicinity of Bayt-~ala and
Betar abaut 700 millimetera; on the westere~ slopes oP the mountain bloc,
the quantity oP rain veries betu+een 500-600 millimeters per year; on the _
- other hend, the quantity oP rain on the eastern slope gredually declinea
Prom 450 millimeters to 150 millimetera per year fn the area of ~ericho.
' Snow which sometimsa falls occurs primarily in the hille ef;~eruaelem,
on the high mt Hebron, and the h~+ight of gethel, but is nat significant
in terms of the amount of water in them, compared to the general precipitetion.
' Upper Runoff
All of the streams in ~udea and Sa~narie drain into one oP the tWO drainage
basina the ry~editerranean or the ~ordan Vallay (Figure 1). in the drainage
area to the west oP the Waterahed are included the basina of the tollon~ing
atreame; tho I(ishon, the Nadera, the plexander, the Yerkon, the ghoreq,
Lachiah, ghaqma, and 8gaher, in an area oP 3,000 squere kilometers.
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. The grsateat drainage baain ie the Yerkon, which draina the region of
~udea and Semaria Prom the mounteina of gethel to the environe ot Shechem
(Nablus). The flowing waters of the Western drainage area, from the Kiahon
in the narth to the gashor in the south, come from the region af ~udea and
Samarie to Iaraeli territory.
Because of the porous nature oP moat ot the exposed ereas ebove the basins,
the upp~r runoff is quiie amall, and tor the moat part it does not exceed
one or two percent ot the totel precipitation in the area, except for those
placea which are covered u~ith chelky eoil or chalk, where the upper runoPP
is greater.
F1oW data from theae besins in the area of ~udea and Samarie do not exiat.
According to various astimatee, the upper runoPf is eetimeted to be 20-25
, million cubic meters on a ~nulti-year average. Some oP this upper runotf ia
already exploited today in Water profects, on the basin slope in Is~ael,
or is included in development plana Por additional Water sources.
To the east af the watershed, the etreame empty into the ~ordan River or
= the pead Sea. Theae streama constiti~te Pive primary dreinege ba~iD~~, in
an area of about 2,500 aquare kilometere, eccording to the following
distribution;
_ 1. The northern streams of Se~nerie having a collection besin,oP 310 square
~ kilometera. The principal streams are: Malih and qbu Sidra.
2. The basin of the Farah, with an area oP 330 squere kilometers.
3. The aouthern atreams oP gamaria having e collection basin of 620 equere
kilometers. The principal streams ere: Akhmar, Mallaha, AWja, and Nu'eima.
4. The Kelt having a callection basin oP 180 kilometers.
5. The r~orthern atreame oP the ~udean deaert, including the Og, Qumren,
qidron,'`Darja, and Hazezon, With an area o~ 1,100 square kilometore.
~ Flow data does not exist at all Por most of the principal streame Which
empty into the ~oraan Valley, or there ia very little data (such as for
the T~'arah or Ke7.t ~(Qilt) .
Throughout the year, there is a strong Plow in t~he par'o, the aource oP
which ia in the per'o springs and giden springs, and thn meaka springs;
periodically, there also eppear in it ~~rong high Plows. Even during
the period of the mandate, attempts Were made to measure the f1oW of floods
in the stream. Later, the ~ordaniana set up a meeauring station on the par'a.
meaeurements made in the years 1944-1947, as Well as in 1964/65, by the
~ordanians indicated a range of flood flows from absolute zero up to 4.5
millian cubic meters, with an estimated annual avecage of 2.5 million cubic
meters.
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The upper runoff appears in stean?s in the region oP ~ericho, eapecially in -
the Porm of ahort lived tlood tlows during the winter months. The floWe in the
Ke:l.t (Qilt) have been measured for about 30 yeara during the mandate
and aFtercuards by the ~ordaniane. But this data is acanty and inexact,
and some of it is availeble only in Ar~man. The componente of the P1oW
in the qalat are the high currente Which ocGUr after the strong rains in
the hills of ~erusalea~ and the excesa oP the flow ot Ein Fawer~ beyond ~
the carrying capacity o?~ the canal.
We do not posseae deta an the high flou~s oP the Nu'eima and the AW3e~ but
in reiny years, tlood tlowe have been created in them.
With the help oP this scanty data, th~re was reconatructed et the Iarael
Water planning Authority the high Plows of some ot the streame~in eastern
Samaria and the Nahal qelat, in e general nrea of 600 aquare kilornetere.
The computation of the flow, which wae baa~d on the praportiona oP the
rain runoff in the Kelt, the Farah, the Akhn~ar, the Malih, and Abu-S~dra,
geve a fagure oP 15 million cubic meters per yoar, as a n~ulti-year averege.
About 12 mfllion cubic meters ot thia qudntity floWed in the Kelt'(Qilt)~
.and the Farah.2 ~
For the atreams of the ~udenn wildernese, it im poaeible i:o get only a
gros~ estimate, baaed on the percentage of the upper runott coa~puted fro~n
the Nahal qrugot, which is aimilar in ite character to the other etrean~s.
On the baaie oF theae amtin~ates, a Pigure for the everage upper runot~
wae obtained, and ia a5aut 5 to 10 million cubic metere per year for ell
oP the atreams ot the ~udeen Wildernaea (beyond the ~~~reen ~ine~~).
In light oP theae estimates, the total annual runotf for all oP the 8rai~nge
besina in ~udea and Semarie is estimatsd to bs 40 to 50 million cubic n~et~rt. ~
Subterran~an Waters
The mountainaus renge which covers the anticlineal etructures of ~udea and
Semaria constitutee the region of the natural recurring Waters oP a nu~nber
of subterranean Water basine, which are the lergeat and moat important
of western Israel.
~ The raine which run off on the exposed rock of the mountain Pilter down
to variaua formations, which conatitute the various kinde of aquaPers, and
in which the Water Plows, ae eubterranean Water, to the north, eouth~ eaat,
and west.
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- Aquifera
The ridge of rock which is exposed in the mounteinoue bloc ot ~udea and
Semaria ia lower Cretaceous to eocene, and is built principally oP lfinestane,
dolomite, and merl. In certein placee one can diatinguieh layere of sandaton~,
conglomerate, and clay.
In the internal valleya there appear alluvial ~nd other deposits Which ere
neocene to ple~atocene. The ~ordan Valley, Which is lacated to the eaet
= of tho mountainous bloc, is built of
land end lake deposits which are
neocene-pleistocene.
The renge of verious Porn~etione ie divid~d into an alternating eerfes oP
~ aqoifera and and aquicludee, ae followa:
(at the base) a amall equiclude Pormation loWer ~retaceous.
, A lower cenozoic aquiter ~udean group.
A~~middle cenozoic~~ aquiclude or aquiterd ~udean group.
An upper cenozoi~ aquiPer ~udean group.
A Piltering aquiclude ~It Scopus group.
An eeocene aquifer Avdat group.
~ocal aquiPers end aquicludes ot neocene-pleistocenra aqe.
The lower cenozoic aquifere include the formationa oP ~~KePire,~~ ~~~ivat Ye'eri~,"
_ '~ghoreq,'~ and "Qishon?" which conatitute the principal aquiter on the ridge
and eastern ~nargins of the mountains. On the ridge o~ the mountain~ the loWer
cenozoia aquifers are supported by the aquiclurje of tihe ~~Ketnnn~~ PorMation.
