JPRS ID: 8437 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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JPRS L/8437
4 May 19 79
~
TRANSlATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOCY
BIOMEDICAL AND BFHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(FOUO 14/79)
U. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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~ JPRS L/8437
- 4 May 19 79
TRAPiSLATIUNS ON USSR SCIENC~ AND TECHNOLOGY
BIOMEDICA~ AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE5
(FOUO 14/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
ir~rous~r~ rac~oB~oLOCY
Fl~ture Role of Microbiolo~ Industry in National Econom,y
(GIDROLIZNAYA I LESQKSIMICHESKAYA PROMYi,Bffi~1NOST~ , ~
No 1978) 1
Testing New Chemic^~l Antifoams in Fodder Yeast I'roduction
(A.K. Edomina, et al.; GIDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIl~iICBESKAYA
~xor~rs~rnvos~r~ , rro 7, 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
~ Ind.uatrial Testing of a NSetho4 for Obtaining Solutions of
Nutrier.t Salts LTsing Recirculation of Yeast Mash~d
(K. Kundev, et al.; GIDROLYZNAYA I LESOI4iIl~IICS~SSKti�4
, PROMYSIiI~ENNOST', No 1978) 14
IN~7.'RUMENTS AND EQUIPI~N'P
Modern Methods fo~ C:eating Ultraclean Premises
(G. P. Khortig; IgiIl+~IKO-FARMATSEVTICHF~KCY ZHURNAL,
_ vo 2, 1979) 18 -
PUBLIC HFAIlrH
Fl~nctional State of the .A3renohypo~hyseal System During
Exposure t~ I~sers Effect of bcposure of Rats to
Pulsed T.s.sers on Croticosteroid Content of Blood
(M. M. i'~ikitin~, A. I. Maslakov; VESTNIK MOSKOVSKOGO
UNIVERSITETA, No 1, 1979) 27
SCIENTISTS AND SCI~ITIFIC ORGAIVI~4TIONS
All-Union Scientif~.c Conference on Pressing Problems of
Feychiatry and ~:idictions (Psychotherapeutic Aspects)
(P. V. Voloshin, N. K. Lipgart; ZHURNAI, NEVROPATOLOGII
T PSII~?ATRIIr Na 3, 1979) 34
- a- [III - L1SSR - 22 S&T FOUOj
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CON'rENTS (Conbinued) Page
, Sy.mpoeium on Fediatric Neurology and Peychiatry To
Convene in Bud~pest
( z.xv~w rr~oPaTOr~oGZr i Psr~~rr, rro 3, i979 38
Permanent CF~QA Commicaion on Chemi.ca]. Tnduatry A.nnounces
Pro~ects
((3IDROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PRONflfSHI~NN05'r' ,
No 7, 1978) 35
PUBLICAT30NS
Handbook on Sanitaxy C:!.eaning of Cities and Settlements
(Yu. L. Shevchenko~ T. D~ Dmitrenko; SPRAVOCHNIK
PO SANI'rARNOY OCHISTKE GORODOV I FOSELKOV, 1978) 41
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INUUSTRI.4L MICROBIOLOGY
~ UDC 634.0.863.676.16.022.082.631
FUTURE ROLE OF MICROBIOLOGY INDUSTRY IN NATIONAL ECONOMY -
Mnacow GIDROLIZNAYA I Y.ESOKHIMICtIESKAYA PROMYLSHI.ENNOST' in Russian
No 1, 1978 pp 1-2
~Article: "To Increase Che Effectivenesa of Agricultural Production"~
~Te::t~ Comrade L.I. Brezhnev's report on the July (1978) Plenum of the
CC CPSU and the Plenum's decree "On Further Development of USSR Agriculture"
made a pxofound impreasion on the workers of our country. This historic
document hae been compleCely approved by the Soviet people, who have direcCed
their efforCa toward solution of the moat urgent ~roblems of agricultural
production, eliminat~.on of weak pointa, and more. effective use of ineano to
ensure progress in this extremely imnortanC ~terrJr of the economy. In
accordance with the party's agrarian policy, capital investment in agricu2-
rural production is constantly increasing. While in the 7th Five-Year Plan,
Che proportion of the toCal volume of capiCal investments was 20 percenC,
during the 8th Five-Year Plan it was 23 percent; in the 7th, 26 percent, and
in the lOth it is more than 27 percent.
