JPRS ID: 9338 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Collection: JPRS
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• Document Page Count: 43
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 18
• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS L/9338
8 October 1980
USSR R~ ~rt -
~
ENERGY ~
- (FOUC) 19/80) _
- FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST It~FORMATION SERVICE -
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JPRS L/9338
8 October 1980
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 19/ 80 ) _
CONTENTS -
- ELECTRIC POWER
General Plan for Nuclear Power Plants With Water-Cooled
_ Reactors
(I. S. Shcherbatenko; ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO,
Aug 80) ..............s.............................. 1
Installing the Kurskaya AES - Bryansk 750-kV Overhead ~
Power Line
~ (E. A. Ovcharov, S. B. Kacher; ENERGETICHESKOYE
STRGTTEL~STVO, Aug 80) 7
Cons~ruction cf 750-1:V Overhead Powerline Substation
Described
; (V. S.1~Sel'nik; ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO, Aug 80) 14 "
V-Shaped Spacer Support for 750-kV Overhead Powerlines
, (B. P. Novgorodtsev, S.A. Shtin; ENERGETICHESKOYE
STROITEL~STVO, Aug 80) 20
Building 750-kV Overhead Powerlines in Mountain Areas
(V. I. Andriyenko; ENERGETICHESKOYE STROIiEL~STVO, -
, Aug 80) 2!~
- Yuzhno-Ukrainskaya AES Energy Complex
(A. Zlotin; ENERGETICHESK(~YE STROITELeSTVO, Aug 80).. 29
Operating Conditions for Pressurizzd Water, Nucleax Power
; Reactors
(Fedor Yakovlevich Qvchinnikov, et al;
EKSPZUATATSIONNYYE REZHIMY VODO-VODYANYKH '
ENERGETICHESKIKH YADERNYKH REACTOROV, 1979?......,..~ 3~ ~
' ' a ' [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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- ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.31.002.2:622.014
- GENERAL PLAN FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS WITH WATER-COOLED REACTORS
- `
Moscow EiVERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 8, Aug 80 pp 30-32
[Article by Engineer I. S. Shcherbatenko] ~
- [TextJ The development of nuc~~.ear power engineering ~iemand.a continued im-
provement in nuclear power plant technical resolutions from the vi~wpoint not
_ only of their technology, but also of other factors, and in particular, a
- more optimum building and installation layout, a reduction in the amount of
- land withdrawn from other uses to build power plants, and so forth.
Special notz should be made of the fact that stricter demands are made of
AES [nuclear power p~ant] construction sites than of TES [thermal electric
power plant] sites. Meeting these demands limits possible AES construction
sites. In this connection, selection of a specific AES site {s preceded by
~ruch work on revealing areas suitable for its insta~lation (technical-econa-
mic reports and substantiation, site cadasters, and so forth). However, in
spite of the fact that the layout of AES and TES general plans is similar to
an extent, when develo~ing an AES general plan, we must meet a number of spe-
cial demands related to zoning individual facilities, creating safety sys-
tems, ensuring autonomy of operation of individual power un~?ts, reliability,
and others. Moreovery the same demands are made on AES layouts as are made
_ on TES layouts: interlocking which ensures a reduction both in the number of
separate buildings and facilities at the site and in the length of utility
lines and roads, as well as unitizing, standardizing and typifying layout re-
solutions.
The first series-produced condensation-type nuclear electric power plants
built in our country generally usec~ VVER-440 reactors (Figure 1, a[follow-
ing pageJ).
The layout of the general plan for such electric po~ser plants includes the
following features:
th~ site is arbitrarily.divided into two zones, une for the build-
ings and facxlities iii which radioactive aerosols can be released and another ~
for administrative and living facilities, subsidiary-auxiliary buildings and
facilities; ~
1
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~ the reactor department is in the same building as the primary fa-
- cility;
tt?e site includes quite a few separate buildings and installations.
At present, a number of AES's are being built with WER-1000 reactors (Fig- _
ure 1, b).
There are essentially no fundamental dirferences in th2 general plan layouts
of such AES's and AES's with WER-440 reactors. However, thanks to the in-
- terlocking of the subsidiary-auxiliary buildings and installations and the
- higher unit capacity of the power units, the ratio of capacity to AES indus-
- trial site area increases from 30-60 MW/ha to 90 MW/h3.
One shortcoming of the layout is the location of the special vessel ~between
the reactor depart~ents, which makes subsequent Pxpansion of the AES diffi-
cult. '
Given a building width of 160 m and the placement of cranes outside it, con-
struction and installation is very difficult, especially when ittetalling Che
linings and special ~~essels, and the more so in the case of consolidated units.
Nuclear power plant planning and construction experience shows that it is
most appropriate to install AES's as monoblocks, with maximum standardiza- ~
tion of the monoblocks.
Based on the monoblock principle, using unitization and standardization in
planning resolutions, the layout of an AES general plan might anticipate ei- -
ther separate monoblock locations, with the turbines and reactor located
alongside, or turbines located in-line, in the same machinery room. -
The general plan (Figure 2, a) for an AES built on the monoblock principle _
proposes locating each 1000-MW power unit in a separate structure which in- _
cludes a reactor department, machinery room, deaeration stacks and add-on -
_ electricai engineering installations. In order to supply tnE equipment and
load in fuel, tne plan anticipates railroad sidings into the reactor depart- _
merits; transformers are installed out from the long side of the machinery ~
room (this arrangemEnt permits separating them from the hydrotechnical in-
- stallations).
Diesel-generator rooms can be situated either in the gap between the reactor ~
- departments or between the reactor departments and the special vessel~, and -
the administrative and living quarters and combined auxiliary structure can -
be situated on the first power unit side. Flexible electrical oufilets can =
be routed to the side of the special vessel (passing througfi it) ~r to the ~
overflow- and head-race side.
The general plan (Figure 2, b) for an AES with in-line turbines in a comman ~
. machinery room differs from the plan with a transverse ~rrangement only in
- that the transformers are installed in the gaps between the reactor.depart- ~
ments and the flexihle electrlcal outlets are routed to the sgecial vess~l . `
j
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side. The respective locations of the other buildings and installations do
not change. In-line placement of the turbines in a single machinery room
enables us to reduce the amount of crane equipment, to plan maintenance areas
more efficiently, and to simplify equipment ~ervicing. At the same time, in
such a layout the equipment c~nstruction and installation is made more com-
plicated, both in the machinery room and in the reactor department. More-
over, to build the first power unit, the below-grade work has to be done foY
' the entire machinery room, which significantly ~ncrease the amount of work
which must be done for the start-up complex of the first power unit, compli-
- cates the routes for rolling transformers into the machinery room, and re-
duces the operating safety of the AES.
A monoblock layout m~?ces it possible to move crane equipment for construction
and installation along the entire power block, to significantly reduce the
size of the start-up complex of the first power unit, and to work on other
- power units in parallel. Shortcomings of this variant include a slight in-
- crease in tne size of the enclosed industrial site and a slight increase in _
the length of on-site railroad tracks and roads.
Some indicators for the AES general plan layout variants being Pxamined are
given below:
Site, in hectares
enclosed industrial site 47/43.5
housing development ~~.8/17
Housing development density factor, in percent 41.4/39.1
. Industrial site ratio per 1000 MW, in hectares 11.9/10.9
On-site railroad track length, in kilometers 11.1/10.8
On-site roads and yards, in square meters 50,020/50,130
(Note: Numerator gives indicators for a monoblock arrangement, denominator
gives layout in a common machinery room) -
Analysis of indicators in the general plan variants shows that these plans
have no significant diff erences either in terms of enclosed industrial site
or in terms of length of roads and utilities. However, noting the fact that
the AES general plan ~rith in-line turbines in a common machinery room has a
number of shortcomings in terms of organizing construction and installation,
the general plan using monoblocks is the preferred layout.
With a view towards further developing monoblock unitization and typization
and ~owards reducing the size of the industrial site and the length of the `
roads and utilities, the block pump statioi: can be interlocked with the ma-
chinery room. This arrangement enables us to reduce the number of large-
diameter outside stand pipes and the number of sep~rate buildings, as well -
as to ensure even greater autonomy of the power block.
Characteristics of a monoblock AES of 1000 MW are given below:
Capacity, in MW 2000(4000)*
Enclosed industrial site, in ha 26.5 (47)
Housing development site, in ha 10.3 (19.8)
Housing development density factor, in p~rcent 39 (41.5) ~
5
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On-site railroad track 3.ength, in km 5~5.7) -
Area covered by internal roads, in 1000 m2 60 (51) .
Industrial site area per 1000 MW, in ha 13.2 (11.9)
*Indicators for the general plan of a 4000-MW AES are given in parentheses.