On the edges, the aquifer is gen~rally Iocked ~in beneeth o~ the equiclude
(or aquitard) of the ~ormatione ot "Motza Mar1" and ~~geit moir."
The upper cenozoic aqui~or includes the for~natior~e ot "Aminadav, "KPar Shaul,'~
(or ?~Ein Yeraq' am~~ ~~Veradim, " end ~'8a' ane. On ~the mountein ridge the
aquifers are supported, Where they are located~ benseth the eubterranesn
Water table, on marl or tormatians ot ~~Beit meir.~~ pn the edge~ of the
mountainous bloc, the aquiPer ie locked in beneath tha Piltering equiclude.
Eocene layera vary in their equiferic character in various places throughout
~udea and Samaria. In generel, the eocene aquiPer is supported on th� Piltering
aquicluda, Which is built oP aquiPeric limeatone layere alternating With
cloaed marl layers.
The noocene-pleiatocene aquifera are essentielly carae equiters, and their
principal import3nce i~ in the Beft-Shean Valloy, the Farafi. ~alley, and the
South ~ordan Ualley, in the area oP Au~~fa and ~ericho. (q .r_,~ological cro~s-
aection ot equifers ia Pound in Figure 2).
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Collection B~sins
The regional hydrology oP the aubterranean Wetere in the ~ountainova rsgion
oP ~udea and Semeria ia abeolutely deterr~ined by the geologicnl Btructure
and the atretigraphic column. In thee ~orda~ Valley, the hydrographic
character (upper) also has an important influence.
The anticl~ineal geological axas oP ~ude~ and Sarneria detern~ine in the
mountainous region the principal aubterranean waterahed, Which~aeperetea
the eastern and Weetern t1oW of the aubterranean weters. The aecondery
exes and fault lines divide the region into secondary hydrological besine.
The weatern subterreneen beaine in tha areaa of the Wset Benk are;
Western drainage:
Yerkon -Taninim basin (~udea group).
Hebron-8eer gheva basin (~udea group).
Sinclineal baein of Shechem-~anin-Gilbon (qvdat eocene group).
Revia-~ilboa-Ta'anakh baein (~udea grouF).
Eastern drainage:
gardela basin (~udea + Tiberias group). ~
Malih-El Buqei'a basin (Judea group + Avdat group).
Fara11 basin (~udea group + Tiberias-pead Sea).
. petsal-Awja basin (~udea group).
Remallah-~arusalem basin (~udea group).
~udean Wildernesa basin j~udea group).
To the east of the mountein ridge stretchesf fror~ north to aouth, the ploisto-
cene-neoceno baein ot tha ~ordan Velley, into Which en~pties all of the water
in the eastern drainage. 3 A detail ot the location at besins ia in tigure 3.
i
Ground Water Potential ~
ll
A computetion oP the u+ater potential in the aquifers oP the Weat gank can
be obtained by a hydra~~y~cal calculation, i.e. the recurring quentity o~
Weter ie egual to the totel reintell on expased areas, n~inus the upper
runoff, evaporation, e~apotranspiration, and differences in ground moisture.
_ This computation can also be done by hydrolugical me~thods related to the
flo~r of apringa and hydraulic constenta ~t the aquifer~; or by clneeical
hydrological Wnter balence, in Which the recurring Water qunntity ie cel-
culated Pram pumping data and the change in water level, teking into eccount
_ meeaured conatanta ot the equifer. p summery oP the subterranean ~etor ~
potential in the varioue baeins is Pnund in Table 1. Eatimates oP the
recurring quantity in millions oP cubic meters per year were made by difParing
.
methods for ditP.erent basins, in aacordence With the date availeble in aach
baein.
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T,eble 1; ~ollection eesina oP Subterranean Watar and Estimatea o~ Their
Water potentiai (In milliona oP Cubic meters per year)
Basin Aquifer Expoaed Area Natural present
Rscurring Exploitation
_ Amount (prilling-
Spring Flon~)
1. yarkon-Taninim ~udea group '~~1,300 350-370 380-400
Upper cenozoic+
lower cenozoic ~
. 2� Hebron-Beer gheve ~udea group 300 16.6-21 20-21
Upper cenozoic+
loWer cehozoic
3. Nablus .-~enin- Eocene qvdat group 500 80-95 92-114
Gilboe sinecline ~udea group
4. Revia-Gilboa-Ta'anakh ~~per cenozoic+ 40-50 35
lomer cenozoic
5. eerdala ~udua gr~up+ 90 3-6 9-11
neocene
6. Wedi Malih- -=~udea group+ 66 2-3 2
Buqei'a qvdat group
~udea group
7. Wadi Farah Neocene.~pleiatocene 145 9-15 9-10
8. pateal and pw~ja ~udea group 610 24-40 12.5-15
Lower cenozoic+
~ppes ~enozoic
9. ~eruealem 610 50-?0 25
10. ~udean Wildernesa ~udea group 590 35-40 6.2-6.7
Uppor cenozoic-
lower cenozoic
USE OF WATER IN JUDEA AND SAmARIA
Water gourcea qvailable Por Exploitation
Water serving the population af towne and villages in ~udea and Sameria comes
Prom three principal aources: epringa, wella, and cisterns. In the whole
region there are about 300 eprings. moat of the springs are small and aproed
out (villages are generally located around ma,jor Plows), and are �xploited
es local water aources for drinking Water nnd irrigetion. These amall springe
drain local aquifers of limited importance.
In addition to the small springs,�there are in ~udes and gan~aria about 60
large springa, Por which the average annual supply of each one is more then
- 50,000 cubic metera. In terms oP the subterraneen basins ~uhich Peed them, moet
~ of them belong to the eastarn mountain basin; a minority belong to the
western mountain basin (see Figure 1).
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The large eprings serve mostly Por irrigetion, and are concentreted in three
araas in the ~ordan Valley (~ericho, Farah, and Bardela). The remaining ones
conetitute the principal source for houaehold water, through urben Water
companies.
The average annual aupply of all of the Preah Water springs in ~udea and
Samaria is about 50-60 million cubic meters. The flow of the brackish
springs, which are not exploited, fe about 40-50 million cubic meters per
year.
In addition to the springs, there are today about 350 Wells and drillinga
supplying water, and their output veriea between a fe~ cubic aeters per
hour to more thnn 250 cubic metera per hour (in isolated casea even more
than 1,J00 cubic metera per hour), according to the nature oP the aquiter
which the drilling tapa.
Like apringa, the ~uater trom drilling ia uaed primarily for agriculture,
especielly in the regions oP qalqiliya end Tul-qarm, ~enin-qabetiyeh, and
in the ~ordan Valley. 4
Since the installation ot Water gauges tor drillit~ga is only in the early
atagea of implem~ntation, there are no preciae da+ca on the quan~ity oP
water pumped in the region, but it is eat~mate~ t.o be 40 million cubic
meters per year.
In ~udea and Samaria, the upp~r runoPt Waters which drains i~to the many ciaterna
f ound in every aettlement are also exploited. Thia water primarily aervea
household needa and livestock, but are also us~d es an aid in irrigation
in amall agriculture, located nearby.
y projecta for cetching the runotf Watera and using it, on a large scele, auch
as is Pound in Israei, are elmoat non-existen~t. The feW profects includQ
the Solomon pools in Wadi Artee, u?hich also collect tlood matera in eddition
~ to spring water, and a nwnber ot sa~ell locel dnma Which have be~n preaerved
from earlier periods. The reaaon for this is the high degree of permeebility
ot the ground in fche mountain region (except for limestone areas), the amall
amount of depoaita to the east oP the waterohed, the relatively s~aell dr$inege
areas, and as a result the relative rarity op Ploods. In addition, there are
also geo-engineering problems of locating euch reeervoira.
qs noted above, becauae of the lack oP datra, there is no passibility Por
determining the strength of currents, althougli early estimatea ot the amount
of upper runoff, made on the baeis of similar areas in Israel, indicete
something on the order of 25 million cubir, m~ters per year in the western
basin and about 20 million cubic meters pmr year in the~eastern baain~ on
a multiyear avorage.
