JPRS ID: 9268 USSR REPORT AGRICULTURE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 40
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVE~ FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-R~P82-00850R000300020040-2
j `
f~~~~~T ~ F~~~f ~ ~

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
PnR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/9268 _
25 August 1980 _
USSR Re ort
p
AGRICULTURE
CFOUO 7/80)
_ ~
F~~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions aad broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources -
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the firG*_ line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are -
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as,appropriate in context.
Other unattributPd parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the sour~.~. Times within items are as ~
given by source. -
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
For f;irther information on report content
call (703) 351-2938 (economic); 3468
(political, sociological, military}; 2726
(life sciences); 2725 (physical sciences).
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN R~QUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
i~ orrr.c:IAL usr:. oNLx
JPRS L/9268
- 25 August 1980
,
USSR REPORT
AGRICULTURE
(F~uo 7/so) _
~ CONTENTS PAGE
POST HARVEST CROP PROCESSII3G
Operational Results of Margarine Industry for 1979
(G. N. Kasparov, A. P. Nikonenko; MASLO-
ZHIROVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST', Jun 8~J) 1
Or~anization of Production of Oil Seed Meal, Soy Meal
(V. G. Pavlov; MASLO-ZHZROVAYA PROM~:SHLENNOST',
Jun 80) 9
LIVESTOCK FEED T.~ROCUREMENT
~
Feed Protein Production in Fats, Oil Industry
(G. K, Pen'kov; MASLO-ZHIROVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST',
Feb 80) 11
AGRO-ECONOMICS AND ORGANIZATION
Optimization of Agricultural Production, Including Optimum
Farm Size
(I. Kryachko~?; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, May 80) 22
- a - [III - US5R - 7 FOUO]
FOR OFFICZAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FCR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
POST HARVEST CdGP PR(?CESSING
UDC 664.315.6(47~57)"1979"
OPERATIONAL RESULTS OF MARGARINE INDUSTRY FOR 1979
Moscow MASLO-'LHIROVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Ruasian No 6, Jun 80 pp 30-34
~Article by G.N. Kasparov, candidate of Technical Sciences and chief of
All-Union Association of Margar~ne Industry and A.P. Nikonenko, chief of `
Planning Department of All-Union Association of Margarine Industry: _
"Operational Results of Margarine Industry for 1979"]
, ~Text] During 1979 the collectives of enterprises of the margarine
indusCry concentrated their attention on raising production efficiency and
operational quality based upon the introduction of new equipment and
technology, an increase in labor productivity and a reduction in losses in
raw materials, other materials and working time.
By solving these tasks in a practical manner and utilizing all internal
reservf~s, the enterprises achieved definite successes in increasing output
production. The plan for 4 years of the five-year plan for the production
of margarir_e products was over-fuifilled by the USSR Ministry of the Food -
Industry by 110,000 tons, including 67,900 tons by Soyuzmargarinprom
[All-Union Association of the Margarine Industry].
With the exception of the RSFSR, where over the 4 year per3.od there was a
shortfall in the production of margarine products of 2,500 tons, all of the
union republics coped with their planned tasks. _
The production of margarine products during the 4 years of the five-year
plan is furnished in Table 1 by union republics. _
The enterprises of Soyuzmargarinprom over-fulfilled their task for 4 years
of the five-year plan in the production of packaged margarine products by
69,000 tons (by 5.8 percent) and in the production of hydrogenated fat _
= by 34,800 tons (by 1.8 percent).
Some enterprises of the association over-fulfilled to a considerable degree
their plans for 4 years in terms of the principal in3icators. Thts
included the Moscow, Donotsk, Uzhgorod, Minsk and Karaganda margarine plants, ~
1
. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~ the Leningrad Oil and Fat Combine and the L'vov and Tbilisi fat combines.
Th~ Ivanovo, Krasnoyarsk, Volgograd and Ki rov margarine plants and the -
Moscow Fat Combine are not handling their tasks for the five-year plan in a
satisfactory manner.
TABLE 1
Republics Plan, Fulfillment
Thousands of Tons Thousands of Tons % of Plan
USSR 4580.0 4690,0 102.4 -
Including:
Soyuzmargarinprom 3506.9 3574.8 101.9
- republic 1073.1 1115.2 103.9
industry
RSFSR 701.2 698.7 99.6
Ukrainian SSR 223.0 241.3 110.9
Armenian SSR 16.1 21,4 132.9
Tadzhik SSR 39.0 43.7 112.1
Uzbek SSR 69.0 77.8 112.t~
Estonian SSR I 24.8 26.3 106.0
~
During the 4 year period, the majority of enterprises and Soyuzmargarinprom
on the whole did not fulfill their sales p lan. This came about owing to
a change and replacements in the assortmen t of margarine products. Low
concentration types o� margarine were deve loped and introduced into
production operations Raduga, Gorodskoy and Solnechnyy the production
- of which must be increased to 400,000 tons in 1980. This will make it
possible to release a considerable quantity of fat raw materials and to -
increase the production of goods, both for satisfying the requirements of
the population and for expanding deliverie s for industrial processing. The
new types of products have lower wholesale prices compared to those types
the production of which has been reduced.
Underfulfillment of the plan for product s ales during the 4 year period,
taking into account Che reduction in average prices, should have amounted to -
_ 220.7 million rubles for Soyuzmargarinprom. However, the additional output
- of margarine products and hydrogenated fa t reduced this underfulfillment
amount to 92.6 million rubles.
The collectives of Soyuzmargarinprom enterprises, by implementing the party's _
socio-economic program, achieved the following results in 1979 (see Table 2).
The product sales volume for Soyuzmargarinprom increased 3.5 percent over
the figure for 1978 and even higher growth was achieved by individual
enterprises. For example, the Karaganda Margarine Plant increased its sales
by 22.0 percent, Perm by 13.0, Kiev by 12.3, Znamensk by 8.0,
Donetsk by 6.3 and the Kuybyshev Fat Combine by 6.3 percent.
2
FOR OFFICIAL US E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
, TABLE 2
Fulfill.ment, in %
_ Indicators Plan Actual Of Plan Of 1978
- Produ~ts sold, millions of rubles 1611.5 1628.4 101.0 103.5
Groea output, millions o~ rubles 1614.5 1631.5 101.1 103.7
Margarine products, thousands of tons 978.5 977.4 99.9 104.8
including packaged 320.0 316.2 98.8 98.3
Mayonnafse, thousands of tons 92.9 92.8 99.9 102.7
Hydrogenated fat, thousands of tons 507.0 516.2 101.8 103.9
VE~etable oil, thousands of tons 30.2 30.7 101.7 107.3
Packaged vegetable oil, thousands nf tons 36.1 29.1 80.6 105.1
Synthetic cleanaing agents, thousands of 23.9 16.4 68.6 71.0
tons
Soap in a 40 percent calculation, 82.9 83.5 100.7 98.8
thousands of tons
Stearin, thousands of tons 12.0 11.8 98.3 93.7
Technical glycerin, tons 3000.0 2909 97.0 103.4
Natural drying oil, tons 6400.0 6427 100.4 84.5
Fatty acids, tons
hydrogenatQd fat 4400.0 4455 101.3 120.0
soap stock 5500 7250 131.8 90.9
Output per industrial-production 123900 125018 100.9 102.4
worker, in rubles
Expenditures per ruble of coimnodity 90.38 90.19 99.79 99.87
output, in'kopecks
Balance profit, millians of rubles 167.7 165.1 98.4 105.0
Compared to the su~imary data for 1978, a considerable increase in the
production of margarine products was achieved at the Leningrad Oil and Fat
~ Combine 37.3 percent, Karaganda Margarine Plant 15.5, Perm 16.8,
Znamensk 8.5, Kiev 11.3 and Kirov 8.8 percent.
Compared to last year, the production of mayonnaise increased by 2.7
percent for the association as a whole and even higher figures were
recorded at a number of enterprisea. Thus, at the Volgograd Margarine
Plant there was an increase of 22.2 percent, Sverdlovsk Fat Combine 17.6,
Gomel' 15.4, Karaganda Margarine Plant 12, Moscow Fat Combine 11.3,
L'vov 11 and at the Kiev Margarine Plant 9.1 percent.
An increase took place in the production of hydrogenated fat: Sverdlovsk
Fat Combine 4.5 percent, Trottskiy 5.3, Kuybyshev 5.6 and Gomel'
10,7 percent.
The association fulfilled its labor productivity plan by 100.9 percent.
Compared to the 1978 level, labor productivity was increased by 2.4 percent.
3
FOR OFFICIAL USE Q~1LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
TABLE 3
Plan, Fulfillment
Product Thousands Thousands % of Plan `
of Tons of Tons
_ Mar~arine 969.2 975.0 100.5
Mayonnaise 92.9 93.4 100.5
~ Soap in a 40 percent calculation 82.9 83.7 100.9
Synthetic cleansing agents 22.8 16.7 73.2
Last year the entire increase in output was obtained by means of increased
labor productivity and with no increase in the number of workers.
In terms of the production cost for commodity out.put, the 1979 plan, ~
recalculated for the actual production and assozcment of products, was
fulfilled. A savings of 3.1 mi.llion rubles was realized. Compared to the
plan, the expenditures per ruble of commodity output were lowered by 0.19
kopecks and compared to last year by 0.12 kopecks.
The data cited underscores the fact that the collectives of enterprises,
notwithstanding the difficu~ties encountered, increased their production '
rates and are searching for and placing in operation additional reserves
and potential.