Future nuclear power development will facilitate the creation of more opti- _
nium layouts with consideration of the require~ents of technology, safety,
reliability, industrial ~rchitecture and the withdrawal ot a minimum of land
suitable for agriculture for AES's through the interlocking of buildings,
centralization of maintenance services and reduction of auxiliary services.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980 _
~ 11052
CSO: 1822
1
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ELECTRIC POWER -
UDC 621.3.051.2
INSTALLING THE KURSKAYA AES - BRYANSK 750-KV OVERHEAD POWER LINE
_ Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL`STVO in Russian No 8, Aug 80 pp 47-50
[Article by Engineers E. A. Ovcharov and S. B. Kacher] -
[T.ext] This collection of articles concludes with pu~,~lica- ~
tion of materials generalizing experience in planning and
3nstalling 750-kV electric power lines. ~
The 207-km 750-kV overhead power line from the Kurskaya AES to Bryansk was
built to send power from the Kurskaya AES and is also a link in South -
Center - Southwest electric power transmission.
The terrain traversed by the route is on the whole a slightly undulating
plain broken up by the broad valleys of several rivers. In several sec-
tions, there is a broad netwark of gullies, ravines and small stream val-
leys. For 123 km, the route passes through plowed fields, 50 km goes
through forest, and approximately four kilometers goes through long-culti-
vated pasture. The route interse-.ts 19 year-around water courses, the most
important of which are the Seym, Svana, Navlya and Desna rivers and large num-
ber of lines of communication, including railroads, highways, 220-kV or smal-
ler overhead power lines, communications, and so forth. The power line
basically runs through III (149 km) and II (58 km) ice-glaze regions.
Unitized, mushroom-shaped prefabricated reinforced concrete pedestals and an-
chor slabs are used for the mast foundations. New FK2-07 and FKZ-07 founda-
tion designs (Figure 1) based on the unitized FK2-05 and FKZ-OS designs but
with smaller dimensions are used to support the spacEr and spacer-angle sup-
ports. However, the brace angle is 1:4, that is, the same as for spacer and
spacer-angle supports on braces.
As is known, a pedestal with an inclined support coaxial to a support boom
works almost solely on axial stress (compression or pull). The horizontal
stresses on such pedestals are 3-4 times less than the loads acting on pe- ~
destals with a vertical strut, so cross-bar co~nnectors can be eliminated by
using foundations with an inclined strut.
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- Figure 1. Foundations for Spacer and Spacer-Angle Supports
, -
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rQNS
� , cm pS0
'o 75 ( lS Fy~ .
1 ~
~ ' ~
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o ?23 ?IS
750 750
(900J (9D01
STS Y30 SZS
75) (6731 . -
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' 1500 -
(lB00J
The supports are set in prefabricated reinforced concrete pedestals in sub-
merged river bottom land. According to.the plan, ir. this instance the foun-
dations must be protected againat icicles and other floating ob~ects which
might be in the bottom lands during high water by using a dam attached by
lxl concrete slabs 0.16 to 0.2 m thick. The plan is to install concrete
catch basins 0.4x0.5 m across and 1 m long around the dam. Altogether, we
would have to lay about 10,000 slabs, using about 1,500 m3 of concrete, and _
- install 330 m3 of concrete catch basins in order to attach 1?. PS and PS+S
"flood" support dams. The earthmoving work would be about 43,000 m3.
The Tsentrstroyelektroperedachi trust has proposed a replacement for the
planned "flood" support to protect it ~rom ice using STs-S support segments
(Figure 2). The amount of earthmoving work drops to 39,670 s3 and the amount
of concrete and gravel used drops by 1,660 and 1,868 m3, respectively.
The overhead lin.e uses metal galvanized, rolled bolt struts. For all ele-
ments tinder heavy load, low-alloy 14G2 steel is used, and VSt3 carbon steel
is used for low-load and inactive elements. -
Experie:.~e in planning, building and operating 750-kV overhead power lines
from Konakovo to Moscow, Dnepr to Donbass and Konakovo to Leningrad showed
that supports on struts are the most economical design in terms of both cost
and expenditure of mtiterials. Thanks to the use of a pivoting attachment of
the supports to the foundation and the struts to the anchor slabs, such sup- -
ports are less sensitive to imprecise installation and foundation shifting
under operating loads than are free-standjng rigid ones. Therefore, the
_ 8
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Figure 2. Fragment of the PS and PS+S Support Ice-Protection System Used
in River Bottoms
. nn ~ - ~ ,
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. + II ~ h
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, � 27J> 27J1 ; -
~ ~
~ . 1800 1J00
~
- ~ -
~ ~ 1 J
' 750 7S0 750 750 . . ' .
5000 5000 5000 ' ZS00 :
Key :
1. STs-S support secti~n
2. Support foundations
3. Support section connectors
Figure 3. Overall Vi:ew uf PU750-1 Mast
4700 13800 4 ' ' ~ ~ ~ �
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- 9
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spacers ar.d spacer-angles maznly used on this line were straddle supports on
P750-1 and PU750-1 struts (Figure 3) i.n which the brace angle is 1:4, not the
1:10 in previous plans. 'i'he geometric sizes of both types of supports are
� identical. However, the shapes of the spacer-angle ~upports are larg~r thar.
the spacers, and the four paired struts have a diameter of 21 uun (17 mu~ for
the snacers). The P?50-1 support is calculated for a small deflection angle
� up to Z�30'. ~
On sections of the route where it was inappropriaLe to use suppcrts on struts
(backwater sections), free-star.ding straddle-type PS and PS+S supports with
- crosspieces 35 and 40 m above the ground, respectively, were installed. The
PS supports weigh about 20 tons. These supports are similar to those used on
the 750-kV overhead power lines from the Kurskaya AES to Metallurgicheskaya
- Substation.
Three-strut spacer-an gle PU750-3 supports (developed by the Ukrainian Depart-
ment of the Energoset'prayekt Institute) were used where the route turned 1~-
20�. U750 anchor-angle supports were used with turn angles up to 60�. When
- necessary, they were supplied with braces of varying heights (5, 10 and 15 m). -
The design of these supports is not new. They are similar to designs used
on the 750-kV overhead power lines from Vinnitsa to A1'bertirsha, Chernobyl'-
- skaya AES to Western Ukraine Substation and Kurskaya AES to Metallurgichesk-
aya Substation. The supports consist of three freP-standing struts, with
a conductor of just one phase attached to each. The middle strut is light-
weight, since it is to carry only ti:e conductors (no cable), so it has no
cable support. -
Each angle support also has an additional strut for bracing the outer phase
loops, and the transpositional support has two struts (one from each side).
According to the desi gn, these additional struts are to be metal and to be
installed on four F2-2 foundations. However, the Tsentrostroyelektropere-
dachi trust proposed replacing each of the additional metal struts with two
reinforced concrete SK-4A struts. As a result, we saved 67,700 tons of ine-
tal components, 32,200 m3of prefabricated reinforced concrete and reduced
labor expenditures 1.5- to two-fold. The total economic impact was 18,800
rubles.
Brand AS240/56 conductor (five to a phase) was installed on the line. The
phase loop by-pass is made with guy lines. The guy line of one outer and
middle phase is secured to the neighboring support strut and that of the _
other outside phase to an additional strut.
The conductor and cable support guy lines are double-chain, the conductor
tension lines are five-chain, and the cable tension guy lines are two-chain. -
Glass PS120-A, PS160-B and PS60-D insulators were used.
Two transpositions were made on Ut750+5 angle supports on the overhead power
line. Five-ray SRTN-4-300 spacers were used for the conductors, the number
in the span depending on its length. Opaque, hinged RGShIP-3-400 insulating
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spacers (500 mm long) were installed hetween the bundled cables. The light-
ning-protection cables were provided with GVN-3-17 vibration dampers.
When installing the 750-kV overhead line from Kurskaya AES to Bryansk it was
necessary to solve a number oi design and technological pr.oblems. We were
' faced with using new P750-1 spacer surport designs znd new PU750-1 ann PU750-3
" spa~er-angle support designs. Work could only be done in the wintertia~e on
; very swampy sections of the route with peat deposits 1-5 meters thick.
Along with additional difficulties caused by installing foundations in the
wintertime and compressed work schedules, construction-installation organi-
zation was complicated by the fact that the Volga production enterprises com-
bine failed to deliver metal supports on schedule and in complete sets.
The overhead line was built by specialized brigades drawn up by type of work:
cutting openings and laying log roads, excavation and eaxthmoving, instal-
= ling foundations, assembling and installing supports, installing conductors
and cables. Eleven production sectors were organized on the line construc-
tion. Al1 the more important problems were solved by a construction staff
located in Lokot'.
- In connection with the fact that newly designed supports and foundations were
used on this overhead line, the trust technical service developed a special
handbook reflecting the basic planning data on the desigr_s of the supports,
foundations, conductors, cable, fittings and insulator~; it provided instruc-
tions on construction-installation work technology and gave appropriate to-
lerances and norms. The handbook was intended for use by foremen, work su-
perintendants and other engineering-technical workers of the trust and the
mechanized column.
- Thanks to precise work organization (foremost in installing the foundations),
the below-grade work was completed quickly, in five months, in the ~ainter-
time in the swampiest, hardest to reach places. The ground in the basins
was worked as follows. First, the frozen layer was removed using cutter
bars. Then we used excavators with 0.3 to 0.5-m3 scoops, and large amounts
of dirt had to be brought in to bottomland sections of the route to fill in
foundation pits and dilces. The foundations were set in nlace by TK-53 and
T-75 tractor cranes. They were delivered on a winter roa.d.