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Water Supply Sys~tems and Their mainte~ance
Today, there are rnora than 680,000 persons living in ~udee and Sammria, With
ebout 175,000 oP them in ci~ties, and the rest'of them about 75 percent
in 400 villagea. Thi3 indicatea the rural character oP the region. momt oP
- the populetion is ~oncentrated along the mountainous bloc. The primary citiea
are located al~ng the ridg9, or near it, trom north to eouth. They are;
; Hobron, 8ethlehem, Ramallah, (Nablus), and Jenin. ~ On the western
slopea are the aettlamente of Qalqilyali and Tul-Kasmti with ~ericho in thA
_ ~ordan ~alley. ~
General exploita~~ion of the water reaourcea in ~udea and Samaria ie etill
undeveloped~ end encompaesea the use ot only part of the available wat~r.
~ust 30 years ago, most of the residents existed primarily on ciatern
Water or poor springs, which supplied people and animals with drinking
Wnter, and only the lef tover was used Por irrigating limited areas. 7oday,
there are dozens of water companiea supplying household Water in cit.ies
and large settlements. But the level oP services in the segion (such ae
:,~ier, electricity, and sewage) is still low, and even though in large
~~ities are large segment of the population en,~oys urban aervices, there
are no such servi~:ea in moat of the villagea oP the area.
Orgenized irrigation systems exist only in three areas;;in the Qalqilyah--
Tul-i(arm area; in the Do~han Ualley (~enin-qabtiyah); and in the ~ordan
Valley between 8ardala in the north and ~ericho in the south.
The production of water and its distribution ia regulated by water righte
and various laws. The Water lawa which are in force in ~udea and 5emaria
are ~ordanian laws, and have not been changed. The origin ot some of these
laWS is from the mandate period, such as the "~aw f or protecting public
Water Works," Prom 1937, which Was intended to protect deaignated areas
Por uae ot public water ~~orks, especi~lly for household ne~da. Another laW
from 1938 is the ~~~aw for Study of Water Resources~' mhich enablea the
conducting of activities to discover water located ~~baneath the earth~~
end to even exercise eminent domain over land containing wells.5
LaWS Prom the period of the ~ordanian regime already daal witch rulee regnrding
the analysis oP water, conducted according to special requeats~ but the
implementation is not yet obligatory. As tor supervision of the we~ter supply,
including the filfng of petitions with the minister of public Works Por a
- license to eatablish irrigation works, the laW authorizes the minister to
, atop, change, or reduce the amounta of Water for irrigatio~ Worke, if there
is insuFficient water Por the ordinary needs of the same region. (.eter le~ra
(from 1966), whose purpose was to arrange ~~matters ot naturel resourcea~~
deal with the authority oP the ~~Naturai Resources Authority~~ to maka decieiona
regarding everything related to allocation and uee ot subterranean and uppor
watera, and their development under the supervisioh oP the Authority. Among
other things, there ia in ths law a section prohibiting the ~~transPer ot
water aut of a water basin,'~ which means th~t the emphasis is on regional
_ solutfons only, in contrast to the Israeli conception oP a national Weter
system reguleting the supply of Water between regions, in accord With eupply
and demand.
~ , I
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The govQrnmentel authority ie autharizod to doter~nine th� meximum quentity
cP Water to be supplied to land ownera, in accord With the flow ~f epringe _
end the scope ot agriculture. The authority also hea the power to supervise
= water, its aupply, its dietrib~tion, ar~d to Pix ite price, within the
bounderiee ot regioae and i.rrigation Works, er.d to cut ofP the eupply ot
Water to agricultural unita.
The requirment for the filing of a petition tor a license to drill Por end

- produce water ~rom subterranean Waters is Pound in the rulea regulating
subi;erranean waters from 1966. According to them, the deputy cheirmen of
the Authority has the power to ieaue or Withhold a license, in eccord with ~
hia apinion as ta the efPect ~.P the license on the eubterranean Waters,
their quanti~y ~nd c~uality, or iP tho liconse would impinge on the righte
oP other persons.
A apecial law wea pessed to regulate the eupply ot drinking Wnter to the
diatrict oP ~eruselem, fro~n Re~nellah in the north to Bayt-Sahur in the
south. The purpoae wes to regulate water services Por the reaidenta oP -
the distri~t of ~erusalem ot houaehold uee a;,a urben needs.
To protect the quality of the Water, a special law Wea pasaed prohibiting
anyone "from polluting atate Waters or introducing into that Wc~ter eny 6
polluting substance Whatsoever, Without Written permiseion of ther euthorities.~~
In cont~ast to water laW in Israel, in ~udea and Semaria state ownership oP -
water sources was nevar legislated. There is likewise no annual authorization
of amounts of Water to be produced, or limits on consumer use. At the same �
time, in recent years there has occurred an improvement'in the ~ordenian
regime's supervision syatems and measurement, without Which there is no
_ possibility of implementing the laWa end reguletions.
puring the 1950's, the ~ordanian regime conducte~~ occasional measurements
oP larger aprings in ~udea and Sameria (in general, two measurements per
year). In the early 1960's, with the i~creaeing shortage oP drinking Water
Por remidents of large citiea ~eruBalen~, Shechem, Nebran, and Ramelleh
the ~ordanian government began to conduct measureme~ts with the aid of
foreign factors, and to collect information on the upper and subterranean -
water sources in ~udea and Snmaria. For thfs purpose, the 8ritish engineering
firm of RoPc~ aRd RaPferty C.W.A. oP Landon Wa~ hired, and it conducted a
survey of upper water eourcea, geological mapping, nnd hydrologicel studiee
' por the location oP subterranean Waters. At the recommendation of this Pirm,
since 1964 regular measurements have besn macie oP the large springs with
_ greater Prequency (Pour timea per year). There was also begun a measurement
of the Water table fn wells, and a sampling oP the Weter to test its quality.
The output of large springs is noW measured once a month by the Weter StaPf
of ~udea and Sameria. Water metera are also being installed noW in all Well~
ao that it Will be posaible to keep track oP the amounts drawn trom them. ~
10
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SUPPLY OF WATER FOR HOUSEHOLD CONSUmPTIQN.
Houaehold Ratea of ~onaumption of Wster
,
In eight cities oP ~udea end Samaria, and in a number oP larger settlemente~
there are con~peniea for supplying Water, and they ere generally owned by
the municipalities. These compenier, ,re still eupplying Weter to only a
segment of the populatib~n, in epite oP the fact thet the number of coneumers _
continuea to increase.
