JPRS ID: 9275 WORLDWIDE REPORT NARCOTICS AND DANGEROUS DRUGS

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020047-5
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 65
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 47
• Content Type: REPORTS

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FnR OFFIC'IAI, t!SF, ONI.Y
JPRS L/9275
27 August 1980
Worldwide Re ort
p
NARCOTICS AND DANGEROUS aRUGS _
(FOUO 36/80) -
~ FBfS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OFFYCIAL USE ONLY
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NOTE _
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mation was summarized or extracted,
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
- enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
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- item originate with the source. Times within items are as
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A
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JPRS L/9~75
27 August Z980
WURLDW I DE REPORT ~ ~
NARCOTICS AND DANGEROUS DRUGS
(FOUO 36/ 80 )
CONTEHTS
AS IA
AUSTRALIA
Briefs
Heroin Arrest 1~ ~
PAKISTAN
100 Million Rugpee Hashish Haul
( DAWN , 3 Aug 80 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
PHILIPPINES
_ Metro Mayors Push Campaign Against Drug Abuse
(PHILIPPINES DAILY EXPRESS, 5 Aug 8~) 3
EAST EUROPE ~
BULGARIA
Over Eig~t Kilograms of Heroin Seized by Customs
(I,ozan Mitev; NAROII~IA D~II.ADEZEi, 1 Aug 80) 5
POLAND _
Smuggling of Narcotics to Socialist Countries' Markets
No te d '
(Marian Grabowski; FARriACJA POLSKA, Apr 80) 8
- Relation Between Narcomania, Deliquency Mscussed
(Brun~n Holyst; FARMAGTA POISKA, Apr 80) . 10
Legislation on Stupefactive, Psychotropic Substances
- Reviewe d
~ (Maria Gzerniejewska-Durkiewicz; FARMACJA POLSKA
Apr 80) 17
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r~x urrl~le,,., u~~ v~vLi
LATIN AMERI CA
BOLIVIA
Coup Leaders Accused of Advancing Drug, Agricult~ral
Interests
(Thomas Nell; VORWAERTS, 31 Jul 80) 21
Briefs
German Citizen Expelled 24
B RAZIL
Briefs
Detention of Drug Traffickers 25
Marihuana Shipment Confis cated 2~
Cocaine Traffic~Cer Arrested 2,5
Cocaine Confiscated, Trafficers Arrested 2.5
COLOMB IA
'Black Pope of Cocaine' Described, Named
(EL TIEMPO, 11 Jun 8~).........,. 26
Drug Cases 'Curse' for Judiciary
(Ismael Enrique Arenas; EL TIEMPO, 2 Jun 80)............ 29
B rie fs
Raid on Marihuana Field 31
Cocaine Traffickers Captured 31
DOMINI CAN REPUB LI C
Marihuana, Cocaine Traffickers Continue Smuggling Attempts
(LISTIN DIARIO, 14, 15 Apr 80) 32
Ttao Planes in a Week, by Guillermo Gomez
Colombians Apprehend Dominican, by Santiago Gomez
Stepped-Up Eradication Request, by Hugo A. Ysalguez
Editorial Support, Praise
GUATE MALA
Briefs
Marihuana Field 39
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PANAMA
- Briefs
Cocaine Confiscation 40
Narcotics Traffickers Arrested 40
PARAGUAY
B rie fs
Drug Traffickers Arrested 41
PE RU
Briefs
Police Disrupt Drug Ring 4,2
Cocaine Arrests 42
- Arrest on Europeans 42
VENEZUELA
Briefs
Cocaine Discovered 43
NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
IRAN
Khalkhali Appoints Rainezani To Combat Narcotic Smuggling
(Tehran Domestic Service, 5 Aug 80) 44
Five Drug Smugglers Shot by Firing Squad
(Tehran Domeatic Service, 4 Aug 80) 45
Tehran Radio Reports Twio Executions in Kerman
(Tehran Domestic Service, 6 Aug 80) 47
Borujerd Court Orders Execution of Four
(Tehran Domestic Service, 5 Aug 80) 48
Briefs
Death Sentence to Four 49
- Tehran Reports Execution 49
Khalkali Orders Executions 49
c-
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1~/l~ lIl'1 lL1~W UJL VLYLL
LEBANON
, Results of Antinarcotics Operations Reported
(AIrNAHAR, 22, 23 May 80) 50
Quantity of Hashish Seized
~ Hashish Smugglers Ar.rested
WEST EUROPE �
DENAfARK
Briefs
� Smuggled Morphine From India 52
IYbi~hin~ Pills From Pakis tan 52
M~rphine Trafficker Sentenced 52
Drugs in Prisons 53
Smuggler Sentenced 53
FRANCE
Pelletier Present at 'Hashish Burning' in Nice
(Guy Porte; LE 1~NDE, 16 Jul 80).....,, 54
NOt~F1AY
Report Fin~~ ~ecrease in Drug Use Among Oslo Youth .
(Rikke Bjurstrom; ARBEIDERBLADET, 17 Jul 8Q).......... 56
UNITED KINGDOM
British Investigators Seize 15 Kilograms of Opium ,
(Bernard Scarlett; LONDON PRESS ASSOCIATION,
30 Jul 80) 58
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_ AUSTRALIA
BRIEFS
HERUIN ARREST--A Sydney court was told todny that heroin worth more than
U.S. $5 million had been brought into Australia by people who had hidden
the drug under tt?eir clothes and taped to their legs. A federal policeman
y told th~~ District Criminal Court a smuggling ring had brought 7.2 kilograms
of heroin into Australia between April 1978 and February this year. He said
a travel .agen't had been involved in the smuggling ring which had obtained
the heroir? from a man in Malaysia. [Text] [OW072338 Melbourne Overseas
Service in English 1130 GMT 7 Aug 80 OW]
C50: 5300
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PAKISTAN
100 ~IILLiON RUPPEE Hr1SHISH HAUL
Karachi DAWN in English 3 Aug 80 p 1
jT~ht)
Exc~se hounds ainashed a well- coIIecti~g contraband here ~nd Bagh Jamal and his servant P'azil
knit ga.n� oi narcotic smugglers there and Snal~y transDUrtin~ it Karim alona with the 85 maunds.
with the seizure oi bigges~ever to the hideout - the Qodowa on oi 2x~hL~h.
quantity oi hashish welQhin~_ Fb Hub river road near Mohaiir~ It waa stated that the hashish
maunds from an uncler8round ga Camp. waa concealed aad D~ked 1n
down near Sub rlver road qester- ~2eanwhll~ thep also~ trie~ to hvge unQerground celIar which� .
day alternoon. establist~ their contacts with their hane 6eea con~tructed unde~' the
I The . sei~ure wag e8ected by the cou~er parts :n a Elzropean rioor of the godowa. The entry to~
recantIy recons:ituted 7ntelligence country. A Pak9stani smuSBler is the godowu was cancealed~
- Burean of tt~e ' Provincial F~cc~se said to the brain . behind the trap=door .which lecl ta ~ ladder.