It should be said that quite a bit of time was spent on assembling the com-
plicated sectional foundations, which were supplied to be bolted or welded,
and not complete, as anticipated by the plan. The foundations were not test-
assembled at the factory either, and some arrived at the overhead line route
with defects. Moreover, the development of the bolted version did not take
into account the necessity of using a[gostirovannyy] wrench to fasten the
bolt heads. _
In order to speed up the work, bolted spacer support section preassembly
yards were set up at the station centers of nearly all construction sectors
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- (some supports other th3n the spacer-angles and anchors were assemb]ed in
staked-out areas). Final supp~rt assembly was done in staked-out areas. At
a majority of the production sectors, supports were assembled and adjusted
using means of small-scale mechanization (impact wrenches, scaffolding, ~igs
and so on).
The spacer supports were raised by turnin~ them with a 26-meter drop boom,
tractioz and auxiliary mechanisms. A brigade of 10-12 p~ople installed two
supports per shift. The methods of assenbling and installing the anchor- _
angle supports used for the overY?ead line did not differ fundamentally from
those developed previously for other lines in the same voltage class.
The conductors and cables were installed following flow charts and plans da-
~ veloped by the chief technologist's d~partment at the Tsentrostroyelektro-
peredarhi TCUSt. The installation technology was initially worked out by
trust and mechanized column workers for small five- to eight-kilometer spans.
After that, the brigades began working on the main sections.
- Unwinding the conductors and cables was complicated by the fact that this
overhead line intersected many existing electric power lines, which had to
be switched off for long periods. At those times, the trust's mechanized
columns used gower cable fuses switched into the existing overhead lines
(which were temporarily switched off), making it possible to install the _
conductor without shutting off electric power to consumers.
The Kurskaya AES - Bryansk is the first 750-kV overhead power line to use
- spacer-angle supports, which ensure route turn angles of up to 20�, and spe-
cial conductor clamps. It was revealed while installing the conductors that
they could not be installed either one at a tiff,~ or five at a time, since
the clamp turned when taking bearings and the conductor formed a"stocking"
when it touched the sidz of the balance post, that is, the aluminum strands
of the conductor split. Because of this, we used a sequential installation
method: we first installed the two upper conductors through a balance rol-
ler secured to a tractor, and then ~~e installed the three lower conductors,
secured to a second tractor (two conductors through a balance roller and one
on the tractor winch). In the authors' opinion, the Elektroset'izolyatsiya -
Trust must do more work on the clamp design before a support of this type
can be used in construction.
Previously, the lack of rigs which could telescope to 36 meters delayed the
- installation of conductors and cables on 750-kV overhead power lines. Dif-
ficulties also arose in installing AS70/72 split li~htning-protection cable,
especially when installing insulation spacers. Because of the lack of pro- =
- per hoisting equipment, we had to manufacture special trolleys with a large -
_ number of rollers (up to eight per side). The roller channels were care-
fully machined, and in some instances we in~talled rubber padding so that
the aluminum layer of the cables would not be broken as the trolley with the
mounter moved. ~ao installers installed the insulation spacers (one above
and one below).
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On the whole, the work organization adopted and the innovations introduced
ensured high installation labor productivity. One brigade installed an av-
erage o� 8-12 km of conductor and cable in one month; output per worker was -
20,000 to 21,000 ruble~s. -
In conclusion, we need to note that the new P750-1 spacer support designs
can be made standard and are promising for use on 750-kV overhead power -
- lines.
_ It is inappropriate to use the PU-750 spacer-angle supports, since these de-
signs are technologically unsound in assembly and installation and cause con-
siderable set-assembly difficulties.
- Supplier plants should take special note of the quality of the components
they are producing. Thus, the Volga production enterprises cambine supplied
- defec*ive sheets, irregularly shaped bolts and substandard hardware for the
impcrtanr P750-1 and PU-750 support subassemblies. Moreover, all the parts
were poorly marked. All this delayed support assembly and construction of
the overhead line as a whole.
As before, the problem of inechanizing overhead power line construction re-
mains unsolved. Trust mechanized columns are poorly provided with special
- construction equipment and various means of small-scale mechanization. Eli-
_ mination of these obstacles to improving the quality and temgo of electric
power supply network construction is now one of the most important tasks.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980
11052
CSO: 1822 '
~
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.315.17
CONSTRUCTION OF 750-KV OVERHEAD POWERLINE SUBSTATION DESCRIBED
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 8, Aug 80 pp 50-52
[Article by Engineer V. S. Mel'nik] _
[Text] The 100-km section of the 750-kV overhead pawer line from Chernobyl'-
skaya AES to Zapadno-Ukrainskaya [Western Llcraine] Substation (from support
No 649 to support No 876) passes through two oblasts (Zhitomirskaya and
Khmel'nitskaya). The terrain in this area is relatively calm. The bulk of
the route, 7o km, passes through plowed land, about 15 km passes through
pasture, and approximately five kilometers passes through marshy mead~ws
(swamps, in places) and forest. The high-voltage electric power txansmis-
sion line crQSSes Sluch' River, more than 30 existing electric power trans- ~
- mission lines with voltages from 10 to 330 kV, and numerous utility lines,
railroads and roads.
The ground is basically sandy, muddy or peaty (up to 1 m thick), with sub-
jacent loams. On many sections of the route, the groundwater level is quite
high, but it basically contains no sulphates aggressive to concrete. In the
aggressive ~roundwater zone, a protective layer of BN-IV bitumen was applied
to the surface of the reinforced concrete elements of the structures.
The number of supports of various types the plan envisioned installing on
this section of the route are as follows: 195
r4etal spacer supports on PO-35 spans 2
- Free-standing supports 5 m off the ground, PS+S
Three-strut metal anchor-angle supports
AU-20 15
AU-25 with a 5-meter stand 6
AU-30 with a 10-meter stand 3
AU-30T (for conductor transposition) with a 10-meter stand 1
Construction of the overhead line was entrusted to mechanized column No 31
of the Yuzhelektroset'stroy Trust. The construction and production organi-
zation plans were developed by normative research station No 4 of the Yuzh-
- elektroset'stroy Trust and included th^_ organizational structure of the
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work superintendent's sector, work schedules, specifications for components,
materials and equipment, and calculated labor expenditures by type of work.
The technological portion of the work plan gave calculations on the forces
acting on the supports and conductors during installation, offered cable in-
stallation diagrams, blueprints of attachments and rigging used for all the
different types of wark. The blueprints for each type of job provided tables
indicating the needed vehicles and machinery, rigging and attachments. The �
_ documentation describ~d in detail the work methods and sequence in which the
work was to be done. -
The sector base site was chosen for the following considerations;: minimum
distance from the rout~e of the overhead line, availability of a~aite suit-
able fox the base and for access to it, availability of worker housing, el- -
ectricity, water and telephone communications.
It was decided to set up the sector production base in Slavut, Khmel'nitsk-
aya Oblast. The base contained a.dministrative and living facilities, includ-
ing a RPd Corner van and mobile .iining room, a mobile tool and ~pare parts
storeraom, an assembly-disasse~t~ly shop for fittings, insulators, hardware
_ and building materials, a consolidated-assembly site, a metal structures
st~rage facility, a~Yd so on.
The incoming freight was received at Baran'ye and Novograd-Volynskiy sta-
_ tions on the Southwestern Railroad. All the basic components and mat~rials
were unloaded at rented Unloading yards. -
l~C-3Z [mechanized column No 31] did the preparatory work on the work super-
intendent's szctor itself, dici soiae clearing of the route and some in~talla-
tion of spur tracks to the supports and along the route. The remaining pre- _
paratory work (timber cutting and rerouting the 0.4-6-10 overhead puwer line
being intersected) was done by subcontractor organizations. ~
The preparation toak three months. It should be noted that the main work
~ (setting the foundations, for example) was begun one month after the prepa-
ratory work began, that is, without waiting for the latter to be completely
finished, which naturally speQded up the main work.
The following specialized work superintendent's sectors were created to in-
stall the overhead line: freight receiving and assembling spacer supports
in yards, earthmoving work and setting foundations, setting up supports and
installing conductors.
~ Each specialized work superintendent's sector was relocated anly after it
had received at least 75 percent of the needed components. Subunits arriv-
ing at a new place were provided with tools, small rigging and attachments.
Machinery and vehicles were relocated at the same t~me. Tractors, excava-
tars, vans, bulky rigging and attachments were shipped by rail, and small
equipment and rigging was shipp~d by motor vehicle.
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The rei:iforced concreie foundations received from the supplier plant were
- carefully checked. Particular attention was paid to their ~ntegrity and
conformity to blueprints. Foundations deemed suitable were hauled to th~
route by KamAZ vehicles (with trailers) and KrAZ-600 vehicles and were un-
loaded in the immediate vicinity of where they would be ins~alled.
The foundations were set in place using a T-75 tractor crane. The basin
- footings snder the anchor slabs were leveled to the planned slope using teui-
plates. The basins wer.e filled in in layers 20-25 cm thir.k, with careful
tamping immediately a.fter the foundations were set and trued. The primary
machiner5- used for the below-grade work were an E-302 excavator, a D-271
bulldozer, a Zif-~5 compressor and two S-245 pumps.