Household consumption oP water in ~uden end Se~nerin ia eeti~neted todey to
be about 20 cubic m~tera per year, on the averege, in contrast to 60
cubic metera pe~ paraon in israeli citias. The rest o~ the populatian obtaine _
water for househo;d consumption from ciaterns or s~nall springe Pound in
eettle~nents or nearby. gince there er~ gaps between the atandard oP living
oP the city and that of the villege~ there are subatantial diPferences
in the norme oP consumption of the city end villege. In 19b6, consumption in
the regions of ~enin and qalqiliyah, ~here there ere gerdena next to hon~ee,
w~e estimeted t~ be 80 ],i~erea per person per day, which is 28 cubic meters
per person per ~tear. In Hebr~~n and Bethlehem, Whero there is much lsse
intenaive gardening, consumption Was oetimatec~ to be 35-40 litere per person
par day, Which is 14 cubic meters per person per year. e In vflleges, con-
_ sumption Prom bucket drawn wells Was eatimated to be 20 lfters per peraon
per day, which is about seven cubic meters per pereon per yeer. (he eetimnted
consumption per head of cattle is 25 lfters per day, which ie nine cubic
meters per year, and 10 litera per head oP sheep (ebout Pour cubic me~ere
per year).
Since inPormation on the development of consuenption in the region ie very
- limited, estimatea and forecasts oP the growth ot conaumptian in villegee
= are based on existing data Prom minority vf lleges in Iarael, while Porecasta -
Por cities are based on real current concumption there.
The growth of consumption dependa upon both the natural increase of the
population as well as the rise in the standard of living, which is expreesed
in the rise of the consumption per capita narme. Becauae of the aimilarity
in the character of the populations, the level of aervices and the rate of
natural increase, between the minorities of Iarael and the reaidents of
~udoa and Samaria, it has been assumed f or the purposes of forecasting
levels of consumption in the region that the existing data in Israel
can be adopted, both f ar population growth and conaumption figurea. In th�
five years of 1968-1973, the birth rate reeched 2.6 percent in ~udea and -
Samarie, and tod~y it is 3 percent per year, as compared to 4 percent per
year in Israel. Since village conaumption also includeg agricultural
consumption, the question ariaes as to hour to determine what part is hause-
hold consumption and What part is agricultural consumption.
Agricultural consumption of aater in prab villagea in Israel ie compoaed of
two factors; one is the irrigation of cultivat~d lend outaide of the villeg~,
and the second is "Havarkir" which is the irrigation of plots next tn homea.
11
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On these plote~ whi~h ere only a Pew dunama, the people raise primarily
vegeteblea and Pruit trsea. Since the supply of houaehold water aleo includes
th~ water f or the ~~khawakir~~~ household coneumption with the eddition oP
the ~~khawakir~~ water in Israeli villagee hes reached, attar 12 years, about
21 cubic meters of Water per capite per yoer, or 60 liters per capite per
day. The rate oP increase'oP coneumption in this period hes rseched 6 percent ~
per year, on the everage. From this, it can be concluded that in ~udea and
gemaria household conaumption Will increase, end within another 10 years
it will equal ?5 litera per cepi~a per day, or 26 cubic meters per year.
in the citiea of tho region, the present everegn consumption is only 60 litere
per cepite per dey. gut on the bneis oP the linkege between the rnte of
rise in standard oP living and the incre~esed rate oP consumption end the re~et~on
between these two factors in similar a~~.~~lamenta in Iarael, one may expect'
a twoPold increase in consumption by '~85, or 120 liters per cepita per day.
It ie on the beais~ot these assumptione that Weter worka ere being plenned
in ~udea and Semaria today.
In spite of theae forecasts, the data oPPered in Table 2 above ehoWe that
in the last eight years there hea apparently been no per capite increase
in consumptian in Ramallah. In apite oP the general doubling of coneumption,
it appeers to have even declined a bit. On the other han~, loaees in ~he
water aupply system of elmost 25 percent oP the aupply have not besn reduced.
Since not all residents are hooked up to the urban water works, the computetion
has besn made according to weter measurements, and not accordfng to population.
Table 2; Figures on Water Conaumption in the A1unicipal Water Works oP Remelleh
~Year Total supply Totel consumption Consumers ~ubic percent
Cubic meters Cubic n~eters per Number of ~leters loat
per month month meters per con-
- aumer per
month
1. 1966 52,000 40,000 3,000 13.3 23
2. 1974 105,000 80,000 6,500 12.3 24
~rban Water Works
Existing Water Worka in the region are local and limitQd operatio~s, generally
Por the primary citiea end villegea around them. These plants do not aupply
most oP the consumptior~. in many parta oP the citie~ and most o~ the villages
supoly etill depends an ciaterna and amall apringe.
In a survey made in ~uly 1967 it was discouered that 95 percent of the consumera
linked to the supply network were urban conaumers and only five percent Were
village coneumera. Since then, additional settlements have been linked to the
network, but their number is atill small.
12
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Weter works ere distributed, geographically, into four secondary regione.
These regions ere ditferent in their topogrephical character, in the apread
of aettlemente, end in the direction of their roade. rhe cheracter of the
weter sourcea elao ditfers, accordingly, in each. of the secondary ri,igions -
as follows:
~
.
~
13 ,
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. �
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15 .
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The Southarn Diatrict; the nilla of Hebron up to ~erueelem.
The ~antral piatrict: the hille of ~udea and Ephraim betwaen ~eruealem end
Shechem.
The Northern Oistrict: The hills of Samarie from ghechem in the eouth to the
- "Gr'een Line" in the north.
The Eaetern Diatrict; ~ericho and the ~ordan ~alley. -
A doacription of oxieting water worka, their aources af water, their autput,
and the settlementa linked to them, ia preesnted in Teble 3; their location
is ahown in Figmre 4. In epit~ of the Pect that ther� ere no preciee figuree
on the amounts nf weter eupplied annunlly by eaah of the operetione, it ie
estimeted that they supply 6-7 million cubic meters per year. Likewiae, it is
diPficult to eatimate the number oP reaidente linked to the aupply netWOrk, end
so it ie impoeaible to estimate~the percentage of co~sumere who en~oy the
regular supply of weter todey. In order to estimate the present level oP eupply,
one muat compere the amounts aupplied today according to estimetea to the annuel
amount oP 14 million cub:tc metera per year, Which ia the potential household
consumption of the region, according to consumption norms in Arab villages in
Israel, where there are Water Works Which supply water to nll residents. ~
It ehould be remembered thet e large emount of water ia atill aupplied todey
in the region Prom cisterns and amall apringa. But With the development oP
water supply operations, the uae oP cietern weter is declir~ing becaus� their
sanitery level ia low. The principal uae ot cieterns occura during tlhe Winter
montha and the beginning of eummer. With the drying out of the cisterne in summer,)
the residents receive water trom the eupply eystem (in placea Where it exista).
This situation cauees insuPPicient uae of the water worke and high price~
Por water, because of the emall number oP hours of operation, and emall output.
For example; a cubic meter oP water from the Ramallah water works coats the
conaum~r 3.00 to 3.50 pounds (at 1974 prices).
~GRICULTURAL CONSUmPTION OF WATER
The region of ~udea end Semeria ie Pundamentally agriculturel, but because of
the availability af Water aources, Which are relatively poor in quantity,
their diatributian over the territory, and the retarded development oP the
use of subterranean Waters until recent yeera, irrigated areas are very limited
only 100,000 dunams, or about 5 percent of the arable land, Which covere
2 mfllion duname.
. ~
The primary crops groWn under irrigation are citrue, vegetablea, en%'bananaa.
Irrigation agriculture ie concentrated in partfculer in the tollowing ereas=
Weatern Orainage gasin: Between ~enin and qebatia, end in the Qalqiliya-Tul Ker~n
district.