During the last ten yeara much has been done to create a modern industrial
baRe for agriculCure. "Previously we had no such specialized, independent
mnjor fields as water conservation, land reclamation, engineering for
agriculture and fodder production, agricultural construction, mixed feed
production, at~d the microbiological industry," said L.I. Brezhnev in his
report. "Now we do:" The report further said that the experience of years
past indicates that the capacity of the industrial fields supplying agricul-
ture must be increased more vigorously.
_ This goal ie being met by Che decree of the CC CPSU andthe tISSR Council of
Ministe-s "On Further Development of Fodder Supp~ements, Crop-PrACective
Agents and Other Products of the Microbiologfcal Industry in 1915-1978,"
which was approved b~ the July Plenum of the CC CPSU. This document states
that the realfzation of the resolutions adopted by the party and the ;overn-
, ment on the creation and accelerated development of the microbiological
industry has roade it possible to increuse sjRnificantly the production of
fodder yeast, nonmedical antibiotics, gnzyme preparations dnd vitamins und
to organize the industrial production of fodder concentratieas of lysine,
premixes and microbiological crop-protective agents.
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The decree further aCueea Ch~C use of ehe productg oE the ndcrobidlo~icAl
industry is higtily in~luential ~.n improving ehe effecCiveness of agricul~
eural pr~ducti.on, parricularly in gtock breeding.
Ttiis high ev~luation oF the role of Che microbiolgic~l i.ndua~Cry is inspiring
ity workers Co new achievements o~ lgbor and overfulfillment of production
planCs, firs~ and foremoaC Chose for Fodder yaasC.
As a resuit of protcin s~arcity, enormous overexpendiCure o� ~odder is going -
on. In c,rder to eli.minate thia deficiency, along wiCh expanding plantings
of leguminous and oil-producing crops, alfalfa, clover, rape and soy, it is
n~cessary to take All posmible measur~es ro increase the induserial producrion ~
, of protein eubatances. Uae of fodder yeasC gs a supplement in raCions for -
animal~ And birds, for example, noC only economizes on the uaual fodder, but
alyo sybaCan~ially increases the quanCity of ineat, milk and eggs obtained.
~rhe CC CPSU gnd the U5SR C~uncil of Ministers has given rhe Malu Administra-
tion for Che Microbiological Industry Che reaponsibility for implemenCing -
new producCion capacities in 1981-1985 of 1,210,000 tons of fodder yeast.
This goal muat be fulfilled not only by conatructing new, but ~tlso by
expnnding and reconstructing exiating, enrerprises. In uddition, in order
to sntisfy the n~~ds of agriculture, it is necessary to increase on a ~
signific,~nt scale Che production of amino acid premixes, enzyme preparations,
fodder an*ibiotoca and vi.Camins, cnicrobiological crop-protecCive agents,
and becteria: fertilizers. Thus, in 1981-1985, new production capacities
of 21,000 tona of lysine, 144,000 tons of premixes, and 7,300 tons of micro-
biolcgicul crop-protective agents are to be implemented.
The necessary raw material resources have been allotted for realizing the
wide program of developin& the production of microbiological products. In
1985, �or example, diff~rent ministries and depRrtmenCs will. prov3.de the
microbiological industry with 9,199,000 solid cubic meters of technological -
raw materials, including 3,258,000 cubic metera of chips, 5,941.,000 cubic "
mer.ers of sawdust, 1,765,000 tons of ccrn cobs, 668,000 tons of rice huaks,
759,000 tons of sunflower husks, and 1,730,000 tons of cotton pads.