A brigad~ of 19 people (including three machine operators) equipped with two
- 7if-5~, compressors, a TK-53 crane, eight impact wrenches and other tools did ~
t:he consolidated support-assembly in the yards. The brigade's work area was
set up ahead of time: jigs were set up and the yard had a reinforced con-
crete-slab road.
~ The pallets were unloaded alongside the appropriate jigs, enabling us to
avoid unnecessary moving of th~ metal components. The hardware was put in
the center of the jig, where a worker fit bolts with the appropriate nuts
and washers. After that, the hardware ready for installation was carried
to the assembly area. All the parts were distributed to the places desig-
- nated for each position by a plate with lettering on it, so any needed part
. could be found. The assembled sections were moved to a finished products
storage area, immediately stacked and put on pallets of several sections
each for transport to the route. The pallets were assembled in this se-
quence: tw~ lower and two upper sections, two crosspiece halves and two
cable struts, and four middle sections.
One vehicle had to make five runs to deliver spacer supports to the place of
installation. The trunk sections were transported in ZIL-157's and ZIL-�131's
- with log trailers; sections with crosspieces and cable struts were traas-
ported on a platform KrAZ (the cable strut being laid on top of the canted
portion of the crosspiece and tied to it). Unloading at the route was done
by a crane assigned to the brigade involved in the installation.
This system ~f work organization ensured high labor productivity, protec-
~ tion of the materials, components and hardware, precise specialization of
assemblers, and economy ~f working time. Moreover, st~tionary assembly en-
sured high-quality work and co*~stant quality control was easily effected at
the assembly site, as well as at the finished output storage area, before
the output was sent out the the route.
The anchor-angle and free-standing supports (AU-20, AU-25, AU-30, PS and _
- PS+S) were assembled right on the overhead line route using the usual tech-
- nology and in accordance with SNiP [construction norms and regulations] III-
V.5-62 and technological rules. ~The spacer supports wsre assembled and in-
- stalled in staked-out areas by two-link brigades: one preassembled the
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.
5upports and the othe~ installed them. Doing the work with one brigade en-
abled us to maneuver people and equipment eas~ly. _
We first installed the hinges to the foundation and the lower support sec- _
- tion. We then assembled the trunks and c.onnected the crosspieces and the
cable struts. Equipment and the insta.ller link were hauled to the assembly
siCe to unwind and lubricate the stays and spread out and connect the rig- _
ging. By the time the assembly was finished, the installation boom had _
be~n raised and the equipment put in its place. The brigade leader checked _
the positioning of the support, and then the equipment bracing was pulled =
tight.
Some of the workers moved on to the assembly site for the next support to -
true the support with guy lines and secure the cable clamps. After the sup-
port was trued and secured, the equipment, hinges, boom and rigging were
moved to the next staked-out area.
This technology has a number of advantages: the assembled support need not
be installed on a hinge, labor productivity is high, peopl~ and equipment =
- are easily maneuvered, and work qual:Lty improves significantly.
The overhead line plan anticipates installing AS500/54 conductors four to a -
phase and two lightning-protection AS-70/72 cables.
The conductors were unrolled with stationary unrollers. The conductors of
the outer phases and one cable were unrolled at the same time using a 4MIR
equalizer with an additional hole drilled through it. On sections of the
route impassable to the tractors, the conductors and cables wer~e unrolled
_ by an ~,8 tractor windlass (the cable was first unrolled by hand fr~m the
~ windlass to the conductor). The molding was done by PO-100M presses.
The conductors were raised to the PO-35 and PS spacer supports by an LN8 `
windlass using an MI-257 equalizer. This was the procedure used to install
- the phases: outer - middle - outer. The lightt~ing-protection cable was -
- raised onto the supports together with the couductor support guy wire off
of rollers. The conductor anchoring, leveling and fastening were done in
_ pairs, first the two upper and then the two lower conductors of the phase.
After the conductors were lowered to the ground, they were transferred to ~
the supporting terminals from the unrollers tthe phase transfer procedure
was the same as for installation). The lightning-protection cable was let
down onto the crosspiece during the transfer.
Four-heam spacers were installed on the overhead line. The spacers were -
mounted on the spans from mounting trollies, but the first spacer from the _
supporting terminal was installed from the grour.d when the conductors were
transferred.
During installation, the ends of the flexible loops were tightened with a
rope block and tackle and temporarily secured with PA-5-1 jaw clamps. Then
the supporting terminal was installed in the middle of the loop bracket do~an,
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and a corresponding c~ark was made on the mounting cable going from the trac-
tor windlass. The cable from the windlass was connected ~o the supporting
terminal through a moun~ing block secured to the strut. The loop was brought
to the planned position (to where the mark on the cable coincided with where
- the guy line was to be attached to the strut) by tightening the cable. Af-
ter the distance between the loop and the support and after making any ad-
~uatments needed, the loop was welded.
The following work was done in the concluding stage:
laying and connecting grounds;
final leveling of staked-out areas and installing drains;
sealing up slight chips in the foundations;
tightening and adjusting guy lines;
installing equipment safety placards;
cleanin.g up construction debris;
cultivating the land.
Total construction time was 11 months on this section of the 750-kV overhead
- power line route from Chernobyl'skaya AES to Zapadr_o-Ukrainskaya Substation
with this work organization system (including the preparation period). How-
ever, that time could have been significantly reduced had the pro~ects been
supplied promptly with high-quality sets of components (foundations and sup-
- ports, insulators and line fittings) and materials (conductor, cable). So
- the start of installing the conductors and cables was held up for 1.2 months
due to considerable delays in receiving sets of line fittings.
As is known, the quality of the components supplied, and particularly of the
prefabricated reinforced concrete items (F3-OMA, F4-OMA and NF-1 footings)
is of c~nsiderable importance, and they sometimes do not meet our require-
ments.
As concerns deliveries of inetal components, the basic shortcoming still is ~
getting complete sets, that is, the absence of individual parts of angle and
sheet iron in certain packets. And the quality of the estimate planning do-
cumentation is also inadequate.
Planning organiz~tions are constantly striving to reduce the cost of over-
head power line construction, but theS= are little concerned with making work-
ing conditions easier in remote, difficult areas. The plans and e.~timates
do not anticipate (or do so to an inadequate extent) the construction of
temporary roads and spur tracks ta the supports and the route. Effective
measures are not planned to protect foundation pit walls from collapse when _
the ground is worked on flooded and swampy sections. The plans calculate
that work in such places will necessarily be done only in the dry summer
~ months. However, this is impossiule in practice. As a result, work rhythm
is interrupted and the supports must be set and the conductors installed un-
der extremely difficult conditions.
- Mechanized columns spend consider.able funds on overcoming these difficulties
not anticipated in the plans and estim:ltes and are not compensated :tn any
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way whatscever. In the end, this leads to increased construction costs and
to failure to meet assignments in terms of profit.
Thus, in order ico improve working conditions, increase labor productivity
and reduce construction time, we should improve the provision of projects
with complete sets of components, materials and equipment and must improve
their quality; planning materials must take into account the complexities
of the construction (in particular, plans and estimates must anticipate ad-
ditional work volumes and funds for installing overhead power lines in areas
of difficult access); the mechanized columns' need for highly productive
vehicles and machinery which can handle rougher terrain should be better
met: 15-ton or larger tire-mounted crane trucks, tractor cranes, largc bull-
dozers, PO-100 and PO-200 pressure-molding units.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980
11052
CSO: 1822
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_ `
ELECTRIC POWER -
UTiC 621.315.66
V-SHAPID SPACER SUPPORT FOR 750-KV OVERHEAD POWERZINES
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 8, Aug 80 pp 52-53
[Article by Engineers B. Novgorodtsev and S. A. Shtin]
[Text] A great deal of 750-kV electric power transmission line construction
is being done in our country. Heretofore, individual supports were developed
for nearly every overhead power line in this voltage class. This resulted -
from many reasons, and in particular from the climatic features of the re-
gions through which the overhead power line routes passed, from differences
in the brands of conductors used, and so forth. However, further 750-kV
electric power transmission line development demands that not individual,
but standard designs be worked out. In this connection, it is interesting
to examine and compare the types of supports used previously on individual
~ 750-kV overhead power lines, inasmuch as this approach considerably facili-
tates adopting the most correct resolutions.
Portal spacer supports on guy lines were used on 750-kV overhead power lines
built in the Ukraine, as for example the one from the Donbass to Dnepr to
Vinnitsa to Zapadno-Ukrainskaya Substation to the border; V-shaped supports
with multiple guy lines were used on the similar Konakovo to Leningrad over-
head power line. V-shaped supports with multiple guy lines were also worked
out for the 750-kV overhead power line from the Leningrad AES to Leningrad-
skaya Substa~ion.
The total phase conductor cross-section was 1400 mm2 for the electric power
transmission line from Leningrad AES to Leningradskaya Substation. That was
achieved by combining different sections and numbers of single conductors.
At the technical planning stage, six versions of pha~e design were examined
in terms of capital investment and calculated e:.penditures to build the line.