In 1979 the deliveries of products produced by enterprises of
Soyuzma.rgarinprom were carried out in a more stable manner than in previous
years, as shown by the data in Table 3 for the nrincipal types of products.
. In 1979, an increase of 48,000 tons in the production of margarine products
by the USSR Ministry of tlie Food Industry made it possible to maintain
higher surpluses in the retail, trade network and also in the wholesale
trade and in industry.
Co~nparative data on margarine product surpluses for the USSR Ministry of the
Food Industry is furr.ished in Table 4(in ~thousands of tons).
The placing in operation of marga~�ine and mayonnaise departments at t:~e
Mosc w Fat Combine made it passible to improve the supply of margarine
products and mayonnaise to the trade n~twork for Moscow and Moscow Oblast
= and also to supply enterprises of the food industry with liquid
confectionery and culinary fats, which are delivered mainly in loose form.
In 1979, 71,000 tons o� margarine products, or 9,000 more tons than in 197b,
were delivered in this manner.
The enterprises of the margarine industry carried out the measures required
for ensuring the production of liquid fats in the quantities needed by
- industry.
~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
TABLE 4 .
Surpluses on In Ketail Trade In Wholesale Trade Totals
and in Industry
1978 1979 1978 1979 1978 1979
01-01 54.5 69.0 19.3 21.7 73.8 90.7
01-04 74.5 86.3 3b.4 36.3 110.9 122.6
01-07 76.9 88.2 72.3 91.0 149.2 179.2
01-10 63.2 74.5 32.9 54.3 96.1 128.8
01-12 56.7 75.1 24.8 37.8 81.5 112.9
In the interest of increasing the production of goods, the following
principal measures aimed at raising the technical level were carried out
during 1979:
production lines for the production of margarine products having a �
productivity of up to 5 tons per hour were mastered for the very first time
at the Moscow Margarine Plant and tite Leningrad Oil and Fat Combine;
- sections having self-discharging separators were introduced into
operations at two enterprises. Using these separators, the fat and oil
refining volume amounted to 560,000 tons in 1979;
all of the association's enterprises were converted over to a more
effective and physiologically valuable emulsifier mono-glycerides;
based upon ester interchange fats, 45,000 tons of margarine products were -
produced against a plan calling for only 30,000 tons;
- a technological system was introduced for purifying waste waters, with
calcium salts of fatty acids being obtained and subsequently delivered to
- private farms for feeding to the livestock; '
the delivery of 10,500 tons of products to a store in packaged form was
organized at the Moscow Fat Combine;
based upon the implementation of ineasures for mechanizing production
processes and transport-warehouse operations, the level of inechanization was
raised to 47.5 percent.
A number of ineasures were carried out at enterprises of Soyuzmargarinprom in
conr.ection with the conservation and proper use of natural resources.
As a result and notwithstanding the increase in output production volumes,
the consumption of water from the municipal water line decreased by more
than 1 million cubic meters and the discharge of drainage water into surface
water areas fell from 2.9 to 1 million cubic meters.
5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
All drainage water discharged into surface water areas is subjected to
mechanical (in fat separators and at pressure ,~lotation stations) and
physical-chemical purification.
In 1979, Soy~izmargarinprom, jointly with the Maslozhirprom NPO ~scientific
= production association] and enterprises, carried out work aimed at improving
the quality of the products being produced. A complete system for
controlling the quality of output was developed and introduced at 12
enterprises.
An increase took place in the production volume for goods of the highest
quality (in wholesale prices): compared to the plan 44.0 percent, -
compared to last year 55.8 percent, that is, 137.4 million rubles worth
of goods were produced against a plan calling for 95.0 million rubles worth.
In 1979 the pro~ortion of high quality margarine products reached 71.8
percent, against a plan calling for 69.6 perc:ent.
The efficiency experts and invEntors made a great contribution towards
raising production efficiency. Last year, 122$ rationalization proposals
were advanced at enterprises of the associatior,, 977 of.which were placed
in operation. The savings realized from 286 proposals and four inventions
amounted to 1.19 million rubles, compared to only 971,000 rubles as called
for in the plan. -
The sci~entific organization of labor underwent further development in 1979.
The actual expenditures for introducing measures for the scientific
organization of labor amounted to 236,200 rubles and the economic effect
realized from such introduction 283,500 rubles, including 231,380 rubles
for the wage fund.
- Owing to the scientific n of scientific organization of labor, 50 more
~ individuals were released from work during 1979 than was the case in 1978.
Fine results w~re achieved in this work by the Moscow Margarine Plant, which
released 13 individuals, the Leningrad Oil and Fat Combine 24,
Yevdakovskiy 24 and by the Donetsk Margarine Plant 13 individuals.
During 1979, 86.3 percent of the piece workers worked on the basis of
technically sound output norms, compared to only 82.7 percent in 1978. For. ~
Soyuzmargarinprom on the whole, the labor of 99.5 percent of the wcrkers
has been standardized in terms of individual time norms and normatives,
interbranch and branch time norms, output norms and normatives for personnel
strength. -
Last year a great amount of attention was given to the dissemination and
' introduction i.nto operations of leading experience.
� The experience of the Tbilisi Fat Combine in purifying soap-containing
waters using a sclution of calcium chloride was disseminated.
6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The experience of the Leningrad Oil and Fat Combine in the production of
ester interchange fats was introduced at nine enterprises.
Eight enterprises adopted the experience of fat hydrogenation using
catalysts of the petro-chemical industry.
At two enterprises (Moscow Margarine Plant and the Ruybyshev Fat
Combine), the Shchekino method for organizing labor was introduced.
A school of leading experience was conducted for the purpose of improving
production accountability and raising its quality.
A seminar was held for the chief l;aokkeepers of enterprises in connection
with studying new forms and methods for composing the annual report.
The experience of the Odessa Oil and Fat Combine in the organization of
schools for young efficiency experts at enterprises was introduced into
operations.
In all, 73 brigades of manual workers, engineering-technical personnel and
office workers of the association visited related enterprises of the
margarine and oil and fat induatry and planning and scientific-research
institutes for the purpose of studying and subsequently introducing leading
operational experience into operations.
The socialist competition to prepare in a worthy manner for the 110th
anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth became very popular at enterprises of
Soyuzmargarinprom. As a result, the Donetsk Margarine Plant was awarded
the Challenge Red Banner of the CPSU Central Committee, the USSR Cour~cil of
Ministers, the AUCCTU and the Komsomol Central Cammittee and a diploma and
- its title was added to ttie Board of Honor at the USSR VDNKh [Exhibition of
Achievements of the National Economy of the USSR].
Thirteen challenge red banners of the USSR Ministry of the Food Industry
and the Central Committee of the Professional Trade Union for Food Industry
Workers were awarded to the Moscow, Donetsk, Minsk and Karaganda margarine
plants and to the Saratov and Tbilisi fat plants; nine second and 12 third
place awards were also issued. ,
Of the association's 26 enterprises, 20 were singled out in the socialist
competition as hav ing earned high positions.
The badge "jJinner in the 1979 Socialist Competition" was awarded to 410
individtaals and 58 individuals were the recipients of the badge "Shock
Worker of the Ten th Five-Year Plan."
The title "Enterprise of Communist Labor" was earned by the Saratov, L'vov
and Tbilisi fat combines and by the Donetsk Margarine Plant.
7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI~Y
The movement to achieve a communist attitude towards labor has taken a strong
ilold at enterprises of the association. In 1979, the high title of "Shock
Worker of Communist Labor" was conferred upon 5,538 individuals. Of 220
tutors oC youth, one fourth were awarded the honorary certificate of the
USSR Ministry of the Food Industry and the Central Committee of the
Professional Trade Union of Food Industry Workers.
The collectives of departments, shifts and brigades are acCively supporting �
exsmples of leading initiative as they develop throughout the country. In
1979 the association's workers followed one principal slogan "In the
campaign to achieve high operatfonal efficiency and quality, there vhould
be no lagging workers."
Among the engineering-technical workers and office employees, a socialist
competition has been launched based upon personal creative plans aimed at
providing engineering support for production.
It is a matter of honor for each collective to improve the management
mechanism, utilize the production reserves more completely, introduce the
brigade forms for organizing labor and to develop the socialist competition.
This will be of great assistance in auccessfully fulfilling the tasks of the
final year of the Tenth Five-Year Plan and creating a fine base for the
start of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. -
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pishchevaya promyshlennost "Maslo-zhirovaya ~
promyshlennost"', 1980
7026
CSO: 1824
8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY "
- POST HARVEST CROP PROCESSING
- UDC (664.76+665.117.4J.002.2:665.335.2.002.3
ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION OF OIL SEED MEAL, SOY MEAL
Moscow MASLO-ZHIROVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Russian No 6, Jun 80 pp 43-44
~Article by V.G. Pavlov, Roszhirmasloprom of the RSFSR Ministry of the Food
Industry: "Organization of Production of Oil Seed Meal and Soy Meal"]
~Text] In 1976, for the purpose of raising the nutritional and biological
value of food products and based upon the use of nutritional soybean meal,
Roszhirmasloprom was assigned the task of organizing the production of oil
seed meal and soybean meal.
� During the 1976-1979 period, the association's specialists, workers attached
to VNIIZh [All-Union Scientific Research Institute of FatsJ and the
- collectives of enterprises carried out a great amount of organtzational work
_ in connection with the creation and introduction into operations at tne
enterprises of a tachnology for producing soybean meal, cake and flour.