I~~ the eleventh five-year plan, R 2.9 billion are earmarked for the
developmer:; of the microbiological industry. Goals f~r construcCing and `
implemenCing new capacitiea and organizing serial pr~ducCion of technological
equipment have been set by the construction and industrial ministries. The
decree of the CC CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers states that the
maCerials, resources qnd equipment for the creation of enterprises and units
of the microbiological industry must be received first and �oremost by the
contract construction organizatione.
Considerable funds will be invested in the reconstruction of existing
hydrolysis indusrry enterprises with `he aim of increasing their output
of Products for agrioulture. New pt~~du~tion capacities for fodder yeast
must bc created in the Arkhangel'skiy, Bobruiskiy, Biryusinskiy, Ziminskiy,
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Ivd~l'skiy, Onezhskiy, Tavdinakiy and Tulinskiy hydrolyaie and the Kanakiy,
Krasnoyurgkiy and Kirovskiy chemical planCs. The Khakasskiy .~nd Khorskiy
hydroly~ig plantis will beaome ma~or suppllers of premixas. New high~power
enterprisea will be built in Tomskiy Oblast end Kraenoyarakiy Kray--the
'romska-Aainovskiy and Makalakovo-Yeniaeyakiy hydrolyais yease factnriea,
e~ch of which wi~.l give agriculture 80,000 eons of proreitt-vitiamin fodder `
yeast annuatly.
~ In reconstructing exisCing hydrolysis plants and bui.lding new onea,
Applicution muaC be found for the latest achievemenCs of science and
_ technology, so that Che new capacitiea are really new, meeCing the needs
of Che eimea, and highly effecCive from Che point of view of economica and
the quality of producCa manufactured by them. This obligatea Che scienCific
research and designing organi.za~iona to examine their proposals and deciaions
once again and, with great creative enthusiasm and a feeling of great respon-
sibility, to work on implementing the goals of the party and the governmenr.
The indicated decree of the CC CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers
_ entrusts ttie Main Administration of the Microbiological IndusCry of the
i1SSR Council of Ministera with developing, wirh the participation of the
USSR Academy of 8ciences and interested induatries and departmenta, and
- with approving before 1 October 1978 in agreement with the USSR State "
Comrt;ittee on Science and Technology and the USSR Gosplan, measures to ensure
in 1978-1985:
further developmenC and increase in the effectiveness of scientific research,
experimental-induatrial, and design work in the field of manufacturing
products of. microbiological synthesis;
significant increase in technico-economic indexes of microbiological
production;
attainment in the shorCest time possible of a high level of production for
lysine, nonmedical antibiotics, microbiological crop-protective agenCs,
enzyme preparations and bacterial fertilizer;
increase in the quality of products turned out;
development of highly productive and sCable industrfril strains of micro-
orsar~isms; -
more complete use of wasCes from the enterprises of the microbiological
industry and development and creaeion of wastefree technological processes
for manufacture of microbiological products;
decrease in outlays of raw materials, fuel, and electricai ~*_�ergy per unit
of production;
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developm~nt and creution of highly producCive Cechnological lines wiCh uni~s
of hi~h uniC-capaciCy and c:quipping the enterprises of the micrubiological
industry with Chem;
decrease in outlays of stainless sCeel per unie of product output;
czeaCion o~ t~chnologict~l processes of microbi~logical synthesis which use
new types of raw materials;
ttie crearion o� qualitatively new produces of microbiologicgl synChesis
necessary for agriculture; ~
expAnsion of the applicati.on and effective use of microbiological products
in agriculCure, light industry, the food, meat and milk, and fish induseries
and in other branchea ot the national economy.
The development, manufacture and CeAting of new engineering is an urgent
matCer. T.n particular, it is t-ery imporCant for the hydrolysis indusCry to
receive an experimental model of a yeast-grewing apparatus for processing
concenCraCed hydrolysis media with an output of 50 Cons per day from the
"Dzerzhinskkhimmash" Plant in 1979, and to test it at the Volzhskiy hydro-
lysis yeast p1anC in 1980, so that the corresponding enterprise of rhe
Ministry of Chemical and PeCroleum Machine Building can organize serial
production of Chis r~pparatus in 1981.