Departmcnt which _wus disbanded racke~ . &tartling revelatioas Are~ e:pec-
in 1974. ted to be made bF~..�the accvsc~
The Pro?~.nclal ExcLse otflcials Betore the contraband could ba persons now under intensive Ques-
rald that the internationai mar- sm~zggled cut oi the countrq the Lionin~ bq the F~cise Polica 9taS.
Yet Drice oi t~e contraband hash- F79in~ Squad oi the Sind Eucise '
ish will be about Rs 100 million. Tntelligence rvshed to the godowa
A sDokesma,n of the Bureau aad arrested the aodown-keefler ~
- named BaBh Jamal, owner oi the
godown,. and h1a emDloyee Fazil
Karim aa, eccpsed,, no~ under de-
tentioa and lntenr~ive questioning.
The detectives ~i the Sind Ex-
cUe Intelligence De~artment were
following "leads" and two month-
long vlgiI on the activitie
, oi
Bagh Jamal ~snd� hLs mea 6eiore
cloaing Sn tf~~ein "traD� 9esterday.
_ The 8etlqities o1 the said gsng
csme to ;i~ht when a smalI con� _
sigmeny oi coatrsband successful-
~ yaas~d the coastal belt rather
uas.~aticed. This, Derhapa, encour-
aged the Qangmen who went for
i bi~ coasi~nmen~ They atarted
CSO: 5300
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PHILIPPINES
METRO MAYORS PUSH CANIPAIGN AGAINST DRUG ABUSE
Max ila PHILIPPINES DAILY EXPRESS in Ehglish 5 Aug 80 p 2
[Text] Metro Manila mayors yesterday inten~ified their respective ca.mpaigns
against drug abuse in line with a recent directive of Metro Manila Gov Imelda
. R. Ma.rcos.
N1a,yors of three cities and two towns said that their individual drives range
from offering "reward" money to informants, ma.ssive education drive on drug
addiction to tapping of junior policemen to help monitor the campuses, where
drug abuse problesm proliferate.
N1a,nila Mayor Bagatsing said he has earmarked an initial P100,000 as "incen-
tive money for informants leading to the arrest and prosecut~on of drug
pushers, who, he said, are the root causes of the a.ggravating drug problem.
Aside from the rewards, he said,~ he is also offering maximum protection to
~ the informants until after the pusher has been convicted.
He also formed an anti-drug cotrm~i.ttee composed of Msgr M. M~ontemayor, as
head, Vice Mayor Jirrnny Barbers, and representative f`rom the Western Police
District and the various school deans.
Mayor Adelina Rodriguez of Quezon City said she has tapped the 137 baran-
gays to keep close watch on the more affluent families, who can afford to
bu,y these items. She also said that she has increased the civil security
- fund from P90,000 to P150,Q00 a big portion of which will be used for the
anti-drug campaign.
Mayor Ma.cario rrBc~y" Asistio of Caloocan said that he is tapping the youth -
sector, composed of elementary and high school students, for the junior
police program of his city.
He said he is planning to hire 200 junior police, each of whom will be given
free uniforms and self-defense gadgets (except guns). They will be trained
by the policemen and will be given allowances.
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This tea~:, he said, rrill complement the regular police force of the city,
which now number only to 224 (of which only 188 are in active service).
The junior police, he said, will be put to use by late September.
Nfayor Ernesto Domingo of Mandali~yong said he is offering P500 to P1,000 as
reward money to inforr~ants who will lead to t'ie prosecution of drug pushers.
(This fund, he said, will come from the discretionary f~nd of the mayor and
some contributions from the private sector).
tie also said that particular attention will be given to sliun areas and some
affluent sectors of the municipality. These slum areas include: Harapin ang
Bukas; Barangka-Agudo; railroad track; and Daang Ba.ka1.
Nemesio Yabut of i~'lakati, on the other hand, said he has ordered a close
surveillance of the affluent villages, where incidents of drug add.iction
~ are more rampant.
~ He said that the rzcrier people can afford to buy these drugs and perhaps
seek prescription for the prohibited ones, which in reality will not be
used for therapy.
~
Cso : 5300
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_ BULGARIA
OVER EIGHT KILOGRAMS OF HEROIN SEIZID BY CUSTOMS
Sofia NARODNA MI.ADEZH in Bulgarian 1 Aug 80 p 2
[Article by Lozan Mitev: "The End of the French Connection"]
[Text] The pier of Calais was ~ammed with cars. A
Jaguar was trying to move ahead. The driver, somewhat
apprehensive and impatient, was looking for the white
Mercedes with the license plate that he already knew
by heart. The owner of the Mercedes would ask: "Is
Ha~san sending you?" And he would answer: "Yes. Are
you Hussein?" From there on everything would be
_ easy,
This was not a plot of a crime movie, although the reasons, circumstances
and the facts were similar, but a carefully designed scheme of an even bet-
ter designed and almost successfully committed crime, smuggling of drugs,
and of the most dangerous at that--her.oin.
The meeting, however, did not take place. To the misfortune of the bosses
and the smuggler the scheme ended on a beautiful day at the border check
point of Kapitan Andreevo thanks to the experience, watchfulness and self-
lessness of the customs officers because, in spite of all the technical
_ equipment and modern installations, a customs officer with a watchful eye
- and intuition is the main stumbling block in the invisible and endless
f ight against the shrewdness of the numerous organizations engaged in drug
smuggling. The experienced hands of Panayot Shiderov discovered 8 kilograms
and 340 grams of heroin in special caches in both tanks of the Jaguar. This
is not the first successful find of Shiderov and it will not be the last
one. Last year he uncovered ~ne of the largest shipments of smuggled heroin
in the world, consisting of 9 kilos and 840 grams.
Here is something about the smuggler:
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`i~~ujel ~iasim, a ~~rk from Cyprus, born in Limassol in 1941, British citizen, 4
ror the ~ast 20 years has lived in London, never convicted, married, with
t~�io children, with elementary education, nas worked as a shoemaker in a
ractory.
~{s it often happens in the society of un].imited possibilities, the day came
Cor Yudjel. when tle was without a job. In desperation the Londoner f.rom
CS~prus hegan searching for a life-saving remedy. He clutched at straws to
`ind cl way out of his misery and joblessness. And he found it in a certain
- ~~i~� 'r(assan, owner o~ an international auto-transport company. That is how
his iuture beneractor presented himself. Whet~er that was his real name and
his reai profession only Mr Hassan could tell, but there is no doubt that
i~e did have connections in Gaziantep, one of the main drug centers for ship-
ments to the West. The so-called r'.r Hassan, small, fat, stocky, according -
to the description of the smuggler, had offered him a job and the most ~
generous remuneration that the erstwhile shoemaker could have ever imagined--
Li_ve tnousand pounds sterling.