The 3tate 8tandard "Nutritional Soybean 011 Seed Meal" was developed and _
approved by USSR Gosstandart [Stat~ Committee for Standards of the IISSR
Council of Ministers] and an instruction was developed and approved for the
production of nutritional soybean oil seed meal and flour.
3ointly with the food administration of local subordination and VNII2h,
- three seminars were conducted at the Georgiu-Dezh Oil Extraction Plant on
- organizing the production of nutritional soybean oil seed meal and flour.
The industry's workers acquainted themselves with t'~e new technology for
~btaining nutritional soybean ofl seed meal and at the Bobrov Mill
with the process for producing soybean flour.
Such a technology was introduced into operations at the Georgiu-Dezh,
Labinsk and Nevinnomyssk oil extraction plants, at the Arkadak, Seversk,
Anninskiy, Balashov, Starooskol'skiy and Volgograd oil plants and at the -
Khabarovsk Oil and Fat Combine.
The following work was carzied out at these enterprises: a new
technological system was developed and introduced, including a method for
- 9 -
. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
FOR OFFICIAL. USE ONLY
separating the ripe and unripe soybean seed with the aid of sieves (set of
sieves with openings measuring 10 and S.5 mm) on separators, thorough
cleansing of the seed of organic and mineral impurities, hulling of the _
_ seed on rolling machines 400 mm in diameter and 800 mm lang and separation
of the fractioos obtained during the hulling of the soybeans on separators.
In addition, toasters were installed for the moisture and heat treatment and
= deodorization of the nutritional soybean oil seed meal and so forth.
Roszhirmgsloprom, jointly with food industry adminis tration of local
subordination, carried out a considerable amount of work in removing
metallic impurities from the oil seed meal and soybean flour and organizing _
the grinding of soybean oil seed meal at grin~ding plants of the _
Krasnodarskiy, Si:avropol'skiy and Altayskiy k ray executive conmittees and
the Voronezhskaya and Rostovskaya oblast executive committees.
_ During the 1976-1979 period, 32,000 tons of nutritional soybean oil seed
meal and cake were produced at the mentioned oil extraction plants and at
the 5tarooskol'skiy Oil Plant 19,000 to~s of nutritional soybean flour.
As a result, Roszhirmasloprom alone realized an annual economic effect of -
_ 855, 000 rublea .
' The confectionery and baking industry is presently making extensive use of
nutritional soybean f lour and is thua raising the nutritional and biological
value of the confectionery products and enriching them with protein
substances.
COPYRIGHT: IzdaCel'stvo "Pishchevaya promyshlQnnost"', "Maslo-zhirovaya ~
- promyshlennost 1980
7U26
- CSO: 1824
.
10
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- LIV~STOCK FEED PROCUREMENT
UDC 665.391.4:636
FEED PROTEIN PRO~UCTION IN FATS, OIL INDUSTRY
Moscow MASLO-ZHIROVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in.Russian No 2, Feb 80 pp 1-6
/Article by G. K. Pen~kov, chief technologist for oil extraction of the Ad-
ministration of the Fats and Oils Induetry and Cleansing Agents of the USSR
Ministry of the Food Industry: "The Tasks of the Oils and Fats Industry in
Solving the Problem of Feed Protein"/
/Text/ The inadequate production of feed proteins in the country was indi-
cated in the report of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Com- r
_ rade L. I. Brezhnev at the July (1978) CPSU Central Committee Plenum and in
the plenum decree.
In order to solve this problem in the next few years it is planned to ex-
pand the plantings and increase the harvet of leguminous and oil-producing
crops, alfalfa, clover, rape and the most valuable protein crop, soybeans.i
Moreover, it is proposed to increase sharply the production and state pur-
chases of sunflowers, to increase their yield, to eliminate the losses of
seed during h�arvesting, to develop actively the base for their storage and
processing and not to allow losses of products.
Along with other sectors of the national economy the food industry should
also make itscontribution to the solution of ~he problem of feed protein.
The oils and fats industry supplies the greatest amount of feed protein in
the system of the food industry (in the form of oil-seed meals and oil _
- cakes).
At present mixed fodders are the main protein and vitamin concentrated fod-
der for the leading meat producers, including pou?.try and hog factories,
fish hatcheries, as well as for all types of ruminants. The main protein
component .f mixed fodders is oil-seed meals and oil cakes, which are ob-
tained at oil mills during the processing of the seeds of sunfluwers, soy-
~ beans, cotton, flax and other oil-producing crogs,
1. L. I. Brezhnev, "0 dal'neyshem razvitii sel'skogo khozyaystva SSSR" /On
the Further DevelopmEnt of USSR Agriculture/, Moscow, 1978.
. ~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
r~
r~.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
rux urrl~i~, u~~ uNLz
Approximately 5-10 percent oil-seed meal is included in mixed fodders de-
pending on their purpose. They successfully supplement barley, corn, oats,
wheat and other fodder crops.
If we compare various fodder crops and oil-seed m~eal by the content of al-
- bumin (protein), and especially the protein which can be assimilated by the
- animal's body (Table 1), it i~ evident that oil-seed meal is the richest in
proteins.
Table 1
Fodder Protein Including
Source of protein content, available,
units
percent percent
Fodder barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.21 11.6 8.1 -
Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 10.7 8.5
- Corn (grain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.34 9.3 7.8
Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.20 13.7 11.7
Soybeans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.31 33.2 29.2
Oil-seed meal
sunflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02 42.0 36.3
soybean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.19 43.0 38.7
cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.96 43.0 32.5
From Table 1 it is evident that in fodder units oil-seed meals in practice
- are not inferior to forage crops, while in the content of protein, especial-
ly available protein, they exceed them considerably: barley by 4.4-fold,
oats by 4.2-fold, corn by 4.b-fold and wheat by 3.2-fold.
_ If we take into account here that the price of oil-seed meals is several
times less than the disbursing prices for oats, barley and other forage
- crops, the advantage of oil cakes and oil-seed meals in the production of
mixed fodsiers will become even more obvious.
Protein additives to mixed fodders, fodder yeast, fish and bone meal and
others cannot compare with oil~seed meals and oil cakes. The disbursing
prices for them considerably exceed the prices for oil-seed meals and oil
cakes.
The mixed fodder industry is developing rapidly. In 1979 the output of
mlxed fodders increased approximately twofold as compared with 1970.
The oils azd fats industry annual processes about 10 million tons of oil-
producing raw materials and along with the output of about 3 million tons
of vegetable oil produces up to 4.5-5 million tons of oil-seed meals and
oil-cakes (Table 2, thousands of tons).
The oil-seed meals and oil cakes, in addition to 45-50 percent crude pro-
tein, contain fat (0.5-1.5 percent in oil-seed meal, up to 7 percent in
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
oil cake), phosphorus-containing compounds, vitamins, cellulose and other
substances.
Table 2
Oil-producing 1979 1980
raw material 1976 1977 1978 (plan)
_ , (draft plan~
- b d b a~ b a~ b c~
~~N 'CE N U 'L7 N U 'b N U 'd U~l U
b v1 U G1 I 4! I O1 I Cl I
N I Gl rl ~-1 G! ~-I rl Cl r-1 ~-1 dl r-1 ~-i
GJ rl r-I o0 rl ti-I 00 rl ti-I tn rl ti-1 N M rl
~ O O .b O O ~ O O ~ O O ~ O O
TJ Gl R7 'L1 N 'C! 'L~ GJ 't! ''L9 N 'C! 'L7 -
Gl 'd 'd N G! OD Gl (r' (n G! C'i Ql N C'+
~A G) t: N U ~0 W V R1 W CJ RI O1 CJ l0
W v~d N ~ N ~ N ~ W ~
~ ~ U 'L7 ~-I U 'd ~-I t1 'd ri tJ 'C~ r-i
u 'C7 r1 O O cd O O c0 O O W O O~d
O O Rt i-i 3~+ Cl F+ Cl 1~+ L+ G! L+ 1~+
a aq a aq a ap a a~'
a a�~
Total. 9306 4556 9970 4845 9605 4407 9582 4250 9686 4550
Sunflowers 3220 1212 3652 1410 3868 1465 3762 1359 3708 1398
Cotton 3984 1796 3957 1730 4173 1770 4245 1818 4180 1806
Soybeans 1814 1382 2068 1563 1304 999 1330 1000 1609 1185
Flax 83 48 73 25 52 30 46 16 30 17
Other crops. . 204 117 293 118 208 154 199 57 139 44
Much attention is being devoted in the oils and fats industry to the meeting .
of the need of the mixed fodder-industry for oil-seed meals and oi1 cakes and
to the improvement of their quality.
First, the technology is being constantly improved. In 1979 the construc-
tion was completed and the assimilation of the capacity for the processing
- of cotton seeds by the direct ~xtraction method, that is, without prepress-
ing, is being carried out in Gulistan. In 1980 the same kind of plant wlll
be put into operation in Kasan.
- With this method the high temperature denaturation of proteins in the roast-
ers of the presses is decreased, which makes it possible to maintain to a
greater extent the content of soluble (available) proteins in the oil-seed
meal as compared with the prepressing-extraction arrangement.
