JPRS ID: 8448 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS

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_ JPRS L/8448
. 10 May 1979
r
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO ~I/79)
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NOT~
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~ JPRS L/8448 ,
- ' 10 May 1979
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR INAUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 4/79~
C~NTENTS PAGE
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RFJ.,ATED Eq~JIpMENr
Role of Leningrad Technological Inetitute Imeni Leneovet
_ in the Develop~ent oP Chemi.ca.l Industry
(Leonid Arkad~yevich Kostandov; IgiIlKIC~SKAYA
PROriYSF~1N'OST ~ , No 11, 1978 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Development and Lncation of Chemical Induatry in
Kazakh SSR
( D. A. Volkov; HIi~IIC~SKAYA PROMYSHI~ENNOST' , -
No ~979) lo
Basic Trends o~ Development of Production of ~tastomere
and Items Ma3e F~om Them in the USSR -
(V. S. Fedorov; KAUCHUK I REZINA, No 1, 1979) i8
ME.TAIk~IORKIN('r DQjTIPMENT
Techno~.ogiGal Progrees and Ptanning Labor ?mplements Structure
(D. F~lterovitch; VOPROSY EKO1~C?NIIIQ, MQr 79) 26 _
~
- a - (III - USSR - 36 FOUOj
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CN~tICAL INDUSTItY .4ND It~LAT'Eb EQUIPNiENT
UOC 061.62(470.23)~~1828~1978~?
- ROLIs OF' LLNINGRAD T~CHNOLOGICAL IN5TITUTE IMENI LCN50VE~ IN TH~
b1:VFLnPMFNT OF CHEMICAL INUUSTItY
Moscow KHIMICFESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST~ fn Russfan ho 11, 1978 pp 1b-22
[Article by Leonid Arkadtyevich Kostandov, Minister nf Chemical Industry,
on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the In~.iitute;
[Text] In the report of the General Secretary of the Central Comnittee oi .
the CPSU Comrade L. i. 8rezhnev at the 25th session o` the CPSU, it was noted
that the immediate task of the economic policy of the party r�mafns the ac-
celeration of scientific-technical progress. One of the main directions of
this progress is the chemlzatlon ~developm�nt of chemical industry and intro-
duction of chemical methods and products into industry and everyday life] of
all branches of the national economy. The chemical industry fs one of those
branches whos� productfon, in the words of L. I. 8r�zhnev, ~~serves as a sort
- of catalyst, which accelerates the transition of the entire economy to the
newest technical and technological base.~~ Therefore, the surpassing develop-
ment of the chemical industry is not a temporary phenomenon, but a constant
course for the party~s technical policy. Chemistry is now advancing to thP
forefront of worid science. Scientists reckon that the age of chemistry will
begin in about 1985: at that tlme the volume of polymer production wlll ex-
ce~d the volume of production of the metailurgical branches of industry.
Space, biolagy, genetlc engineering, prolonging human life~ synthesis of new ~
medicines and dyes, production of new types of fuels, sharply raised produc-
tion of agricultural crops and animai husbandry, radio-electrontcs it is -
already impossible for any of these areasof human activity to get along
_ without chemistry.
~~The main directions of development of the IISSR nationai economy for the
years 1976-1980~~ is predicted to be the conducting of scientific studies,
opening principally new roads and possibilities fc~r creating the engineering
and technology of the future. This future is det�rmined today~ sfnce the
~cientific-technical progress of tomorrow will depend on the level and
direction of scientific investigation now and the use of the achievements _
that are ma~e.
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The signfflcance an~~ role of sclence in soclalist society were de~termined in
the first years of ~the Sovlet r�gime. Now, when sclence has become a direct
productive force, i't is called on to play an (mportant role (n realizing the
organic union of tihi~ advantages of the socialist economic system with the
achievements of th~e scientific-technical revolution. The necessity of this
was underscored in i~he decrees of the 25th session of the CPSU and a series
of other program dc~cuments of the party.
A~ the dawn of the development of chemical industry in Russia a cadr~: of
qualified chemical engineers and mechar�cs for the control of chem(cal enter- -
prises, development and design of new plants began to prepare the Petersburg
practicai Technologi~cal Institute, now :he Leningrad Technological Institute _
- imeni Lensovet. Fou~nded fn 1828, it became one of the largest technicai
institutions of high~er education and the first technological inst(tute in
Russia, graduating ~m~~re than 60,000 engineers before the October Revolution.
7he close connection of the Technologicai institute with produr.tion, constant
contacts between its workers and students and the workers of Petersburg enter-
priseS were the reasi~n for the fact that the ~~Tekhnolozhka~~ became a seat of
revolution in the ca~~ital of Russia. V. I. Lenin entered the Marxist circle
~ of engineering studei~ts In the autumn of 1893. Remembering those years, G. .
M. Krzhizhanovskiy nu4ed that ~~the revolutionary center then was very small '
and consisted mainly of students of the Technological Institute~~*. The
- technologists lead wurker~s circles, which ~~rere then united by V. I. Lenin
into the ~~Unlon for 'the Struggle far the Liberation of the Working Class,~~
which was the embryo of th~ revolutionary Marxist party in Russia. V. 1.
Lenin and the technologists V. V. Starkov and G. M. Krzhizhano,vskiy went into
the directing distril~uting troika of the ~~Union'~. On 13 October 1905 the
first meeting of the Petersburg ~oviet of workers delegates took plar.e at _
the institute. In curtxnemoration of this event, in 1923 the institute was -
given :he n~ne Petro~~rad (and subsequentiy Leningrad) Soviet.
Ti~e development of P,ussian technical thought and the beginning of ~ national
science are ciosely i:onnected with the Technological Institute. Within its
walls worked many ch~!mlcal scientists who have made a great contribution to
world science, inclutling the creatnr of the periodic table bf the elements,
0. I. Mendeleyev; th~! founder of thermochemistry, G. I. Gess; the famo~~s
~ organic chemists A. ti'e. Favorskiy, A. E. Porai-Koshfts, F. F. Beil'shtein; -
the physical chemist 0. P. Konovalov and many others. -
The development of s~~veral important chemical inaustries took place on the
- basis of scientific cliscoveries and er,ginee~ing developments of institute
techrologists: A. A. Letniy, the author of the pyrolysis of petroleum;
I. I. Andreev, the cre~tor of contact oxidation of ammoniar A. A. Yakovin,
- the founder of the production of aluminum oxide from bauxite. The begi~ning
* Such was LenEn. RQCOllections of contemporaries. Moacow, Gospolitizdat,
1965, p. 19.
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of the nitrogen industry is closely assoclated with the names L. F. Fokin -
- and K. F. Pavlav, and the plastic industry with the name S. N. Ushakov. The
~ leading role of S. N. Danllov in the founding and develapment of the chemical
- fiber industry (s well known~ The authors of two methods of pr~ducing syn-
thet~c rubber~ S. V. Lebedev and B. V. 8yzov, worked at the Technological
Institute. A triumph of Soviet chemistry was the startup in 1932 of the
world?s first synthetic rubber factory based on the method of S. V. Lebedev. -
The industriai prod~ction of syr.thetic rubber was mastered later in other
countries: In 1937 in Gprmany and in 1942 in the USA.
' The instructors and educators of the institute invested much labor and effort
_ in the organfzatfon of new educational institutions (the Kharkov, Tomsk,
Krasnoyarsk and Kaxakh technological institutes, the Petersburg, Kiev, Donsk,
and the first in Europe womens Peters~urg polytechnical institutes, Ta~kent
tJniversity and others), the largest scientific establishments in the country
(the State ~nstitute for Applied Chemistry, the Scientlfic Research Institute
for Polymerized Plastics, the Institute of High Pressur2s, the AIl-Union
Scientific Research Institutes for Synthetic Rubbers and Petrochemicals,
the Scientific Rese~rch Institute for Lacquers and Paints and others),
design organiz~tions (Giprokhim [Stat� Union Institute for Design of Factories _
for Fundamental Chemical Industry], Giproazotmash [State Institute for
- Design of Nitrogen Machinery Construction], Lengiprogaz [Leningrad State
Institute for Design of Gas Pipelines and Gas Industry Enterprises], the
- State Institute far Mineral Pigments, the Leningrad branch of NIIKhIMMASh
[AIl-Union Scientific Research and Construction Institute for Chem(cal '
- ~Machinery Construction], Rezinoproyekt [State Institute for Design of Resin
Indusi~ry Enterprises], Giprosteklo [State Union Institute for Design of
Glass industry Enterpr~ises], Giprots�ment [All-Union State Design and
Scientific Research Institute for Cement industry] and others. On the basis
of some specialties of the institute, independent technologicai institutes
were formed for the cellulose-paper industry, the food indl!stry (subsequently
moved to Voronezh), the refrigeration industry, textiles and light industry.
~ The Leningrad Technological Institute itself developed during the years of
the Soviet regime as a chemical--technological institution of ~igher educa-
tion, graduating chemical engineers and mechanics far the chemical art~ rela- -
ted branches of industry. The LTI imeni Lensovet has graduated in excess of _
36,000 engineers, more than 3,C100 candidates and 400 doctors of science
_ during the Soviet regime. Now the institute graduates every year more than `
1100 engineers in 30 specfalities; in the deFartments of higher qualification -
more than 600 specialists perfect their knowledge every year.
- More than 1800 pupils of the institute hav� assumed dir2cting responsibili-
ties. Ti~e foilowing persons finished or defended their dissertations at
the !TI imeni Lensovet; thz former president of the State Committee on
Inventions and Discoveries of the USSR Council of Ministers Yu. Ye. Maksarev,
the chief of the Main Administration of the Microbiologicat I~dustry for the
USSR Council oF Minister:, V. D. Belyayev, Oeputy Minister of the Chemical
Industry S. V. Golubkov, Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Machine Building
V. N. Rayevskiy, the generai director of the Leningra~l industriai association
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"Pigment~~ Ye. M. Surzhenko, the director of the Novnmoskovsk (ndustrial asso-
ciation ~~Azot~~ A. A. Zuyev, the director of the Gomel chemical factory V. V.
Babkin, the director of the Leningrad layered plastics factory B. F. Basllayev,
- the director of the factory ~~Krasnyy khimik~~ i. S. Safonov, the director of
- the Vinnitsa chemical combine I. P. Khudoley and man~ other directars of
chemical industry establishments. Other pupils of the LTI imeni Lensovet are -
the director of the State Institute for Applied Chemistry (GIPKh)~ Lenin
Prize laureate B. V. Gidaspov and Heroes af Socialist Labor Ye. A. Sivolodskly, -
S. F. Bulyshev, and V. S. Shpak.
The Leningrad Technological Institute imeni Lensovet has prepared more than
400 eng{neers and 150 candidates and doctors of science for the socialist and
developing countries. Many of them have become great scientists and,leading
specialists in thelr own countries. Thus, for example, LTI pupils P~rofessor
Erns*.--Otto Reger, Dietrich Bulzer and Klaus Hartman are department heads at
higher educational institutions in the German Democratic Republic. Professor
,T~~n Vosolsobe is a dean af the faculty and department head at the Prague
Chemical-Technological Institute; Professor Yaroslav Kallal is deputy director
: of the scientific research institute in Prague. Ryszard Matejski heads a
department at the Krakow Polytechnlca! Institute. Departments in the
Budapest Technologlcai University are headed by member-correspondent of the -
Hun~arian Academy of Sciences Gyul~ Haroy and Or. Peter Feldes. Professor
F.lec Szabo represents th� Hungarian Peoples kepublic in thr internatfonal
Agency at the UN, and Or Jeno Nemeth heads ~ laboratory in the Institute of
Chemical Technology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Many pupils of
the institute have assumed leading responsibilitfes in Bulgarfa, including
Oobre Dobrev, Nikola Dochev, Lyudmil Nikolov, Strakhil Khristov, Ivan ivanov.
Ali of them maintain a constant creative connectlon with the scientists of =
_ LTI imenf Lensovet. ~
- Today the Leningrad Technological Institute imeni Lensovet is preparing
engineers of many types, dedicated to creating highly effective new processes,
conducting automated design of enterprises and controlling modern large-scale
etectrotechnological factories. The Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special-
ized Education of the RSFSR has adopted a detail~d decision on the future
developme~t of the institute as a technical university. ~
Now there are more than 3700.persons working at the institute, including 119
- doctors and 777 candidates of sclence. The institute perfo~ms a great volume
of scientific research, with complex solutions to the most important problems
_ characteristfcaily being obtafned with the participation of several depart-
ments (chemical, chemicai-technological, mechanical and economic) and wide
application of the methods of instrumentai research and computer science.
Engineering solutions, production tests and industrial introduction of funda-
_ me~tal and applied research are conducted in creative concord with branch
institutes and industrial enterprises.
LTI is bound in fruitful creative cooperation with many scientffic research
institutes and enterprises of Minkhimprom [Mir~istry of Chemical Industry],
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including the Sclentific ResQarch Institute of Insectofungicides and Fertili- _
. xers imenl Ya. V. Samoylov (NIUIF), the State Institute of Nitrog�n Industry
(GIAP), the Sclentific Res�arch Physlcal Chemical Institut� imeni L. Ya.
- Karpov (NIFKhI), the Ural Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry
(UNIKhIM), the Scientific R~search Institute of Organic Intermediates and
Dyes (NIOPIK), production associations and factories in Voskresenske, Gomel,
Chardzhou, Maardu, Kingisepp, V(nnitsa, Novomoskovsk, Navgorod~
_ Oneprodzerzhinsk, Chirchik an~ other cities. LTi has especially close con- �
tacts with Leninyrad institutes and enterprises: LenNliGiprokhim [Leningrad
State Scientific Research and Design Institute of Fundamental Chemical
Industry], GIPKh [State Order of the Red Banner of Labor Institute of Applied
Chemistry], the scfentific-production associations ~~Plastpollmer~~ and
"Pigment~~, the factories ~~Krasnyy khfmik~~, layered plastics, imeni
Komsomol~skaya pravda.