A really fantastic sum for the work, i.e, just to drive a secondhand Jaguar
to Gazianten in Turkey and back to Calais.
";~?hen they are g.ivi.ng you something, you take it, when they are chasing you,
~ yo:~ -run!" Yudjel obviously thought, and immediately agreed to rake the
_ of~ered job. There ~aas nothing wrong in driving a car to Gaziantep and back,
. was there? However, the details of the trip, befitting a crime movie as we
had a17-eady mentioned, should have made him think twice before taking the
job: mysterious connections, secret meeting-places, passwords, etc.
As usual curiosit~ is not welcome in such operations and Yudjel had not
botizered to ask further questions and did what he was told to do. -
On the way back from Turkey Yudjel had beautif.ul dreams of the rosy future
awaiting him: in about 10 days he would drink his whisky in the most expen-
sive bars without pinching pennies. Finally fortune had smiled on him, he
had struck it rich. But, instead of sitting in the comfortable armchairs
" of the bars he found himself in the inquest chair and later on in the dock
facing the judge. For quite a while he shrugged his shoulders in dismay -
that they ever found any drugs in the car and would repeat the well-rehearsed
story to be used in case he was caught. But has there ever been a shady
deal, no matter how carefully planned, without ommissions and cracks? The
recently issued driver's license, the 1-month-only car insurance, etc. helped
the inquest authorities to uncover a crime managed behind the scenes by the
crims syndicates, i.e. the drug traffickers working on a worldwide scale.
On 23 riay Yudjel Nasim was sentenced by the Svilengrad District Court to 8
years imprisonment and 12,000 leva fine. It was an expensive trip to Turkey
f vr the f ormer shoemaker. Instead of reaching the peak as he had expected
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he Eound himself sinking to the very bottom of life. Neither the car that `
- was supposed to accompany him was able to help him nor the bosses in Amster-
dam whom he c~lled at the beginning of his ordeal.
Drug addiction is a monstrous social evil in many capitalist countries and
continues to gro~a. The profits from drug trafficking are very lucrative
and the techniques of smuggling and pushing dr+igs is constantly improving.
Atid let us i~nagine just for a moment the London market of death, let us try
to understand the tragedy of the tr~ousands of buyers of narcotic poisons.
Only then will we be able to appreciate more fittingly the noble motivation
- and work, the efforts and skill of the customs officers at Kapitan Andreevo
who had again prevented the downfal?_ of thousands of human beings.
1.010
CSO: 5300
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POLAND
SMUGGLING OF NARCOTICS TO SOCIALIST COUNTRIES' MARKETS NOTED
W arsaw FARt~CJA POLSKA in Poliah No 4, Apr 80 pp 199-201
[Excerpts from article by Col Marian Grabowaki: "Narcotics Smuggling
on the Worldwide Scale"]
[Excerpts] Smuggling of narcatics in world scale. .
Smuggling of narcotics, the f orms of which undergo
continuous development and changes, aud the camplex
problem of its prevention have been br iefly pre-
sented.*
A somewhat diatinct problem is the matter of narcomania in the socialist
. countries and the possible smuggling of narcotics to the ~arkets of these
countries. Here narcomania is the edge of the phenomena occurring in this
field in the Wegt. Our couatriea are not attractive markets for the sale
of narcotics for international dealers, and therefore there can be no dis-
cussion of their 8erious amuggling. However, we cannot exclude the reality
of small amounts of narcotics in traasit, def ined by the term tourist or
"ant" amuggling. Nevertheless amuggling narcotics is not a phenomenon
unkaown in same socialist countriea, because they are transit countries
in view of their gec5graphical locations. This primarily means Yugoslavia
and Bulgaria. In 1976 in Yugoslavia they conf iscated eight times more
narcoti�s than in 1975. In 1969-1970 the cuatoms agencies in Bulgaria con-
fiscated more t~an 23,000 kilograms of narcotica passing from Turkey to
western Europe, mainly by meane of seasonal Turkish workers. Cases of
illegal tranait of narcotica have also been noted in the Soviet Union. For
example, in July 1976, three United Statea citizens were arrested in Moscow
for smuggling more than 35 Icg of heroin~ while shortly afterward an Austra-
lian smuggling hashish was arrested. In 1972-1978 the GDR customs agencies
detected and conf iscated several hundred kg of narcotica, mainly oa travel-
in.g f oreigners. We have also obaerved several minor cases of the same type
*Excerpt fram a report delivered at the CI~'K [Cepter for Postgraduate Medi-
cal Traiaing] School Session of Pharmaceutical Study in Bydgoszcz on
- 18 May 1979.
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. in our country. However, it appears that the socialist countries are
neglected by a].1 international smuggling gangs, and Poland is certainly
not a transit country. Anyway the Polieh prosecuting agencies have this
problem constantly in their minde. The direct aircraf t connections opened
with Bangkok and Beirut have created convenient opportunities for such
transit. However, up to now we have not seen any demonstrable proof that
these opportunities have actually been exploited.
The comments presented above on the subject of narcotics smuggling make
it possible to draw a few general conclusions:
1. Narcotics smuggling will certainly keep developing, and its methods
will improve.
2. Effectiveness in the battle against the international smuggling gangs
- can only be assured by means of international cooperation among customs
and police services.
3. Poland is following with interest the experiments in overcomiag this
very dangerous crime. It is doing everything to keep narcotica out of
the national market and to render it impossible to ship them across the
territory of our state. In these matters the prosecuting agenciea of our
- country are happy to accept internatioaal cooperation.
b806
CSO: 5300
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POLAND
RELATION BETW~;~:N NARCOMANIA, DELIQUENCY DIS CUSSED
- W arsaW FARMACJA POLSKA in Polish No 4, Apr 80 pp 193-198 .
[Excerpts from article by Prof Dr habilitatus Brunon flolyst, Director of
Institute of Problems of Crimiaology ia Warsaw, Head of Department of
Criminology, University of Lodz: "Nazcomania and Delinquency"]
[Excerpts] Narcomania and delinquency. The author -
conaiders kinds of relations between narcomania and�
delinquency and assumes an attitude towards views of
this matter in the literature. Subsequently, he dis-
cusses narcomania and delinquency in Poland and
points out directions of prophylactic activity.*
Narcotics have been used in all societies and in all milieux si~~e time
immemorial, and nevertheless this narcamania must be recogaized as a
historically new phenomenon, as a symptom of the changes introduced.into
social existence by the 20th century. ~ -
Its enormous quantitative increase af ter World War II is witness to the
f act that it is only a contemporary phenomenoa extremely painful to
society, a contemporary pheaomenon of social pathology.