Second, the chemical technological monitoring of the observance and stabil-
ity of the technology of processing the seeds, producing and preparing the
oil-seed meal for storage in elevators and warehouses and ahipping it to
consumers is being stepped up and improved. What is meant he~e is the sys-
tematic monitoring of the moisture content, temperature and content of sol-
vent in the oil-seed meal being produced and the control of the temperature
of the oi1-seed meal being stored and shipped. -
The technological conditions in oil extraction are maintained so that with
exposures to heat and other influences the food value and availability of
13
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
rutc ur~r i~l~u., ua~ UNLY
protein would not worsen, but here the inactivation of the antinutrients
contained in the oil-producing raw materials would occur and the solvent
- would be removed.
However, according to a report of the USSR Ministry of Procurement, not all
oils and fats enterprises are mee,`.ing these requirements.
Thus, in June 1979 the Zaporozh'ye and Kirovograd oils and fats combines
delivered to mixed fodder enterprises of the Belorussian SSR sunflower seed
meal with a temperature of 65-80�C and food properties which had been low-
ered in connection with this. -
The kernel of the cotton seed contains from 0.46 to 1.44 percent (in abso-
lute dry weight) of the antinutrient gossypol.
In large doses this substance evokes inflammatory processes in tissues, ir-
ritates the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and affects the
heart and liver. Its effect causes sluggishness and weight loss among ani-
mals. Young animals suffer greatly from gossypol. Of adult animals hogs,
then horses are most sensitive to gossypol.
With a content in the fodder of 0.02 to 0.05 percent gossypol has a com-
paratively weak effect on animals, but with a content of 0.15-0.20 percent
it can cause poisoning. Chicks are especially sensitive to gossypol. The
maximum permissible content of gossypol in feed for chicks is 0.016-0.020
percent.
Gossypol poisoning occurs mainly with the unbalanced feeding of animals with
oil cake and o~l-seed meal and is intensified if there are not enough vita-
mins and calcium salts in the.diet.
The All-Union State Standards permit a content of free gossypol in cotton
oil cakes and oil-seed meal of 0.02 percent of the absolute dry substance,
which is absolutely safe when feeding animals oil cakes and oil-seed meals
in mixed fodders, and in some cases with some precaution even in case of
the feeding of oil cakes and oil-seed meals in pure form in a mixture with -
otY~er fodders.
Gossypol dissolves well in alcohols, esters~and heated oil; it dissolves
poorly in benzine; it does not dissolve in water. In the process of the
roasting and pressing of the mash, which is obtained during the crushing of
_ the kernel of the seeds, it is mainly tr~nsferred to the oil. A negligible
amount of it remains in oil-seed meal and oil cake. With the observance of
the recommended process of roasting and pressing the content of gossypol _
in the expeller and prepressing oils does not exceed 0.1-0.2 percent, while
the content of tree gossypol in tt:�:.7 oil cakes and oil-seed meals does not
exceed 0.005-0.02 percent.
During the refining of the oil the gossypol easily interacts with alkalis,
forming gossypolates, which are insoluble in oils, enter the soap stock and =
14
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
are removed witli it from the oil. Therefore cottonseed oil, which is in-
. tended for food purposes, without fail goes through the entire cycle of
refining.
- Numerous transformations of gossypol, including the formation of the non-
. toxic, physiologically inactive, bonded form, occur under the influence of
heat in the presence of water and oxygen of the air in the mash, pulp and
oil-seed meal in the roasters, presses, worm vaporizers and toasters.
The careful pulverizing of the material before moisture and heat treatment,
i.ts optimum moisture content before roasting and during roasting and the
thorough self-steaming of the material in thick layers in the vats of the
roasters are necessary for the maximum bonding of the gossypol and the ob-
taining of oil-seed meal and oil, which are satisfactory in quality. The
observance of these requirements guarantees a content of gossypol in oil-
seed meal within the range of 0.005-0.02 percent, while with the viola*ion
of the indicated conc~itions it increases.
Specialista of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Fats and the _
Central Asian Scientific Research, Planning and Design Institu::e of the
Food Industry made control checks of the content of gossypol in oil-seed
meal at a number of oil-extracting plants of Central Asia. At the enter-
prises, where the approved operating conditions were observed, the content
of gossypol in the oil-seed meal ranged from 0.~01 to 0.017 percent.
At the same time in one of the samples of oil-seed meal at the Kokand Oils
and Fats Combine the content of gossypol was 0.04 percent, which was the
result of the violation of the conditions of the moisture and heat treat-
ment of the pulp and oil-seed meal.
The Tashkent Oils and Fats Combine shipped to enterprises of the Moldavian
SSR Ministry of Procurement in two dirty railroad cars moldy, lumpy cotton-
seed meal, in which glass was found. The stepping up at the combine of the
_ monitoring of the preparation for storage, the oil-seed meal being stored
and shipped and the condition of the cars, in which the oil-seed meal is
shipped, made it possible subsequently to ship only standard oil-seed meal.
At the Kattakurgan Oils and Fats Combine during the increase of the capacity
for the processing of cotton seeds from 690 to 950 tons/day measures on the
pneumatic transportation of the oil-seed meal were not ensured. The cooling -
of the increased amount of oil-seed meal during transportation to the store-
house on a conveyer belt was inadequate, and the oil-seed meal was shipped
with a higher than normal temperature. In this connection it was necessary
to organize the additional cooling of the oil-seed meal with air on the
operating conveyer.
Soybeans, which are very rich in protein, are the most promising crop for
the improvement of the fodder base in the USSR, just as throughout the
world. They are used as a fodder for al�1 types of agricultural animals and
poultry both without the preliminary removal of the oil from them and after
its removal at oil mills, in pure form and in mixed fodders.
i5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
_ ~'Vl\ VL'L~ 1V1Ll.L~ I.IJli VI~LL
However, soybeans and untoasted oil-seed meal contain a number of antinu-
trients, which worsen the assimilability of fodders and retard the growth
of animals. The use for hogs and poultry of feed, which contains untoasted
soybean meal, decreases the weight gains of animals as compared with feed-
ing with toasted soybean meal.
Soybeans contain the enzyme urease, which worsens the assimilation of food
by the hody of animals. When heated the urease loses its activity.
A trypsi.n inhibitor, hemagglutinin (soin) and saponin, which are also con-
_ tained in soybeans, are biologically active substances and cause the re-
tardation of the digestibility of feed. Therefore, soybeans and soybean
meal, which are intended for animal feed, should without fail undergo heat
treatment--toasting. The degree of inactivation of all the antinutrients
in Goybeans is characterized here by the activity of the urease (a change
af the pH after 30 minutes), which should be not more than 0.3.
The inactivation of the antinutrients is carried out by heat treatment in
the roasters of the prepresses, in the worm vaporizers and the roasters,
which are installed after the worm vaporizers, in the toasters and other -
heat units, in which heating, mixing and steaming are possible. A combina-
tion of such units is also used.
At the Armavir Oils and Fats Combine and the Georgiyevsk Oil-Extracting
Plant the toasters and worm vaporizers have been installed in parallel, at
the Kropotkin Oil-Extracting Plant they have been installed in series.
The comparison of the results of the operation of these enterpriaes will
make it possible to determine the most efficient arraagement.
- In 1979 40 toasters had been installed and were in operation at the plants,
while by the end o.f. the year another 12 had been put into operation. Their
total capacity in 1980 will Ue 2,000 tons of toasted oil-seed meal a year,
which can ensure the toasting of all the soybean meal being produced.
The fulfillment of the technological instructions, which were elaborated
by the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Fats for oil-extracting
plants, which have toasters, and for plants equipped with worm vaporizers,
will ensure the obtaining of soybean meal with the necessary degree of in-
activation of the antinutrients.
During the first quarter of 1979 the Bendery and Ataki oil-extracting plants
did not ensure the stable output of toasted soybean meal, which meets the
requirements of the All-Union State Standard on the acti~vity of urease and
the residual content of benzine. This occurred because the set of opera-
tions on the assimilation of the Armavir method of toasting soybean meal
was not carried out in full at the Bendery and Ataki plants.
The soybeans were pulverized in five-roller mills only after two or three
passes, the pulp was coarse and hard to process in the roasters. Moreover,
in the six-vat roasters only two to four vats were filled with mash, the
16
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
� FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
heating was carried out at low steam temperatures. The self-steaming of
the material virtually did not occur. It was treated in the roasters for
less than the necessary time. The retrograde product and fuz (trans. unknown) -
were fed not 3nto all the roasters and unevenly. As a result there was a
large amount of smalls in the oil cake received for extraction. The ex-
traction shops received technological steam with low parameters. And hence
- the paor steam conditions in the worm vaporizers and the high residual con-
tent of benzine in the oil-seed meal.
Specialists of the Armavir Oils and Fats Combine, the Moldavisn SSR Minis-
try of the Food Industry, the All-Union Scientific Research Inst~.tute of
Fats and the USSR Ministry of the Food Industry gave the glants practical
. assistance. As a result in one 10-�day period these enterprises �.:ere able
to produce toasted soybean meal.
In early 1979 the Khabarovsk Oils and Fats Combine shipped untoasted o31-
seed meal to the mixed fodder enterprises of the Kirgiz SSR. The reason
. was the low parameters of the technological steam in the extraction shop.
In January 1979 the Valuyki Oil-Extracting Plant also shipped oil-seed meal
~ with a higher than normal activity of urease. The installation of an addi-
� tional roaster from a KhSP-18 press for the moisture and heat treatment of
the oil-seed meal after the worm vaporizers made it possible to ensure the
- output of toasted soybean meal.