The themes and methods of the scientific research of the great creative
collective ~T1 are many and varied. In a short article it is oniy possible
to give separate examples of the developments made at the initiative and with
the participation of th� workers of the institute.
Under the direction of professors M. Ye. Pozin, R. Yu. Zinyuk and B. A.
_ Kopylev at the LTI imeni Lensovet' effective methods of producing mineral
fertilizers have been developed and intraduced into production, a sfgnificant
contribution to the development of the phosphar industry. The process of
producing concentrated phosphoric acid by extraction in the hemihydrate -
regime was created here, giving impetus to the introduction and development
_ of new variants of the process and the further develonment by many enter- -
prises of this effective method. A study of the process of producing phos- -
phates of calcium perMitted intensification of production of double super-
phosphate and several other fertilizers. The problem of producing feed
_ phosphates and pure technical phosphate saltsfrom extractfon phosphoric acid
was solved, obtaining products not inferior in quality to those obtained from
thermi~ acid. The theoretical basics and efficient methods were worked out
- for the development in our country of the production of mineral fertilizers
by nitric acid decomposition of phosphates. Especiaily deserving of inentien
is the work of LTI directed toward the use of low-enrichment (for example -
Karatauskiy) and low-grade natural phosphates. Methods were proposed that
allowed high quality fertilizers to be obtained from them, making it possi-
ble to considerably widen the raw-materiai base of the fertilizer industry.
- Research in the area of mineral fertilizet technology have great significance -
f~nr the future development of that branch. Especially important are the
recently undertaken studies on making minerai fertilizers with regulated
soiubility, working in synchrony with the vegetative rythm of the plants.
AIl of this work brings LTI into close contact with branch institutes and
- enterprises of Minkhimprom.
The head of the department of electrothermics, Professor V. A. Yershov,
proposed methods of modeling the processes taking place in ore ovens on the
_ basis of studies of the reaction spate in the ovens.
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The results ~btalned have been used in mastering high power oven units in
phnsphor productfon at Minkhimprom enterprises. 7his allowed the raw-
material base of the phosphar industry to be considerabl'y widened.
An example of the fru(tful creative concord uf the workers at the inst(tute
with chemica) industry enterprlsrs is the Joint work of the branch labora-
tory of Minkhimprom at the department of catalyst technology with NIUIF, '
GIAP, LenNllGiprokhim, UNIKhIM and many chemical factories. The workers of "
this department, lead by professors I, Mukhlenov and Ye. I. Dobkina, syn-
thesized several effect(ve catalysts after Minkhimprom factories had worked
at the technology of obtaining them. in Voskresensk'construction is being
- completed on the catalyst workshop KS [expansion unkncwn], designed by
LenNIlGiprokhim according to original data gfven by the department of cata-
lysts and Voskresensk chemists. In Novgorod an experimental trial is under-
way for a catalyst of inethanol synthesis developed at the Novomoskovsk
branch of GIAP jointly with Professor V. M. Pomerantsev of ~he department
of cataly~sts and his colleagues. In Novomoskovsk a non-platinum catalyst
for oxidat{on of amnonia made by workers oi the department cooperating with
workers of a branch of MKhTI [Moscow Order of Lenin and Order of the Red
- Banner of Labor Chemical-Technological Institute imeni D. I. Mendeleyev]
and associatlon has already been (n use for several years. The SKTB
[Special Construction-Technological Bureau] of catalysts worked out the
technical conditions and technological regulations for the production of four
catalysts synthesized under the directlon of Professor A. Y a. Averbukh a~nd
candidate of technical science G. N. Buzanova. Trial batches of catalysts
have been made, and experimental apparatus for their use is being constr~~cted .
at factories. Brial baches of various types of vanadium catalysts synthESized
in the department have undergone successful tests at the factory ~~Krasnyy
khimik~~ and several other enterprises.
The branch laboratory of Minkhimprom at the department of catalysts is a
pioneer in catalysis in a fluidized bed in the Soviet Union. Senior scien-
, tific worker of the laboratory A. T. 8artov and Pr~fessor M. F. Mikhalev
jointly Mith workers of NIUIF and several ather organizatfons worked out
severat constructions of contact apparatus with a fluidized bed for the
treatment of both clean and dusty gases.
At the initiative of lecturer V. Ye. Soroko and engineers of the Maardu
chemical factory, the first experimental installation for a waste-free pro-
cess of producing sulfuric acid was assembled and tested. On the basis of
this work NIUIF, Giprokhim and several oth�r orgar~izations developed jointly
- with LTI a principaliy new method of producing s~~lfuric acid i'n a fluidized
bed of gas or liquid.
New constructions af valuabla apparatus with a fiuidized bed of liquid, made
under the direction of professors E. Ya. Tarat and i. P. Mukhlenov, are
being used successfully at many Minkhimprom enterprises and are playing an
important role in cleaning the air basin of harmful wastes.
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At the department of processes and apparatus of chemical industry under the
;iirection of inember-torrespondent of the USSR Academy of Sclences Professor
P. G. Romankov, new original methods have been worked out for drying various
_ materials; high intensity technological processes of adsorption, desorption, _
- extraction, division in separators, mixing, etc. have been developed. Much
of the work of the department has been introcluced�into industry. At the
~'Belor~skaliy~~ combine, for example, the fluidized bed drying installations
have been reconstructed. High productfvity dryers have been introduced at
the Maardu chemical comb(ne, in the paint and varnish and anlline dye industry, _
_ in industrfal trials a new absorber with a microspherical absorbent demon-
strated high effecti~veness and has been adopted for introduction.
The workers of the institute have developed a direct method of ion exchange
extraction of iodine from natural iodine containing waters in an apparatus
with a circulating lay�r of (onite. In this case a high degree of iodine
- extractiori (90~) and the possibility of realizing�a filterless process for
~ extractinq lodine from any lodine containing raw material are attained. Three
factories are befng designed according to the new method by the design admin-
i strat i ona of G IPKh and i ts Pr;;�msk branch.
At the de~artment of chemitai technology of plastics, headed by Professor
A. F. Nikolayev, fundamental and applied research is underway on the synthe- -
sis of wa~ter-soluble polyners, and also polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate.
New catalytic systems have been thosen which are complexes of compounds of
metals with variable valency (Mn, Co, Ni, Fe and others). The use of such
_ catalysts allows a consfderable intensification of the processes of polymeri-
- zation and copolymerization of vinyl monomers. Research on epoxide-phenol
- compositions conciuded with the introduction into industry of a series of _
materials: epoxide-novolac bonding agents for production of foiled fabric
glass laminate at the Leningrad factory of layered plastics, a powdered semi-
- product for foaming at the Gorlovka production association ~~Stirol", an
epoxide-novolac black copolymer at the Orekhovo Zuyevo factory rKarbolit~'. _
, Plastic foams, produced from powders by an origina) technology, have been
~ intraduced at more than 40 factories of twelve minlstries in the capacity of
sealants, heat and sound insufating materials, floats and other uses. The
department does part of its research jointly with the Leningrad NPO
' [scientific production department] "Pigment~', The Okhtinsk NPO ~'Plastpolimer"
has mastered the experimental production uf a film thermoreactive adhesive
BEN, whose introduct;on into industry will considerably raise th2 productiv- -
ity of labor, the reliab;lity and lifetime of products and produce a great
economic effect. In just the period from 1971 to 1977 the department has
received 100 author~s certificates, a portion of which have already been
realized in industry.
Under the direction of prof�ssors A. D. Yakoviev and I. S. Okhrimenko at the
department of chemical technology of organic coatings, organodispersive and
powered dyes based on thermoplastic polymers have been developed~and then
introduced into indus~try.
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. A great contribution to the development of chemical industry and chemical
machinery building fs being made by the workers of the eng(neering-cyberne-
t(cs department, who~are conducting scientific work jointly with other de- �
partments. Thus, the departments of modeling chemical-technoingical pro-
cesses and automated systems of process control in cooperat(on wlth the
department of catalyst technology have developed mathematical models of
~ individual processes in chemical-technological systems. In particular,
work is being done on the applicatfon of compute?;: for optimiz(ng the
technological regime of sulfuric acid systems at the Cherepovets chemical
f actory.
Prafessor V. N. Sokolav and lecturer I. A. Domanskiy have applied a semi-
empirical theory of turbulent transfer to the designof chemical appara~tus,
all4wing a theoretically based description of heat and mass tra~sfer pheno-
mena in apparatus with compiicated hydrodynamic properties, such as for
example bubbling chemical reactors or rotor film apparatus. The new
approach to analyzing the operation of ch�mica) apparatus has acceferated
its introduction into fndustry. ~
_ The construction of bubbling extractors for the double extraction of capro-
lactam, assembled in one of the shops of the Grodne~sk production associa- ~
_ t i on ~~Azot~~, i s i nterest i ng. Due to the use of the pr i nc i p l e of pneumat i c
dispersion of liquids by inert gases, the operating reliability of such ~
apparatus is being raised substantially. Similar extractors can be used .
successfully in other chemical productions also.
The economic effect of the ir~troduced scientiflc deveiopments of the insti-
tute~s workers is 1~ ,~~;;::on rubles per year. HQwever, some promising work
of the LTI scientists has not yet found applfcation in the chemical (ndustry.
~TThe introduction of new scientific ideas into production,~~ said Comrade
_ L. I. Brezhnev at the 25th sesslon of the party, ~~is today a question no
less important than their development.~~ The systematic development of
science and the organization of introduction of its results are provided for
- in the new Constitution of the USSR as an integral part of the function of
the Soviet government. The prablem of introduction lies at the meeting
point of two areas of human activity: science and production. And one of
the routes to its solution is found in this very junction.
T he immediat� task of the scientists of LTI imeni Lensovet and the directors
of the branch institutes and production associations of Minkhimprom is the _
intensification of joint work on the creation and introduction of new effec- -
tive production methods far high quality fertilizers, catalysts, sorbents~
plastics, dyes and paint materials. The union associations of the Mlnistry
- of Chemical industry should make fuller use of the creative energy of the
institute~s scientists, drawing them into the solution of the problems of
technical progress by concluding economic agreements or in the course of
creative concord. It is necessary to encourage in everv way possible the
opening of the basic laboratories and experimental stands of the institute
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= to Minkhimprom enterprfses. The Joint work of tl~e qualified workers of the _
institute and the worker~ of the enterprfses, undoubtedly, will lead to th~
most rzpid rea!izat(on of developments and, what Is no less (mportant, will
stimulate the creative initiative and energy of thz production workers.
,
- It is necessary to regulate the joint use of the unique and scarce research
equipmert and instruments available at the institute and at Minkhimprom enter-
prlses. The enterprises have the right and should in the essence of creative
concord give to the institute on an P,qual basis in the course of technical
relp the necessary machines and apparatus, as long as this does not damage
t he product i ve act i v i t~l of t hP e?; ierpr i se.
Minkhimprom enterprises must, in greater numbers than before, direct to the ~
inst�itute the best young production workers in'cu the preparatory division
(rabfak) and in the capacity of student-directors o~ industrial enterprises.
The departments of the institute and the enterprises of the minlstry must
intensify the joint leadership of young engineer gradu3tes in the period of
their probation at the enterprises. The best engineers~ showing themselves
the most creat~ve workers, should be directed into specialized post-grad- -
uate study at the institute. Another effective form of creative contacts is
the mutual probation of LTI instructors at ministry enterprises and workers -
of the scientific research institutes and factorles in the scientific
research laboratories of the institute.
Of great significance for the ministry enterprises is the organization at LTI _
- imeni Lensovet of a department of higher qualifica�ion of engineers which
would not only attract qualifi�d teachers, but would also use the laboratories -
= of LTI, equipped with modern equipment and Instruments, and also the powerful
computing center, which the Institute of higher~qualification of Minkhimprom
- does not have.
- It is well known that practical production experience is a necessary part of
the preparation of an engineer, a most important form of technical perf!:ction
and ideological education. Therefore, heightened attention should be paid by
the leaders of both the ministry enterprises and the institute to the pr~duc~- -
tion practicai ~xoerience of the students.
Congratulating the collective of many thousands of students, teachers,
scientific colleagues an~ workers of the Leningrad Technological institute
impni Lensovet on its glorious 150th jubitee, I want to wish it future
- development, creative successes and strengthened fruitful cr,~~cord with
industrial enterprises. _
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimicheskaya Promyshlennost"', 1978
and 1979
9251
CSO: 1821
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~4It 0~'~tCIAL U5~ dNLY
CIiCM1CAL INUUSTKY ANn It~LAT~:7 ~(~UIPM~NT
~ UDC 6~i ( 574 )
DEVELOPNE NT AND LOCATION OF CF~MICAL INDUSTRY IN KAZAKH SSR
Moscow KNIMICFE~~?YA PROMYSNLENNOST~ in Russian No 1, 19'~9 pp 5~+-57
[Articl� by D. A. Volkcv]
CText] The [onst~nt growth in stale of ehemical production r�qui~~es a
thorough study of the various natural and economic p�culiarities of the
national republics and large economic regions of the USSR with th� goal of
- ratEonal and effective placement of the chemical industry. Deserving special
attention is the development and locatfon of chemical industry in the Qastern _
regions of the country, in particular in Kazakhstan. 7h�se regions possess
enormous resources of the necessary mineral raw materials and fuel, and
sources for productian of cheap electrical energy.
Chemical industry is a comparatively voung brancn of the Kazakhstan economy.