Eastern Drainage Basin; ~ordan Velley, and the districts oP 8erdala, per'o-
~iftlik~ Aw~ja, and ~ericho.
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About 50~000 dun~~s ero irriq~t~d fcom rell~ and 50,000 froT sprinp ret~r.
Th� Lrrigat~d sr~es Which era concentrat~d in th� W~~torn drainsga be~in er� _
sost if no! all irrigated fro~n W~11~ only, Whil� in th� Jarden Uall~y thar� -
is a ~nix of ~prtng WeEar end W~11 Wstor.
Sine� th~r� ls no controlled msesur~enL of con~u~ption o~ ~ret~r us~d in nqri- ,
cultur~, olstained from ualls and eprinqs, th~ ~qriculturel coneuaption of
~rst~r cen e~timsted from tha purpoea of tho ~r~tar~ Sho eixa of th� irrigai~d
er~a end th� types af crope. .
E~~imetas of th~ irrigetion norms for ~ unit er~a, ~d� on th� bs~i~ at d~ta
_ fro~ ~imilar Iireeli er~as snd on tha be~i~ of ~ordsninn dats~ ~rr :~aWn in ~ \ �
T~bl� 4, b~lar: ,
T~bl~ A: E~tin~rta of Irriqation Nor~a Accordinp to qogion(~) (~ubic n~~t~r p~r I1
y~ar par dunsm) y,,
\
- R~qion ~itrw Uo9ot~b1~� Ban~nu Dociduou� Fruitr U~g~teblu
8~trnn Tr~u~~I
1. Uul~rn I
draineg� ~
be~tn 800 600 B00 1,~00 ~I
2. ~ordan ~
Vellay 1,00~-1.500 700-800 2,000-2,100 1~300 '
Thaw fiquroe conetituta the nat con~umption, to rhich ~hould bo addod ~1
W~t~r loeaos, in ke~pinq With th� afficiency of tha irrigstion �y~t~a. ~
j
Wattern Dreinage Beein ~
In tho r~qione of qalqiliye-Tul K~rn~ ee Wsll ee northW~rd in th~ rsgion oP
]~nin-~ebetiya~ the ~ourc� of Weter for irrigetion i� almast oxclueivoly fro~n
drillinge Which ere Ped by tha uppar c~nozoic aquiter. Tho~~ drillinge produc� ebout '20
cubic s~C~rs p~r hour~ on th� avor~q~. Th~ principal crop� er� citrue~ vagatabl~e, "
�nd som~ bananea. Tha irrigntod er~s in th� r~st~rn dreinaq~ basin i� d~ocrib~d
in Tabl~ 5.
Tebl� 5: Irrigatad Aran end Estimat~d Annual Consu~ption in th~ W~st~rn Dreineq~ g~~in
. Irrigetad qrae (in dunems) E~ti~netod Annual Con~umption
Ragion Citrue Vog~tabl~s Totel (aillion� of cubic rostor~/y~ar)
Attil, Zayta, ~~~ooo ~o,oop 27~OOD 19.5 :
Tul KerT.
q~l.qtlyzh
At?abta
2. ~enin~ QabaEiye 1.7d0 3~500 5,200 3.5 ~
3. Total 19~700 13,500 32~200 23.U
1$
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~ordan valley
Yhe whole region of the ~ordan Valley has bean blessed wfth soil which is
Pertile and productive, and its water sources supply sub~tantiel amounts of
Water throughout the whole year, in e climate Which ia hoti in the winter
monthe. qll of this hes made the region e gigantic naturel hothouae, which
is especielly ~uited to growing vegetables in the wintes. ,
~
Region oP ~ericho
_ The irrigated aree oF ~erfcho is located i.n the southern portion of the ~ordan
Velley. The arable lend is epread around th~ city itaelF, and close to the villegea
of Duyuk end Nu'eima. The boundariea of the district are: the ~udean hills to
the weet; the ~ordan River to the eaet; the Wadi Nu'eima to the north; and the Nahal
~Ke1.P (qilt) on the south. The weter eourcee include eix eprings Which Plow from
a cenozoic aquiPer, end eupply water Por the whole district. Two oP them riae f'ram
the channel of the Nahal Qalat; one ia Ein-FaWad, located about 10 kilometera
weat of ~ericho, whase aupply achadule ia unetable. The aecond ie Ein-qalet,
Which riaes ebout 7 kilometers west oP ~ericho. Their combined supply amounte to
3.5-4.0 million cubic me%ers per year, which is aarried by cAnal to irrigate
about 4,000 dunams of vegetables and bananas, to the aouth of ~ericho.
In the area of ~ericho, there ere tour apringa, each oP which aupplies Water
Por the agricultural land in its immediate vicinity;
Ein-Sulten it is the largeat of the Pour, and it suppliea drinking water far
the residente oP ~ericho and vicinity, and its Watera also irrigete about 3,500
dunams oP land neer the city. Its aupply ie rether atabYe throughout the year,
and reachea 5.5 million cubic metere per year, on the average.
Ein- f~uyi~k it ia the second lnrgeet epring, end its eupply emounte to nbout
S million cubic metore per yeer, on the evernga, and it irrigetes ebout 3,000
duc~ams .
Ein-Nu'eima it is smaller than the preceding two and its output is about 2.2
millfon cubic meters per year, and it irrigatea about S,SQO dunams, on a biennial
cycle.
Ein-Shushe it is the smallest water eource in the area, and ita annual autput
is only about a ha1F million cubic meters per year. Its water is used to irrigate
a small area of 400 dunams, belonging to one man.
Additional sources of water in the erea are Prom the subterranean Watera, which
are pumped from about 50 wells end drillinga, belonging to private individuals,
and are used'to irrigate 4,000 additional duname. All of the wells tap the pleis-
ticene aquifer, and Pre no deeper than 100 metera. Their autput variea betWesn
20 and 70 cubic meters per haur. Thoir annuel output.oP water ia ebout 5 million
cubic meters. Thuo, all of the Weter aveilable to this region from these sources
emounta to 22 million cubic meters per year. 10
~ 19
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The quality af the apring water ia good Por egricultural purposes, and for
irrigating all typea oF crops, beceuse their chlorine level does not excesd
30 milligrama per liter.
The area Which ie irrigated veriea between 16,000 and 20,000 duneme, and~it
chenges from year to year, in eccordence with the cycle oP cultivation.
About 70 percent of the arae is uaed Por raising vegetables; ebout 25 percent
~ Por citrus, end about 5 percent far benanea and other trees.
~ The irrigatfon is based mastly on cement and dirt canals. Zhe cenal system,
Which ie 110 kilometera long, ia poorly meintained, and thia causes the losa
of eubatantial emounts of water, reaching 5-10 percent in the cement canels
and 20-25 percent in the dirt canals. The total loss of water, Prom the apring
to the cultiveted land, can reach na high as 33-50 percent.
The dietributian of Wnter emong Parmers in the region ia done according to a
liet oP water righte, which are expreseed in time units (haura end minutee).