In a narrow sease narcamania continuea to be a problem of knowledge. The
- dimenaions of this phenomenon, the physiognoany of the lives entang~.ed ia
it, the external determinants of narcotization and its internal motivation -
are not known. Narcomania as a problem of decisions of the type of "What
means to engage in what manner in the battle with this harmful phenamenon,"
without considering the problem of kaowledge, and thus without making a
methodologically reliable diagnoeis, must remain a pseudoproblem. -
No one questions the fact that narcomania, as a mass, socially patholo-
gical phenamenon, appeared in the 1950's in all of the highly
*Excerpt from a report delivered at the Schaol Session of Pharmaceutical
Studies of CMKP [CenCer for Poatgraduate Medical Training] in Bydgoszcz
on 18 May 1979.
io
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industrialized, developed, capitaiist countries without exception. Their
own type of research custom developed there, settling on an examination
of every phenomenon successively occurring in the area of social patho-
logy in the mirror of existing delinquency.
Therefore it is proper to indicate in the beginning, brief ly but with as
little superf iciality as possible, the presentations extant in the liter-
ature on the subject.
Keeping in mind the pattern of relationship presented above, it seems -
indispensable to conduct more penetrating research on the effect of nar-
comania on delinquency. Obviously this pattern does not explain the
_ mechanism of the actual rise of the phenomenon of narcomania, and this
question requires separate examination. The number of opinions, and even
_ the number of verified social diagnoses, is vast, but nevertheless under
Polish conditions the phenomenon of narcomania must be looked at indepen-
dently of the research suggested in other countries. Obviously there is
a close connection between the individual elements of behavior def iaed ~
as toxicomania or drug dependence, regardless of geographic location and
organizational conditions. However, the number of etiologically variable ,
elemenCs is still quite large. In research it is necessary to take into
consideration the socio-cultural and the economic context of the fuaction-
_ ing of an individual, group and other social categories, historical tra-
. ditions, and likewise th~ total apparatus which the social system of our
country has available to cambat frustration.
Narcomania and llelinquenc;~ in Poland
In presenting the connections between narcomania and delinqueacy in Poland,
it is first of all necessary to stress that, although we ~udge the narco-
mania problem as a ~negative phenomenon, threatenistg t:~e health, morality,
social order and economy, the dimensions of Chis phenomenon are not large.
However, I am proceeding from the asaumption that in this case it is not
the number of drug addicts nor the number of crimes connected with narco-
mania which constitute the threat, but the simple fact that such a pheno-
menon exists and reveals dynamics of growth, secondly that it now em-
braces the younger age groups of the populstion, and lastly that a poasi-
bility is foreseen of an increase in the availability of so-calle3 exclu-
sive narcotic substances through the expansion of contacts wiCh countries
in which narcomania already preaents a very serious social problem. It is
also alarming that narcotization is not limited, as it was in the past, to
customary forms, snd does not associatie itself cloaelq with respect to the
concrete situations of concrete persons, revealing some easily identifi-
able characteristics of origin, education, age or mental condition. When-
ever same phenomenon assumes features of diffusing the elements of social-
spatial and situational orgax~ization and cannot be closely associated in
the timing of social life, it becomes threatening. This is currently
happening with reference to all of those kinds of crimes which, in the
area of behavior anomaly iteelf, do not have an antidote in the form of
a specific "morality" of the perpetrator of the crime. .
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Furthermore this is also happening in relation to the alcoholization of
society. The drinl:ing of alcohol is losing its ritualistic features,
which include not only consent but also limitation. It is also begin-
ning to happen.with respect to narcomania, which in Poland does not have
the properties of organized activity restricted to some kind of "taboo,"
but is a phenomenon devoid of a pattern of ab8tinence before a certain
kind of activity.
Here it is worthwhile to cite some quantitative data concerniag crimes
committed i~ 1977-1978, defined as the appropriatioa of narcotics or
other stupef active agents (Table 1).
Table 1. Number of Crimes in Poland Based on Appropriation of Stupefac-
tive Agents in 1977-1978.
Thef t of Narcotics (Installations) Number
Or Other Crimes of Cases
1977 1978
Public pharmacy 42 20
Hospital pharmacy 14 8
Dispensary 2 -
Hospital, sanatorium 4 12
Medical clinic 2 7
First aid department 7 -
Warehouse, wholesaler - 1
Private office - 1
Traveling unit 15 -
Other installation 11 1
Falsification of prescriptions 43 146
Swindling narcotics in connectioa with
falsification of prescriptions 1 1
Other crimes conaected with narcomania 21 7
Total 162 204
The installations from which narcotics were stolen were: public pharma-
cies, hospital pharmacies, hospitals and sanatoria, medical clinics,
firat aid departments, physicians' private offices and traveling units
poaseasing a small amount of narcotics. It is characteris~ic that in
1977 there were more thef ta and burglariea to obtain atupef active agents
in the above-mentioned places than ia 1978. On the other hand, during the
s~me period, the number of crimes associated with falsification of and
_ s~aindling with prescriptions increased sharply: in 1977 44 such cases
were verified, while in 1978 they rose to 147. According to this the
increase is enormous. This situation should be closely associated with
restricted prescriptions involving the safeguarding of narcotic
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agents in ali instituttons wh~cn have them available. This limited thef ts
and burglar~es, while other metnods of illegal procurement of narcotics
increased considerably.
It is necessary to add that statistics do not give a complete pic*.ure of
tr~e crimes connected with narcomania. In the reparting as it is currently
executed, it is unusually difficult to sort out all the crimes connected
- with narcotics, tl:e purpose of which was not ta procure stupefactive
agents, to trade in them or to induce the use of narcotics. Today it ia
practically impossible to use statistics of crimes such as robbery, rape,
r~urder, assault, or statistics oL such negative phenamena as suicide,
in which the use or narcotics created or stimulated the crime.
Combatting the trafficking in narcotics is one of the most difficult tasks
of the police, because it requires s~ecialized training of the off icers,
and a~so because it facas difficulties associated with the fact that
_ addicts usually protect their supplier. '
In Poland, as is shown by pertiinant reports, custams agencies conf iscate
minimal quantities of narcotics. Only in 1971 did they come across the
trail of a rather large smuggling affair in which Poland formed the tran-
sit territory.
Uirections of Preventive Activity
~ Prom the viewpoint of the possibility of prevention, an attempt to take a
comprehensive, systematic look at the phenomenon of narcomania is worthy
of consideration.
The point of departure is society as a whole. This is because the
initialy fundamental problem devolves into the question of which mecha-
nisms in the functioning of the social system generate the tremendous
(although not great in numbers) increase in the population of persons
using stupefactive agents. The phenomenon of narcomania must be precise-
1y situated in so-called socio-cultural space. Current knowledge of the
f act that youth (under the influence of the hippie movement) and those on
the periphery of society are narcotizing themselves must be recognized as
a diagnosis far from satisfactory and incampleCe, derived schematically
fram research conducted in western countries.