Although its first enterprises, very sma;l in comparison with modern scales
of productfon, were started at the end of the 1920~s an0 beginning of the
1930~s, the extensiv� development of this branch began only after the Second
Worid War, in the 1950's. During the next 15 to 20 years a large and many-
branch�d chemical in~ustrv toak shape in the republic, support�d by the
resources of various chemical raw material deposfts found here: flrst of
ali the phosporites of the Karatau basin, and also the mineral salts, barites,
chromites, quartzltes, carbonate anC sulfu~ contafning ores, etc. The us�
of local and imported hydrocarbon raw matprial petrQieum, natural and
by-product gases and products processed from them is taking on greater
significance. The prese~ce of enormous sources of cheap energetic coai and
the possibility of obtaining a large amount of electrical energy both from
utilizatlon of the coal and by bringing in electrical energy from �IseNhere
- (from neighboring Central Asia) facilitates the creation here of large fuel
and power consuming chemical indust~ies. A characteristic of the chemical
- industry of Kazakhstan is the concentration of a whole series of its indus-
tries (sulfuric acid, several types of mineral fertilizers, products of
organic synthesls, etcs) at enterprises ef non-chemical b~anches non-
= ferrous and ferrous metailurgy and others, which is connected with the
complez use of the raw materials that they require and the utilization of
the wastes of basic production.
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Th~ thrmical and petro~hem~cal Industry of Kazakhstan during th� last d�cad~
(1966-1975) has dQVeloppd et rates outstripping thQ national avQra9Q. ThQ
gross autput of chemical enterprlses of the branch durfng this pQrlod -
t~creas�d by more than ~ fector of 4.1 natlonally, and by a factor of atmost
- 4.5 in Kazakhstan. In iust tha yQars of the ~inth five-year pl~n th� output
of productlon of themical industry In the Kazakh SSR IRCrQasQd by a factar
of 1.9, while thp ~ndus4rial prod~ctlnn as a whol~ gr�w by a~factor nf 1.4
[1]. The role and slgniflcante of the republic in natlonal chemical produc-
tinn, In the ccst of basic Industrial production stocks of thQ branch~ in the
numbpr of p�rsonnQl ~mployed in it have increased notic�ably. As a result of _
the yrowth in produrtion of sQVQraI �nQrgy consuming typ�s of production~
Kazakhstan occupied first placa among the large econom~c regions of th�
cauntry in terms of its proportlon of the totai piectrical enQrgy consumption
by chemical Industry~ in thQ USSR.
The chpmita) ~n~'ustry is beginning to pl~y a mnrQ and more Im~ortant role in
the national economy_ of the repu~llcs: its proportion in 1975 was about a.~~6
of the total cost of industrlal production. In terms of the v~lume of capi-
tal outlays alloted to its d2vefopment, it otcupies one of the I�ading posi-
tions alongside such branches as non-ferrous and ferrous matallurgy, elpct~i-
tal e~ergy and branches of the fuel Industry. In just the years of the
ninth five-year plan about a bllllon Rubi�s were investedin the development
of chemical industry [1].
The most significant growth of production is seen in th� leading branches of
, the chemical industry mini~g and fundmnental themistry, especially in the
ouiput of phosphatQ raw materiais and manufacture of mineral fertili2ers.
More than 3/4 of the total tost of cortmodity chemlcai productlon goes tn
these br~nches. They'basically determine the modern specializatlon of
Kazakhstan chQmical industry in the country. in 1975 about 90q6 of the -
yellow phosphorus, 609b of the feed phosphates, 30 ~ of the phosphate raw -
materials, mor� thar~ 40 ~ of th4 calcium carbide and chrom(um salts~ one-
sixth of the phosphor fertilfzers, approximately 1/10 of the sulfuric acid, '
etc. were produced anC manufactured here for the nat(on [1]. Ouring thc
ninth five-year plan the ~Karatau" productlon association turned into a
le~ding phosphate raw material producing enterprise in the country, seconC
oniy to the production association ~~Apatitt~ in scale of production. The ~
output of phosphorites increased by a factor of 3.3 and reached more than
10 miltion tons per year [2,3]. In the attainment of such consi0erable
growth the large s[ale opening up of the Ozhanatas deposit had great signi-
ficance: its open-=ait min�s became the main supplier of phosphat� raw
material. The growth in mining of phosphorites permftted increasing the
' output of yellor+ phosphorus at the factories in Chimkent and Ozhambul.
Sulfuric acid produttion has been increased both by expanding the output of
the existing chemical inOustry enterprises i~ Aktyubinsk and Ozhambul and by
the startup of new sulfuric acid plants at enterprises of non-chemicai
branches i~ Dzhezkasgan~ 8aikhash and s�veral other cities. The manufacturing
of sulfuric acid in the republic gr�w during these years by more than a fac- ~
tor of 1.4; from 1,229~000 tons in 1930 to 1,732,000 tons in 1975 [4~.
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Due to th� considerable de~~~lopment of the raw materi~l and seml-product base~
� thp productlon of mineral 1'ertil(zers has Increased sharply., In 1975 It was
more than 5.8 mill~on tons (in comparison units) and 2.9 t{mes greater than
by the bpginning of the fl~ve-y�~r pl~n [4]. Kezakhstan went to thp fnrpfrdnt
. of the country in thQ dev�lopment of this branch, becoming on� of the largest
producers of phosphorus fertilizers ~th� output grew by almast a factor of 10
from 1961 to 1975). A considerable increase in the scale of mbnufacturing of
y211ow phosphorus allowed an expansion of not only the output of phosphorus '
and compound fQrtilizers, but also of ~uch products as sodium tripolyphosphate
(a raw material for the preYY~tion of synthetic detergents), phosphorus salts~
QtC�
During the ninth five-year plan in Kazakhstan the production of fe�d phos- -
phates, chromium salts, was increased; output of caustic soda and several
oth�r chloroprodutts gut undPrway.
ConsiderablQ strides wQre madQ also in the development of the organic chemi-
' cal branches. At the metallurgical factary in 7emirtau the production of
coking byproducts is growing; at the Karagandinsk factory SK production
based on the use of calcium carbide and carbide acetylene. The production
of synth�tic resins and plastics at the Gur~yevsk chemicat factory and chemi-
cal fiber at the factory i~~ Kustanay increased. Output of synthetic deter-
gents, fibergiass prQducts and everyday ch�mical cortmodities has been organized.
In Sarani (Karagandinakaya Oblast~) a resin products fattory has come on
line, At th� same time it shoul~! be emphasized that the vo~ume and range of
production of the organic ~:hemical branches are st':II not large~ Especiall~r
weakly developed are the branches of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry,
which is a distinguishing ~feature of the structure of chemical industry in
Kazakhstan. This is cause~i by the insufficient development of production ~
by treatment of petroleum ,snd byproduct gases, and consequently of the semi-
products of organlc synthesis productfon.
A fairly wide dispersal of the factories is characteristic of the tontempor- `
ary place~�nt of themical industry In the republic. At present there are
chemical enterprises and factori�s (a total of more than fifty) at 37 loca- -
tfons in Kazakhstan, located in ali five of its large subregions: the
Western, Southern, Northern, Central and Eastern. Together withtMsthe high
- concentratio~ of chemical industry in the south of the republic should be
noted. In recent years the m~in volume of new construction, and also recon-
struction and expansion of existing enterprises of the branch, has been in
the Southern suDregion. H~ere one of the larg~st territorial-production
comploxes in Kazakhstan ha~s taken shbpe; the Dzhambul-Karatauskiy~ whose
specialty is the mining an~f treatment of phosphate raw material. Closely
co~,nected with this Complex are the chemical enterprises of Xhe Chimkent
industrial cer~ter. The main part of the chemical production in the republic
takes piace now in Chimk�nt, OZhambul and Karatau. In the ninth five-year
_ pla~ the rol� and si4nifica~~ce in the branch of the Central subregfon (Kara-
~nndingk~ya and Dzezkazganskaya oblasts) has considerably increased, the ~
chemical industry developing in ciose connection with ferrous and non-ferrous
metallurgy, and also using locaf resources of carbonate raw material. Largr
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chemical produttlon centers have formzd heres 7emirtau, Saran; Balkhash and ~
Dzhezkasgan. in thp We~tern subr�glon~ on the bas~is of the use Qf locai
m(neral and pQtrolQUm-gt~s raw mat�rlal resourcQS, chQmical industry centprs ~
- have also arisen, such ~s Aktyubinsk, Agla, Gur~yev and othars. Th~ North�rn
and EaRtern subrQglons ~re considQrably behlnd the flrst two subr�gions in the
Ievel of dQVelopm�nt of thQ branch, which Is due to absQncp up to recent -
tlm2s of the necassary condit{ons and prerequisltes for this. However~ in
rQCent yQers thQ situatlon hns b~gun to changQ fn connection with the opQning
up of lor.al resourcQS of m~nQral raw mater(al, the Qxpanslon of complQx use
of other minQrnl riches and thQ considerable strengthQ~ing of thQ fuel and
_ power base. Chamical ent�rprlsQS and factories havQ located in Kustanay,
Ust~-Kamenogorsk, Leninogorsk and other citl2s.
In determining the outlook for futurQ dQVelnpment of chemical industry in.
Kazakhstan, many fattors must bt takQn into atcount. As was ment~~ned above~
the advantageous factors include thQ prQSence in the r�pub~lc of IargQ and
various chpmical raw material resources, and also cheap fuel (and in rQCent
years cheap electr~cal power using the coals of Ekibastuz) in combination
with advantageous conditions for utilizing thQm.
The �conomy of Kazakhstan displays a consta~~t, always growing demand on chem-
ical productlon. Especiaily grQat is th� need of agriculture for mineral
fertilizers. According to somQ calculatfons, ir~ ord�r to satisfy th� entire ~
demand of the republic~s agriculture for min�ral fertilizers, not less than
15 - 20 miliion tons per year must be produced (the prQSQnt I�vel of use is
- about 3 million tons) (4]. Zht demand for synth�tic and polymer materials
(plastics, chQmical fibQr, productf~n of the rQSin-asbestos industry, ete.)
is growing rapidly.
The convenient transport and geographical situation of Kazakhstan facilitates
the export of surplus production to the neighboring regions of Povolzhtye,
Ural, Western Siberia and Centrai Asia and th� import of lacking raw materials
and prepared ch�m(cals.
A stimulant for the future dev�lopment of chemistry is the rapidly growing
economic potentia! of th~ Kazakh SSR, its many-faceted economy, playing the
roles of not oniy an enormous consum�r, but also a supplier of chemicai raw
material and ready produttion.
Another propitious factor is the pr�s�nce in sevQral region~ of the republic
of sufficient resources of labor, large construction organizations, fairly
good transportation facitities in the north�rn and southern regions, th�
presence of ar�as for construction, and also barren closed basins for the
disposal of harmfui industrial wastes, etc.
At the s~ne t(me the existence and effect of factors holding back the devel-
opment of chQmicat Industry must b� taken into account. In the first piace
; there is the strnined balance of water resources and their un�v�n distributlon
over the territory of tha republic. The choice of locations, and also the
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- SC0125 uf developmen~t of water-consuming industrles are limlted. Tha~zon~l
surc~~arge co�fficlQnts for constructian and assembly work end w~ges effpctive
In some rQg~ons of the K~z~kh SSR, du~ to the h~gher cost of Iiving and the
mora rigorous conditiohs for labor and construct~on as compared wfth the
central-EuropQan r�glons of thQ country, will worsen the~technic~l-~conomit
indlcators of production for s�verai capital- and labor-Intensive ch�mical ~
products. -
Studies condur.ted during thQ last few ypars have shown that Kazakhstan Is ona
nf th� region~t of the country in which fn perspective the production of a
comparatlvQly widQ circle of ch�mlcal products is economically advantageous.
Thus, In the production of a serles of chemitals th~ republic specialize
- on the r.ational scale, since the export of a consid�rable portion of such _
_ products from h�r� to many IargQ economic reglons wlll b� mor� effic(ent than
= producing tnem at th~ placQS of consumption.
At the same time, in dQtermining the prospect$ for the d�velopm2nt of che~ni-
cal industry in Kazakhstan and~ In particular, In determining th� scales of
- manufacturing and the assortment of chemical products, a very careful and
complete consid�ration of the specific charact�r of the rppublic and its ~
sep~rate large subregions from th� point of view of t:~� possibility o~
obtaining water, energy, laber resources and construction bas~s for th~r chem-
ical industries trtat�d is requir�d.
The current fiv�-yQar plan is a n�w, qualitativ~ly important stagQ in the
_ devetopmQnt of chemical indust~y in Kazakhstan. Som� figures wfl) give an
idea of the I~rge scop� of work done here. 2.5 biilion rubles h~va been
allocated to the development of the branch~ 2.? times mnre than in the last
five-year plan. The volume of production output should.increase by a factor
of 2.4 [1]. , �
A s in the pr2vious five-year plan, co.,~siderable attention is paid to the '
development of the chemi.:ai mining industry, which has great significance
both from the point of vfew of supplying th� con4inuously growing demand of
the econnmi�s of thQ repubiic and the country as a whole for a series of
products obtained from the th�mical rrinir,g of raw mat�rial in Kazakhstan and -
from the point of view of an efficient approach to th� utilization of labor
and especlally water resources. Chpmicat mining industries make relatively
low demands on labor and nQed practically no water for production purposes.
A s before, the mining of phosphorites will occupy a leading plaCe i~ the
chemical mining industry. The growing demands of the natlonal economy for
phosphorus fertilizers, phosphorus and its saits dictate the n�c�ssity of a
considQrable increase in the min;ng of phosphate raw material in th� Karatau
b~sin and the b�ginning of exploitatir.n of the Atyubir.sk phosphorit�s. In
the five-y�ar p~an about 1 Olllion rubles of capitai outlays have been allo-
- cated to the future development of eristing mines (first of all in Zhanatas)
and the opening up of naw deposits in the Karatau basin, 1.5 timQS gr�ater
than in the eighth and ninth five-year plans [5]. Annual output of 20 milifon
tons of phosphorit� ore and 13 miliion tons of commarcial [nfossyrtye"
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mQaning unknown] will be implemented~ Three new mines ar� slated for Qxploi-
tation nt thQ npwly openQd dQposits of Kokdzhon~ T~yesay and Koksu [5]. 1'h~
capacitles of th2 crushQr-gradar and crushQr~grlndQr factorl�s~ the siliceous
fl~ix factoriQS and other Important ob)ects arQ growing.
Calculations show fhe advisability of bringing thQ scale of annual phosphor-
ite mining In Karatau up to 40 million tons and grQ~ter. 7he ore resprves in
the basin (in QxcQSS af 1.5 blllion tons) can supply such a high IQVpI for
~ several decadQS [1~.