The 5xAS300/39 phase turned out to be the most preferable in terms of these
two indicators. It was also appropriate to use this version because it
would permit using the same line fittings and anchor-angle supports previ-
ously developed for the Konakovo to Leningrad 750-kV overhead po~aer line.
The possibility of using spacer reinforced concre~e and steel supports was
also analyzed at the technical planning stage.
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They examined reinforced concrete supports with 800-mm struts, but the maxi-
- mum possible length of such struts would be 26.4 meters. As a result, the
supports would be comparatively short, as would. be the spans between them.
. In other words, these support~ woutd be uneconomical. The possibility of
installing supports consisting of two 20-meter struts ~oined tagether was -
revealed considerably later, because that version had not been developed
fully.
They examined four types of steel supports: portal on guy lines, V-shaped
with the conductors placed horizontally, V-shaped with the middle phase ele-
vated, and "Chayka"-type single-span on guy lines with the conductors in a
triangular pattern.
- The "Chayka" support design was convenient because a minimum distance be-
tween phases could be adopted, but it had substantial shortcomings. First,
it would be quite hard to install the support due to the heaviness of the
upper portion; second, installing the conductors of the middle phase was -
very complicated, as they had to be tightened through a"window." There-
fore, these supports were not used on this overhead line, in spite of the _
fact that they used the least metal.
The basic criterion used in choosing the optimum type of supports was that
of most economical span. It is known that that crit~rion is somewhat lower
_ for portal supports than for V-shaped. Portal supports with crosspier_es 32
- and 38 meters above ground were examined, as were V-shaped supports with
crosspieces 32, 38, 42 and 46 meters above ground.
The technical plan for the por~al-type of support outlined an economical
span length of 440 meters, which corresponded to a crosspiece height of 32
meters. Given this height and a phase of 5xAS300/39, one portal support
would weigh 11 tons, with a steel expenditure of 27 tons per kilometer of
line (not including an anchor type of support. Subsequent refinements es-
tablished that if the slope of the struts were increased and the portal set
at a height of 35 meters, we could obtain a more economical resolution and
- reduce steel expenditure to 26.2 t/km, or by approximately three percent, as
compared with the portal examined in the technical plan, with a crosspiece _
height of 32 meters.
- For a V-shaped support with multiple guy 3ines and the conductors placed
horizontally, the most economical span is achieved with the crosspieces set
_ at 38 meters; the span would be 538 meters. In this case, the ~-sh~ped _
support would weigh 11.9 tons and steel expenditure would be 24.5 t/km.
They also examined a V-shaped support with multiple guy lines in which the
middle phase would be 3.3 mer.ers higher than the outer phases (see figure,
following page). With consideration of the electrical field voltage on the
surface of the conductors and radio interference, the horizuntal distance
between phases in this design could be reduced to 13.3 meters. However, if
we meet the required distances from the body of the support to the guy lines,
it would have to be 13.5 meters. The support would weigh 11.5 tons, that is;
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V-Shaped Spzcer Support for 750-kV Overhead Power Lines
~ 9,9 99 : � ,
h '
~ .
J
~ ~ 1J,S 1J,S .
.o � 1 � Z
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~ . 200 200 150 1S0
0.4 tons less than the weight of the V-shaped support with the conductors
placed horizontally. Metal expenditure drops to 23.5 tons per kilometer. _
It should be noted that the most unfavorable ratio of wind and weight spans
- was adopted in working out the upper portion of tne support.
lhis V-shaped support was approved and recommended for use on the Leningrad
AES to Leningradskaya Substation line, inasmuch as using this design achieved
the necessary savings of inetal and reduced the distance between the outer
phases and the width of the opening. Incidentally, the latter circumstance
was of very important significance, since more than 110 lcm of the overhead
power line route passed through forests.
All the comparisons were made for support designs using VSt3 steel. When ~
the blueprints were being developed for the support's trunk booms and cross-
pieces, 14G2 steel was chosen, which permitted reducing the support further,
from 11.5 to 10.56 tons (14G2 steel expenditure was 4.14 tons, in two shapes,
90x6 and 80x6).
In structural terms, the support is a flat, triangular frame with elements
of equal rigidity resting on foundation hinges and maintained in a vertical
position by a system of four multi.ple guy lines. The support hinge is of -
the same design as that used on the 750-kV Konakovo to Leningrad line. One
merit of this design is that it ensures automatic centering of the forces
and their equal distribution on the booms of the lower section of the sup-
port trunk.
As distinct from the supports on the 750-kV Konakovo to Leningrad overhead
power line, which were made with a horizontal crosspiece, the center porti~n
of the crosspiece for the new support is of varying rigidity, diminishing
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towards the middle in conformity with the curve of the forces. As has al-
ready been indicated, this design permitted reducing metal expenditure not -
only by reducing the geometric length of the crosspiece, but also through
- a more efficient distribution of forces in the ~lements.
_ At the suggestion of specialistsfrom the Donetsk High-Voltage Supports Plant,
the design of the subassemblies fastening the guy lines to the support was
simplified, resulting in the elimination of labor-consuming beam welding.
Several c,ther changes were also made in the design to increase its techno-
logical effectiveness.
The foundati~ns under the spacer s~zpports were hybrids, as on the Konakovo
to Leningrad line, but 1.5 meters deeper. Rectangular unitized anchor slabs
were designed for the guy lines. The slab design took into account changes -
nade in their manufacture for the 750-kV Konakovo to Leningrad line. Foun-
dations 2.5 meters deeper were anticipated for supports set in awamps. (The
use af pile supports turned out to be impossible due to the closeness of bed- ~
rock to the surface on a considerable portion of the route and the presence
of lar~e rock fragments in very dense ground on the remaining portion of the ~
route.)
We can thus conclude that the design resolution examined in this article is
the latest stage en route to creating standard supports for 750-kV overhead
power lines (relative to saving materials in manufacturing the supports).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'st~~o "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980
11052
CSO: 1822
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.3.051.2:69.035
BUILDING 750-KV OVERHEAD POTr; ~~FLI;JES IN MOUNTAIN AREAS -
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 8, Aug 80 pp 54-55
[Article by Engineer V. I. Andriyenko]
[Text] One of the technically most interesting 750-kV overhead power lines,
that from Vinnitsa (USSR) to Al'bertirsha (Hungary) , was built and put into
~ operation in 1978. The plan, design and construction were developed at the
Ukrainian Department of the Energoset'proyekt Institute. .
The section from Zapadno-Ukrainskaya Substation to the border, 211 km l~ng,
with 120 km passing through the Carpathian Mountains, deserves particular
attention. In the mountainous section of the route, the overhead power line
runs basically at elevations of 500.0 to 700.0 meters, at 900.0 to 1015.0
meters through the passes. There are 72 turns in this section of the route,
due to the conditions found in the mountains: they had to go around regions
with steep slopes (more than 30�), eroded slopes, talus and slides, and keep
away frora mountain stream beds and ravines. The Carpathian ~*alleys and j
passes most convenient for routing the overhead lines were basically occu-
pied by existing communications (railroads, petroleum and gas pipelines, and
electric power lines).
The ground where the overhead line went was complex in structure, and the
mountain route was divided into two regions based on their characteristics.
The first, with a total length of 100 km, covered the folded region of the
Carpathians, where the ground was primarily sedimentary rock in the form of
sands, aleurites and argillites. The second, with a total length of 20 km,
was characterized by volcanic rock (andesites, andesite-basalts, tuff, and
others).
The overhead power line route passed through a seismic zone of 6-7 points.
In terms of climate, its mountain section belongs to the IV region and to
a special ice-glaze region at 800-1100 meters), with wind speeds of 760 N/m2
(35 m/sec).
Prefabricated reinforced concrete footings were used for the overhead line
support foundations. In sections with aggressive groundwater, prefabricated
reinforced concrete components wer~ protected by a coating of hot asphalt,
2!~
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The plan anticipated installing bolted metal galvanized supports.
For the mountainous section of the line, as distinct from the plains sec- -
tion, the height to the spacer supFort crosspiece was 32, ra*her than 35, -
meters. Portal spacer supports on guy .lines with one shortened strut were
used in places with slight inclines (up to 10�). For sections where it was
impossible to set supports in a large base, a PRS-type spacer support with
- two independent struts was used.
The center phase on this support was suspended by a V-shaped guy line.
Anchor-angle supports were made in the form of three struts, with phases
secured separately and the lightning-protection cable and the phase lo-
cated in a single vertical plane. The height of the support at the point
where the phase wag secured was 20 to 30 meters.
The phase design used four AS400/93 conductors. Glass plate insulators were
used for the guy lines, as they are more reliable than porcelain ones and do
not require insulation monitoring during operation. The supporting guy lines
were combined in pairs. In addition to the vertical ones, V-shaped support- _
ing guy lines were used to secure the middle phase on the spacer supports,
with separate struts without a center crosspiece. In connection with the
- great distance between struts of the PRS support (20 meters), the branches
of the V-shaped guy line were considerably lengthened using spacer links.