At the Krasnodar Oils and Fats Combine during the changeover from the pro-
cessing of sunflowers to soybeans there were cases of the output of oil-
seed meal with a higher than normal activity of urease. After the instal-
lation of a roaster for the additional treatment of the oil-seed meal at
the last stage of the technological process the output of untoasted oil-
seed meal was halted.
As a resuit of the large amount of work, which was performed in the oils
and fats industry, the use of special and adapted equipment and the intro-
duction of temporary systems in the third and fourth c~uarters of 1979 all
the soybean meal was shipped in toasted form.
The oil-seed meals, which are produced from other types of raw materials,
can be divided into two groups. The first group, like sunflower-seed meal,
does not contain antinutrients and does not require additional treatment.
They are flax-seed, rapeseed, hempseed, corn and other meals. The second
group (like cottonseed and soybean meals) contains toxic substances and
_ therefore requires additional processing for their inactivation or removal.
Castor meal and cake, which contain the toxic substance ricin, as w~ell as
the meal and cake, which are produced from fruit pits, in which prussic
acid forms under certain conditions, also belong to this group.
For both fruit pit and castor cakes and meals methods af transforming them
into fodder products have been developed and are being used.
17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
r�utt ur~r~lc:l~, u~~: UNLY
In recent decades cotton hulls ha.ve begun to be used completely as a coarse
fodder. This is approximately 1.5 million tons of feed. Moreover,
310,000 tons of cotton hulls are used for the production of fodder yeasts,
alcohols, furfurol and other no less valuable products for hydrolytic
plants. -
Methods of using sunflower shells for fodder purposes have been developed,
but, unfortunately, are not being used. Only 28 percent of the shells, or
about 150,000 tons, are being sent as a raw material to hydrolytic plants.
In arder not to allow the worseni.ng of the fodder value of oil cakes and
oil-seed meals during their storage and transportation, the construction of
storehouses and elevators is not being halted, although its rate is inade-
quate. In four years of the lOth Five-Year Plan storehouses with a capacity
of 244,000 tons have been built. According to the plan in 1980 storehouses
- for 96,000 tans should be put into operation.
F~r the better preservation of oil-seed meal in the process of storage,
loading and unloading operations and during its shipment after production
it is being conditioned with respect to moisture content and temperature.
Ttie moisture content of sunflower-seed meal as a finished product should
be within the range of 7-9.5 percent, soybean meal--8.5-10 percent, sotton-
seed meal--7.5-10 percent, while the temperature should not be higher than
- 35�C. The residuaT amount of solvent (benzine) should be no more than
0.1 percent. A lower moisture content of the oil-seed meal than indicated .
is not allowed, since static electricity accumulates in it during mixing,
as well as during movement through gravity spouts and over conveyers, while
abundant dust liberation here can create explosive conditions.
Heavy dust formation complicates loading and unloading operations and
worsens the working conditions in these operations. The enterprises of the
mixed fodder industry are urgently demanding that cottonseed meal be de-
livered to them in granulated form, reckoning that the impact from the im-
provement of working conditions and the greater fillability of cars will
cover the expenditures on the granulating of the oil-seed meal at the oil
mills and its crushing in the process of producing mixed fodders.
An excess of moisture in the oil-seed meal above the upper limit during
storage leads to its spontaneous heating up, spontaneous combustion, clump-
ing and the formation of mvlds. The simplest means of conditioning the
oil-seed meal being produced with respect to the moisture conter._t and
, temperature is the method of its moistening after the worm and vat vapor-
izers and other units for the toasting of the oil-seed meal with cold water
with subsequent transportation to the storehouses by pneumatic conveyer.
Here not only the reduction of the moisture content and the reduction of -
dust formation, but also the cooling of the oil-seed meal in the process of
vaporizing the absorbed moisture and by the air during the transporting
occur.
18
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Moreover, conditioning makes it possible to preserve the nutrients, the
consistency and granulometric composition and to prevent caking.
At a temperature of the oil-seed meal in excess of 35�C all the indicated
processes develop more intensively.
Oil cakes and oil-seed meals should be stored in dry, clean, well-ventilated
elevators and storehouses, which are not infested with granary pests. Oi1
cakes and oil-seed meals should be transported in clean, dry cars, ships,
trucks or carts, which are not infested with granary pests.
The spontaneous heating up, carbonization, agglutination, contamination and
mixing of oil-seed meals of various crops, the appearance of musty smell,
_ molding and infestation with mites and various granary pests can occur if
these rules are violated. All this leads to the denaturation and breakdown
of the proteins and other nutrients, the oxidation of the oil and lipids,
_ the appearance in the oil cakes and oil-seed meals of the products of their
breakdown, that is, to the w~orsening of the food properties.
It is impermissible to mix the oil-seed meals and oil cakes, which have been
obtained from different seeds. According to a.report of the Dagestanskaya
ASSR Council of Ministers, the Yerevan Oils and Fats Combine shipped in
violation of the All-Union State Standard to the Dagestan Administration of
Grain Products a mixture of soybean and cottonseed meals. The mixture of
~ these oil-seed meals could not be used properly.
In order to meet the demands of the mixed fodder industry of the USSR Min-
istry of Procurement shops for granulating the oil-seed meal have been set
up at some oil mills, especially those processing cotton seeds. In 197e
they produced 99,600 tons of granulated cottonseed meal, in 1977--101,800
tons, in 1978--120,000 tons and in 1979--150,000 tons. For 1980 it is
planned to produce 252,000 tons of it. At the oil-extracting plants being
built in Gulistan, Ka.san and Chardzhou it is envisaged to set up shops for
granulating cottonseed meal. -
The production of granulated sunflower-seed meal has also been organized at -
two enterprises of the RSFSR Ministry of the Food Industry and two enter-
prises of the Ukrainian SSR Ministry of the Food Industry. However, the
cost of 1 ton of granulated sunflower-seed meal, whi~h is enriched with
lipids, is greater than conventional meal. Moreover, additional expendi-
tures on the crushing of the oil-seed meal are.neceasary. Therefore the
mixed fodder enterprises of these republics are not insisting on their sup- ~
ply with granulated oil-seed meal. _
In order to improve the nutritional value the oil-seed meal is being en-
riched at a number of oil mills with lipids. Hydration fuz--a
phosphorus-containing substance, which is separated from the raw oil during
its hydration with water--is uaed as an enriching additive. This enriching
~ additive also contains raw fat (about 40 percent), protein, tocopherols and
other aseociated substances.
19
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
1~Ult OFFICIAL U5E ONLY
Cottonseed meal, wr:ich has been enriched with soap stocks, contains up to
4 percent lipids, 3-3.5 percent oil and 40-45 percent protein.
The oil content of sunflower-seed meal, which has been enriched with lipids,
amounts to 2.5-4 percent; it contains up to 42-45 percent protein. ~
In eight mnnths of 1979 214,200 tons of enriched oil-seed meals were pro-
duced, including 2,000 tons in the RSFSR, 80,800 tons in the Ukrainian SSR~
' 131,400 in the Uzbek SSR and 4,600 tons in the Moldavian SSR. In the plan
for 1980 it is planned to produce 582,000 tons of it.
It should be noted that the fodder value of oil cakes and oil-seed meals
depends to a considerable extent on the quality of the oil-producing raw
materials being processed, and not only on the technology of their process-
ing, the conditions of storage and transportation.
When processing imperfect, moldy and low-quality seeds, oil, oil-seed
meal and oil cake only of lower food and fodder value are obtained. For
example, at the Poltava Oils and Fats Combine during 1977-1978 with the
processing of suttflower seeds with a greater degree of imperfection the con-
tent of protein in the oil-seed meal decreased to 36.5-40.14 percent.
Therefore, it is necessary to be gin the work on obtaining high quality
oil-seed meals with the drive for the high quality of the oil-producing raw
materials, which are being grown, procured and processed. -
It has been calculated that in order to make up the shortage of protein in
the diet of animals, some farms need to increase by almost 1.5-fold the
consumption of fodders. But where this is impossible, the productivity of
- livestock decreases by 30-35 percent.
The workers of the oils and fats industry are faced with the task of en-
suring in a short time a great effectiveness of the use of the obtained.
- agricultural raw materials, of achieving the output with few expenditures
and the minimum losses of high-quality oil, oil-seed meal and oil cake
with the use of all the prQduction wastes for fodder and other purposes.
Not a single kilogram of oil-seed meal and oil cake should be lost or
spoiled.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Markman, A. L., and Rzhekhin, V. P., "Gossipol i yego proizvodnyye" /Gossy-
pol and Its Derivatives/, Moscow, Pishchevaya promyshlennost', 1965.
Kovalenko, N. P., and Zherebyat'yev, V. R., "The Causes of the Lower Con-
tent of Protein in Sunflow~er-Seed Meal," MASLO-ZHIROVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST',
No 10, 1979.
"Rukovodstvo po tekhnologii polucheniya i pererabotki rastitel'nykh masel
i zhirov" /Handbook on the Technology of Obtaining and Processing Vegetable
Oils and Fats/, edited by A. G. Sergeyev et al., Leningrad, VNIIZh, 1974,
Vol I, Book 2.
20
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
"Rukovodstvo po tekhnologii polucheniya i pererabotki rastitel'nykh masel
i zhirov," edited by A. G. Sergeyev et al., Leningrad, VNIIZh, 1975,
Vol I, Book 1.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pishchevaya promyshlennost"', "Maslo-zhirovaya
promyshlennost 1980
7807
CSO: 1824
21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
a'V~~ U11 i.v~..w U?L V1'IL?