5peci~l attQntion is bQing given to thQ OfficiQnt and complex use of phosphate
raw matQrlal. ~'he introduction in the tQnth flve-yQar plan of the Novo-
Dzhambulskiy phosphorus factory will makQ it possible to start tr~ating the
fine or� that has not yet found us� and goes into the tailings. Also proposed
- Is wider usQ of the rQlatively low-grada ores (with ph.osphorus anhydride con-
tent up tc 24 which make up about a thlyd of the r�sQrvQS of the basin.
_ 8oth chemical (sulfurlc acid) and electrothermal treatment of thQ phosphate
raw materiai will rQCtive devQiopment.
_ Wide exploltat~on nf tha new phasphatQ raw matQrial cQnters of the country
wiil be startQds thQ Aktyubinsk basin with rQServes exceeding 1 billion tons~
in particular the Chit(kaysk deposit. 8y thQ Qnd of thQ five-year a m~ne and
a separating factory will b� built her�. The output of phosphorite concen-
trate is projectQd to reach 950 thousand tons ppr y�ar with thQ prosp�rt of
cansid�rable Increases in product~on in th� pQriod of thQ elaventh five-year
plan [6].
7he growth of production of yQllow phosphorus and phosphorite conc�ntrate
from the ores of the Karatau and Aktyubinsk basins, and also the expansion of
the use of local and c�ntral Asian naturai gas, will create a real basis far
future increas�s in the output of minQral fertilizers. Their production will
increas� during the five-y�ar by a factor of 1.3 [7]. ThQ production increas�
is projectQd to be mainly duQ to expansion of the existing enterprisQS in
pzhambul and Aktyubinsk. Construction of thQ Karatauskiy chemt.:o~ ~actorr,
which will specialize in the p~oduction of ammophos, is undarway. In the
strutture of manufactured fertlliz�rs phosphorus fartillzQrs will, as pre-
viousiy, prQdominate (more than 3/4 of th� totai output). in th� production
of phosphorus fertilizers Kazakhstan is in fourth place ~nong the IargQ
economic r�gions of the country and first piace in the group of eastern
regions. Minerai fertilizQrs will bQ produced main;y in the form of com-
pound and highly conc�ntrated phosphorus fQrtilizers: anmophos, nitrophos,
double supQrphosphate, and subsequQntly nitroammophoska, ammonium polyphns-
phate and others [8J.
- in the pr�sent five-year a stgnificant step fdrward Mill bQ made in th� de-
velopment of thQ organic chemistry branch. First to come on lina wili be a
plastics factory specializing in the productlon of polystyrene. As raw
mat�rfal for this enttrprise, thQ production of a Kazakh gas treatment fac-
to~y is to be used. The country~s first factory for polyvinyl chloride
textilQ staplQ is to be start~d in Kustanay. This Niil doublQ the production
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of chemlcal fibars it~ ~he r�public [9]. At the resin products factory in
Saran~ expansfon of ~~hQ catalog and production volume.of rQSin products Is
fores�~n. In Chimkent a IargQ r�sih-asbestos combin� Is b~ing built, who~e
first units the ci~rlon-black and tire factories wlll come on Itne at
thQ end of thls fiv�~�y~ar [10~. FurthQr developm~nt of the organic chemistry
branches wlll be clo;tQly connected with th~2 construction of petroleum pro-
cessing fattorles in P~vloder and Ch~mkent, the expansion of the Gur~y�v
petroleum processing factory and th� capacity for treatment of byproduct
' ga~�s on thQ Mengyshlak pQnlnsula, to be accomplished soon. Thp startup or
expanslon of capacit;l of thes� enterprises, and also units of the chlorine
_ industry, coking bypi~oducts and other branches will allow 4he out~ut of
semi-products nnd pri~ducts of organic synthesis, and also polym�r mat�rlals,
to be sharply incr�a~s�d.
It can b� QxpQCted tl~at thQ branches of polymer ch�mistry will ,ccupy a laad-
inQ position In the ~:hemical Industry of Kazakhstan. In additic~n, considering
the IimitQd possibilities for the territorial ~ocation of these, as a rule,
water consuming bran~:h�s, a careful cholce o~ r�gions and points of location -
of thQir enterprises is required with obligatory coordination of the long-
term development in ~th�se areas of other brbnches of the etonomy. It is
cruci-lly important ~to �stablish in these entQrprlses the most effirient -
structures and volum~ts of production so that they will b� in balance with
the wat�r Qconomies i~f their locatfons.
Among th� problQms cifnnQCtQd with the n�cessity of improving the branch and
territorial structur~~ of ch�mical industry in Kazakhsta~ and on whose sotutfon
it is necessary to tuncentrate Offorts in the near future, severai of the ~
most urgent ones should be mentioned. In particular, the pressing need for
constructing a specl~ilized varnish and paint factory in the republic has
becofie immin�nt. Thit importatian of varnishes and paints in considQrable
quantity and wide as~:ortment from distant, mostly European rQgions of the
country is economicaily inefficient and leads to increased production costs
for the consum�rs. 1'he republic has the n�cessary raw material resources
in the furm of serni-~~roducts and products of coking and p�trochemistry, etc.
for the creation of ~;hls enterprise. Analogous conditions appiy in relation
to the organization irf soda production. The demand of the Kazakhstan economy
for carbonate of sod~~ is growfng very fast and has for a long time not been ~
ful,; satisfiQd. 8e;sides, calculations have confirmed the economic advisa-
bility of constructii~g a soda factory fn the Inder regio~, r+hich is well _
suppliQd with raw ma~t�r1al, water, energy sources and (what is Qspecially
important from the pi~int ot vlew of protecting the envlronme~t) prepossessing
condltions for the e~iacuation of industrial wastes.
In planning tha f~tui�e construction of new factories in the mineral fertilizer
industry it Is n�c�s:;ary to pay att�ntion to improving th�ir territorial -
location, in particular in the developm�nt of this branch in thQ nortt~ern
regions of the repuD~ic. As raw material here the natural gas of WestQrn
Siberia c~ be used, taking into account the p~ojected export of (t in the
near future to thQ P~~vlodar, TsQlinograd and Karagandy regions.
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From the point of vlQw of ineeting the demands of thQ economy and population -
of the republic for a widp assortment ~nd volume of evprydny chemical commo~
dities and plastic products, and also from the point o} vi�w of the npces-
_ sity of efficlQnt usQ of thQ labor rQSOUrc�s prgsQnt in thQ small and medlum
riti~s (expQtially in some places in Southern and Northern Kazakhstan),
It Is necessary to direct efforts toward the development of thesQ Industries.
The solution of the current and proj�cted problems of the development and
location of chemical industry IR the Kazakh SSR wlll put this branch on a
nQw, higher I�vQl. It wili pQrmit the Ievel of chemization of the economy to
be sharply raisQd, will enablQ Incre~sing t~e economlc efficiency of produc-
tlon and strQngthQning of thp republic~s rol� In th� economy of the country.
BIB~IOGRAPHY
t. pRAVOA~ 25 August 1977. _
2. pRaVDA, ;:7 December 1975.
3. PRAVDA~ 13 May 197"5.
4. Narodnlya khozyaystvo SSSR v 1975 g. Statisticheskiy yezhegodnik
[~~National �conomy of the USSR in 1975. Statistical annual~~], Moscow,
~~Stat i st i cat~, 1976, p. 253, 384.
5. Alimkulov, T. M~ KHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST~, 19T6, No. 9, p. 645.
6. Kozhevnikov, A. 0. KNIMICFESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOSTt, 1977, No. 3, p. 168.
7. Narodnoye khozyaystvo Kazakhstana ["Economy of Kazakhsta M~], 1977,
No. 8, p. 10.
8. 12VESTIYA, 9 Oecember 1975.
- 9. KAZAKHSTANSKAYA PRAVDA~ 19 November 1976.
10. KOMSOMOL~SKAYA PRAVOA, 2 F�bruary 1975.
COPYRI(~~: Izdatel'stvo "i~imiya"~ "Khimicheskay~ I'rom~yehlennoat'", 1978 -
ewa 1979
9zs~
CSO: 1821
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- CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED EQUIPM~NT
- BASYC TRENDS OF bEVELOPMENT OF pRODUCTION OF ELA3TOMERS AND ITEMS MAbE FROM -
TNEM IN THE US3R
Moecow KAUCHUK i REZSNA in Ruesian No 1, ig79 pp 3�7
(Article by V. 8. Fedorov, minister of oil prxesaing and petrochemical
industry of rhe USSR)
(Text) In fulfilling resolutiiong of the Communist Party af the Soviet
~nion on stirengthening the economic potential of our country, Soviet
petroleum chemiata in the leat decade have ensured the accelQrated
development of the aynthetic rubber, tire, and technical rubber article
industry.
By making wide use of the sxialist system of management, modern a-
_ chievemente of science and technology, resulls of fundamental and applied
research conducted in eaientific organizat~ans of the USSR Ac:ade~y of
3ciences and aector institutes= having laid basic emphasis on the
reconstcuction and expa.nsion of opecating enterprises, we have virtually
doubled the output of these kinds of production. In recent years some new
_ plants and milla have been put into operation: the Nizhnekamsk petro-
chemical concern, the Bobruyskshina manufacturing assxiation, the Belo-
taerkov menufacturing association of tires and rubber and ~sbestos
articles, the Balakov, Karagenda, Angren, and Barnaul industrial rubber
products plantst and manufacture of polyisaprene was organized aC the
Nizhnekamak petrochemical plant.
Guided by resolutions of the Novem~a., 19~8 plenum of CPSU CC, positions
end conclusi~ns contained in the ~peech of comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the
plenum, petroleum worker~ and petrxhemists last year achieved new labor
successes. by fulfilling annuel assignments according to the primary
technical and economic indicators and major kinds o~ production.
Workers of the synthetic rubber industry completed three years of the five- -
year plan on rubber manuEacture ahead of schedule--on 28 Decembert ~+orkers
of the technical rubber industcy fulfilled three years of the five-year
plan on the total volume of production by 21 December. The quality of
- producta was raised. In the tfre industry and aynthetic rubber industry
the relative significance of production with the State Seal of Quality
exceeded 50 percent, while in the aector as a whole it constituted 33
- percent.
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3cient~ete and apecidlists of auch leading scien~ifie research inseitudes
as All-Union 3cientific Reseerah Ynstitute of Synthetic Rubber imeni
Lebedev, Order of Lenin 3cientific ltesearch Tngtitute of the Tire
2ndustry, Scientific Research ina~i~ute of the Rubber industry, 8cientific
Reaearch instiitute of Rubber and LaC~x Articlea, and others, have made a
ponderoua contribution to thie work.
In our country the largegt industry of synthetic rubber in the ~rorid has
been devieedt �ta foundation was laid 46 yenrs ago by an ocqanization based
on domeatic developmenta of industrial production of polybutadiene uaing
the mEthos of Academician 3ergey Vasil'yevich Lebpdev.
Being an organic parti of the oil proces8ing and petrochemical industry, and
having ae its disposal significant reeources oE raw materials--pror]ucts of
oil prxeseing and accumpanying gases of petroleum extraction--thie sector
provides the national economy of the country with almost all known types of
synthetic rubber.
The distinctive feature of the domestic synthetic rubber industry is the
leading development of polyieoprene productiion. With a general increase
of manufacture of synthetic cubbers in the last 10 years roughly equal to
its growth in other countrieg of the world, the volume of production of
polyisoprene increased during this period by a factor of 7s and now our
country holds first place in the ~rorld in the production of this elastamer.
In the general volume of praluction of synthetic rubbera, rhe percentage of
stereoregular rubbere constitutes over 50 percent, and in 1980 it will
_ reach almogt 60 percent, and polyisoprene aill caapriee 40! of the total
production.
Technical progresa in the synthetic rubber industry at all major stages of
its development was mainly linked with achieves of acience in poly- -
merizational catalysis and especially in the theory and application of
polyisoprene production. Reseerch on chemistry of polyisoprene first
show~d the posaibility of controlling the growth and structure of the
macromolecule, and made it poeaible to establieh fundamental patterns in
ion-coordinated catalysis, enriching acience on polyn~ers as a wholes
information on the nature of aative centecs obtained by the method of
nuclear-magnetic resonance firet yate our acientigta the poseibility to
propose a mechanism of polymer chain link formation conaaon for all the 1,3-
dienes. It is notably on this basis, by perfecting catalystic systems,
that we were able in the production of polyisoprene to awre than double
technological productivity, raise output and stereoregularity of rubber,
and improvea its molecular composition.
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' The newly developed polyieoprene conaises of 9'l to 98 percene cie-1,4 _
linkg~ Proc9uotion of SKi-3 ~eynthetic ieoprene rubber) �ree of the gel
fr~ctian hag been b~gun. The "gel-free" highly ~terenregular poly-
isoprene, manuf~ctiured today only in the U58~, is essentially a new rubber
whose seti of properties surpeases the polyisopreneg produced in o~her -
countrieg. It hag wonderful technological properties. increased average
molecular weight, leseer polydispersity, high atereoregular~ty, and as a~
result, tenclency toward orientatiion under aonaitions of deformation: thp:e
- featuree ensure improved elagtic and dynamic properties of the rubbers, as
well as their hiqher atrength and fatigue resistance. Good proapecta for
further improvement of the quality of this elastomer have been revealed by
the poaeibility of contro111ng not only the s~ereoregularity but also the
regiospecificity of macromolecular etiruc ture during the synthesis process.
New catalytic systems have been developed which make it possible to
synthesize polyieoprenea atructured ~uat like natural rubber, exclusively ~
by the "head-t~il" principle. Practical realization of the production
method for this rubber in industry will be done in the near future.