At Ein-Sultan, far exemple, there is an errangement by which Pour fermera
receive their Water at ono end the same time, with each receiving one que�ter
of the epring's output. At Ein-Nu'eima and Ein-Diyu~h, each farmer gete his
water eupply according to the time allotted to him, in accordence with his
righta. ~
' Ii:igat~on is done by means of ineandering turrowa. This method ia the moat
used because of the manner oP distributing water, which requiree the fermer
to absorb very lerge amounte (150-200 cubic meters per hour from Ein-Sultan
and up to 700 cubic metera per hour from Ein-Diyukh). in order to control these
quantitiea oP water, he is forced to spreed it out in e great number oP long
canels whfch are fed by ttie creation of ineanders. This mathod is inapprapriate
for tilling land by edvanced agro~echnical methods. The farmer receives a
large eupply oP water in e relatively ahort period of time, end thus tho
etficiency oP the irrigetion ie low. Alao, th� time between nne watering nnd
the next equela the length�of a year, and ie no~ baeed on a calculeted Water
achedule, which dependa on the seaaon oP growth end the nesds of the plents.
An analyaie of the Water balance in the area indicates thet in spite oP the
largs quantitiee oP weter, there ia insufPicient water Por agricultural ne~ds
throughout the whole year. The reasona Por this are the poor condi!:fon of the
canels; the verying consumption Por crops while the aupply by epr11gs is Pixed
more or less, without any possibility Por storege in raservoirs.
I In recent years, farmere have begun to uae more advanced methods oP irrigation,
Buch es eprinklera or dropa.
Irrigetion Worke oP AW,fa-al-Tahta
About 10 kilometers north of ~ericho ie the neighboring village oP Aw,~e, in the
heart of the Velloy, which hae been bleased with an abu~dance oP water, Pertile
land, and a Warm climate.~
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The water for irrigatian in the villag~ is moatly produced from the apring
of Ein-Awje, and to a lesser extent from a number oF privetely owned drlllinge,
from which emall amounta ara pumped to complement canaumption during the peak
, monthe.
The annual output of Ein-pw,~a variea subatantially from year to year, and
ranges from one million to 25 million cubic metere. The everage supply is
11 million cubic meters per year. Nine active drillinga are fed from a pleisti-
cene aquiPer. The depth varies from 40 to 100 metera, and the output varies
from 20 to 80 cubic meters per hour, with an overall production of about one
million cubic meters per year. The chlorine content of the water ranges from 300
to 500 milligrema per liter. put oP a land patential of 15,000 dunams, anly 4,000
dunema are tilled today, with the principal crops being vegetablee (65 percent),
- bananas (25 percent), and citrue (10 percent). Water rights ere divided according
to the length oP the flow in canals. Irrigation goea on day and night, end the
water runa Prom one consumer to the next in a cycle of 8 days.
The undeveloped system oP irrigetion, which is moetly besed on dirt cenels, and
to a small extent on cement canals, and which ia poorly maintained, ceuaes e
losa of water and its inefficient use. Becauae oF thie, the amount of water is
ineufficient. The area under cultivation contracts end expands in accordance
u+ith the veriations in supply by the epring. Bu~ the relatively amall dimeneions
of the cultivated lend are principally the reeult oP neglect oP the irrigation
syetem~ which todeys laeee about 50 percent of the ennual eupply oP the epring. 12
qn additional aource of weter, which cnn help expand the irrigated erea, is the
surfece waber. According to reporta by local residents, the strsem carriea
large quantitiea of water in reiny yeara. But we possess no data on these
amounts. gurveys made during the period of ~ordanian control eatimated the
amounts of this water to be betWeen 10 and 75 million cubic metera per year.
On the basis of these estimetes, the posaibility was studied oP building a
dem on the stream channel, Which would catch the Plood aaters or~ their wey
~ ta the ~ordnn River and uae them Por en upper reaervoir, or even e eubterreneen
reeervoir.
Becauae of the lack of geological and hydralogicel data regarding percolation,
evaporation, the frequency of surPace water, and the amounts of Weter, there
is no posaibility at this stage of determining the value of building the proposed
dem.
Region oP Nehal 1~ar;it~ and the ~iftlik
The region oP Nehal Par'o, ell elong ite length, ia coneidered to be an egricul-
turol region. In the irrigatad Pielda of the upper apringa of the regian, in
the area oP the centrnl springs (the vicinity oP Al-'Aqrabania)~ in the amall
velleys oP the banks of Nahal Fazah, as Well as in the wide valley oP the region
of the ~iftlik the principal crope todey are citrue, vegeteblea, nnd bannnae.
_ In a survey of the irrigated fielde of the ~ordan Valley, which Was mad� by means
of aerial phatography in 196?, it Wes Pound thet all of the irrigated landa
in the region abnut~24,000 dunama were watered by means of canels. 13 To
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water the lenda, the farmers oF the par'� use 19 million cubic metera of water '
per year, and this water comes mainly Prom springs (about 15 million cubic metere
'per year) and the rest from drillings. ;
- ;
The upper apringa, par'o end 8idan, are springs trom the eocene level. The source ~
oP their water is the drainage of an aquiPer of the Avdet group, which is in the
ainclineal baein oP ghechem. The average annual supply, inrecE:nt years, Pram the !
par'o epringa hae been about. q.5 million cubic me~~ere per yeer, end from the
Bidan spring about 4 million cubic meters per yeara About 1.5 million cubic metera j
of this emount percolatea in the upper part oP the stream and constitutee part ;
of the source of the water at the loW~r part. On the slopes of the valley, near !
the Nahal par'o, there are f our additional apringe, which are fed by an aquif er of j
the ~udea group. Ein-Abu-Salah, Ein-maska, Ein-Shabli, and Ein-Ya'aqub constitute ~
the natural exit for aome of the aubterranean watero which flaw in the besin,
and their general output is eatimated to be 4 million cubic metera per year. In i
addition to theae springa there are in this part of the valley another 20 drillings,
which are fed from the aquif er of the ~udea group. T~~eir output ranges Prom 20 ;
to 125 cubic meters per hour. The annu~l production ~?mounte to about two million
cubic meters. The quality of the water here variea from 40 to 150 milligrame of ~
- chlorine per liter. The irrigated area is 7,000 dunams, ebout 50 perce~~ of which '
is used for growing vegetables and the rest Por orchmrds end bananea.
On the alopes of the basin, in the region oP the ~if t.lik, there are about 15 ;
drillings, which draw from the eocene lime aq~ifer between 20 and 150 cubic meters ~
per hour, Qr two million cubic metere per year. The quality of the water From '
the area of the ~iftlik varies Pram 120 to 140 milligrams oP chlorine per liter ~
in the north, to cloae to 1,000 milligrams oP chlorine per liter in the south. i
The water from drilling is uaed to aupplemant the springe oP the par'o Velley, !
to irrigate 7,000 dunams af tilled lend, mostly Por vegotables and to a lesaer
extent for citrus and 5ananns. ;
i
Regiona of mar,~-en-Na'a,ja and Bardala . ~
To the north of the region of the Nahal par'o, there are snother two regions
of irrigeted land. The southern one is the A1ar,~-en-Na'a,~a, Which includea about ;
5000 dunama of land for raising vegetables, and is weterr~d by means oP drillings ;
which produce 2 to 3 million cubic metera per year. The more northern region af
irrigated land in the ~ordan Valley is the region oP the Bardela, Whera there are `
12 amall springs whoae output is 3 million cubic metere per yeer, with e quelity ~
oP 60 to 120 milligrams oP chlorine per liter. In addition to theee springa there
are another 10 wella whose annual output is about 2 million cubic meters. 7he water ;
is used to irrigate 8,000 dunama in a cycle, mastly Por vegetables.
eanka of the ~orden River ,
In addition to the areas mentioned above, there are apread all elong the ~ordan �
River, Prom north to south, irrigated fielda of vegetables emounting to 10,000
- dunams, which are irrigeted directly Prom the ~ordan River by mechenical meane. ~
The quentity of water pumped from the ~ordan for this purpose ie estimated ta
- be 9 million cubic metere per year. ;
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NeW ~aWish 5ettlemont in the ~orden Veliey
In th� ~orden Vellay todey there are 13 ~saieh eattl~m~nt� eome ar� etill
�tronqholGe and eoma ara agricultural s~tElemsnte in th� �arly eteqse ot'
d~v~lopment. (e~~ figur� 4)
Tha Weter coneumptior~ of all of thaee eettlements tagether is about 5 million
cubic rostera per year. end veries tro~n 0.1 to 1.B million cubic matara por
y~ar par eottlement.