AC,RO-F.CONOMICS Am ORCANI7.ATION
OPTIMI:7.ATION Or AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT~ON, INCLUDING OPTIMiJM FARM SIZE
~ rloscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 5, May 80 pp 63-73
[Article by I. Kryachkov, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Head, Kursk Agri-
cultural Institute imeni I.I. Ivanov, and G.Shukshin: "Optimization of
Agricultural Production*"]
[Text] It was noted at the July (1978) Plenum of the CPSU Central Commit-
tee that the general level of agricultural development "does not meet the
rapidly growing needs of society and requires energetic efforts for the
further strengthening of the material and technical base of agriculture,
improvement in production organization and an increase in its efficiency."
One of the main causes f or the inadequate efficiency of agricultural pro-
duction is the nonoptimal nature of its basic parameters: economic concen-
tration, specialization of production and the level of its intensity (f ixed
capital ~size and structure, annual material-monetary and labor costs, the
amount of fertilizers.applied, etc), the production, maintenance and mana-
gerial personnel, their living conditions (work, daily life, culture), etc.
In practice, the lack of studies on the basic agricultural production
parameters results in inefficient organization expressed primarily as the
disorderliness of producti.on'~imensions and structure. Within the bounds
of a single oblast, Kurska~ya Oblast for example, there are farms with areas
of agricultural lands rang~ing'from 1,500 hectares to 10,000 and more. Modern
equipment and capital investments are inefficiently used at the nonoptimal
farms, and the possibilities for incorporating the achievements of agricul-
tural science, advanced technology, etc are restricted. The irrational
location of. farms and of their production centers, populated areas and
other facilities in the oblast, the inadequate numUer of enterprises to -
process the agricultural output, the small cargo capacity of transport
equipment and the lack of hard-surface roads increase transport expenses. -
One of the important trends in resolving the problem of increasing the
economic efficiency of agricultural production is the scientifically
based optimization of its parameters and the creation of specialized
* A formulation of the problem.
22
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONlY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
l~l)R Ul~ l~ I C f.AL USI~. ONI.Y
agricultural e~terprises on this basis. As is noted in the decree ~f the
CPSU Central Committee "On the Furrher Development of Specialization and
Concentration of Agricultural Production Based on Inter-farm Cooperation
and Agro-Industrial Integration," the specialization and concentration of
agricultural production are the main trends in further agricultural de~vel- ,
opment. The process of agriculture's production and economic links becom- _
ing constantly more camplex, the development of interfarm cooperation, the
allotment of significant state and kolkhoz resources to these ends and the
= need for them to be used effectively make it necessary to develop scienti-
fic bases for the optimization of agricultural production. In the Summary
Report to the 25th Congress of the CPSU, L.I. Brezhnev stressed: "It is
first necessary to provide for serious refinement in planning... Here is
a broad field for application of the efforts of economic science and for
incorporation of modern scientif ic methods, including those of mathemati-
cal economics...."1
The level and efficiency of agricultural production depe~d on a multitude
of natural-economic factors. Their varied concatenation determines a mul-
titude of variants in the economic status of production. One may select
from among the multitude of variants the most advantageous one, given which
the product yield is maximal and costs are minimal. It is a complex matter
to solve this task using classic methods developed in mathematical analysis
- since many linear and nonlinear dependencies [zavisimosti] of the final
result on the multitude of production factors are missing. A linear mathe-
matical model does not reveal all of the physics of a phenomenon or process,
- the continuity of a change in parameters is missing, and there is a static
nature--in the solution process, unknowns take on a single value. When
solving a problem by linear programming, one cannot determine the optimum
for agricultural production because of the impossibility of introducing the
totality of information into the model (e.g. design or technological inf or-
mation), of calculating the minimum for costs for production of a given
volume of a product or the maximum for a product in a specified assortment
- and quantity, the nonoptimal nature of resources and the linearization of
nonlinear links and dependencies.
It is possible to solve the problem of sc3entific justification of optimal
parameters for agricultural production given a comprehensive, systematic
approach based on mathematics and using the economic laws of socialism,
- achievementa of related sciences, advanced practice and existing research
methods. Analyzing questions of the intensif ication of agriculture in
capitalist countries, V. I. Lenin stressed: "First of all, and more than
anywhere else, an image of the overall process is required, a calculation
of all tendencies and a determination of their resultant or their sum,
their result."2 Lenin's position retains its significance under the con-
ditions of the intensification of socialist agriculture. Such.:an approach
should be realized on the basis of an examination of the production process
in operation, taking into consideration the linear and nonlinear dependen-
cies, i.e, based on production functions [funktsii].
23
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
The result of the effect of a multitude of factors on agricultural produc-
tion may be expressed by its final product--the yield (average statistical
for a number of years). A harvest, being a material mass, is considered
as the resultant of a number of production factors in which they are
accumulated. In practice, we have only an intuitive conception of the many
factors influencing agricultural production. But they are operative in
production independently from our understanding and are manifested in the
resultant of all conditions--the harvest. Therefore, in order to k~iow
about these factors, it is necessary to utilize the information about them
which the yield, seeking to reduce the size of the f arm (the gr eater the
size, the greater the transport costs for fathering the harvest), carries.
- 7t is possible to materialize many natural and er_onomic production factors,
which are difficult to measure, in the form of uniformly distributed area
~ and concentrated goods3 and to express the dynamics of their changes using
a coefficient of r elative intensity.4
Thus, we consider yield as the basis for optimization of agricultural pro-
_ duction. To obtain it on an optimal level (given a maximum of production
and a minimum of costs), it is necessary to have the optimal production
' concentration, on which a number of factors are acting: cultivated land
area, fixed capital, labor resources, fertilizers, capital investments,
labor, living and cultural conditions for the population, etc. These
parameters are the main ones and the most common to agricultural produc-
tion. V. I. Lenin stressed: "...He who tackles individual problems with-
out having solved the common ones beforehand will at every step inevitably
be unconsciously 'stumbling' over these common questions."5
In a mathematical model of agricultural production expressed as a system
of linear functions of product yield and nonlinear functions of production
costs, the maximum of product yield per unit of production costs is taken
as the main criterion of the optimum for this production under the ~condi-
- tion that the set goal is realized--production of a specific volume, assort-
ment and quality of the product and observation of the following necessary
limitations: optimum concentration of labor and capital; fulfillment of
all agrotechnical and technical requirements for efficient management of
the farm; exclusion of losses of resources; the max imum economy of work
time and labor achievable with the greatest possible reduction in the
distance between production and consumption points; establishment of living
conditions for the population which most closely approximate those necessary;
employment of all able-bodied persons year-round.
The functions of production costs depend both linearly and n~nlinearly on
various agricultural production parameters: the area of cultivated land;
the level of production intensity; cargo capacity of transport vehicles;
the speed with which they move; cargo lnading and unloading times; costs
for rheir transportation; the coefficient of the deviation of the produc-
tion center with regard to the geometric center of the area of the farm's
agricultural land5; the coefficient of technical progress conditioned by
- 24
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~ -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
changes in the number of workers, their salary and skills, given a varied
machine-worker ratio; the coefficient of the curvilinearity of roads6 and
the location of the farms on the territory of the oblast.
It is necessary to cor.sider the basic linear and nonlinear dependencies
of agricultural production and cost elements cn various arguments to ftil-
fill the problem which has been posed using dynamic programming. Amot~g
these are the total length of the route for a transport vehicle when
transporting cargos over the farm's agricultural land area; the number of
transport vehicles, technicians and agricultural production workers needed;
increase in crop yield as a function of rates at which organic and mineral
fertilizers are applied; the amount of capital investments necessary for
construction of production, housing and cultural and domestic buildings
and structures; amortization, repair and maintenance costs for production
and nonproduction buildings and structures; production costs for an agri-
cultural product, etc.
We have worked out the types of farms (optimum specialized farms [OSKh]
with a minimum number of connecting sectors, the optimum level for their
concentration and the maximum product yield per unit of production costs,
~aking into consideration the establishment of the necessary social con-
ditions) based on the derived dependency of the effic ient size of the area
of a farm's cultivated ground on the various parameters. The subject of
our research is the economic system of the agricultural production of an
oblast, an administrat~.ve-territorial unit which most completely satis-
f ies the requirements for complexity and regularity and which represents
a complete, independent system. The study of isolated production (of a
farm or group of farms) without links-:with other similar sites does not
- make it possible to calculate its optimum since it may be supplied at the ~
expense of a reduction in efficiency at other facilities. Therefore, a
complex, system-level examination of agricultural production on a scale ~
for the whole oblast is necessary so no errors are permitte~' during
analysis of economic status of the farms.
With the aim of reaching the optimum for agricultural production based on
the theoreticat bases for optimization which were worked out, we justified
- the optimum parameters for the system of agricultural enterprises in
Kurskaya Oblast, the mathematical model of which consists of 33 linear
functions of product yield and 1,432 nonlinear and linear functions of
production costs. A provisionally optimal statistical model of the sys-
. tem of promising farms in the oblast with a strictly deterinined value for
crop yield and for productivity of livestock and poultry providing f or
reaching the provisionally optimal reference price of the oblast when pro-
ducing the necessary volume and assortment of agricultural products at the
level of the visible perspective (20-22 years in our example) was compiled
to determine the coefficients of the function of product yield and produc-
tion costs.