A stupefactive agent can be procured directly by the user or through an
intermediary. In Uoth the f irst and second cases the procurement may be
legal or illegal, criminal. Here legality is found in ingenuity in com-
posing narcotic mixtures from substances commonly available on the market.
Security should involve individual chemical analysis of the composition
of the generally available substances. In this field many definite
articles, previously gener~lly available on the market, have been put
under regulation.
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The struggle against narcomania, and likewise against its negative effects
(up to crime), should be conducted on four levels: regulation, penal-
repressive, methodological and psychological-therapeutic, and educational. _
It should be added that there Y~as already been partial research verifica-
tion of the intuitive conviction that the shortcoming in the anti-frust*a-
- tion apparatus, which has still not completely evolved in aur culture
. with its unusually dynamic transformation, which is often disfunctional
at the same time, must be constantly strengthened and enriched by crea-
tive elements. This sphere of activity refera b oth to the material base
of social life and to education in the area of models of need satisfaction,
as well as to education in the area of understanding one's needs.
Western researchers wiCh an educational bent like to discues the paeudo-
problems of the type cited earlier, and thus of the type: chemiatry and
physiology--penal code--individual. On the other hand acholars of more
radical views indicate the following problems as being associated with
the genesis of narcomania:
- 1. Lack of personal models. Youth always seeks opportunities to iden-
tify with models capable of satisfying their des ires for improvement (i.e.,
self-betterment) . In the absence of personal ideals with whom young
people can identify, they seek solace in the products of chemical sub-
stances which liberate their youthful, romping imaginations in the world
of new and therefore "pleasant" expressions, if only for a short time.
2. Existence of a spiritual wasteland. Springing up on the basis of
dwindling faith in metaphysics and not completely accepting the deifica- .
tion of material goods embraced by the older generation, the spiritual
wasteland requires a specif ic t~pe of compensation, liberation of the
spirit, acstasy, castigation experieaced. This is the source of the need
for those seances filled with meditation, the source of the quest for
"great apostles."
3. Use of pharmacological safety valves (earlier, unfortuaately, hospital
attendants and strait jackets) All of the more and more frequent states
of emotional stress can be solved in a relatively simple way by narcotics.
The difficulties one meets at present in finding and using aatural means
of relaxation should be sub~ect to deeper analys is.
The explanations cited above and the hypotheses formulated are on a level
which can be called negative radicalism of the f iret degree.
There are a few other authors who try to eacplain the genesis of narcamania
as a mass phenomenon of deep alienation to real organizational contradic-
tions, to processes of social inequality and to the phenomenon of aliena-
tion which is more and more tragic in its up-to-datenesa.
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These autr.ors sugges~ that tne basic differences between the etiology of
- narcoma:~ia ~bse-rved in capitalist and in socialist cour.tries reside in the
mechanis~ of political organization (considering the differences in the
intensit~ of the phenomenor~ in botr. groups of countries, it is difficult
to spealc in general of narcomania as a mass phenacnenon under conditions
of socialist society).
The development of a population of drug addicts is generated in a rather
e7cponential (and later logistic) way. The greater the already existing
population of dependent people, the greater the increment in the nt~ber
of depen:lent people, because the former group gives emotional and moral
support to every inciividual reaching for narcotic consolation. At pre-
sent there is a real tendency for the number of so-called individual -
- deeds to increase in socialist countries, but there is no marked group -
consolidation. The basic purpose in blocking an increase in narcomania
in socialist countrizs is thus to render it impossible to form intagrated
addict miiieux.
Thus basic preventive acti~~ity should be adopted to render impossible
the rise of addict milieux which would support, especially morally and
emotionally, everyone seeking a solution for the problems of his life
in the experience of stupefactive agents. In the case of an already
existing milieu of this type, the ain should be an "organizational"
block o~ all "narcotizeci" contacts with them. -
- The question looming before us is what the preventive function of penal
law is, and ttius the preventive role of law.
In ~enerai should the ohenomenon of narcomania (i.e., the actual consimmp-
tion of narco~ics and not the associated crimes) be affected by the penal
law?
The answer to this question can be given on the basis of only one deduc-
tion. The law protects those values which are most precious socially.
Human life and health certai.nly belong among these values.
At the base of the traditional formation of legal norms protecting these
goods lay the intention of guaranteeing a feeling of security, of forming
a situati~n in which no one would attack us. The body of another person
could noi be injured. Up to now this body has been treated (in tradi-
tional society) as private property. However, the development of social
life has led to a specific contemporary nationalization of human health
and life. Morally speaking, injuring the body of a driver is absolutely
equivalent to injuring the body of an outstanding surgeon, a nuclear
energy scientist, or a specialist in the area of petroleum processiag.
Still, the disruption in the functioning of the social system, which is
- a consequen.ce of the cases mentioned, is different in each of the cases.
Socialization leads to specialization, but also specialization of sociali-
zation. Do we not say that an extraordinary musician, author or actor is
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social property? Tomorrow practically every community worker, every
physician, busdriver and so forth will be treated bq us as public pro-
perty. This is because the group invests in the individual, and the
individual ~ust produce a social return.
This may sound cynical, perhapa brutal, but the truth is that free con-
trol over one's own body will be more and more limited. Everything indi-
cates that this is the specific conditioa for the biological maintenance
and development of human societies. A more and more limited (in the
sense of the specific entropy of interpersonal relations) social life
requires greater and greater effectiveness (efficiency) fram every indi-
vidual. The results of weakening this effectiveness from day to day will
be more and more socially painful. As we canaot drive an automobile just
as we wish today, tomorrow we shall similarlq not be able to treat our
health as we wish. The biopsychic condition will becom~e a legally pro-
tected good. Protected in what way? This is a problem to be solved at
the interface of crime and narcomania.
FOOTNOTES
1. Redo, S., "The problem of the criminogenic function of narcomania,"
STUDIA KRYMINOLOGICZNE, KRYMINALISTYCZNE I PENITENCJARNE, Vol 8.
2. Kuniewski, W., "The socio-psychiatric significance of narcomania,"
MEDYCYNA, No 5, p 155, 1934.
3. Clausen, J., "Drug addiction" in: Merton, R. K. and R. A. Niabet,
"Contemporary Social Problems," New York, 1961, p 202.
, 4. For details of this subject, see Redo, S., Op. cit., p 119.
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POLAND
LEGISLATION ON STUPEFACTIVE, PSYCEiOTRUPIC StBSTANCES REVIEWES
Warsaw FARMACJA POLSKA in Polish No 4, Apr fS0 pp 203-204
[Article by Maria Czerniejewska-Durkiewicz, Department of Pharmaceutics,
Minis try of health and Social Welf are; "polish Legislation in the
Area of Stupefactive and Psychotropic Subst.ances"]
(Text] Polish legxalation in the field ~f narcotics
and psychotropic substances. Lawos and regulations
which regulate production, proces~sing, storage and
turnover of narco tics and paqchot'ropic agente in
Poland have been reviewed.