Having concentirated efforte of the collectives of acfentific research
organizations in the atudy of poesible further improvement of the quality
of synthetic polyisoprene by meane of chemical modification, we were able
to raiae the coheaion atrength of rubber mixtures based on it, improve the
set of elestoplaetic, elastohisteresis, and fatigue characteristics of
vulcanized ruabers ana produce rubber whose properties surpass those of
naturel rubber vulcaniz~tes. The results of scientific research completed
in recent yeara provide actual grounda for synthesis of polyisoprene whose
set of properti�g are superior to natural rubber.
The result of many yeara of reaearch is the forthcoming organization of
production of an alternative copolymer of butadiene and propylene: a new
elastomer whose dietinctive feature is the combination of wonderful
elastic properties at low temperatures with high phyaical and mechanical
indicators. Th�is elastomer has better freeze-reaiatance, resiatance to
abrasion, and elasticity than polyisoprene= and better resistance to
oxidation than stereoregular polybutadiene.
Optimum conditions for synthesis of butyl rubber in a hydrxarbon solvent
have been found, enauring higher technical and economic indicators of this
procese.
Reseacch has been conducted on creation of new elastomers by means of
poZymerization Nith ring opening of low-stress or unstressed cyclic
olefina, as well as work on synthesis of various kinds of oligomer. rubbers
with functional end groups by radical, catalytic and migrational poly-
nMrization methoda. Production has been organized for oligomer rubbers
aith adequately broad apectrum of molecular parameters and functional
groups. Several sectoca of the national econanic hAVe already found it
economically profitaible to use oligodienes due to their valuable set of
propecties: technological effectiveness, high freeze resistance and elas-
ticity, good dielectric pcoperties at?d moisture resistance, compatibility
with general purpose rubber and atandard fillecs, high resistance to
hydraulic abrasion and cavitation. -
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The problem of crea~ing elastomers for production of articles which
operate ati extreme temperaturea, preasurea, and mechanical loads was
resolved by our acien~iata by meana of syntheais of polymers with
nonhydrx arbon main chains and short hydrocarbon residues in the frame-
work. Maximum substitiution of hydrogen atoma by fluorine in the main chain
was also done.
In some compoaitions based on eiloxane rubbers, d specia]. place is occupied
' by self-adheaive, hea~-reaiatant, electrical insulating materials LETSAR
and RETSAR whiah aperate in rhe temperature range -60 to +300 degrees
Celsius. Origina~ methods have recently been found for synthesizing
siloxane elastomers with expanded temperature range of freeze and thermal
resistance and enh~nced oil and gasoline resistance. Rubber made of
Lestosil brand ia efficient in a temperature range of -80 to +400 degrees
Celsius, while rubber items made of Silar rubber can be suacessfully used
- at temperatures running from -10 to +300 degrees Celsius.
it ia fully understood that the creatfon of a wide range of elastomers of
- both genera: and apecial purpose is no~ a goal in itself, but a means of -
improving quality of rubber--a construction material for a large variety
of itpms, most massive of which are pneumetic tires. ~
in the tice industry the greatest growth has been achieved by the manu-
facture of tires for light and heavy vehicles, as well as for tractors and -
agricultural machinery. The production volume for tires designed for
- tractors and agricultural machinery in our country has r,iow become
comparable with the total output of the countries of Western Europe and the
United States of America.
A typical property of the tire industry of the Soviet Union is the high
level of concentration and specialization ~f production. P1Ant capaciti~~
in manufacturing and reprxessing rubber mixtures go as high as 800 tons
per day. Enterprises manufacture a comparatively limited variety of
tires--about 15 to 20 types of tires.
The main trend in tire production technology was selected by the design of
its maximum continuity, and the maximum automated complex lines, virtually
to the compl~te exclusion ef manual operations in the process. Tire plants
now ~uccessfully utilize automated self-justifying flow lines for assembly
' and vulcanization of inner tubes. In the n~,~~r future a completely
automated vulcanization shop will be put into operation.
As~concerns the construction of tires, radial~ply tires have become the
main interest: polyester cord in the body and steel belts in the breaker.
The construction of tires constructed only with steel cord is being
assimilated.
Work has been done to create low-profile tires which most fully meet the ~
needs imposed on the cargo-carrying capacity of a vehicle, and to study the
properties of synthetic fibers which can replace metal cord as applied to ~
tire conatruction.
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Res~arch irti mechanics nf tires, both the external road-tire-automobile
systa~m and the internal atructure is importan t: establiahing a link
between the external c haracteristics of a tire cnd ita design and
elebnration of ine~hods of predicting tire propertiea in the planning stage
form the baeis for optimum tire design.
A large group of Soviet scientists, as before, are working on the fun-
damental problem o� the composition and properties of rubber. Serious -
attention is given to improvement of rubber properties and from this
_ standpoint, the atudy of the proper~ies of boundary layers of polymers in
microheterogeneous multicomponential elastomeric matrices, selection of
an optimum combination of rublaers for each tire part, creation of effective
modifying systems, the search for new �illers and methoda of dispersion.
We know that the actual strength of rubber is only 8 to 10 percent of
theoretical, and one of the central problems is the substantial increase in
- streng th indicators of rubber by creating a technology of proceasing
rubber of high molecular we�ght and seeking vulc anizing and stabilizing -
systems which ensure a minimum degree of destruction of molecular chains
during the manufacturing process and use of the rubbers.
An important value for control of production processes and properties of
the end items is offered by research on the rheological behavior of rubber
mixtures during manufacture and reprocessing, the effect of chemical
composition of rubber on various aspects of dynami~ behavior.
- A distinctive feature of the domestic tire industry fs its orfentation -
towards the use of synthetic rubbers in tire rubber formulas; thus the main
- trend of research in the rubber production te~chnology is the development of
general principles of rubber creation b~~s%d on 100 percent synthetic
rubber equivalent to natural rubber or surpassing Yts technical pro- .
perties. Making tires out of 100 percent synthe tic rubber is a complex -
problem, which includes development not nnly of the rubber formula, but
also the design of tires and technological method s specific to synthetic
r ubber .
We can now say that due to the labor af a large t~am of scientists, .
engineers, workers of scientific research and planning institutes, enter-
prises in productfon of synthetic rubber and tire plants, scientists of the
USSR Academy of Sciences, this problem has been successfully resolved. A _
major rc:,le in this was played by organization and intensive development of
pcoduction of synthetic rubber of stereoregular construction and mainly -
polyisoprene. The average consumption of natural rubber in tire pro- .
duction was reduced to 7 percent of the total consumption of synthetic and
natural rubbers with a simultaneous rise in tire life.
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Atrention of tire manufacturers throughout the world is fixed on the
problem of manufacturing tirea �rom oligomers, since the advantages '
obtainable by resolving that pr.ob.lem are ao great they can ~ustify
expenditures for research and test atudies. Consequently scientific
_ research and design activity of th~ staffs of several acientiEic research _
organizAtions has been actuated to deviae molded elastom~rs for the casing
- and tread of auch tires, its constructions, foundations of molding
technology, and so forth. Protype tires are being tested.
The development of productiion of industrial rubber articles has recenl:ly
been directed not only towarda increasing production output, but mainly
toward wider incorporation of new, advanced technology; molding under
pressure, liquid molding, vulcanization in molten salts, in a fluidized
layer of heat-transfer agent, and so farth, as well as the uae of new
' reinforcing materials and elastomers.
More rigid requirements from aonsumers, however, due to the increr,sed load
capacity of inechanisms, power of engines, expanded use o� conveyer
transport in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy and mining sectors of
industry; asaimilation of large deposits of petroleum in wea~ern Siberia,
present the problem of further improvement of operating indicators of
industrial rubber articles. Assimilation of the North is linked with the
- need for designing industrfal rubber items which function at low tem-
- peratures.
Based on analysis of modern scientific achievements, it is difficult to
enticipate a breakthrough of new elastomers in the next 10 to 15 years
applicable to production of general purpose industrial rubber articles.
Research in aur scientific organization to find interrelationships between
composition and structure of elastomers and properties of rubber blends is
very important; we must know their heat-, freeze-, and fire-resistance;
mechanical and other indfcators of rubber; increasing efficiency of
industrial rubber goods by modification of rubber during synthesis or
~ reprocessing, even of finished articles. Oligoesteracrylates and liquid
rubber have been mentioned ae possible modifiers for enhancing efficiency
of various belt transmissions, conveyer belts and other items, as well as
surface modification with haloids for finished rubber parts of friction
assemblies: consequently temperature in the contact zone drops 20 to 30
degrees Celsius, friction is reduced, and wear resistance of some items is
1.5 to 2 times as great.
- Work is developing in pow~~r technology for the production of rubber blends _
and items with the aim c~f improving quality and creating a waste-free
~ process, complete automal:ion of production, rise in labor productivity,
and a significant decrease in energy expenditures.
~
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Rubber gnods for uee in medicin~, sanitation ~nd hygi~n~ are p~rticularly
impartenti: in recent years their variety hag expanded con~idQrebly. mhe
complexity of producing the~e item~ is due to their ~peCific properti~gs
- blological inertneee, entithrombegenicity, X-rey contr~stivencse, elec-
tricai conductivity, and 8o fnrth~ As e rule, ep~2cie1 kinds nf siloxnne
~la~t~mere and butyl rubber, whose production has been org~nix~8 here, ar~
- used i,~ rh~ manufacture of the8e goods= but thig fi~ld ig eti11 faced with
imporrbnt re~earch in rubber synthesis fnc Combined bioinertn~~g of
~iloxan~ and strenqth of iaoprene rubl~r in nrdpr to devl,s~ mat~rial~ end
' goods deaigned for prnlonqed contact with the tissueg of living organism~
- and drugs.
Developmen.t of residential conatruction and transport vehicles has given
- rinb to the need for increesed production of fo~un rubber and has
_ establish~ed a link beeween colloid chemical and technological properties
of latexes, atudy of the film firmation process base8 on dtsperaiong of
t~igh polymera, the search for methoda of intensification of technological
processes.
In conclusion, let us mention the status of production of cubber and
combination footwear. Assimiletion of eastern regions of the country,
development of iness forms of sports and tourism has engendered the need for
incr~ased output of rubber tootware to a level of 200 million pairs. in the
past this aector has adopted all practices of rubber methods known in the
world: pressure moldinq, liquid molding, plastisol molding= domeatic
methoda of press-fit molding of articles using internal pressure and
aerosol coating have been adopted. The use of htese methods required basic
research, includinq the merits of controlling the rheologicel properties
of elastomers using oligomer fixatives, discovery of orientation effects
on structure and physical chemistry of vuicanizates. This wock was
completed by devising multicomponent;al vulcanizing systems, including
synthetic systems of accelerators and theic incorporation into produc~ion,
- Fulfxllment of intense planned assignments of 1979 of oil-processing and
petrochemical industries will have meaning for the success of our sector in
the five-year plan as a wh~le.
"We must even more completely mobilize the creative efforts of~the nation,
seek and vitalize new resources of economic growth", indicated comrade L.
Y. 8rezhnev at the November 1978 CPSU CC Plenum, "it is today the primary
_ foundation of activity of all party orqanizations and all party members".
Workers in our sector have made worthy contcibution to problem solutjons
according to the November 1978 CPSU CC Plenum and in fulfilling assignments
of the five-year plan.
~ Particular attention should be given to increasing efficien~;, of pro- -
duction, reducing material intensiveness of our production, improving
technology and devising waste-free production, increasing selectivity and
speed of chemical processes.
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tt nhouid be Qtnphs~i~ed thac mo8~rn ~h~mirel ~Clpnce, inciuding high
pdiymer ~~ience, r~v~~i~ with it~ lat~et echi~vements th~ in~xh~u~tibie
- r~~nurcea of fncr~nged prnciuct~on efficiency.
Th~ high ipvel of induatriai dev~iepin~nc nf the ~ector, the powerfui
tpchnica~ basQ of ehe dii-procea~inq end p~trochErmical induetry, form~d by
thp unfl~gging labor of the 8ov~et p~nple unods in the near 6nd mor~ digtant future.
COPYR2(iHT: izdetel'stvo "Khimiya", "Keuchuk i rezina", 19~9
8617 _
C50s1821
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~e1it d~I~ICIAL U5~ C1NLY
ME~AI~it~RK'[NNQ EQZTIPMF:NT
T~CHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS AN'D PLANNINC LABOc~ IMPLF~NTS STRUCTUft~
Mo~cow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Rueeian~ Nu 2, Mar 79 pp 36-46
(Article by D. P~lterovit:ch: "Technological Progrese and Planning -
the Structure of the Imp].emments of Labor")
(Textj With the unfoldicig of the ecientific and technological revo-
lution~ there is an incr~~aee in the divereity of the im~lemente of
labor~ new ephere~ of ap~~lization are created for them, and there ie -
. an incregee in the dynaml.em of the brdnch~ functional, technological,
type and aize, end age st:ructure of mnchinery and equipment. Struc-
tural chenge� in the imp].ementa of labor appear ae a direct form of
ecientific and tec?~nologi.cal progrees, and the planning and management
of the etructure of the implemente of labor ae one of the chief '
objects of the planning a.nd mamagement of ecientific and technological
- progrees.
During the last two to three five-year plans poaitiv~e changes have
occurred in the etructure of the production and of the pool of the
implementg of~labor. The ehare of com~uters has increased in machine
building output. Prom 15~65 through 1977 ite productioa increaeed by
31 timea~ vhile the prodc~ction of automation devices xnd equipment
increaeed by 4.1 timea. The motor vehicle induatry, tractor and
aRricultural machine bui].ding~ and a number of other branchea o~
machine building receiveQ an accelerated development. Cellulose and
paper ciachine building be~gan to be created. 5ubetantial dimeaeione
were reached by the production of modern power and metallurgical -
machines of great unit ca~pacity, machine tools aith digital programmed
controls, and other typea~ of progreesive equipment. The retee of
automation are being acce~lerated.i In various branchea there is a
gra+ing production of mac:hinery and equipment for f~mdameatally r.eW
or eeeentially m~dernized technological proceesea: Instead of flame
heat methode, electro-thermal~ plaema, and lazer methoda are being
used; inetead of the treditional mechanical methode of acting upon
a subject of labor. there are nov e:ectrophysical, electrachemiaal,
hydraulic~ pneumatic, exploaion~ and other methods.