The goal of Che new engineering also includes developing initial requirements,
performing Cechnical documenCation, mar.ufacturing the experimental model,
Cesting it, ~nd organizing serial production of conCinuous output reactors
for enzyme hydrolysis ~f pulp-conCaining raw maCerials wiCh an output of
6,000 liters per hour; purification systems for exhaust air from dispersion -
driers with an outpuC of up to 300,000 cubic meters per hour, and oCher highly
effective equipment. The Ministry of Chemical and Petroleum Machine Building,
the Minis~ry of Machine Building for Light and Food IndusCry and Household
. Appliances and the USSR State Co~nittee for Material and Technical Supply have
been entrusted with manufacturing and supplying the Main Admini.stration of
the Microbiological Industry with a number of camplex technological lines
in 1981-1985, among them three linea for the hydro'lysis ir.dustry with an
output of 12,000 Cons of furfurol and 38,000 tons of fodder yeast per year;
two lines for manufacCuring xylitol with an output of 10,000 tons per year
and four lines for manufacturing premixes wiCh an output of 36,000 tons per
year.
The biochemists of ~he cellulose and paper industry are also contributing
to solve the protein problem. Through maximal use of sulphite waste liquor
and pre-hydrolyeates, its enterprises will bring the manufacture of fodder
yeast up to 215,000 tons by 1985. In order to fulfill this goal, envisaged
by the indicated decree of the CC CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers,
collecrives of hydrolysie factories and biochemical shops of the pulp and
paper induetry will have to accamplish significant work in perfecting
engineering and technology and in modernizing equipment. Institutes in
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~hie field mus~ ~ctively parCicipate under the directiion of rhe Main
Adminis~rnCion oT the Mi.crobiological Industry in the development of
measures direcCed toward act~ieving in 1978-1985:
eigntiicant ir?creuse in Cechnical and economi.c indices oF the alcohol-yeasr
and hydrolyeis plantis existing in Chis branch;
increase in the qualiry of fodder S~east;
more complete uae o~ wAStes from biuchemical plants and creation of wasCe-
iree technology;
decrease in outlays of material and fuel and energy resources;
increase in effectiveneas of producCs of biochemical plants.
The ministry of the cellulose and paper industry has given the all-union
indusCrial associaCiona Soyuztaellyuloz, SoyuzbumaR and Soyuzbumizdeliye
(expnnsfons unknown) the task of constructing new, and exp~nding and
reconstructing existing enCerprises. The greaCesC volume of work to be
done is on the Usr'-Ulimskiy and Bratskiy timber indusCry complexes. In
. rhe former, a production capacity of 38,000 tons of yeast must be implemented
in 1982, and in Che latter, yeast manufacture must be brought up to 66,400
tons by 19~5.
The July Plenum of the CC CPSU has initiated a new stage in the struggle
for further development of a~riculture. The decree of the Plenum was
~ officially discussed in well-attended meetings of worker collectives, who
not only warmly approved the party's agrarian policy but also contributed
' concre~e proposals on its practical realization and on transtorming agricul-
ture into a well-developed secCor of the economy. Workers of the micro-
biological and cellulose and paper industries are making a worthy contribution
to the resolution of this naCional goal.
COPYRIGII'T: Izdatel'stvo "L~:snaya promyshlennost'," Gidroliznaya i
lesokhimicheakaya promyshlennoat'," 1978
9380
cso: 18~0
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INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
UDC 634.0.863.5:663.14.036
T~STING NEW CHEMICAL ANTIFOAMS IN FOllLI:R YEAST PRODUCfION
Moscow GIUROLIZNAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Russian
rro 1978, pp 16-is
LArticle by A.K. Edomina of Che All-Union Scientific and Research In~titute
of the Hydrolysia lndustry; A.A. Misyukov, S.F. Borisevich of the Leningrad
Hydrolysis Planti?