The fundamental legal document in the area of stupefactive substanc~s is
the law of 8 January 1951 on pharmaceutica]. and stupefactive substances
and articles of health (DU [DZIENNIK USTAW], No 1, item 4). The question
of stupefactive subs tances is regulated by articles 5, 18, 20, 21, 22 and
25, which legislate the principles of production, turnover and aupervi-
sion of these substances, and articles 29 t~~ 33, defining the penal
sanctions for forbidden production, process:ing, transport across the
border without a license, storage and introciuction of stupef~ctive aub-
stances into turnover.
On the basis of the law af 1951, the f ollowi,ng executive decrees were
proclaimed:
DecrQe of the Ministers of Health and Foreign Trade of 13 September 1956
in the matter of stupefactive substances (;DU No 42, item 196), with
later changes (D~U ~to 43, item 212, of 1958; DU No 33, item 190, of 1960;
DU No 40, item 211, of 1975).
Decree of the Minister of Health and Socia;l Welfare on the designation
of substances as stupefactive substan~es o:E 14 May 1951 (DU No 28,
item 221) , of 13 Septe~mber 1956 (DU No 42, item 195) , of 15 March 1961
(DU No 17, item 91) , of 28 March 1Si70 (DU 1No 10, item 89) sud of
3 January 1976 (DU No 4, item 24).
17 ~
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Decree of the Minister of Health and Social Welfare of 1 April 1969 _
on dispensing drugs and other articles permitted for pharmaceutical
turnover from public and railroad pharmacies (DU No 10, item 75).
Order of the Minister of Health of 22 Jaauary 1958 on the manner of
presentation of prescriptions by physicians (MONITOR POLSKI, No 13,
item 81) .
Instruction No 33/62 of the Minister of Health and Social Welf are of
2 August 1962 on the management of druga and articles of health in
restricted health welfare facilitiea (DZ URZ [DZIENNIK URZEDOWY],
No 16, item 97) .
Instruction No 7/76 on prescriptions issued by social establishments
of the health service (DZ URZ, No 14, item 40).
The principles of production, processing, and retail and wholeeale
turnover of these substances and their use by health service estab lish-
ments and by industrial plants have been established on the basis of the
decrees cited. Production and wholesale and international turnover are
under tight control and are conducted on the basis of licenses from the
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
- Retail turnover of stupefactive substances can be made only in pharmacies
which have a pharmacist as director. Stupefactive subetances can be dis-
pensed fram pharmacies only on the basis of special prescriptions from
phyaicians and presented bq social establishments of the health service
for dispensation. Direct supervision over the totality of problems
involving stupefactive and psychotropic subetances is conducted locally
by the pertinent inspector of pharu~aceutical supervision.
To a large extent Polish legislation is fouud~d on the regulations in
- international agreementa. In 1966 Poland ~oir~ed and ratified the Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs, which had been concluded in New York on
30 March 1961. The text of thia Convention was published in an appendix
to DU, No 45, item 277, of 5 Nov~mber 1966.
In 1974 Poland ratified the Convention on Peychotropic Substances, which -
had been drawn up in Vienna on 21 February 1971. The text of this Conven-
tion was published in aa appendix to DU, No 31, item 180, of
18 September 1976.
The Single Convention on Narcotic Dru88 (of 1961) combines regulations
~ from earlier conventions into .one legal document. The Convention regu-
lates the principles of productioa~ consumption and state of supp liea of
- stupefactive substances through the application of strict limita. In
addition restrictions were introduced inCo international turnover, based
on a syatem of import certificates and export liceases.
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The Convention establishes schedules of stupefactive substances which
can be supplemented on the basis of decisions of the UN Commission on
Stupef active Substances. The Convention establishes principles of con-
trol and obli~;ates states to inst itute penal regulations for the illegal
production and turnover of these substances.
The member-states of the Convention are obliged to make quarterly xeports
of imports and exports of stupef active substances, an annual report of
consumption, production, processing and the inventory of these substances
and an annual report describing the performance of obligations levied
by the Convention.
The Convention on Psychotropic Substances (of 1971) establishes restric-
tions to which some psychotropic substances are subject in domestic and
international production and turnover. At present 32 substances, divided `
into 4 schedules as a function of degree of haxmfulness, are sub~ect to -
the regulations of this Convention.
In ~ur country the subetances from Schedule I and Schedule II were con-
sidered stupefactive substances, because of their great harmfulneas and
abuse, and are subject to controls analogous to those of these substan-
ces.
Some subatances f rom Schedule I, such as LSD, mescaline, tetrahydrocan-
nabinol, psylocyna and psylocybina, were considered as exclusively harm-
ful in our country and assigned to atupefactive substances of group I C.
The production, processing and introduction of theae substances into
commerce is prohibited.
_ Recently, in a note of 28 March 1979, the UN Secretary~eneral announced
a decision of the Commission on Stupefactive Substances on tr.e transfer of
methaqualone from Schedule IV to Schedule II. In accord with the regula-
tions of the above~entioned Convention, Poland makes an annual report of
the production, import and expor t of psychotropic substsnces. It has
introduced a system of export declarations f or the psychotropic sub-
stances of Schedule III. Psychotropic substances can be dispensed from
pharmacies only witli a prescription from a physiciaa for the amount of
one package. Only physicians emp loyed in mental and neurological health -
clinics can prescribe theae substances, and only in amounts aufficient
for one month's treatment.
Despite the above-mentioned legal regulations in the area of stupefactive
and psychotropic substances, the Minis try of Health and Social Welfare
issues current orders for the purpoee of overcoming or counteracting the
spread of toxicomania ia Poland. Thus, for exa~.ple:
1) Since January 1973 special preacription�blanlcs, type MZ-POM. 33~ have
been introduced for stupefactive substances, as strictly accountable
order f orms.
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2) In connection with the falsifir.ation of prescriptions, it has be~:n:
recommended that fortral, parkopan and codeine be prescribed in tablet
form on type MZ-POM. 33 prescription blanks.
3) Particularly abused:rugs, such as phenmetrazine, methylphenidate -
and Inoziemcowa drops, have been withdrawn from the market. The dele-
" tion of inethaqualone, which has proven to be a very dangerous substance, ~
from the Schedule of Extraoff icinal Drugs is anticipated.
4) The turnover of some psychotropic substances has been limited by -
reducinK the unit size to 10 tablets.
5) ASTMOSAN cigarettes have been withdrawn from sale in HERBAPOL stores
and drugstores.