26
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- ~'nk UFAtt;iAL U~JM: ~NLY
.
At the agme time~ the imp~rf~cted ~tructure of the im~lements of labor
hae given riee to a eharp differentiation of the equipnbnt levele for
labor in the different branchea of production (equipment for th~ non-
produ~tion ephere and fot hoieting and traneportation end other aux~liary
oppretione te 1a~tp~ing in ite devalopment), to the uee of a larg~ mgaa
of manual igbor, to ingufficiently h~gh growth rates for the production
of many typ~e of output, and ethere. Among tha shorLCOmingg in the
~trucrure of the implemente of lebor one hae to include the elo`r
grnath of the eh~re of fundamentally nev equipment ~nd th~ not glaaye ~
rapid fotmation and developn~nt of the new brancheg and prnduction~
ahich creace Chie equipment; the decregeing proportion of "young"
machine building output ~?hich wae put into production relatively
recently;Z aed the dieproportione bet~?e~n interacting oY connacted
typee of equipment batw~en mobila poaer eqnipment end working
mechinery, bet~tean mschi~ne toolr or other aorking machinery, on the ~
one hand, and tools~ rigging~ powar eourc4e and their acceseories~
on the other, b~tween varioue typee of machiae� ahich operate aimul-
t~neou~ly or eequentiall~y in a single tachnological flow, betae~n
machines aith close technological functione~ but of different typee, ~
sizee, capacities, freight-lifting capacityy and eo forth. A11 of
thie leada to the incompleteneee of inechaaization, :o an increase in
the machinery inteneiven~eee of output in the branchee of production~
and to e decreaee in the efficiency of the reproduction and use of
the equipment pool.
'Che decree of the CC CPSU~ and Council of ;linietere USSR, "On the Further
Development of Hachine Building in 1978-1980~" mape out such important
measuree in improving the etructure of equipment ae the mastery of the
production of automation machinery, devices~ and equipmeat With a
productivity of no leea t'han 1.5 to 2 timee greater than the 197S level,
the creation of new typee of equipment which ensure a riee in the
level of inechanization and automation, an e~aaeion of the production
nf overell technological lia~d~ of uaite ~ inetallation, and of
specialized technological equipment. tools, and rigging~ and an
acceleratiqn of the construction of new and the recon~truction and
~reequipping of operating imachine building enterpriaee.
'the creation of a plannin~g eyetem and of a management mechani~m which
guarantee che economy age:lnet the emergence of dieproportions in the
etructure of aachinery and equipment ie of great importance for increasing
the effectiveneae of the measuree i+hich have been planned. This, in
nur opinion~ requiree the realizatioa of the follo~+ing measure8.
(I) The atructure of the Amplemente of labor has to become an indepen-
dent ob~ect of plsaaing. (2) Large branch and functional systeme of
machinery hav~e to be made the basie for planning the development of
the equipment of each brarnch snd of ite reequipping. (3) Zt aould
2?
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I~dtt d~F~CtAL U5~ tlNLY
~
n b~ ~dvi~~bi~ eo concrerely develop a uumber of ov~rg~i interbr~nch
proaremn for the re~~uipping of eh~ ~conomy ahich embrac~ th~ ~ph~re
of the crpetion~ p:roductiun, ~nd u~~ of th~ irr~lement~ of labor.
(4) 'Cher~ hae to be ~~ub~tantial incr~e~a in th~ dynemi~m of th~
branch ~nd organiza~ionai structuree of m~chine buiYding and g
guerantQe of their r~pid ~deptation to changea in thp tachnoiogy and
needg of production~ Let u,e examinp the~e directione in mor~
d~teil.
The traneform~tion of the etructure of the implemente of labor into
an independent ob~ect of ngtional economic and branch plannin~ ie
becoming en urgent n~ceeeity under the circum~tancee of the ecipntific
and technologicai r~volution. Th~ planning of etructur~ mekes it
poa~ible to accompliah tgake ahich can not be accomp~iehed on the
baei~ of plenning growth rate~ or other indicatore. WQ are not epeaking,
oE cnuree, gbout doing aaay aith the planning of production grcn~th ~
rat~~~ but about the fact thet it i~ necea~~ry to eubetantielly ~nrich
and improve the methode of the planned direction of the pconomy.
Putting the planning of the neede and etructure of the equipment in
the forefront eeeentially changee the peychology and tactice of
planning. Only with etructural planei~g ie ~t po~eible to avoid die-
proportione in the level of the technical euppliee for varioue
productione~ in the correlatione betaeen related typee of equipment~
of traditional and fuadamentally new types, and of baeic end auxiliary
equiprt~nt, toole, rigging~ and machinery of diverae eizee and capaci-
ties. The determination of rational proportione vith tcp-priority
~ planning of etructure becomee an eseential goal of the plan and a
definite guarantee againet a lack of balance in it.
One of the basic defecte in the exiating practice of planning gro~rth
ratea is, ae hae repeatedly been noted in the economic literature~
planning from what has been achiev~ed. The endesvor of all branches
end subbranches to increase or maintain achieved amounts and ratee
of growth frequently becomes an obstacle to radical etructural changea.
The neceesity for improving the atructure of production in the annual
and five-year plane is emphasized ia the "Methodologicel Inatructione -
for the Development of State Plans of the Development of che Lconomy
of the USSR." However, thia inetruction !e not alwaye reelised in the
concrete forms of plans and in the practice of developing them.
The planning of the atructure of equipment has to proceed from the fact
that the proportiona be[aeen individual groupa or typea of ineana of -
labor are eetabliehed on the baeie of technological norms or economic
criteria and that, in addition~ svailable reeources define the dimenaione
of the production of the entire structural aggregate. In other aords,
28 .
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~OR d~FI~tAL U3g ONLY
thp pianning of ~tructur~ ha~ to exciud~ th~ poeeib~iity of an
annulraen~ (in the ev~nt of a ehortege of re~ourcea for the productidn
of a dp~~ific quantity of maans of labor ahich are part of tha
~t~u~tur~l aggregata) of an seeignment for ~he production of a pare
of th~ ~~~maet~ of thi~ aggr~gate gnd, ther~by, the po~eibiliry of
di~turbing the technnlogicglly vglidated proporrionr in ite compoeition.
A de~r~aee touchee upon the glructural aggregata ~a a ahole while it~
internal and ob~ectiv~ly eatabli~hed proportione ahich corre~pond eo
n~ede gre reegined.
it i~ probabiy neceeeary to introduce a nwmber of additional etructurgl
tebi~~ in the national ~conomic plan a pert of vhich ehould ba fill~ad
out gt the ni~ional econom~c lev~el~ while m~at of them are fillad out
at the level of branchae th~ equipmaet producere. For type~ of
pquipment~ vhicfi are created by eev~era~ brgnchee ehe development of
- ~tructural proportions ehould b+~ mada eh~ reeponeibilitq o~ the
- beeic ministry~ and it ehould be giv~n the functicme of the he~d
~ minietry for thie type of pquipment. In addition, the follo~ring typee
or sectione of the etructure of production and of the implemente of
lebor pooi have to be planned.
_ Ficst, the top planning agencies ehould plan the branch etructure of
needa the equipment ratioe for the reequipping of the varioue
branchee of materinl and non-mnterial production and etipulate
aeeignmenta cm increaeing the ~hare of aquipment for branchee with
a relativ~aly low aquipment level for labor3 and aith a large propor-
tion of obsolete equipment. Clearly~ a prerequi~ite for plaaning
changee in the branch etructure of the ia~lements of labor vi11 have
to be reletive etudiae of the degree of eatisfaction af need8 a~~ of
equipment levele~ the development of norme, and an aaalysis of the
rmchine intenaivenese of the output of different branche~.
Secondly, functional structure hae to become the ob~ect of planning
at the nationel economic and branch levpl~ particularly the relation-
ehip betWeen equipment for the basic end euxilliarq production
proceeses ~?hich hae to change in favor of the latter. 1'he planning _
of functional etructure Nill matce if poesible to improve (on the
be~le of techntcai norme) the proportione between thc production of
pw+er and aorieing machinerq,4 of baeic equipment on the one haad~
and of auxilliary equipment~ tools~ spare parte, and poaer eources,
on the other.
Thirdly~ it !e neceegarq to plea technological structure, eneuring
progreesive changes tn the relationship~ of equiQment for connected
and interchangeable types of technology. Hbat ie meaat here by
interchangeable (in the wide ~enee) ie not only differtnt equipment
~rfiich hae been deeigned to perform the eaae operation~ but also
29
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.
n~chinety for the p~roduc:ion of interchangeabla type~ of output; for
exempl~, castinge ni~d f~rginge, fgbric~ and knitwear. By connecte8
Qquipmen~ ae m~an mtchin~e ~rhich oper~te both in a~ing1~ t~chnoiogicai
iine in tandem and ioachinee vhich op~rat~ in conne~ted technologic~l
proceeea~ ah~ch, fo~r ~x~mp~~~ ~r~ wid~~pr~ad in ~on~~ruct4an gnd in
machine buiiding.=~
Fourthly, the typa~~~~i~e etructure hag to be pignned; rhat 3a, the
r~~ationehip betvep~t Lh~ varioue type-~iz~B and modif~cationa of
n~chin~e in egch te~:hnoYogic~l group in relation to capacity (for
ex~a~plp, for electr;lc motnre)~ frpight capacity (trucke, railroad
cer~, driiling uaiti~, or cranee)~ volume (blaet furnac~e or chamical
capacieies)~ ehe ei~tee of the product~ being preceeeed (machine tooi~),
coal p~oductivity (~:ompre~AOre)~ unit productivity~ end oth~r
p~rameters. The pli~nni~ng of type-size gtructure hae to be carried
ont by the equipment: producer b~canche~ in agreement vith the conrumer
brgncheA on the bae;la of an analyeig of ehe uee of th~ technical ~
paremctera of rtwchit~ee in their ephet~e of epplication. The type-
eize etructure t~~ A large axt~nt the det~rmining factor in the
uee of evety machinit in ite epherg of rational application~ of the
efficiency of the ui~e of variou~ types and modele of machinee, gad
frequently ev~n the very poeeibility of inechanizing different opera-
tione.6
Fifthly, it ie advieable to plan age atructure. Itc:?n be looked upon
in two aepecte: (a) the relationehipe betueen the varioue ag~ graupe
of equipa~ent in the ;~ool the planning oE Which ehould eneure bringing
the actugi eervice l:lfe of equipment into cotrespondence ~?ith the
effective (eince 197:i) aetvice life nor~; (b) the relationehipe
betWeen the varioua ~~ge groupe of equipment in prod~ction (calculated
- by the number of qea:s since the beginning of production). The
chief taek here cone;lete in overcoming the above-noted teadency toaard i
a decreaee in the eh,~re of "younger" groupe of equipment and an �
increaee in the ehan: of "older" onee.
Finelly, eixthly~ ie is agceseary to plan future chaagee in the
relationship� beti+ee~: equipment ot diveree techaical levels in the
varioua branches of ~oachine building: the ehare of automatic machinee~
seo~i-automatic and a~~tomatic linas, aquipment for fwndameetallq nev
technological procesiies, units and installatione of great unit capecity.
high-precieion machi~~e tools. epecial, speciali=ed~ aggregate maahines~
and eo farth. The etiere of the basic types of nea equipment hge to,
in our opinion~ be p~.a~ned both in production and in pool; moreov~er,
not onlq must the qu~~ttty of nea equipmsnt be planned, but aleo its
ehare in production cepacities and in the production of output for
ahich the equipment hae been deeigned.
30
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POR O1~ICIAL U5~ Ot~fLY
~n pr~ctice, very often, th~ v8riou~ ~~crion~ of tha etructur~ of
Ch~ in~ l~n~ntr of lebor become ob~~cta of pti~p~~nning or portpi~nning
c~lcuigtion~. Th~ ~~~k~ in our opinion~ conoigte in making the entir~
~yaee~n of etructurai aectione a mtndatory pgrt of the naeional aeonomic
gnd brench p1~A. Thie wiil make it poeeible to ~oit~ up p~eadu~tion
~i~n~ ~rith piane for the realiaation of thp achi~v~menr~ of. e~tQntific
and ee~hnoiog3cal progreer.
The p~anning of ~tructural pxoportiona ir cioeelq conn~cted vith a
determination of Che need for equipment, The ne~d calculations result~
ehould be ueed in astabliehing th~ proportione betw~een the various -
_ group~ gnd type~ of equipcmnt, and, at the ~ema time~ the planntng of
gronp end type proportione i� a direct path to the planning of the n~ede
for individual type~~ type-eiaee, ~nd model~ of m~chinee. Meny-~idad
connectiona exiet bet~reen ~he Btructure of tha equipment t+hich i~
produced, on eha one hand~ and th~ ~mount of ~aeed ~far it, the degere~ "
of iee uee, and the i~vel of i,te ecot~omic effpct3v~eneee, on the oth~r.
The ineufficienely ration~l etructure of the tmplementa of labor
being ueed in the economy ie eubatantiully increaeing ehe need for
~quipment~ and l~ad~ng to a lo~ring of tha levei of itg u~~ end a
� reletiv~e loaering of tha branch end eaetonal economic effectiveneee
of machinery and equipment.
The degree of tha oatiefaetion of the need for varioue typ~e of
equipment sometimes differe to the extent of eeveral ti~ee. T'ha
calculation of equipment aded~ is a"bot~leneck" ia the eystem of
econo~ic plaaaing calculationa. Tha branch scieatffic research
inetitute� frequently calculate only future needs, aad, oareav~er~ in
a quite enlarged marmer, vithout defining �ufficientlq refiaed techno-
logical and type-eize etructureR of machinee and aithout a scientific
velidation of the need for replacement or export. The so-called
"requieitioaed need," that ia~ the amour?t of conaumer'e requieitione,
ae ie knos+n, differe from re~l need. eince it ie determined ~rithout
r~gard to reeervee for improving the u0e of the exieting pool~ ie
- frequently delibeYately dietorted or ie diatorced ae the result of
_ a leck of the neceseary infot~mation~ and includee not only ectual.
but eleo "prastig~;'or imaginsty needs.