Th~ Weter dourcee for tiheee nettlemant9 are drillinge Which exploit tha
r~curring annuel inventory oF wator of the ~ordsn Valley. Today, thero nre
_ no difticultiee in eupplying the conewaption ne~d~ af the eettlaments, end there
ere etill aattlemants whioh nre unebla�to fully �xploit th� W~tar potentinl
u~hich is et their dieposel.
I
Thor� aro planned for thie region B Wetar supply plente, Whoeo purpoes u+ill �
b� to supply weter ~or 13 axieting eattlomont points end enother 4 planned
settlament points, or a kotal oP 17 eei~lemente. The irrigated eree of theee
eettlements is pro,jected to be 53.000 duricma, of Whieh 40~000 dunama hnue
~ elready bean placod. The amount,of Water needed to irri:,ate theao lnnda will
b� 53 millian cubic metera per yaer~ oP Whieh Lh� plente will eupply ebout
37 millian cubic metere. 15
The amounta of wnter end the irrigatad land in tha r~qion oP ~udoa end Sameria
Which aro irrigeted by varioua rtroena~ Which havs boen estebliahed with the aid oF
surveye mede over the last eight yoare~ are shoWn in Teblo fi. On the baeis of
thsea tiguree it nppears thet 90 million cubic matara psr year (Withaut tho
Weter from the ~ordan River), which conetitutes 90 p~rcent of all oP the eWe~t Wet~r
serving the general'neoda oP Ehe region, ere baing used in organized irrigetion
eyateme. Aa noted, the aource uf thoe~ quantitioi ie ihe great epringa of
the ~orden ~elley and the hundrode oP drillinga eproad throuqhout the region. ~
Ahout eix percent of this amount is davoted to hcus~hold uae, thraugh urban
WnterWOrka, or through amall springa Which are uaed for both tho housohold
end Por irri~ating by traditionel ago old methade.
Table 6; Irrigated Areea end pgriculturel Wetor Coneumption in ~ud~e end Samarie
Region gaurc� ot Wetar Estimatad ~onaumption Irrigated
(cubic metare prr year Ar~ae (in
in milliona) thoueanda
� o~ dunem~)
0
1. jericho ~ gpringe end wolls~ 22 2a ~
2. AWJe gpring 11 4
3� Fgrg~~if tlik gprings and drillinge 19 24 -
4. mer,j-en-Na'aJa Drillings 3 5
5. gerdala gpringe end dr9.llinge 5 B ~
6. ~ewieh eettlements Drillinga 5 5
Banka of ~orden ~ordan River 4 10
_ 8. ~enin-qabatia Drillings 4 6
9� Tul Qgbatiyah Drillinga 20 27
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~
10. Tota2 98 109 ~
(According to recent eatimatea by the minietry oP pgriculture, the irrigeted ~
lend r~hich ia now under cultivation ia no more than 80,000 dunems, end it i
no longer includes the banks of the ~orden River.)
_ ~
SUmmARY I
i
The uae of water sources in ~udea and Samaria still Pells Per ahort of the ~
full exploitation of the water potentiel in the regfon. q lerge part of the ~
population depende, even today, on ciaterna and poor ~pringe, which primarfly
supply Water for people and enimale, With what is lePt over being ueed ~or I
irrigetion. The wells on the ridge of the mounteins, Where moat oP the popula- I
tion is concentrated, have alWays been very PeW becauee of the difPiculties in ;
digging end the relatively great depth oP the water table. In Pact, orgenized ~
irrigation exists in only three regione; qalqiliya-Tul Karm; between ~enin end 1
qebatiya; and in the ~ordan Valley. In these regiona, the surPace oP the sub- I
terranean waters is relatively high, and it is eaeier to use th~m. There are
elso eprings ~here, and their eupply it greet end strong, throughout the Whole ~
year, so thet they cen be used Por~irrfgetion. I
.
The amount oP Water in the whole reg~,on oP ~udea and gamarie Which is evaileble '
Por efPicient use today, Prom both,sj:~ringe end drillinge, amounts to 100 million ~
i-
cubic meters per year. There ia et~il!zl potentfal to be tapped, principally in the ~
easterr~ drainage baain, and it amounte to 150 million cubic metera per year. I
In the weatern basin, the recurring inventory of Weter is mostly, if not cornpletely,
in Ieraeli territory, where it ia exploited by means oP many dri~:linga end
regional waterworks.
i
in ,udea and gamaria, the development oP water sources:is directed moatly toward
the expension of urban waterworks, ao that most of the population Will rec~eive ~
its household water by means oP these operatfons. On the eaeumption that t'e ;
population will, in the next 10 years, gr.,ow to one million persons, a plan e~ j
been developed to expand the network of eettlemer~t waterworka. This Will ena le '
the maintenence oP a level oP supply suiteble to the pro,~ected aize oP the ~ ~
population fn 1985. The estimated amount of nece~aary Water is 30 million cubic~ ~
meters per yeer, which ia almost five times the quantity supplied today. I
An analyais of the situation of exfsting water sources shows that most of tihe
supply machinery operatea leas then 22 hours per day, which means that they are
being only pnrtially exploited. There is also a substantial waete oP water, becauae
of the underdeveloped methoda oF irrigation uaed todey, sapecially in the ~ordan
Velley. Thug, prior to developing additionel wntor eourcea, there ahould be an
ePfort to reach the maximal exploitetion ot existing water sources, including the
efficient methoda of irrigation. ~
~
I
I
. i
24 i
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NOTES AND 50URCES _
1. A. E~rnt,, ~uder, end Samerle Linoe of Raqionnl phyeiael pldnning, ~srueel~m~
ministry oP Interior plenning Branch, 5731. ~y~
2. TAHAL Iarael Water plenning, Ltd, (AasterPlan for SupplyinA Houeehold Water
in the Region oP ~udea and Semeria~ ~une
1970~ Tel. Aviv.
3� TAHAL Israel Water planning~ ~td, Hydrol~~gical granch, Firet Report
Survey of Subterrenean water pumping in the ~ordan Velley ~an the Weat 8enk),
November 1967, j'el A~iv.
4. Regional ~ommend of ~udee and Semaria in Cherge of Water qfPeira, Weter
Commiasiun, Nydrological Service, ~eological Inatitute Depertment oP
Hydrogeology, pumping Water in ~udea end Sameria, progresa Repnrt No 4,
September 1968, ~eruealem.
5. IDF, LaW of prab ~ountriea~ ~ollection of ~ordanian Lawe, ~ollection 9,
publiehed by the militery ~ommand Hsedquertere, 5730 (197fJ).
6� IDF~ Law oP qreb Countries, ~ollection oP ~ordenien Lawe, ~ollection 34,
publiahed by the militery ~ommand Headquertore, 5731 (1971).