~Texti~ Growing fodder-protein yeast on hydrolytic media in air lifC
apparatus is Accompanied by foam formation, which, as is known, is a
positive event. In the stage of yeast separation, however, the foam musC
be extinguished. There are several methods for extinguishing it, the most
widely used being the mechanical and chemical methods.
While in mechanical foam extinction, the foam bubbles are destroyed by means
of inechanical devices (beaters, paddles, etc.), the chemi~al method of foam
reduction is more complex, depending on many factors.
According to the data (1), two variants of the action of chemical antifoams
are possible. The first is when a drop of antifoam penetrates the film
between two bubbles and spreads as a thick double film; the tension created
during the spreading mechanically destroys the film. The second variant is
when a drop oF antifoam penetrates into liquid foam but spreads to a limiCed
extent, forming a mixed monolayer with the frothing agent. If this monolayer
has poor coherence, the foam will be destroyed.
Comnnon to both merhods is the fact that the antifoam penetrates Che film
between two bubbles. This capacity of the substance may be expressed as
the coefficienC of penetration E. As soon as the drop penetrates the
film, its capacity for spread is determined by the coefficien~ of spread S.
E and S can be expressed as surface tension and tension on the surface of
the partition between the antifoam and ehe frothing agent:
E= yF+~~FA-YA ~ ( i )
S~ ~F-YFA-1'A~ ('-1
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where = the surface tension of the frothing agene; ~
~:-i a the surface tienaion of the antifoam;
~'~~~1 m sur~ace Cenaion of the partition be~ween Che antifoam and
the frothing agent.
As can b e seen from Formula 1, 3.n order for ~he peneCration coefficient ~
to be positive, it is necessery to have an an~ifoam with low aurface tension.
And in order �or the apread coefficient S to have a positive value, substances
also having hydrophilic properties are necessary.
IC should be kepC in mind that the outlay of chemical antifoam in hydrolytic
yeas~ production de;~Ends noh only on ~he physico-chemical character3.stics of
tihe antifoam, but also on the method of addition, the physico-chemical
charaaeerisrica of the ~rothing medium, the sCrain of yeast, Che physiological
condition of ~he cells, etc. These indices are different in every plant,
therefore Che ouClay ot antifoam per ton of yeast is not uniform in the
hydrolysis enterprises.
For comparison, Table 1 presents data on outlays of che~ical antifoam in
1974 for each plant in the hydrolysis industry. The data presenred in
Table 1 show that the outlay of chemical antif~am tluctuates from 5-38 kg
per alcohol plant and from 14 to 77 kg per nonalcohol plant. This causes
differing expenditures per Con of yeast of R 5-35.
Because of curtailment of supply stocks of cod liver oil for the needs of
the hydrolysis industry, the authors of the presenC article conducted a
study on sel~cting and finding new types of chemical antifoams which c~Z
be used fcr groduction of fodder yeast.
In order to inves~igate the antifoam properties oi a number of new chemical
substances, water emulsions of th~m in different concentrations of Che basic
subsrance--5-10-15-20%--were prepared in the laboratory in a mixer. The
time o� emulsification was 5 min, the frequency of mixer rotation was 5000
rev/min. The emulsion obtained reduced yeast foam taken from the first
section of the production floatators of the Leningrad Hydrolysis Plant.
After ehe foam was reduced, the volume of the yeast suspensi~n and the amounC
of yeast in it were determined.
Qualitative indicators--dispersion and stability--were chosen in order to
evaluate the emulsion obtained. Dispersion was determined visually, and
sCability was expressed by the relation:
C = ~a' - a'~ 1009~6 ,
ai
where r. = the stability of the emulsion,
~T~ = the amount of chemical antifoam used in preparation of the
emulsion, ml;
_ ~rz = the quantity of exfoliated ar~tifoam after setCling for
1 day or longer, ml.