Con~ideretion should be given to the p~cpprience of the Atinistry of
Tractor end Agricultural Hachine Building ahich in receet yeara has
been introducing a syetem of planning neede for agricultural equip-
e~eet, giving individual production associatione aad enterprisee plane
for the estiefactian of the need for concrete machin~a. The fulfillment
af asaignmente for the eatiefactioA of needa ie becoming cne of ih~
moet importanlG iadicators being uaed in evaluating the v~ork and,
coneequentlq. also in the etimulation of the enterprises and aseocia-
tione of the miniBtry. The e~erience of the Mini~try of Tractor and
~ -
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t�
t
1~Olt U~FICIAL UyC ONLY
_ Agricuitur~l Maahin~ ~uilding in th~ fi~1d of plan~ing n~+~d~ d~aarv~~,
in dur viea, furth~~r im~rovem~nt and dpCui~,i:ation, and glro
di~~e~ninntion to other brgnchea.
The prac~~cai realisa~ion of a~p~cigl-purpoap programned approach to
~1~nning Che ~truceure of the production of the im~~eabente of labo~ ~ -
oniy po,rib~e oe condition that ehis etructuYe ie formad on the
baaie of the follaKng: (g) progr~saiv~ br8nch and functioeai ayetem~
of m~chinae which are d~v~loped for the m~fliunr and ~ong-tarm ~Euturp;
(b) ov~rail programe for the davelopa~nt of individuAl ty~ee of
equipment vhich are cal~ed for by machinery ey~temo or eubry~t~m,~;
(c) interbr~nCh epacial-purpoee ov~eraii pragrgme for the reequippieg
of material end non-matarial production. in addition~ th~ mgchinery
eyeEem~ dafira the types, nominclatnra and over~i~ nature of the
~quipcnent; the programe for the developm~nt of ind~vidual typ~e of
~qu~pment datarmine ehe �cientific~ and technological principle~, tha .
~ echedulee for che cre~t~on~ mastery, eed replacem~nr of the machinery
mode2e (ahich are a part of tha syetem), the emount of nead~ and the
nece~eary raeourcea. The re~quipm~et prograe~ Which embrace the
~ntire complex o~ goa~e ~d meaeures which ar~ necee~ary for th~
~ccompliefiment of a larg~ interbranch eocio-economic taek ai~l becom~
the basis for determining th~ proportiona (bet~raen the type~ df
equipment neceesary for thie) and the conditione and achedu~e$ af
satiafying neede.
Theorgtic~l development work in the field of machinery eyateme ie -
, cl~arly lag~ing behind practica. In the literature machinery ayeteme
con~inue frequently to be w~d~retood ae individual complexao, linaa,
or inetallatione, and a clear definition and analyeis !e not givan
of tfie hierarchical etructure of a branch machinery syetem ahich
con~iete of subsysteme and complexes and ahich embraces the entire
aggregate of the processe~ of production aad managament in a branch,
including not only the basic proceeree, but aleo auxiliary ones.
An analyeis hae shoan the advi~abil~ty of developing both branch and
functional machinery eyetems and has made it poseible Co eubetantially
expand ~nd deepen our ideas about these syeteme. The poar-ibility and
adviaebilitq of tranaforming machirery sqeteme into overall programe -
for the development of ~he corrasponding types of equip~~nnt and of
combining their development vith ~cienei~ic research and euperimeatal
deeigniag vork plans for the creation of equipmant, aith a detetmination
of the need for ovarall machiaee. of the aaaunt of expeadituras, and
of the effect of their maetet~?.
In 19y7 the "KOMPLERS" Scientific Production Aeaociation of the Miniotry
of Tractor and Agricultural Mach~ne Building developed a syst~m of
machines for the automstion and machanisation of loading and ualoading
~ ~
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~ ~Ol~ tl~FtCtAt, tl~~ ONLY
~nd traneport~tion gnd agr~houee work ~tt~'W).~ ~ue thig funceionei
machtnery eyet~m va~ ccm~truct~d ~ccording to rhe prinripi~ of
~upplying mechenisation equipm~nt eo !he etandard technologtcai
proeeeeea, rche~~~ and fr~ighe ficn+~ of the plant~ of only a~ingla
~~bbrench eractor ~nd ggriculturai ~nhine bu~lding aithough
many eo~ution~ wh~ah gr~ 3~t th~ m~ehin~ry ~qetem ahich wae developed
by the "K01~4'LSK~" could find an epp~icaeion not oniy in ~ractor und
agricu~tura~ mschin+~ bui~ding~ but ai~o ie other brench~e of mnchine
building.
Thi~ wouid necee~itate th~ coordination of d~v~elopment ~rork ahich i~
made difficult by a iack of aa ag~ncy which ie reeponeible for g
eiegle technical policy in machine buildieg, and a18o by the luck of _
e branch which concentrgtee the production of hoi~ting and ~raaeper-
tacion equipment and of a ac~entific and t~chnicai cen~er ahich
carri~e out the direction of the dev~elopn?~nt of equipment and tpchnolo~?
- for tt~fW. 'Thp unificetion of che praduction of hoietiag aed ~ranepor-
tation pquipmene vhich ie dis�ereed aeang m~ny minigtri~e iata ~ ringle
branch ig eeAential, in our op~nion, nat only for the dev~eiopment of
an interbranrh m~chinery eyetem for tUTW~ but aleo in ordar to etudy
ne~de, to determine th~ rational atructure of ~quipment atipulated by
- th~ gyetem, to coordinate the creation, production, and i~trodu~tion
of th~ equipm~nt, and to pureue a eingie t~chnica~ policy in the
field of the mechanisation of LVTN.
In addition to euch equipmant of interbranch ~ppl~cation ae machiaerq
for hoieting and trenrportation end varehouee operationa, enginee~
devic~s~ and control equipment are among thp moe~ important funcCion~i
machinery eysteme vhich have to be d~veloped in the Eiret place. In
d~veloping branch av~~hinery eyste~ the above equipment of general
uee ehouid bR borrrn?ed from f~mccional machinery eysteme. The combina-
tion of a eystem o.f machinerq with calculation neede, resaurces calcu-
latione, and a pl~~n of inea~uree for the realisation of thie aqstem
turne it into an ov~er811 program for the development of a giv~n type
of ~quipment. Along ~ritfi these kinds of program~~ as has already
been noted, interbranch overall reequipa~nt programe have tn be the
baeie for tha formation of the etrueture of equipmeat.
in thp light of the numerour and discordant opinions vh~lch have been
expreeeed in the literature about the claesification, character, and
content of epecial-purpoee ov~erall programe (ecientific and technica~,
production-technical, eocio-economic~ regional, and othera), it !e
imporcaat to define the place and cheracter of the above programe in
the ovcrell eyeteo of epecial-purpoee programmed plaaning. Ip eus-
- m~rixing the raeults of che disewsion on an acceleracion of scientific
end technological progreee and oa increaeing ite effectiveaess.
33
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_
F~R OFt~ICIAL U3~ ONLY .
Carr~eponding Memb~r of thp U88R A~ga~ery of 9ciencee L. Ggeov~kiy
prapoA~d earty,ng out g gradu~l eraneition from ecieneific a~nd
t~chnological progratn~ ahich are limited to sc,Lentific rQaeQrch and
~xp~rimentai deeigning aork and tih~ production of tihe firet eeriee of
n~a equip~ene to ei~gie ~cientific-production progratne which ~i~o
include ~eri~~ praduction and the u~e nf ehie equiptnent.8 Tha programs
for the deveiopn~n~ oE individuai typ~e of equipmer~t, in our view, can ba
regarded ae a varie~y of overali epeciai-purpoee production and
technicai programg, a~nce reequip~nt progr~me are, at the game time~
eocto-~conomic progreme.
~ach rppquipmant progracn her to def~ne a brogd (aithin the limite of
the form~lated program goel) r,~nge of taeke of a technicai and
orggnizational cheracter~ and~ ie particu~gr, the creation or e~cpan-
aion af cnpacitiaA for the production of the equiprt~nt etipu~ated by
th~ machinery eyeeeaa; an improvement 3n the etructure of the equipment -
pooi; a renea~l and moderni~ation of the equipa~nt at opereting
entetprieee; and the realiaation of n~asuree for merhanization at~d
autoa~tion~ for en econonry of reeourc~g, for increaeing the eocial
and economic eff~ctiv~nere of equipcn~nc, and for creating ihe organi-
zational conditione for the reali:ation of the program. However, it
aould not be ueeful to tnclude ecientific reeearch on the creation
of fundaenentally nea typae of equipment in the reequipment program8.
'Phe echedulee end reeulte of such reeearch can not be precieely
predict~d before-hand. Therefore~ they have to be included in the -
ecientific and cechnical programe~ and not in tha production-technical
and eocio-ecoaomic programe. ,
Th~re ere eharp diff~rence~ ia the approachee to the co~position of
th~ elements of the economy and to the eelection of the probleme and
goals which ean be embraced by a eingle overall program; in other
Mrorde, to the dimensione of programs. Some writere, for example~
Yu. A. Zykov as~d T. t. Svetlova narra++ed the diaaer~sions and goala of
the progranw, proposing ehat individual programe be developed for the
creation of nav equipmene~ for the ineroduction into production of ~
fieiahed developa~ent aork, for raieing the tachnicel level of produr-
tion, and eo forth.9 Interconnected gnale gre broken up here aaang
different prograaas. Other ~+ritere regard it as advisable to develop
lerge n~tional economic programe vhich embrace an extremelq wide
range of diveree problems. for example, planning programe of ehe
type of "The R~equipping of the Economq~"10 although the problem of
reequipping includes euch an enormnusly large number of global and
local goala ead aepecte that an attempt to uait~ them into a eiagle
program ia dooa~d to failure ia advanc~. Ha?ever~ neither narrov nor
expanded approaches to the eelection of the probleme aad goale resp~nd
to the practical taske of devaloping overall progrems~ particularly~
reequipment prograou.
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~ Th~ org~ni~cution of th~ dprrelopu?~nC of e~ch of the reequipa~ant programg
nnd of the controi over their realizatfon ehould be ~ntrueted to an ~
- eg~ncy which has been given Che n~ceeeary auehor3ty. The developmene
of programe for reequipping are directly connected with an im~rovement
of the ananag~ment of ecientific and technological progreee.
. A furth~r devalopment of the production of gnd of the peol of rhe
_ implemente of labor, en improvement of their e~ructure~ and ~ rise 3n
their ~fficiency require~, in our view~ the development and rQalization `
of ma~or overall nation~l economic progreme which have to embrace e11
nf the lavgig of the economic ryetem from the economy to the enter-
pri~~. The trenefonmtion and development of the equipc~ent of
produceion which ensures a eubetantial increaee in ite economic and
~ocial efflciancq ie the ov~rall goal of all of the overall technical
and ecdnomic programe. At the eame time~ every reequipment program
- hg~ ite oan epecial direetion. Among theee programe~ we heve the
folldwing.
M Overall Mechanigation Progrem.
It hae to provide for eupplying machinery and mechaniems to the basic
p~rt of the aork vhich ie performed manually. Por a subatantial (1.5-
2 timee) decreaee in the ehare of workers engaged in manual labor, for
th~ elimination of heavy and harmful labor, for an increaee in the =
continuouenese of production on the baeie of overall eupplies of
machinery~ mechanisme, and mechanized tools for baeic and auxiliary
operatione, and for the creation of new and an expansion of production
of existing mechinery. mechanieme~ toole~ end rigging. Simultaneouely
with the preparation of thie program, it is neceseary to begia the
development of inechanization level norma for the various tppes of
operatione. Technical plans and the actual achievemente of the moat
- advanced productions of each branch could be put at the baeis of theae
normg. With theae norme available, the ob~ect of planning ahould
become the mechani~ation level indicator~ including a decrease in the
ehare of people eaQloyed in manual and~ eapecially, hard manual labor.
Thie wfll be a pa+erful impulee to accelerating the proceee of
mechanization.
A production Md Managea~nt Automation Program.
, It cove~e the t~ride introduction of automated management syatems, the
fulleat automation of the basic technoloRical proceases in maes and
lerge-seriee productione, equiping series, and emall-eeriee productiona
aich gutoaatic equipment with digital programmed controls, the exteneive
introduction of industrial robote, and a eubetantial expaneion of the
production of automatic equipment. computera~ devicea, and other
automation equipment. It ie im~ortant to provide in the automation
program not only for an increase in production~ an expaneion of the
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automaCed equipment poo1~ gnd a eubetanCial increase in tha share o~
the output produced at it, but also for meaeures to raiae the level'
of the use and the degree of the efficiency~ of autoroared equipment and -
to prepare its ephere of applica~ion~
- Eapecial ettention ehould be given Co Che developmene of a progrem
for improving the quality and efficiency of eyuipment. It ehould~ in
our view~ provide for the aolution of both economic problems (a rel,ativ~e
derreaee in capital and operating expenditures per unit of capacity
productivity, or other useful propertica o� machinea) and social -
problems. Of great importance for increaeing economic efficiency is
an improvement of the quality of equipment, ite re liability, service
life, serviceability, and varioue use properties.
Enauring complete eafety for the service pereonnel and for the
inhabitante of a given area, the faciliCation .`n~ servicing~ and an
improvemant of the ergonomic and esthetic ~haracteriatica of equip-
ment, which ehould eave people from work under harn?ful health condition~ ~
reaulting from t~mperatures, noiee, vibration, dus~, gae, from
exceseiv~ efforts from working with heavy manual tools, and so forth.
Thie program also ha~ to provide for the development of tha production -
of environmental protection equipment for the treatment of water
and air, the d~atruction or utilization of household and prod~sction �
waetea, and so forth. It ie very important to ensure an organic
unity between economic and social aepecte of the programa.