In order to ensure the needed mechanical strength, the tension guy lines of
the anchor-angle supports were four-strand, with each conductor attached se-
parately to the support. The loops on the anchor-angle three-strut supports
were by-passed using guy lines, as well as horizontal arched loops t~ung to
the support cable strut on an L-shaped supporting guy line. ~
Construction of the 750-kV Vinnitsa - A1'bertisha overhead power line from
Zapadno-Ukrainskaya Substation to the border was entrusted to two general
contracting trusts, the Yugzapelektroset`stroy and the Yuzhelektroset'stroy.
Three mechanized columns {Nos 34, 35 and 62) from the Yugzapelektroset'stroy
participated in building the overhead line. Each mechanized column did the
entire construction-installation work cycle for the section assigned it. Me-
chanized column No 92 of the Energostroymontazhsvyaz' Trust o~as called in as
a subcontractor to reroute existing lines of communication and to set up com-
munications for the 750-kV overhead line on mechanized column No 34's sec-
tion.
It should be noted that work organization in the mountain section was asso-
ciated with great difficulties due to the lack of roads and spur tracks, the
steep inclines, swampy sections, and a far-flung network of gullies and ra-
vines. Considerable work had to be done to cut and clear timber, reroute _
electric power lines and lines ~f communication being intersected, and in-
stall crossings o~;er electrified ~�ailroads.
- Experience in building large, main electric power lines in regions of diffi-
cult access has shown the appropriateness of creating temperary housing set-
- tlements with a production base for the work superintendent's sector. In
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installing the 750-kV overhead power line in the Carpathians, this resolu-
tion has fully ~ustified itself. Three work superiutendent's sectors were -
created (one from each mechanized column), each of which was responsible
for 25-35 km of the route. Tlie base sites were chosen with consideration
of maximum closeness to the overhead line route, availability of apur tracks,
a source of water near the base, and the oppoxtunity of installing telephone
communications.
The housing settlement contained 10-20 living vans, a dining hall and a Red _
Corner. From 50 to 150 power cen.struction warkers lived in th~ settlement
at different construction periods. The base also had a sector chief's of-
fice (seni.or work producer), a material-technical storage area, a mobile
temporary workshop, a temporary warehouse for storing line fittings, a spare
parts storage area, temporary machinery and vehicle preventive and routine
maintenance facilities.
Each living van was provided with electricity and radio, the sector chief's
office had a telephone, and the Red Corner had a television. The production
base was generally located somewhat apart from the settlement.
A subunit of the Yugzapelektroset'stroy Trust had to build 163 staked-out
areas in mountainous terrain, do a large amount of installation of reinforced
concrete components (4100 m3) and a large amount of earthmoving work (350,000
cubic meters). A large amount of earthmoving work also had to be done to le- _
vel slopes and install access roads.
Below-grade work was done by mechani~ed column specialized brigades equipped
with the necessary machinery and attachments.
- Galvanized, bolted metal supports were used for the mountainous section of
the overhead power line. It was necessary to assemble and install 4154 tons
of inetal support components.
As is known, the amount of manual labor increases sharply when connections
are bolted. With a view towards improving the assembly of steel spacer sup-
parts and reducing labor expenditures, subunits of the Yugzapelektroset'-
stroy delivered supports to staked-out areas in individual sections as-
sembled at special yards for construction of the 750-kV overhead power line.
Impact and electric power wrenches were used for final spacer and anchor-
angle support assembly in staked-off areas.
Assembly of the metal supports included: consolidated assembly of spacer
supports on guy lines in transportable sections at temporary mechanized
- yards; final assembly-joining of consolidated spacer support sections; as-
sembly of PRS-type anchor-angle and spacer supports right in staked~-off
areas; assembly of certain spacer supports on guy lines where delivery of
the sections was difficult due to the terrain.
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Yards created with consideration of local conditions and opportunities for
providing them with complete sets of equipment, attachments and means of
mechanization were used for consolidated a~ssembly of spacer aupport sec-
tions. Thus, mechanized column No 34 used 200-m7 semienclosed yards for
consolidated assembly. Reinforced concrete centrifuged support struts
served as the yard enclosure. The metal support sections were aesembled
on scaffolding set up on two trollies mounted on a narrow-gage track. The -
yard was equipped with four two-ton hoists, a compressor and transformera
for the impact and electric power wrenches. The parts and assembled sup-
port secticns were stored in the open. _
The use of yards for consolidated spacer support assembly permitted a 3-4
percent increase in labor productivity.
- The supports were installed using a drop boom. Given average route com- -
plexity, a brigade of 10 people equipped with the necessary machinery and
transport raised one support per shift, one support per 2-3 shifts under
particularly difficult conditions.
The anchor-angle supports were installed using a mounting boom 22-24 meters
long. The support was raised using two T-100M tractors. After the support
was raised to an angle of 75�, one tractor went quickly to a new spot and it
- began the braking (if it could not move over, a third tractor was used). _
After the construction work was completed on the anchor sections, brigades
of electricians began preparing and installing conductors and cables. Mul-
tiple-phase 4xAS400/95 conductors and AS-95/141 lightning-protection cables
were installed in accordance with flow charts and diagrams developed by the _
Ukrainian Department ef the Energoset'proyekt Institute. Extensive use was
made of the experience of specialized brigades which installed conductors _
on the 750-kV overhead power line from the Donbass to Dnepr to Vinnitsa to
L'vov in this installation work. The conductors and cables were unrolled
from stationary unro2ling devices on which drums with conductor and cable
were installed. One pass of a tractor generally unrolled four phase con-
ductors and two separate cables simultaneously.
The unrolling, connecting, leveling and transferring of the conductors and
cables was done using the same machinery and attachments used when instal-
ling conductors in the level section. The spacers were installed both from -
, cradle-bicycles designed and manufactured in the trust and from the ground,
when transferring conductors and letting them down to the ground. The in-
stallation technology for the insulator tension guy lines and the rigid ho-
rizontal loops was worked out during the construction.
Experience in building 750-kV overhead power lines under mountain condiCions
has sh~wn that the greatest difficulties in installing the line are asso-
ciated with delivering the various kinds of freight to the staked-out areas.
For example, it often turned out to be harder to deliver rigging attachments,
installation booms and other attachments from staked-out area to staked-out
area than to install the supports themselves.
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Mechanized columns of the Yugzapelektroset'stroy Trust transported various
structural elements of the found3tions, metal supports and other freight
from the foothills to the staked-out areas using special trollies they de-
veloped themselves. This made it considerably easier to deliver freight to
the work site. However, such means of transport need further improvement.
In order to resolve this task at the proper level, we will need the ~oint
efforts of appropriate organizations of the USSR Ministry of Power and E1- -
~ ectrification.
And the builders have certain claims against the planners. Thus, installa-
tion of the foundations was delayed due to the fact that trust production
sectors did not have data on the geological structure of each section in
which the supports were to be raised. As a consequence, rocky ground was
often discovered where it was not expected when the foundation pits were be-
ing dug. The upshot was that normal production had to be interrupted and _
much additional time had to be spent setting up work with explosives. Dif-
_ ficulties also arose in installing center-phase conductors on PRS supports.
Elimination of all these shortcomings will doubtless facilitate improving
*he efficiency of overhead power line construction in this voltage class un-
- der mountainous conditions.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980
11052
CSO: 1822
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ELECTRIC POWER
" YUZHNO-UKRAINSKAYA AES ENERGY COMPLEX
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 8, Aug 80 p 78
[Article by A. ZlotinJ
[TextJ The Yuzhno-Ukrainskiy [South UkraineJ energy complex is something
_ fundamentally new in domestic and foreign power engineering.
As is kciown, the problem of improving the maneuverability of energy insta~-
- lations remains urgent. The necessity arises of storing energy during per-
iods of low load on the energy system and of releasing it during peak load
periods. At present, the most widespread method of storing and producing
peak-load electric power is the GAES [pumped-storage electric power plant).
It is for precisely that reason that the Yuzhno-Ukrainskiy energy complex
includes, in addition to 3 four million kilowatt nuclear power plant, two
GAES's: the 1.8 million kilowatt Konstantinovskaya GES-GAES and the 384,000
kilowatt Tashlykskaya GAES. (It should be noted that three 368,000-kW dir-~
ect units will be installed in addition to the six 130,500-kW reversing units
~ at the Konstantinovskaya GES-GAES.)
Three reservoirs with capacities of 400 million, 100 million and 80 million
cubic meters have already been created. At night, when surplus electric
power is being generated, water will be pumped into the reservoirs, and in
the evening, when electric power is in short supply, this water will be
passed through the two pumped-storage electric power plants. Thus, the ca-
pacity of the energy complex will increase by more than two million kilo�-
watts during the evening hours.
And one other detail. After construction of the AES is complete, it will be
- possible to irrigate 100,000 hectares of the arid Prichernomorskaya Steppe.
.3ut that will come later. '
:il those now working on construction of the Yuzhno-Ukrainskaya AES under-
stand that they are faced with the complex task of completing the construc- _
:~~~n and putting the first power unit into operation.
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The capacity of the power unit is one million kilowatts. One outstanding
featur2 of this new "millioner" is its unique one million kilowatt turbine,
which was created at the lead enterprise of the Khar'kov Producti~n Associa-
tion imeni S. M. Kirov.