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~
Thc~ results of the laborarory experiments are presented in Table 2. ~
_ As can be seen from Tabxe 2, oE the nearly 40 dif�erenC chemical aubsCances
teared, Che ?nosC effective were techni.cal oleic acid, furCy acids of tall
oil~, soap stocks from vege~ttnle oils, synthetic fatity acide und alcohols.
Tliey red~ice foam with sufficient speed--in 30 Co 80 s--wieh a rela~ively
s~ii outlay af 12-20 g of an~i�oam per kg of absolute dry yeast. The
stability of Che emulsion which was dete~ined by methodology described 3.n
the litera~ure (2), is as high as 75-98%.
It should be noted thaC all rhese subyCances have compatively low surface
tension, u long hydrocarbon radicsl chain, and a hydrophilic group. Conse-
quently, ~ha conclusions (1) are, to an extent, valid for selection of
antifoams for hydrolytic media.
The substances which showed high foam-reducing p~:�operties in laboratory
investigations were tesred under industrial conditions in the Leningrad
p1anC which processes spent beer wi.th yeast. Water emulsions of these
substances were prepared in a p1anC unit with sid of a vortical pump. The
conditions under which the emulsion was prepared and the resulrs of indus-
trial tesring are presented in Table 3.
Testing demonstrated that the most effective anCifoams were soap stocks
from vegetabl~ oils and f.atty acids of tall oils. These substances are
inexpensive (R 300-600/ton) and they give a stable water emulsion under
indusrrial conditions.
Although synthetic fatCy acids and alcohols have foam-reducing properties,
they have an unpleasant, asphyxiaCing odor; therefore with the existing
technology it is impossible to use them for fodder yeast culr~tr_.
Org~nic siiicon coir,pounds proved Co be inetfective as chemical antifoams
in continuous process cultures.
Conclusions
1. Studies ~n the selection of new types of chem~.cal antifoams for
hydrolytic yeast production were conducted. Approximately 40 types of
sybstances of difierent origins aere tested.
2. The most promising were soap stocks from vegetable oils, fatty acids
of tall oils GOST 14845-69, types A, B, or V, and technical oleic acids
obtainecl from hide fat.
3. It uppears that in selecting chemical antifoams for growing fodder
protein yeast, it is necessary to focus on subsCances having suff iciently
long hydrocarbon chains and having hydrophili.c and hydrophobic grou~s.
&
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~OEt 0~'~ICIAL U3~ ONLY
0
Table 1 ^ ' ~
N O t+ pG
p. W u aJ
c ~ y` v a " .
N N
A W O 61 ey,0 ai
~ 4~l Op ~ ~ ~
rlent Antifoam ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ �
ALC01lOL i'LAN'CS
giryusinekiy Whale oil 12.4 971 12.09
9obryuskiy 5oap etock 37.9 334 12.27
- Vdlgogradekiy Fieh oil 19.6 896 17.58
Cubakhinakiy " " 6.2 1083 6.67
7.iminBkiy " " 12.0 899 1~`.GS
Ivdel'skiy " " 11.0 8~5 9.53
Kanekiy " " 4.9 931 4.62 -
Karsnoynrekiy " " 10.6 930 y.88
Leningradekiy Soap etock 13.2 30G 5.02
Lobvinskiy Technical oil 11.4 844 9.66
oneLhekiy ~ieh oil 10.4 819 8.49
Saratovskiy " " 12.7 782 9.91
'1'avdinskiy " " 10.4 846 8.60
'~~lunekiy Whale oil 18.1 926 16.72
Khakasskiy " " 25.1 89S 22.43
_ Korakiy " " 18.1 878 15.89 ~
Segcxhskiy Fiah oil, eoap atock 20.8 6$2 14.23
OTli~R PLANTS
Andizhanskiy piah oil 31.5 438 13.87
Astrakhaskiy ' " " 24.2 735 17,79
Bel'tskiy Soap stock 23.1 329 7.59
Benderakiy " " 27.9 370 10.32
Volzhskiy Whale oil 14.5 1401 20.28
Georgievskiy Oleic acid, fish oil 13.9'~ 872 12.15
7,aporozhskiy Soap etock, fish oil 21.9 ~319 17.99
Kedaynskiy Fish oil 27.1 113 19.34
Kirovskiy " " 32.4 835 27.1U
Krasnodarakiy Whale oil 19.1 863 16.54
Kropotakinakiy Soap etock 37 354 13.10
Lesozavodakiy 30 922 27.68
Rechitskiy Oleic acid and soap atock 17.2 765 13.16
~ergnnskiy Fish oil, soap stock, KAV-1 46.2 142 6.56
C}iimkentskiy Fish oil 20.4 934 19.06
Yangiyul'skiy " " 19.9 900 17.93
Appolonskiy Whele oil 71.2 449 34.67 _
technical oil
Nikolayevskiy Soep etock, Pish oil 23.2 435 10.07
Syktyvkarakiy Fish oil 31.4 838 26.28
~ 9
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_
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,
~OR O~~ICIAL USE ONLY
BIBLIOGItAPNY
1. J.I. ~vans; and M.J. Hall. ~OAM5 AND AN'rIFOAMS IN ~'~1tM~N'rATION
PROC~SS BIOCH~tISTRY, 1911, No 4, pp 23-26.