The modern level of world economic development is making it necessary
to develop a epecial program for the development of equipment for
the purpoee of economizing raw materials, fuel, and energy and to
create a closed waete-free production technalogy. We believe it is _
advisable to dietinguiah three subprograma which would embrace _
measures for the development of equipment which ensures an economy
of raw material8~ fuel and energy: (a) during the procesa of their
extraction, traneportation, and concentration; (b) in the aphere of
the proceeeing an.~ use of primary and secondary raw materials, `
materials, fuel and energy; (c) in the sphere of the production and
operation of machinery and equipment.
n An increaee in the efficiency of machine huilding production dependa
to an enormoua extent upon the development and realization of a
program for the further development of the specialization of machine
building production. It ehould include measures on prodc~tion con-
centration for technologically homogeneoue output in a small number
of branches of machine building and at the minimum neceseary number
of enterprises in ea~h branch; for a aubatantial riae in the level of
standardization and unification; for the tranaformation of inter-
branch productiona into a large branch which will provide machine
building with billeta, parts, and units of general machine building _
3~
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,
uae in economically raCional amounCs;'~or the development of
technological and functional epecialization (including Che provision
of varioua servicee to equipment conaumer~); and for an outetripping
growth of the epeciali~ed production of toola and rigging and also
of repair work.
The above-enumeraCed programa should be d~veloped aimultaneously for
all of the branches of material and non-material production and '
embrace Che long-term perspective with a breakdown into two or
- three large etages. The five'programs in their aggregate, it aeems
tio us, wi11 make it poseible to cover the most important taska in -
improving the atructure of the implemente of labor and increasing
the efficiency of machine building itaelf.
The firsC etage in the development of any program is an analyaie of
the current etate of a given problem and of the poaeible directiona of
solving ~t which follow from the achievements o!' acientific and
technological progress. The eecond stage is th~: development of a .
tree or pyramid of goals. The overall goal here which is formulated
in the name of the program comprises, ae it were, the apex of the
pyramid, while lower are the floore on which increasingly partial '
_ goals of firet, eecond, and third importance are located. Goale of
a third or fourth order may be regarded ae concrete measurea or
local complexee of ineasure~ (research, development, the creation o:�.
individual productions, and othere). In a number of casee it ie
posaible to break complex programe down inta aubprograms.
After the development'of a syetem of goale and a liet of ineasures,
the stages of their realization have to be set forth and calculations
have to be performed for all types of resources, and also for effect.
Depending upon the relationahipe between poseible and needed resources
correctiona are made in the diatribution of goals and meaeures by
stages. Finally, careful thought hae to be given to the forma of ~
. organizing and managing the realization of the program. The effect -
_ of the program includea both the sum of the effects of the individual
measurea and the effecte of atructural changea resulting from its -
realization. Thus, the epeciaiization of the production of products
oE general machine building uae will produce an effect not only through
decreasing the expenditures for their production, but also through
the utilization for the production of other output of the released
capacitiee of many machine building plante.
The neceaeity for creating overall reequipping programe has become so ~
acute that the practice of their compoaition in individual branches
and economic regions has in recent yeare outatripping methodological
developmente on thia matter. In particular, of great interest ia the � -
experience of the Inatitute of Economics of the Urals Scientific Center
3? ~ ~
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1
of the USSIt Academv of 5ciencee which together with the Council for
the Overall Pla~nning of ~conomic Development of Sverdlovrkays Oblest
i~ directing th~ development and helping to carry out e number of
~peciai-purpoee overall programe which combine featuree of ecientific
and technical~ production-technicel~ and eocio-economic probrama.
Amcmg them are euch relatively parCial programe ae the creation of
individual machinery complexee for m~tallurgirgl production and el~o
such an all-embracing program ae "An Overall Program for an Accelerated
Rise in Labor Productivity in Industry~ Cflnstruction~ and Traneportgtion
and for the Rarional Use of the Labor Resources of Sverdlovekaya
Oblaet During the Tenth I~ive-Year Plan and for the Years 1981-1985."
The latter includee measuree Eor the reequipping of enCerpri,see~
3mproving the ekille of workere~ improving working and living conditions~
increasing the creative activitiea of workere~ and eo forth.
Ae practice hae ehown~ in the realization of regional programe it ie
necessary Co overcome difficultiea which are connected with the
allocation of neceeeary ~eeources, with departmenCal barriere, and
with obtaining help from central management agenciee, enterprieee~ .
and partner-organizatione. Theee difficulties, and aleo a certain
heterogeneity and divereity in the approach to the composition of
programg can~ in our view~ be overcome if the regional programo for
reequipping become a part of all-union programs the liat ~~f ~+hich~
along with the methodologicel regulationa~ has to be approved by
Cosplan USSR and the State Comm~ittee for Science and Engineering USSR.
One of the moet difficul~t probleme in ehifting to special-purpoee
- programmed planning in general and of equipment production in particular
consiats of the methods of "building in" overall apecial-programe into -
national economic plane. It is precisely the difficultiee of reflecting
the prograa?e in the already approved economic development programs
that becomes an obstacle to the realization of the measures stipulated
by the programa. Theee difficultiee can be overcome if the development
oE the programs precedea the approval of the plan. The development
of the propoaed programs mi~et~ in our viev, be begun in the nearest
future so ae to take account of their baeic content when the following
long-term program�is composed.
J The taske of improving the etructure of the implem~nts of labor and
accelerating ite adaptation to the demande of the ecientific and
technological revolution and to socio-economic taeka is inaking it
neceesary to increase the dynamism of the branch and organizational
etructuree of machine building. Due to the lack of an appropriate
aubbranch there ha8 atill been no development of the production of
highly effective meane of induetrial traneportation on air pillows.
It has long been a neceeeity to create a specialized production ae~so-
ciation for the production of overall equipment for cable roade,
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- high~v~cuum ~pp~raCua ~ heaC-in~ulgtion nnd h~~t-u~ing ~ppe~~tuB ~
and athere~ During th+~ cnrrenc fivQ-ye~r plan the eerip~ production -
of induerrial aa~nipu~gtars (robots) ~e being organi:ed. Apparently,
it would be good to b~gin the formation of ehe appropriate eubbrgnch.
Thi~ me~eure~ in our viev~ has long been nQCae~~ry. Thp cre~tion of
an iedppeadent subbranch (if only s large production ~ssociation) for
the production of indu~trial robote could acc~lerate the orgaaization
of their eeriee production and further t~chnological progreee in thia
" field.
'rh~ production of the above and certain other typee of nea equipment
~e dirp~rred among m~ny d~pertmente and not a eingle onp of them
bearg full reeponeibility for developing thie equipment and eupplying
th~ economy vith it acd~for thie regeon, for many long years the
producricm capacitiea vfiich ere neceaeary for thie do not develop.
The proceee of ch~nging the branch and intrabraach etructuree of
machine building ie coatradicto~y. The organizational formation of
the production of individual typee of output into independent
brgnchee or aubbranchea ie ueually carried ouC ahen thi~ production
hae already reachcd subetantial proportiona~ posseaene de�inite
' individualized production capecities, and has a ecientific reaearch
and planning and dssigning ba~e. In other vorda, organizational
formation ie giv~en to an already developed production. It ie impor-
tant and eeeential~ in our viev, to or.ganize independent ecientific-
produrtion aeeociatione ~+hich are specielized in the creatioa of
individusl typee of pramieing nev ouCput.
Thus, the inclusion in our economic development plana of assignmenta
for a well-directed change in the braach, functional, tectwological.
age, and type-eize etructuree of the iaoplements of labor; the tran~-
forn~ation of aeeignmente to eetiafy needa for concrete types of
mechinery into the baeis for planning the production of equipment and
into an importaat criterion for stimuleting machine building enter-
prieee; the development of braACh and functional machinery aysteme
and also of interbranch overall programs for reequipping as baees
for planning national economic neede and the atructure of equipment, -
- and, finally, an increase in the dynamiem of the atructure of
machine building. an acceleration of the creation of independent
branches~ eubbranchee~ and productions for the production of nea
types of equipment and output of interbranch use these are measures
ahich; in out opi~ion, are e~eential for overcoming disproportions
in the atructure in the implements of labor aad for increaeing the
effectivenees of the equ:tpment pool.
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Fo~ oF~tcini. us~ ornY
~ ~
t
Foo~xor~s
1, In 1965 there were arownd 6~000 automatic lines in industty, while
in 1977 there w~re ~re th~n 20~500 of rhem. 2'h~ ehar~ of
automatic nquiprt~ent ha~ r~ached the level of aimoet 6 percenC of
the value of machinery and equipment. in induetry gpproxinu~tely
10 perceet of total induetrial production pergonnel ig engaged
in eervicing mechanized flaw and automatic lines. AutomaCed and
overall mechanized (on the ahole~ or for baeic production) enter-
prizes at wfiich 11 percent of our induetriel production personnel
is ~~nploy8d produced 19 peYCent of our industrial output.
= 2, Thue, according to the data of a etatietical eurvey,in 1976 within
the output of a number of machine building minieCries the propor-
tion of producte which had been put into production not more than
five yeare ago aae 1.3 timee less than in 1967, while the proportion -
of pr~ducte which had been in production far more than ten yeare
increased by 1.6 C~:mee. In 1976 the profitability of output in
ite firet year of maetery aae almoet 1.5 times less than the average
. profitability of all producte. The essar~ilal differencea in the
- machinery-labor ratioe in the branchee are connected, above all~
With the epecial character of the labor procesees and of the
t~chnology of each braach. HoWever~ the lagging of a number of
branchee (conetruction~ agriculture, the dietribution ephere,
and, eepecially the non-production sphere) behind induetry with
respect to the machinery-labor ratio ie a18o explained by the
_ ineufficient detrelopment of a number of branchea of machine
building and the not alva.qa ~uatified dietributian of expenditureB
among typea of equipment for reeearch and development. ~
3. The exieting differences in the machinery-labor ratio in the branchea
is connected above all aith the special character of the labor pro-
ceesea and Cechnology of each branch. Ho~aever., the lagging of a !
r.~mber of branches (conetruction, agriculture, the distributioa
aphere, and, eapecially, the noa-production ephere) behind industry ~
in the ~nachinery-labor level ia aleo expleined by the inaufficient
development of a number of branchea of taachine building and by a
not alwaye ~ustified dietribuCion of expenditures betWeen types
of equipment for reeearch and development. ~
~ -
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4. T~or exanrple~ th~ elimination of diaproporCione b~tWeen Che
_ amount of tractor~ und working machinee in �griculture i~ an
in~ortsnt ~a~k. Prom 1958 through 1970 tha traator poo~ in
tihe country'~ eovkhozee increa~ed bq four time~, t+hile machin~ry
and impiem~nte increaeed by 3.8 tie~ea. On the arn~rage, in the
koikhozee and sevkha:eA for ev+v+~ry 100 ruble~ of valu~ of tractor~
in 1970 there ware 13d rublee of egrfcultural machinery and
l.mplements~ ahile Lhe practice of advanced fano~shw~r~ that this _
retio ehould be 100:200 or 100:300 (BKONOMIttA 3gL'SKOVO KHOZYAYSTVA,
No. 7, 1971~ p. 7). In racent yeare there hae been no material
change in thie proportion.
S. I~or exnmple~ in the etructure of the im~lemente of labor for
mgchine building disproportiona have not been ov+ercome between
equipment for the varioua technologicgl procesaing eectione
the pr4duction of billete~ machining, aseembling, metal covere,
and producte quality control. Overcoming the lagging in
supplying machi~te building with m~dern equipment for caeting,
aseembliag. and quality control thie~ in our opinion, ie the
general direction for changiag the technrlogical etructure for
a?achine building equipment.
6. In conetrvction, for example. as a reoult of diocrepanciea in
the type-eize etructure of the pool of excavatore~ bulldozers.
ecrapere~ and other construction machiaery~ expeadituree for
equipmeat ere increaeing ia thn etructure of machinery inteneive
operatione, the coet of operatione ie increaeing, and eome of them .
have to be performed manuallq. In agriculture due to the lack of
mini-tractors and motorized cultivators vith a capacity of 5-10
horeepo~+er, maaq typea of operatione in v~egetable gr_o~ring, orchard
work, pea grm~ing, and on eubsidiary plote, and in mountainous
areas, and �o forth, are performed manually or trith the use of
eubetaatiallq lese maneuverable and more pawerful and expeneive
tractore of the ordinary tqpe.
7. The eyetem includes 45 technological complexes of eqiipment,
including 15 complexea for the mechaaization and automation of
warehouses~ 21 co~plexee for the mechani~_ation of interoperation
movemente aad mnchining ahops, 6 couu~lenes for lntraplent and
2 for interplant movement of freight, and 1 cooplex for the
mechanization an~ proceseing of inetal vaete products. The e~ected
econo~c effect from the introduction of the syat~m in tractor
- and agricultural mgchine building has been computed at more thaa
120 billion rubles.
8. L. Gatovakiy, "M Acceleration of Scientific and Technological
_ Progresa and an Increaee in ite Effectiveneae," VOPROSY EKdNOMKI,
No. 6, 1978, p. 116.
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~o~ otrnic~nr, us~ ~rn.Y -
. _
9. Yu. A. Zykov and T. t. Svetiova, "Ov~rall Pragrams of 5cientific
and xechnologicai Progre~a," ZZDATEL~STVO "Nguka~" 1977~ p. $1.
~0. B. G. Saitykov and V. L. Tambovdeev~ "On the Selection of Problem~
for Programming~": in the coll~ction "3pacial-Purpoee progrgm
Methode in Plsaning TheeeB o~ the lteporte of the All-Union
Conferance on Special-Purpo~~ Prog~am Methode in Planning and
Menegemene in the Light of the Decisione of the 25th Congresg ~
of the CPSU~" Moecow~ 1977~ pp 155~ 1S7. -
COPYRI~ffi: I~flatel~ etivo "PRAV~A" ~"Voproey Ekona~iki", 19'~y
2959
CSO: 1821 END
.
I
,
~
i
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