Useful recommendations were issued in connection with pharmacy break-ins
and thefts of stupefactive substances:
Strengthening the security of pharmacies against burglary and storage
of stupefactive substances in reinforced cabinets, and in suitably
secured metal sa~es in hospital warde;
The number of pharm~cies distributing stupefactive substances has been
reduced and the inventories of these substances have been lowered;
Guidelines f or the preseatation and filling of prescriptions for stupe-
f active and psychotropic substances were developed;
Control of drugs shipped fram abroad in packages for private indivi-
duals has been intenaified by employing Masters of Pharmacology as
specialists in the Customs Agencies;
The schedule of drugs with particular side effects and the schedule of
stupefactive and psychotropic substances, the importation of which into
our country is forbidden, have been up-dated for the Customs Agencies; -
Cooperation with prosecuting agencies and the Ministry of Education and
Upbringing in connection with the battle against toxicomania has been
tightened.
The legal documents and recommendationa presented above, directed toward
overcoming and preventing the spread of toxicomania in Poland, are modi-
fied and up-dated ae changes occur.
6806
CSO: 5300
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BOLIVIA
f
I
COUP LEAb~RS ACCUSED OF ADVANCING DRUG, AGRICUI,TURAL INTERESTS
Bonn VORWAERTS ir~ German 31 Jul 80 p 11
[Article by 'i'homas Ne11: "Masters Over Death and Cocain~a--Coup 3.n Bolivia
. on the Argentinian-Ghilean r4odel"]
[TextJ Bolivia has had its share of coups, but what is
withc.ut precedent in the history of the Andean country
is the brutality with which the new ~unCa seized power. Y
The latest coup in Bo:livia diff ers from the other 200 in the country's
155-year history. The military who resorte~3 to armed force to "save the _
- honor of the army and put an enci to the elecCion fraud" proceeded with a
brutality new to Bolivia. .
The new president of the country, Gen Lu3.s Garcia Meza, is no cipher . A
fri.end of former dictator Banzer, he is an exponent of the extreme right
~aing of the army. He participated in the short-lived junta of Colonel
Natusch in November and enjoys the financial support of the reactionary
"agro ~ausinesa" of the eastern lo~alande and tne cocaine mafia. Accord3.ng
to ar'~icle 48 of the c~nstiitution of the armed forces, an officer may not
occupy the same post twice--a provision which evidently does not apply to
Gen~ral Garcia Meza, who becane commander-in-chief of the armed forces a
second time.
The second important person is the new minisCer of the interior, Col Luis
Arc Gomez. He is considered a liaison maiZ of the Argentineans, whose
support of th e putschists must meanwhil~ be ragarded as assured. Arce is
the head of military intelligence and has had a sizable number of Argen-
tinean advisers for several months. He himself ie regarded as the f ather
of the ",Argentineanization" o~ Che Bolivian elecCion campaign, of the
destabilization of the domestic political situation through intimidation
and assassinations.
A.rce is also considered to be the man behind the murder of Jesuit Luis
- Espina, one of the country's best lcnown journal3.~ts and a committed
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opponent of the Banzer dictatorship. Espinal was k:Lnnaped on 21 March and
tortured to death. An autopsy revealed a dozen not fatal shots and several
, broken bones. All his internal organs except for his heart had been
destroyed. The signature of the culprits--there is no fa.~l shot, and thus
_ no "one" murderer--recalls Argentinean models.
Some deputies thereupon demanded a report from the minister of the interior
as to "why the information allegedly in the hands of Col Luis Arce concern-
ing vari.ous previous terrori.st act-ions had not been published." Luis Arce -
had some trucks drive up at the riinistry of the Interior, slapped the
minister and had tlze entire files about leftist-oriented politic~.ans
hauled away. The report was never i.ssued.
There fol:lowed further raids--one against former 1~linister Anibal Aguiler
Penarieta and a plane which the UDP leaders were using on an election
campaign trip. The UDP is the country's etrongest party alliance, with a
mildly leftist orientation. Siles Zuazo, the UDP presidential candidate,
had changed his travel plans at the last moment, and Jaime Paz Zamora, the
UDP vice prasidential candidate, was able to save his lif e only by ~umping
from the burning plane.
Altogether 300 persons are reported to have been on a list for a possible
night of the long l:nives. At the top of it was the brilliant intellectual
and chairman of the Soc:Lalist Party Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz. He was
murdered on the first day of the coup.
- Under the pending threat of a military coup, parties, trade unions, churches
and the Human Rights Commission had united in a Committee for the Defense
of Democracy (CONA.DE), an alliance of the powerless but an alliance
on such a broad basis that the isolation of the military became apparent.
CONADE had to be eliminated by the putschists as quickly as possible. The
scenario for this--as for the whole cou~--is so sophieticated, so un-
Bolivian, that time and again there are clues of Argentinean assistance, as
was also stated by Jaime Paz, the UDP vice presidential candidate, on German
Television last month. There was an immediate denial by the Argentineans.
After th e uprising of the 6th. Division in Trinadad in the Department of
Beni on 17 July, the committee met at trade union headquarters in La Paz.
The building was stormed by paramilitary groups, and the trap snapped shut.
A total of 15 trade unionists, including Communist Daputy Simon Reyes, were
murdered.
The United States, often suspected of fostering reactionary regimes in
Latin America, tnis time gave the putschists the cold shoulder at an early
stage. Ambassador Weissmann by exerting very str~ng pressure prevented a
coup attempt in late May. 't'he generals were furious when the U.S. ~epart-
ment of State on 3 June told about the successful efforts of its ambassador.
The 2d Division in Santa Cruz, the center of the "agro business" and cocaine
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~
trade, put itself on an emergency footing and called on the government to
declare 4leissmann a persona non grata. Anti-U.S. slogans from the extreme
right, a rarity on the subcontinent, resulted. Af ter the coup, Washington,
showing that it meant business, stopped a11 economic and military sid.
The United States has good reasons for its negative attitude. For one thing,
the Bolivian military are unpopular in tdashington because they have un-
ceasingly been saber-rattling ever since the country lost its seacoast to
Chile in the nitrate war 100 years ago. For another, there is the manufac-
ture of cocaine, probably the most prof3table branch of business in Bolivia.
1fi ere is a long tradition of cooperation beCween the cocaine mafia and
generals. At most it may amaze a foreigner that, for instance, former
- President Gen Juan Pereda Asbun bears the nickname of "Johnny Cocaina."
And in Washington there have been so many cases of inembers of the embassy
or relatives of ruling generals being caught in the possession of cocaine
that it was impossible for them to be ignored for reasons of diplomatic
courtesy. Shortly before the coup, the archives containing material on
the pursuit of cocaine offenders went up in flames. And when the correspon-
dent of the Madrid liberal paper EL PAIS mentioned the contacts between the
cocaine maf ia and the generals on 23 July, he was expelled immediately.