2. K.P. Andreyev; A.V. Nadezhdina; A.K. Edomina; ~t ~1. "Emul~sionnye
penogaei~eli v drnzhxhevom proizvodeCve" ~~mulsion AnCifoams in
Yeaet Production~, GIDROLI2NAYA I L~SOKHIMICt1~3KAYA PROM-ST~, 1968
No 5, pp 6-8.
COPYItIGHT: IzdaCel'stvo "Leanaye proaryahlennoet Gidrolizngya i
lesokhimicheakaya promyshlennast 1918
9380
CSO : 1870
13
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INDUSTItIAL MICROBIOLf~GY
UDC 634.0.863.5.002.2:628.179
INDUS'TFtIAL r~STING 0~ A METHOD ~OI~ OBTAININC SOLUTIONS OF NUTRIENT SALTS
USING ItECIRCULATION 0~' YEAST MASH~S
- Moscow GIDROLY2NAYA I LESOKHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' f~?:'ugaian
No 7, 1978 pp 29-30
(ArCicle by K. Kundev. A. Tatareki, and I. Stepanov, b~ulgaria~
~'TextJ Nutrient salt soluCiona for yeast production are uauall.y prepared
by dissolving dry salte in water. In accordance with planning decisions,
such a method was al$o used in the hydrolysis yeast plant in the town af
Razlog. As a result of dissolving salts in i.ndustrial water, Che mean
concentration of phoaphorus counted per P205 in the solutions was only 1.5
percent.
In order to demonstrate Che poasibility of increasing the phosphorus ~
concentration of aolutions in our plant, sCarCing in 1965, the process of
dissolving nutrient salta--superphoephate and potassium chloride--in
recirculated yeast mashea uaing the approach of experimental planning was
investigated. The positive reaults of the investigations impelled us to
conduct industrial testa of Che me*hod; the sunanarized results are presenCed
in the preaent article.
The industrial teaCs were conducted in the Razlog hydrolysis yeast plant
in accordance with a detailed technological diagram which ia presented
in the figure. In order to conduct the Cests, from the total number of
observatione 301 were selecCed at an interval of 86.4�3035, regresenting
the mean arithmetic values of the results obtained at an inteval of
86.4�103S. The total duration of testing was 2.58�106S. Analyses were
~ done using the standard methodology. The volume of yeast mash was
' detertained by means of a float gage and by computation. The results were
statistically analyzed using Student's t-test.
The characCeristics of the nutrient salrs and the yeast mash during the
test period are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
14
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(a~ 6
,t d ,J ~ S
4 `:,~M
' ' b
4
' - i
- - ?
� ` ~
. ~
Technological diagram for obtaining nuCrient sa1C aolutinns uaing recirculgCed
yease mashes.