7� ministry of Agriculture Weter Commiaeion, Hydrlogical Service, Springa
of ~udea and Samaria, Flow Data and Weter Quality for 1967/69-1970/71, ~anuery 1973.
8. Tahal Consulting Engineers Limited, ~ity of Hebron rylaster plan f or Water Supply,
may 1975, Tel Aviv.
9. A. Bergman, Economic Grawth in Occupied Territories 1968-1973, gank Yiarael--
Reeearch Depertment, pecember 19 4, ~eruealem.
10. TAHAL Ierael Water planning, Ltd, pumping Subterranean Water in the Region
of ~ericho, gummary Report, ~anuary 1972, Tel qviv.
11. Regional Heada~uartera of ~udea end Samaria mfnistry nf Agriculture, TAHAL
Coneulting Enginesre Limited, Irrigatian Syetems in~the R~9ion of ~ericho,
- Survc~y of Current Situation, ~uly 1971,~Tel Aviv. ~ ~
- 12. Regionel Heedquertere of ~udoa and Smm~rie ministry of qgriculture, TAHAL
Consulting Engineers Limited, Irrigetion profect of Au+,~e-al-Takht~, ~uly 1970~
Tel Aviv. l
- 13. ministry of qgriculture, Water ~ommisaion, West Bank ~ordan Valley, Survey
of irrigated Lands, Water Record Department, geptember 1967, Te1 Aviv. ~
14. TAHAL Iarael Water planning Ltd, Hydrogeology of Region of Nahal par'o
pert 2, Hydrology~ pctober 1972, Tel Aviv.
15. TAHAL Ierael Water planning Ltd., master plan Por Water Supply in ~orden
Valley, April 1974, Haifa.
25
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26
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Key ta Figure 1, page 35.
1. physical end 7~istoricel background
2. Kiahon
3. ~enin ~
4. A1-melakh
5. Khadera
6. qbu-Sadra
7. par'o
9. Shechem
9. Alexander
10. The Yarkon
11 . Aw ja
12. Remalleh
13. ghoreq
14. qalat
15. Nu'eima
16. mared
17. ~erusalem
18. Streama of ~udean wildernesa
19.~echish
20. F{ebron
21. Shiqm~
22. Habasur
23. Dead gea
24. goundaries oP ~udea and Samaria
25. Line of upper water shed.
26. Drainage basin
27. gpring .
28. gource; A. Efrat, ~udea and Samarie
29. Figure 1: ~pper Drainage Basins and gpringe
27
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rvtt ur~r~lu.~e~w ua~; ~ivLS,
, +11UC~i11+D~h y~71 2~
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� 12 ~ 11 ~ 10 ~ nuim m~o nn'n�~xyo ~w~o ~i~
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28
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key to pigure 2, pege 37.
1. ~igure 2: ~ec+logical croae-aectione oP primery equifar~. `
2. phyeicel end Hietorical geckground
3. A. Schematic geologicel croee-eection in the Fetsal-mt $amerie-~ydde loWland r~plon
4. ~orden Ritt ~
5. (cennot diacorn ebbrevietion)
6. qern-Sertabe elneclin�
7. parn-Sertebe
B.E1y n_Fere manocline~ FsEeal-Khirbat gs~r~
9�F~'di'ah AnticliAs
10. Ein-Sem'ia Sin~clin~
~ 11. qeblen Anticlin�
12. ~udee enticlin�
13. (cannot diecern abbravietion)
14� g. Schometic qaologicel cro~~-soction in th� T~uqir~ Springs-Tubes-Doth~n ~all~y-
Um-al-Fehan~ r~qion
15. (abbrevietion cennot di~c~rn)
16. ~ordan Rift.
17. qern-gertebe einsclin~
18. FaY'ahanEiclin~ ~
19. Temun
20. Tubes
2~ Nab ~s.-~enin ~inocline ~
22. miseliys
. 23. pothan ~ellsy
24. 'qnbeta enEicline
25. ~m-el-~ehem
26. (cennot diacern ebbroviation)
27. C. Schemetic qaological cro~s-~~ction in tha T~uqim Spring~-~~ru~al~in-Ein Rnfe r~qion ~
28. pead Sse
29. Tsuqim gpringa (Feshkhe gpring~)
30. (cannot discern ebbrwietion)
31. gtrees of tren~f~r~
~ 32. ~ericho sineelin�
33, mer-Sebe antiali
3a. Khen-el-Akhmar of the Good Samaritan) sinecline
35. Wedi-qbu-Hindi
36. Abu-03�
37. Nehal qidron-Ein Roq~l
38. ~elley of ~rucifixion '
39. ~udeen anticlin�
40. Nahal Shuroq
41. (cennot discern abbr~vietion)
42. Ein-Re~~
43. D. Schsmetic g~ological cro~~-s~ction in S~mar gpring~-Kf~r Etzion-T~ur~it r~qion
44. poed See
45. 5emer gprinqa (Ein-st-Terba)
46. (cannot diecorn ebbr~vistion)
d7. Stress of trarnfer~
48. ~oricho ein~clin�
49� Qern-Kha,jr enticlin~ �
50. A1-~iqme ein~clin~
29
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51. Sheykh-KhaliPe Anticline
52. Wadi malakha
- 53. Beit-Fe,jr sinecline
54. 1(helkhul-Za'atra Road
- 55. I(helkhul-Hebron enticline
_ 56. I(Par Etaion
57. TsureiF monocline
- 58. Tsureif
59. (cannot discern abbreviation)
60. ~egend
8- cretaceous-aquiclude or local aquifer
AUDAT GROUP 7- eecene-aquiclude or local aquiPer
' A1T SCOPUS GROUP 6. Piltratio~-aquiclude
5 . aquf f er
JUDEAN GROUP 4. upper cenozoic-equiPer
3. merl-8eit meir formation-aquiclude
_ 2. lower cenozoic-aquiPer
KURNUB GROUP 1. lower cretaceoue-equiclude .
~i
30
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i1 -
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Figure 2- mekhola - ~eneral view
Figure 3- mekhora - ~eneral vieu?
Figure 4 - mar,f-en-Na'aja '
51.
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~ nna~ nmxi o~wm
n�y L 2> O~ dP
Figure 5: Khamra-Ma`ale-Efraim-Shlomit Bloc Center �
[Key on following pageJ
52
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Key: '
1. Settlement
2� Inter-villege center
3. Service link to regional inetallations
4. Service link to bloc inatallations `
5. gervice lfnk to bloc and regional inetalletiona loceted et aame point.
6. Beke'ot g
7� Beke'ot
8. I(hamre bloc
9� Bloc center
10. Khemre
11. mekhora
12. Argaman
13. maehb'a
14. Gitit
15. ma'ale-Efraim
16. ghlomit
17. patael
18. Tomer ~
19. Gilqal E
20. Netiv-Hagdud
21. Kibbutz 8.
_ 22. Na'aran -
23. patael bloc.
53
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I
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w � , , l~~"~r : , _ . r . ~
Figure 6;- puma - e typical mountain viiioge on approach to gemaria
Figure 7; qrgaman - general view .
5~+
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~
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~ . - . . ~ . . _ >a.. ~?~t t'S:+~l4w .ot5'4 ~:~J~41'u~. b'.v. ~ .
Figure 8: qrgaman - 1/iew of the fielda, frnm weet to eegt
7075
CSO: 4805 END
55
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