25
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
I
I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
The basic statistical model represents a united, developed, interrelated
and interdependent, scientifically based logical structure of the oblast's
goal to produce the maximum in gross production of a necessary assortment
- and quantity, reflecting the agrozootechnical, engineering and economic
conditions throughout the sectors and specialized farms and the efficiency
ratios of the sectors on th~n when determining the dimensions of farms of
each production type, and it includes 81 types of parameters. The func~
tions of product yield and production costs, amount of required mineral
fertilizers and capital investments as a function of concentration of pro- ~
duction, etc. (44 types of functions in all) are compiled on the basis of
; the parameters for the provisionally optimal model.
The costs for creation of grain processing and storage centers, for which
a concrete yard, a shed for storing uncleaned grain, a grain-cleaning and
drying complex, storage facilities for treatment and storage of state
grain reserves etc. have also been incorporated into the provision~lly
optimal statistical model of long-term farms in Kurskaya Oblast. At the
November (1979) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, L. I. Brezhnev said:
"The system for storage of the product purchased by the state is also in
need of substantial improvement. It is more advantageous to store a part
of it right on the koZkhozes and sovkhozes for a time. It is thereby _
possible not only to improve product quality and reduce losses, but to
reduce the burden on centralized storage facilities and utilize transport _
and the work force more uniformly. It is consequently necessary to expand _
construction of kolkhoz and sovkhoz warehouses and storage facilities."
We solved the probl~n of determining the main criterion for the agricultural
production optimum of the oblast--the maximum product yield per unit of
_ production costs--analytically using a computer in view of the difficulties
of its realization. We composed a dynamic programming algorithm for a
_ nonlinear model of the oblast's long-term farm system according to 11
specialized types, with output of 16 basic parameters for farms in each `
production type and for the oblast as a whole. The problem is solved in
two stages. In the first, the optimum production cost of each type of
product and the optimal levels of production intensity and crop yield
corresponding to this cost are determined. In the ~econd, introducing
calculation of the optimum crop yield and coefficients of relative inten- -
sity into the algorithm and having changed the ratio of the sectors on the
farms given the condition that the oblast goal in producing the necessary
= volume, assortment and quality of.;.the product has been attained, the main
optimum criterion and the system~of other criteria are determined. On
the basis of data from calculation of the system of long-term farms in
Kurskaya Oblast, curves were plotted of the dependencies of the total
profit volume, profitability, fixed productive and nonproductive capital,
capital investments for construction, the number of workers and the amount
of transport vehicles and mineral fertilizers necessary and the costs for
- management and production services and for services for the farms' popula-
tion etc. on the size of the farms' agricultural lands and the level of
production intensity.
26
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
}~qR t1FFl'C 1~1, fJSF. ON1.Y
However, it is impossible to determine the agricultural production opti-
mum from curves of the dependencies of prof it volume on the size of the
area of land being cultivated by a farm and the level of production inten-
sity since the maximum product yield per unit of production costs is
unknown. Curves of the dependence of profit volinne are given below for
3 levels of. production intensity: I--the contemporary level, with produc- -
tion costs of R 6ti3.3 million and gross product yield of R 848.1 million;
Il--the optimal level of intensity, with costs of R 975.02 million and
gross product yield of R 1,640.6 million; III--a level of production in-
tensity beyond the optimal (costs of R 2,169.1 million and gross produc t _
yield of R 3,281.2 million).
Profit (millions or rubles)
l200
!!/6, -
l~00 Li
~000
900 ~
goo
700 665, 6
~
600 ~ _
S0o
400
300 Ts2.8
200 1
!OD ~
O ~0 20 . .~0 40 So 60
S (thousands of
hectares)
Figure 1.
The main criterion for the agricultural production optimum in the obla st
is determined on the basis of curves of the dependencies of profitability
of production (Figure 2), the maximum of one of which corresponds to the
maximum of product yield per unit of production costs and the maximum for
profit volume.
The system of other criteria for the optimum (volume of capital invest-
ments, amount of fertilizers, labor resources, etc) is determined based
on the corresponding curves of dependencies, with regard to the level of
production concentration of the main criterion. _
27
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
Profitability (percent)
g0
68,3
. . 11
60 ~
S!6
SO Ix
4 ~
yo
30
~0
!0 ~
0 !0 20 30 b0 SO . 60
S (thousands of
. hectares)
Figure 2.
The volume of capital investments for construction of buildings and struc-
tures, both productive and nonproductive, in an oblast's~farm system, costs
for management and production services and services for the farms' popula-
tion (type 2~) and the number of required workers in agriculture are de- -
clining as the size of the farnis' agricultural lands increases, a sharp
drop occurring to the lower limit of the optimum, after which the decline _
of the indicated parameters occurs slowly, approaching a direct dependence.
When the level of pro~iuction intensity is increased, the volume of capital
investments for construction, costs for management, production services
and services to the farms' population (type 2) and the number of required
workers for the same area of farm lands grow.
The number of necessary transport vehicles, transport expenditures,
costs for management, production services and services tQ the farms' pro-
duction (type 1) increase with the growth of the size of agricultural
lands, based on the concentration of production and the level of its in-
tensity. Particularly rapid growth of the glven factors is observed up
_ to the lower limit of the optimum, beyond which the growth rate of these
parameters is close to a direct dependenc~,~. This is explained by the fact
that when a value for the area of the far~ns' agricultural lands which is
greater than the lower limit of the optimum is reached, the radius for
transporting goods grows more slowly than the increase in the area of the
farms' agricultural lands.
28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Let us present certain data from the calculations and plotted curves of
the dependencies. The maximum profitability of the oblast's agricultural
production, corresponding to the optimum, the maximum of product yield
per unit of production costs, given the existing prices for the product
and given that the goal of producing the necessary volume, quality and
assortment of the product is reached and the limitations of an optimal
farm are realized, can be 68.3 percent in the long term. Calculatiitlns
show that at the present-day level of concentration of agricultural pro-
duction in Kurskaya Oblast, it is impossible to raise profitability beyond
28.9 percent without increasing the size of agricultural lands and raising
the level of production intensity to the optimum dimensions.
The total amount of capital investments for construction of buildings and
structures, both productive and nonproductive, to produce the oblast's
- product in the volume of optimum agricultural production given the present- `
day size of k,o~lk~tnzes and sovkhozes would be R 5.96 billion. To produce
this same volume of produce given the optimal size of the area of the
farms' cultivated lands, R 4.2 billion, or R 1.76 billion less, will be `
required in capi2al investments. Calculations shaw that R 143.3 million, -
or 3.1 percent of the total amount of capital investments, are required
for c~onstruction of modern centers for the processing and storage of a part ~
of the state grain reserves and to satisfy the particular needs of the
~farms, given the agricultural production optimum for Kur3kaya Oblast.
_ Presently costs for management, production services and services to the
population (type 1) for a single farm are equal to about R 28,000, R 13.9
million for the entire oblast. At the optimum agricultural ~roduction
level, these costs should be R 360,000 for a single farm, R 19.6 million
' in all. The total costs for management, production services and services
to thepopulation of the oblast's farm system (type 2) are presently equal
to R 127.0 million, R 61,300 for one farm on the average, per year with-
out costs for schools, commercial enterprises etc, and without many of the
forms of service. Similar costs for one farm which is equal to the average
present-day kolkhoz and sovkhoz in the area of agricultural lands should
be R 255,000, given the condition that optimum conditions of management,
pr.oduction services and services to the population are created at the
farms. On farms which have been optimalized on the basis of the size of
agricultural lands, the costs for management, production services and
services to the population (type 2) should reach R 1,064,200 for
a single farm, and the total expenditurzs for the oblast's system of promis-
ing farms should be R 58.0 million, or R 69.0 million less than at the -
present size. And this will occur with an increase in the number of
management and service workers from 207 on each farm, equal to the average
present-day kolkhoz and sovkhoz, to 865. In essence, the optimal conditions
for their active life are created given this increase in the number of
workers in management, production service and services to the population
of the farm.
29
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
Taking into consideration transportation of central, uniformly distributed
goods using K-701 truck tractors and fan-shaped, uniformly distributed
area and concentrated goods by truck transport, their numbers for the long-
term, given the oblast's optimum agricultural production and year-round
utilization should be as follows: tractors--2,826 units, 15-ton trucks--
1,844 units.
It follows, based on data from mathematical economics calculations and
plotted curves of the dependencies of profit, profitability, production
costs, etc. that the onset of the agricultural production optimum for
Kurskaya Oblast occurs when the level of production concentration, the
area of the farms' cultivated land, as a function of the type of farm,
is from 27,000 to 42,000 ha, sugar beet yield is 450 quintals, grain,
32.5 quintals,e milk production is 39.4 quintals per hectare of food
crops, feed consumption per cow is 41 quintals in feed units, etc. In
this case, the gross product yield is R 1;640.65 million, the total profit
volume is R 664.4 million and the profitability of production is 68.3
percent.
The volumes of product production (Tables 1, 2) and livestock population
(Table 3) in Kurskaya Oblast under optimum agricultural production con-
ditions are presented below.
Table 1. Volume of Products from Plant-Growing Obtained in Kurskaya
Oblast Given Optimum Agricultural Production _
Product ~Relative import-
Amounts Area ance of crops
(thousands (thousands to total tilth -
Crops of tons) of hectares) (percent)
Grain 3885.47 1200.00 60.00
Sugar beets 6505.82 189.00 9.50
Potatoes 200.00 12.25 0.61
Vegetables 247.64 11.16 0.60
Fruits 100.00 12.00
Hemp 10.03 10.03 0.50
Feed Crops 4153.50* 923.00**
* In feed units.