Resisting miners in the mining areas are being starved, and their radio
stations destroyed by bombs. Trade unions are banned. The number of people
who have been murdered is not known; there are reports of mass graves.
Following a well-knocan model, La Paz Stadium at least for a short time was
used as a concentration camp. President General Garcia Meza declared:
"The military will coordinate the people's cooperation." Peace rules in
the country again--the peace of Santiago de Chi1e and Buenos Aires.
8790
CSO: 5300
23
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- BOLIVIA
B RIEFS
GERMAN CITIZEN EXPELLED--According to the public relations department of the _
National Directorate for Dangerous Drugs, German citizen (Maria Gertrud) has
been arrested at the Liberador Hotel and charged with possession of peyote
and hashish, for which she wi11 be expelled from the country. [PY112320
La Paz PRESENCIA in Spanish 30 Jul 80 p 7]
CSO : 5300
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BRA7.IL
BRIEFS
DETGNTION OP' DRUG T'RAFFICKERS--The imprisonment of Renato de Souza Santos,
, alias Tonelada, in Rio de Janeiro, and of Geraldo da Beatriz, in Paraguay,
the t~oo most important cocaine wholesalers in the region of greater Rio de
Janeiro, has opened a st-ruggle for cnntrol of the market, which sets in
motion a lot of money and an unknown number of persons. This is the assess-
ment made by the federal police, who foresee a momentary collapse in the
supply of that drug in the city. [Excerpt] [PY090128 Rio de Janeiro
JORNAL DO BRASIL in Portuguese 6 Aug 80 p 20]
MARIHliANA SHIPMENT CONFISCATED--The police of Mato Grosso have reported the
seizure of one of the largest shipments of marihuana ever discovered in
Brazil. According to police sources 1.8 tons of marihuana have been seized
on their way to Rio de Janeiro where one single buyer was going to pay 100
million cruzeiros for it. [PY121752 Sao Paulo Radio Bandeirantes in Portu-
guese 0230 GMT 6 Aug 80 PY]
COCAINE TRAFFICKER ARRESTED--Belem--The Federal Police have arrested Raul
Leon Viales, who has a Costa Rican passport, in Belem Airport and confis-
cated 4 kilograms of cocaine that he was carrying when he embarked for the
United States. [PY131756 Rio de Janeiro JORNAL DO BRASIL in Portuguese
10 Aug 80 p 38 PY]
COCAINE CONFISCATFD, TRAFP'ICKERS ARRESTED--Sao Paulo--Early yesterday morn-
ing tt~e federal police confiscated one of the largest batches of cocaine in
~ the country's history. North Americans Joseph Ernie Griffis, 37, and Donald
Gary Mims, 27, were arrested while transporting 7 kilograms of cocaine valued
at 40 million cruceiros. The cocaine ~aas brought from Santa Cruz, Bolivia,
and entered Brazil through the northern city of Ponta Pora. [Rio de Janeiro
_ JORNAL DO BRASIL in Poruguese 10 Aug 80 p 38 PY]
CSO: 5300
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COLOMBIA
'BLACK POPE OF COCAINE' DESCRIBED, NAMED
Bogota EL TIEI~O in Spanish 11 Jun 80 p 14-A
[Excerpt] Benjamin Herrera Zuleta, known as the "Black Pope of Cocaine" in
Colombia, with a long record in drug traff icking, is currently in the depart-
ment of Valle, where he is living like a multimillionaire. �
The criminal, who also uses the name of Ivan Correa and another alias, the
"Black Herrera," is fairly well known not only in Colombia but in many
countries of the world, especially in the United States.
The newspaper THE NEW YORK TIMES dedicated an entire page an 26 April 1975
to a report on his activities as the head of international ~angs of traff ickers
in cocaine and marihuana. His name and his activities have come up as the
result of an item published in that newspaper, in which there is an account
of the capture in Buenos Aires, Argentina, of three Colombians involved in
drug trafficking. They had in their possession 60 kg of cocaine and the
Argentine police were able to establish that they belonged to the gang of
the "Black Pope of Cocaine," operating in Colombia.
Investigations made by EL TIEMPO as the result of this information allow us
to establish that the "Black Pope" is a ma.n based in Cali--and not in
Bogota--from where he directs all the business related to drug trafficking.
Herrera began to be known by the secret organizations some 7 years ago, as
the result of an explosion of a cocaine laboratory in the district of La
Buitrera, some 15 1~ south of the capital of Valle.
According to the police, in 1973 there was a violent explosion in the afore-
mentioned district, which rESUlted in the deaths of two minors and one
adult. Ttao other people, who were not identified, suffered burns.
As a result of the violent explosion, the authorities began an investigation
with the aim of establishing the identity of the brains behind the gang which
owned the laboratory. The investigations allowed them to establish that it
was Benjamin Herrera, who after the e~losion escaped to the United
States.
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The American authorities then captured the individual and he was imprisoned ~
on charges of having brought in a fabulous shipment of cocaine.
Subsequently, in 1975, the "Black Pope" returne3 to Colombia to establish
himself in the city of Cali, where he was captured by agents of the DAS
[Administrative Department of Security] and placed at the disposal of the
authorities who were carrying on the investigation of the explosion in La
Buitrera.
Herrera remained under arrest in the capital of Valle for several weeks,
as happens in most cases. Later, he was released and he returned to his
activities.
The Mules
- The permanent vigilance to which he was subjected by the secret organizations
did not allow him to do much of his work himself, for which reason he
decided to dedicate himself to deliver,ing instructions to the "mules"~.~
hired to carry the alkaloid to other countries. .
His experience in this work allowed him to establish new contacts with
gangs of drug traffickers. But already the agents of the secret organizations
were keeping him under tight surveillance and that is how in January 1976
he was captured by the F-2 in this city.
Initially, the detectives arrested a good number of "mules" with a load of
cocaine. Those arrested gave good l~ads to the discovery of Herrera's
- activity, which led to his arrest once again. The capture took place in
the district of Santa Elena, where the drug trafficker had his hideout.
The operatives captured Aerrera and his buddies, identif ied as Mario
B~ohorquez rialdonado, taxi driver Guillermo Ramos Alvarez, Mariano Ospina
Rios, Fabio Antonio Villa Zapata, Luis Eduardo Molinari and Fabiola de
Molinari.
In this operation the secret agents confiscated various weapons vehicles
and 500 grams of cocaine, valued at that time at more than half a million
pesos.
T`he "Black Pope" once again only rema.ined in custody a few days. He was
freed and it seems that he came out with the intention of continuing his
activities, which have provided him with millions.
The investigations by EL TIEMPO show that the "Black Pope of Cocaine"
sti11 lives in Cali and despite the fact that he is closely watched, he
continues sending the alkaloid to other countries, especially the United
States.
27
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