- This turbine unit has five vanes, including three weighing 157 tons each.
The whole machine weighs 3500 tons. It is highly economical and has an
automated control system which increases operating reliability and makes
the work of the operators easier. -
Installation of the turbine was entrusted to fitters from the Zaporozhye
sector of the Teploenergomontazh Trust. Altogether, specialists building
the Yuzhno-Ukrainskaya AES already have behind them construction of the
_ Uglegorskaya, Starobeshevskaya and Zaporozhskaya GRES's and the Kurskaya _
and Chernobyl'skaya AES's. The backbone of the collective is those who put
up the Krivorozhskaya GRES. They set the tone, they are the standard of
comparison, they set the example. Valuable initiatives such as the compe-
tition among related industries begun at the Nurekskaya GES on the "work-
er express" principle, the Rostov initiative "To Work Without Laggers" and
"To Im~rove Work Efficiency and Quality," h~ve found support in the build-
ers collActive. V. I. Polishchuk's fitters brigade from the Donbassatom-
energomontash sector was the first brigade to do one million rubles worth
of construction-installation work in 1979. _
The creative activeness of the workers is of considerable importance to
~ successful completion of construction of the first line of the Yuzhno-
Ukrainskaya AES. Suffice it to say that since the start of construction,
the economic impact of introducing efficiency proposals has been about two
million rubles. Labor productivity increased four-fold ~ust through the
pouring of concrete without forms.
Construction of the first power unit is entering its concluding phase. The ,
equipment is being installed, but builders already face new tasks in instal-
ling the second power unit.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980
11052
CSO: 1822
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ELECTRIC POWER
OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR PRESSURIZED WATER~ NUCI,~EAR POWER REACTORS _
_ Moscow EKSPLUATATSIONNYYE REZHIMY VODO-VODYANXKH ENERGETI-
CHESKIKH YADFRNYKH REACTOROV in Rusaian 1979 aigned to press 3
Jul 79 pp 2, 3, 4-8, 287-2~8 second edition
� [Annotation, foreword, introduction, and table of contents from
a book by Fedor Yakovlevich Ovchinnikov, Lev Ivanovich Golubev
(deceased], Vyacheslav Dmitriyevich Dobrynin, Viktor Ivanovich -
Klochkov, Vtadimir Vladimirovich Semenov, and Valentin Mikhay-
lovich Tsybenko, Atomizdat, 4100 copies, 288 pages] '
[Text] The basic operating conditicns for preasurized water,
- nuclear power reactors (FWR) are considered, the principles of
neutron physics, thermal hydraulics, and phyeical-chemical pro-
cesses occurring in reactors o� this type are discussed, as arp
the reliability, safety, and economical operation of AES [atom-
ic electric power station]. The discuesion is based on data -
for the VVER-440 and VVER-1000 reactors.
The second edition of this book (the firat was published in
1977) contains revisions and additional material oa the VVER-
- .1000 in plant V of the Novovornezhskaya AES. A number of
changes and correctl.ons has alao been made.
This book is designed for engineering and technical worlcers at
AES with PWR reactors. It may be useful for students in elec-
tric power fields at institutiona of higher education and atu-
dents at electric power ~ekhnikums, where personnel are trained
~ to work in the nuclear ~ower fi,eld.
This book contains 69 figures, 52 tables, and 132 bibliographic
entries.
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FORETrIORD
The program for the development o~ nuclear power in the USSR
envisions the construction of a large number of AES, where
pressurized water reactors (~WR) are used as the thermal power
source. Generalization of the data obtained during the opera-
tion of actual PWR is of special signi~icance. Some special .
problems connected with the operation of ~WR are considered in
part in the book by F. Ya. Ovchinnikov et al., "Operation of
Reactor Plants at the Novovoronezhskaya AES," published by
Atomizdat in 1972.
The reader will find that most of the attention is this book is
given to analyzing the operating condtions for PWR.
The principles of neutron physics, thermal hydraulics, and ~
physical-chemical processes occurring in PWR are discussed, and -
domestic and foreign data on the operating conditions for reac-
tors of this type are systematized and generalized. In consid-
- ering the methods for design analysis of the basic neutron-
physics and thermal hydraulics characteristics of PWR, the -
- authors rely on the corresponding developments at the Institute
of Atomic Energy imeni I. V. Kurchatov, which were carried out
under the direction of Doctor of Technical Sciences V. A. Si-
dorenko, Candidates of Technical Sciences G. L. Lunin, A. N.
Novikov, and V. A. Voznesenskiy, et al. The operating condi-
tions a~e discussed on the basis of the VVER-440 and VVER-1000
reactors of plant V at the Novovoronezhskaya AES.
In the secc~nd edition of the book the revisions ar,d additions
mainly affect the sections on the VVER-1000. The order in
which the materials are discussed is different, and refinements
' and corrections have been made. In the opinion of the authors,
this book can be used as a textbook for training engineering
and technical p~rsonnel at AES to operate PWR rectors and its
. various systems or to work in laboratories of this type. It
will be useful for students at electrical power, physico-
technical, and engineering physics specialt~es at institutions
of higher education and students at electrical power tekhni-
kums.
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Doctor of Tech- _
nical Sciences, S. A. Skvortsov for his advice when he reviewed
this book.
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INTAODUCTION
~ Nuclear power, which has traveled a long way in the more than
20 years of its existence, is largely based at the present time
on thermal neutron reactors using natural or enriched uranium
fue].d, includin~ pressurized water reactora (~WR) which are
widely used throughtout the ~rorld -~n the USSR as well as
other countries that are members of CMEA.jl, 2]. Basic ~[nfor-
mation on the design of equipment for reactor plants and
engineering systems used in domestic electrical power units
with PRW can be found in the published literature [3-5].
The commercial use of PRW in the domestic nuclear power indus -
try began on September 30, 1964, when unit I of the Novovoro-
nezhkaya AES (NVAES) with a VVER-210 reactor~was coanected to
an electrical power system. `
In analyzing the stages of development of AES with domestic re-
actors of the pressurized water type, it is convenient to di-
vide these reactors into three generations: 1) the Vy~'R-210
(unit I of NVAES) and the VVER-70 (the Rheinsberg AES in the
GDR); 2) VVER-440; 3) VVER-1000. The VVER-365 of unit II of
NVAES is intermediate between the first and second generations;
it essentially belongs to the second generation but its basic
equipment belongs to the first.
Improvements in PWR and AES led in three directions; 1) optimi-
zation of the fuel cycle; 2) optimization of the thermal power
cycle; 3) providing for the safe operation of AES. -
The first unit of the NVAES served as a p~.lot plant to check -
_ the correctness of the scientific and technical prfnciples
_ embedded in it, the planning and design work, and the indus-
trial operating conditions associated both with the fuel and
thermal power cycles and with the safety problems concerning
the entire process of converti~ng fiasion energy into electri-
city. Similar technical solutions were checked operationally
at another first-generation reactor (VVER-70), erected in the
GDR with the participation of the USSR at the Rheinsberg AES.
The construction of subsequent A~S plants was accompanied
- by a constant improvement in the technical and economic indi-
cators. In this sense the main trend should be considered
= the increase in unit power of the units, accom~anied by an -
increase in th~ power and productivity o~ the basic equipment.
Specific capital expenditures are decreasing, while the re-
quired growth rate in electrical power is maintained.
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The scientific and technical research carried out on unit I
and the improved unit II j3] le d to the design and construction
of series electrical power un:Lts with an output of 440 MW from
second-generation VVER-440 reactors. The main power unita with
VVER-440 reactors went into o~eration at the Novovoronezhskaya
AES (units III and IV) in 1971 and 1972 j5] .
The experience gained in constr ucting and operating VVER-440
reactors at NVAES allowed a program, beginning in 1973, of ac-
celerated introduction and oper ation o~ series units of this
type to be carried out at the K ol'skaya and Armenian AES, the
Bruno Loishner AES in the GDR, and Kozloduv in Bulgaria. ,
A new stage in the development of the domestic nuclear power
industry was reached by 1000 MW planta using third-generation
VVER-1000 reactors with improv ed technical and economic indi-
cators [6, 7]. The main plant in thia series is unit V at
NVAES.
Reactor -VVER-440 VVER-1000 -
Thermal power, MW 1375 3000
No. of circulation loops (pumps,
steam generators). 6 4
Flow rate of coolan*_ through the
reactor, m/h 2 34,000 59,700
Working pressure of coolant, kgsec/cm 125 160
- Average coolant temperature at the
entrance to the reactor, �C 267 290
Average heating of coolant, �C 28.8 31.9
Surface heat transfer from
fuel elements, m2 3150 4850
Uranium mass in core, m 41 66.3 _
. Number of fuel rods 349 151
Number of elements in mechanical system
controlling reactivity 73 109
IieigYet of reactor vessel (without upper
unit), m 11.8 10.8~
Maximum vessel diameter, m 4.27 4.57
Vessel mass, m 200.8 304
Inner diameter of main circulation
tubes, mm 500 850
Steam Generator
Produc~ivity, m/h 455 1470
Saturated steam pressure, kgse c/cm2 47 64
Heat transfer surface (rated), m2 2500 5040
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Reactor VVER-210 VV~R-440 VVER-1000
Total volume of nonuniform
heat releas~ 4.8 2.4 2.35
Nonuniform power of separate
fuel elements ~ 2..75 1.65 1.60
_ Total flow rate of coolant,
m/h 29,000 34,000 59,700
Specific coolant flow rate,
m/h/MW (ther, unit) 38.2 24.7 19.9
, Total length of fuel
elements, m 77,000 110,000 170,000
Total surfa~e of. fuel
elements, m 2460 3150 4850
The nonuniform heat generation in the core was reduced by an
_ optimum placement of the fuel in the reactor and an improvement
in the power control system.