- In area of agricultural lands.
30
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Table 2. Volume of Animal Husbandry Production in Kurskaya Oblast, Given
Optimum Agricultural Production, the Product from Poultry-Raising
(Chickens) Being Supported on State Feeds Not Included
Product Amount (thousands of tons)
MeaC, live weight including: 317.31
beef 181.90
pork 123.51
duck meat 11.90
Milk 1,634.92
Table 3. Livestock and Poultry Populations Given Optimum Agricultural
Production in Kurskaya Oblast, Poultry-Raising Being Supported
on State Feeds Not Included
Type of Livestock and Poultry Number of Livestock and Poultry
(in thousands of head) `
Cattle 778,86
including: cows 408.73
Swine 1,236.08
including: sows 71.62
Ducks 5,725.6
The optimum has a wide range of variations with regard to the area of agri-
cultural lands. Product yield per unit of production costs varies incon-
sequently within this range. Thus, for example, given the above-indicated
levels of yield and product yield for animal husbandry per hectare of feed
crops on farms of the grain-beet-milk administration, the extreme value
of product yield per unit of production costs corresponds to an area of -
41,700 hectares of cultiva~:ed land. When gross production profitability
is reduced by 1 percent from the extremum and given the same level of
production intensit}�, the lower limit for optimum area of agricultural
lands equals 22,100 hectares and the upper limit is 76,800 hectares. This
makes it possible to practice efficient differentiation of farm size while
creating optimum specialized farms taking specific local conditions into
consideration.
To reach optimal agricultural production in Kurskaya Oblast, it is neces-
sary to bring the set of its parameters into optimum condition, first of
all the size of the farms, the volume of fixed productive capital and the
level of production intensification. The volume of the oblast's fixed
31
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
capital for agricultural production at its optimum should be R 4.62
billion, including R 2.68 billion in productive and R 1.94 billion in
nonproductive capital. Taking into consideration the availability of
existing fixed capital in the oblast in the amount of R 1.4 billion (at
the end of 1979) and their incomplete utilization (about 75 percent),
the optimum may be reached in approximately 20-22 years, given the
creation of optimum specialized farms in the oblast and annual contribu-
tions of about R 210 million in capital into fixed capital funds.
Aside from the increase in the size of the farms and fixed capital, the
growth in agricultural production concentration to the optimum requires
the improvement of other factors for production intensification, the
application of large amounts of mineral fertilizers, efficient use of
watering with local run-off and the use of advanced technology and pro-
duction organization. It is necessary to apply 3.6 million tons of
mineral fertilizers to farm crops annually and irrigate approximately
250,000 hectares of young crops using local run-off to reach the optimum
level of agricultural production intensity, taking the present-day level
in the development of agricultural equipment and today's working conditions
and production standards into consideration.
Making the decision for the optimum level of agricultural production con-
centration for each oblast has a relative nature, signifying that, al-
though the optimum level of production concentration is accurately
determined by computer using dynamic progra~ning, it is possible that in -
pr.actice concentration levels not of the calculated optimum, but of one
located right next to it will be adopted on the basis of a comparison of
the profitability of the various oblasts of an economic region or of the
~ountry as a whole. To this end, it is necessary to compile a single, pro-
visionally optimum statistical model for the whole country, one which con-
sists of the individual models republic by republic.
In an ublast with minimal profitability from production of individual
types of products, it is expedient to select a level of production concen-
tration somewhat below the level corresponding to the optimum. In those
oblasts where profitability of these products is maximal, it is possible _
to be guided by a concentration level somewhat greater than the optimum,
just as long as the profitability of production is oblasts with minimal
_ profitability. The production cost of an agricultural product fluctuates
significantly in the various economic regions of the country (cf. Table 4).
The production of appropriate products should be situated primarily in
zones with minimal production costs, from the point of view of national
economic interests.
_ In addition to establishing the optimum levels of concentration and in-
tensity of production and costs for it, the possibility of solving a set
of questions on the optimization of agricultural production, including the
establishment of scientifically founded purchase prices for agricultural
products, determining the amount of capital required, the optimum loca-
tions for farms and individual facilities within the territory of the
32
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
FOR UFFTCIAL [ISIi l)NI,Y
Table 4. Production Cost for 1 Quintal of Agricultural Product on
Kolkhozes in the Union Republics (Average for 1975-1977, Rubles)
Sugar Weight gain
- Republics Grain Beet Potatoes Milk in cattle Pork
Ukrainian SSR 4.93 2.43 9.03 20.86 151.73 138.3b
Belorussian SSR 8.60 4.10 6.46 21.46 160.33 176.10
Kazakh SSR 7.86 3.36 15.90 25.60 175.10 163.60
Moldavian SSR 5.13 2.33 16.50 22.70 190.56 139.20
Latvian SSR 11.00 3.83 9.80 21.53 144.46 135.93
RSFSR 6.83 3.43 9.26 24.26 168.13 162.46
oblast, settlement of the rural population etc are established on the
basis of the computed optimum.
Optimization of agricultural production parameters permits costs to be
sharply reduced, product yield to be increased and labor productivity to
be raised. For example, in 1976, 240,000 workers were employed in agri-
culture in Kurskaya Oblast, a gross product worth R 795 million was pro-
duced, production costs were about R 785 million, profitability of pro-
duction was 1.2 percent, product yield per worker was R 3,270, production
cost of 1 ton of sugar beets was R 40.3, of milk, R 218.3, of grain R 42.6.
When optimization of agricultural production is reached, the number of
workers employed in agriculture in the oblast should be 198,400 persons,
an annual product worth R 1,64U.65 million will be produced (without
poultry-raising on state feeds), production costs will be 975.02 million,
profitability of production will reach 68.3 percent, gross product volume
per worker will be R 8,720 per year, the production cost of 1 ton ~f
sugar beets will be R 20.16 of milk, R 183.5 and of grain R 50.16. Labor
productivity should graw by 252.9 percent.
In the decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of
Minister~ "On Improving Planning and Strengther.ing the Effect of the
Economic Mechanism on Improving Production Efficiency and Work Quality"
it is stressed that "selection of the most effective ways to reach high
national economic results" is the most important trend for improving all
planning work.
The method we are proposing and formalization of many factors of an
economic arrangement which formerly did not yield to measurement on the
basis o� the method, the establishment of many nonlinear dependencies
in agricultural productior~ and the application of dynamic programming
make it possible to study and derive optimum solutions not only for an
individual sector or an individual farm, but for the entire system of
agricultural enterprises for an oblast, a republic, an economic region
33
FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2
or even the country. This method permits us to examine agricultural
production comprehensively, from the engineering, economic and social
- angle. Consequently it can become the basic method for planning the
development of national economic agricultural industry complex by 5-
year plan and for even longer periods.
We have made a computation to substantiate the basic parameters of long-
term agricultural enterprises in one administrative oblast--Kurskaya.
Calculations can be performed for any region of the country in similar
fashion. Optimization of agricultural production parameters in the agro-
industrial cocnplex system of an oblast includes several stages: working
out the scientific bases for optimization, establishing a multitude of
linear and nonlinear dependencies of the result of production on various
factors, development of the provisionally optimum statistical model for the
oblast's fazm system, compiling an algorithm for the dynamic, nonlinear
program to compute this system, its computation on a computer and plot-
ting of curves of the dependencies of the parameters, analysis of the
curves and determining the extremum of the ma~n criterion for the optimum
of agricultural production as well as its lower and upper limits, forma-
tion of the agro-industrial complex for the oblast and incorporation of -
the data which are obtained into practice.
The development and incorporation of a methodology for determining the
optimum of an oblast's agricultural industry complex can circumvent the
economically ill-founded distribution of massive capital investments
associated with construction of new, expensive and long-term production,
domestic and cultural facilities to small-scale farms and will permit
us to begin to establish conditions for highly efficient production of
agricultural products on an industrial basis on long-term farms and
modern domestic and cultural living conditions for the rural populace.
FOOTNOTES
1. "Materialy XXV s"ezda KPSS" [Materials of the 25th Session of the
CPSU]. Politizdat, 1976, p 59.
2. V. I. Lenin. "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy" [Complete Collected
Works] vol 27, pp 195-196.
3. Agricultural goods may be divided into 3 types on the basis of the
means for moving them: central, fan-shaped (uniformly distributed _
area) and concentrated.
4. A coefficient of relative intensity reflecting the level of invest-
ment of capita 1 and labor and the crop yield thereby conditioned,
the density of cattle population and its productivity--a comprehensive
variable permitting examination of agricultural production in a dynamic
state.
31~
FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024440-2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
5. V. I. Lenin. "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy" [Complete Collected
Works] vol 15, p 368.
6. Tt?e coefficient of curvilinearity of roads is the ratio of the actual
_ length of a route over the land of a farm to the length of a route
. based on an accepted estimating plan.
7. Costs for management, production services and services to the popu- -
lation of a farm are divided into two types. Type 1 includes those
costs for support of a manager, chief specialists and heads of serv-
ices, workers of whom there should be no more than one per farm.
Type 2 includes costs for support of sector specialists and workers
in domestic and cultural services, cf whom there may be more than one
per farm.
8. Computation of optimum crop yield was performed based on present-day -
varieties.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda," "Voprosy ekonomiki," 1980.
9194
CSO: 1824 END
35
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020040-2