An increase in the total length of the fuel elements and a re-
duction in the nonuniform bulk heat geaeration kept the linear
thermal load of the fuel elements within the tolerancea and
thereby avoided the fusion of the cores due to an increasing
reactor power.
The increase in the coolant flow rate through the reactor was
generally held back by. two facfcors : a). diacrepancy between the
increase in the power and the productivity of the pumping units
units, leading to an increase in amount of generated electrical
power expended on its own needs; b) a practical limit on the
increase in the flow rate in the bundle of fuel rods (6 - 7
m/sec) due to vibrations. Below, we give comparative hydraulic
parameters of the PWR at NVAES.
- Reactor VVER-210 VVER-440 VVER-1000
Maximum flow rate of coolant
in fuel rod bundles, m/sec 3.6 4.1 5.7
Pumping head at the operating ~
_ point, kgsec/cm2 4.0 4.6 6.5
Research has shown that the limit of the linear thermal load at
which fusing of the cores ~of� uranium diox3de fuel elements is
absent roughly equals 700 W/cm. The rated limit of the linear
load for the VVER-440 and the VVER-1000 i.s 500 W/cm j6]. The
energy capacity of the fuel in the PWR at NVAES ia described
by the following data:
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- Reactor VVE R-210 VVER-440 VVER-1000
Averag~ linear energy
generation of fuel
elements, FI/cm 98.1 125 176.4
- Energy capacity of core,
kW/liter 46.5 84 111,1
Energy capacity of fuel,
kW/kg U 19.5 33 45.5
A reduction in the reserves between Che working and the limit-
ing values of the parameters is acceptable only under the fo1-
lowing conditions:
1) a reliable knowledge of the limits that an actual pro-
cess can approach safely. This information can be obtained by
a close study oF the processes (thermal, critical, hydraulic)
occurring in the reactor and a refinement of the theoretical
models and experimental relations. Such research had led, in
particular, to a reduction in the safety factor of critical heat
heat transfer from 3- 5(in the first stagea of PWR design) to
ti2 (in the last stage);
2) elimination of the ambiguity in the initial state of the
reactor. This goal involves~improvements in the system of
- intra-reactor measuremnts and an incr ease in the accuracy of
the design methods. Measurement and design should complement
each other so that reliable operational data can be obtained.
3) an increase in the reliab ility of heat removal systems.
In the VVER-1000 reactor the pumps have external electric mo- ~
tors with flywheels. This arrangement p~ovides a stable cool-
ant circulation through the reactor even with significant
breakdowns in the zlectric power supp ly to the pumps. All of
the stand-by :aoling developed is directed toward increasing
the thermal rating o� the reactor.
The rate of fuel burnup at~high-power operation requires that
corrections be made in enrichment, amoun.t of burnup, and peri-
odic replacement of the nuclear fuel. In the VVER-1000 the
load was increased up to 75.tons U02 with a 4.4% enrichment,
and the average of amount of burnup rose to 40,000 MW-day/ton
U.
The abuve data indicate that a~new qualitative level has been
reached in PWR development.
The safe oFeration of the basic technological process at an AES
- requires a perfected reactor design and a strict observance of
' the specifics of the operating conditions. The PWR as a ther-
mal energy source producing stesm for AES turbine generators
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is a"heat exchanger" of the vessel type with internsl heat
sources.
- On the other hand, the operation of the reactor and an AES as
a whole should take into account the specific nuclear features
of individual segments of the process used in obtaining thermal
energy in a PWR.
~ To improve the thermodynamic efficiency of the steam power cy-
cle of each PWR generation, the parameters of the second, and -
also the first, loop~ were improved, wb,ich led to c~anges in
the thermohydraulic and neutron physics characteristics of the
reactor plant.
- Experience tn operating different PWR generations has confirmed
the correctness of the scientific and technical solutiona used
in the design and operation of reactora of this type and has
shown that they are reliable and safe sources of thermal power
~ for AES, which have shown by their technical and economic indi-
catcrs that they are at least co~petitive with traditional
sources of electrical energy [5-7J.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 3
~ Introduction 4
Chapter 1. Principles of Nuclear Physics for PWR 9
1.1. Fission of heavy nuclei 9
~ 1.2. Nuclear conversion of uranium isotopes and
transuranium elements 10
1.3. Sources of ionizing radiation in the reactor
plant 17
Chapter 2. Neutron Physics Characteristics of PWR Core 24
2.1. Neutron balance and reactivity 24
2.2. Neutron spectrum in core 29
2.3. CharacCeristics of fuel lattices under different
reactor operating conditions 32
2.4. Neutron physics characteristics o� VVER-1000 core39
Chapter 3. Start-up Conditions for Reactors 44
3.i. Reactor kinetics o� prompt and moderated neutrons44
3.2. Reactivity of reactors 47
3.3. Requ~rements for control an.d shielding systems
for PWR 56
- 3.4. Reactor start-up 64
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Chapter 4. Neutron Physics Characteristics of the Core
for Power Operation o~ Reactors 71
~ 4.1. Distribution of enexgy release in the core 71
- 4.2. Change in the reactivity fox power operation 77
4.3. Regulation and ad~satment of k'~IR ~8
Chapter 5. Thermal-Hydraulic Power Operation of a Reactor 94
5.1. Heat transfer from heat produci.ng elements to
the water 94
5.2. Hydraulic characteristics of fuel cladding and
~ the reactor 9~
5.3. Permissible power level of fuel elements, clad-
ding, and the reactor 107
5.4. Determination of thermal power o� the reactor 114
5.5. Heat removal from the r~eactor under normal
and transitory conditions 120 -
5. 6. Ef ficiency of AES plant with PWR 126
5.7. Restrictions on permiasible reactor power asso-
ciated with electrical power supply for the -
primary circulating pump 131 _
Chapter 6. Reactor Shut-down 137
6.1. Stopping the reactor 137
6. 2. Ensuring heat removal af ter reactor shut-down 144
Chapter 'l. Conditions for the Use of Nuclear Fuel 151
7.1. Set-up of fuel assemblies in the core 151
- 7, z. Calculation of neutron physics chaxac*_eris tica
of the reactor 159
7.3. Calculation of hezt release distribution in -
fuel assen~blies 168
- Appendix: Design of fuel load (overload) in the 174 -
VVER-440 reactor
Chapter 8, Work Cspacity of PWR Fuel Elements 179 -
- 8.1. Properties of uranium dioxide and fuel element
cans made from zirconium alloy 179 .
8.2. Estimate of fuel element state in an operating
~ reactor 184
8.3. M~nitoring the hermetic sealing of fuel element
cladding during reactor shut-down 190 ~
8.4. Study of dspleted nuclear ~uel in a hot cell 191
Chapter 9. Work Capacity of Design Materials for ~qui~-
~ ment and Water-Chemical Conditions in the
- Primary Reactor Loop 156
9.1. Requirements for materials in primary loop 196
9.2. Features of water-chemical conditions in the
pr~mary loop 200
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9.3. Methods for controlling the water quality in the
primary loop 201
9.4. Pur~fying the water in the primary loop 205
9.5, Reprocessing and disposal of liqu~.d radioact.Lve
~ was tes 211
9.6. Monitoring the sate o� r;~e equi~ment ~n reactor
- plants 213
Chapter J.O. PWR Safety 223
10.1. An approach to the problem of safety 223
10.2. Radiation safety under normal reactor operation 224 ~
10.3. ~nsuring nuclear safety when working with fuel
- assemblies 226
10.4. Most probable emergencies in a reactor 229
10.5. Estimate of possible enezgy release during an
emergency 235
' 10.6, Preventive and protective measures 237
. C1-tapter 11. Features of the Operation of a Power P1ant
with a VVER-1000 242
11.1. The reactor unit 242
11.2. Steam turbine unit 248
- 11.3. Monitoring, control, and prevention system 254
Chapter 12. Economic Operation of an AES with PWR 258
12.1. Cost of electrical energy produced by an AES 258
12.2. Operating conditions and indicators of an AES in
an energy system 265
- 12.3. Methods for increasing the amount of nuclear fuel -
burnup and the reactor operating time 271
12.4. Utilization of depleted PWR fuel 274
12,5. Reduction of neutron losses in a reactor 277 -
Bibliography 280
Subject index Zg(
COPYRIGHT; Atomizdat, 1979
9370 ,
CSO: 1822 ~
EI~D
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