1= container for yeagt mgsh; 2,4- centrifugal pumps; 3= apparatus for produc-
ing salt solutiona; 5= dispenaing conCainers for solutiona; 6~ device for
measuring outlay of yeast mash. Key; (a)= water (b)~ sludge.
Table 1
Reliable in~erval at
level of significance
=0.05 for:
Mean Individual Mean
Indices Value ObservaCiona Value
Yhosphorus content of superphosphate
counted per P205, % 46.05 �1.85 �0.10
Potassium content of potassium chloride . ,
counted per K20, % 61.50 �1.37 �0.0'
Table 2
Reliable interval at
level of signifidance
= 0.05 for: _
Mean Individuasl Mean
Indices Value Observat~ons Value
Temperature, K 304.15 +1.00 �0.050
Content, kg/m3: -
of PB 1.20 +0.02 �0.001
of nitrogen 0.45 �0.03 �0.002
of KCI 0.040 �0.002 �0.0001
Quantity of P205,% 0.023 �0.002 �0.0001
Active Acidity (pH) 4.10 -1~O.lp -fp.pp5
1.5
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~rhe operaCin~ condiCion~ of eh~ industrial appgraeus fnr prepuring nuCriettC
gulr soluCion~ und ehe Charnceeristics of ehe goluCiong dbeained using yeast
ma~h are preeenCed in Tabl~a 3 gnd 4. The daCa 3.n Tab1e 4 show thae during
Ctie test period the mean concenCration vf phosphorua caunted per P205 was
l.g perC~nt. ICe increa8e Cn 21.33 pQrcene in comparison wiCh ehe exiaCing
methad is cau~~d by Ch~ increased temperaCur~ of the pron~ss (30.15 K), rhe -
acCive ncidiCy (pit=4.1) of ehe yettsC mash and the opCimal condiCions for
dbraining nuCrient sa1C goluCions. In the aolutiotts obCained, the average
cnntenC (kg/mJ) of nitrogen was 9.43; nf PB, 1.10; of pot~ssium chloride,
10.39. The comparaCively large reliaUle inCerval for individual obaervaCion
df Che phoaphorue concentraCion (countf~d per p205) ia caused by the varia-
biliey ~f ita auperphoaphaCe coneenC and disturbance of the technological
cdndieiong.
~rabi~ 3
Religble ineerval aC
level of s�gnificance
= 0.05 for:
Mean Individual Mean
Indices Value Observations Vulue
Volume of yeast mash in apparaCus, m3 30.50 �0.50 -F0.03
Quantity of ~uperphosphate in yeast _
mash, kg/m 41.97 �0,69 �0.04
Quantity of porassium chloride
in ye~sC m~ah, kg/m3 10.49 �L1.24 �0.01
Duration of Load (S):
yeasi: mash 5.98'103 �1.8'103 �103
nutrient ealta 4.3'103 �1.2�1033 �69
Duration of mixing in apparatua (S): 14.4'10 +1.68�10 +97
Table 4
Reliable interval at -
level of significance
= 0.05 for:
Mean Individual Mean
Indices Value Observations Value
Concentration, kb/m3:
nierogen 0.43 +0.02 +0.001
KCI 10.33 �0.21 �0.01
F'~ 1.10 +0.05 +0.03
Phosphorus conCent counted per P205 1.82 -f-0.12 �0.007
Active acidity (pH) 4.10 +0.10 +0.005
Temperature, K 302.15 +1.00 -f-0.OS
Phospliorus content counted per P205 in
sludge 2.34 �0.02 �0.001
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A~ a resule nf ineroducing a method for ob~aining nuCriene salti aolutions
by r~circulaCing yeas~ mashes, it was d~3Cermined ~haC Che effeceiveneas o~
fodd~r ye~sti producCion increases therewiCh. Thus, in manufacturing 11,500
rons of yeesC, 332,900 Cons oE superphoaphates (with a 44"/, P205 contenr),
98,41G tona of amoniac water (25% NH~), 2.09 tona of potaseium chloride
(62'% K20), 600 Cons of steam and eignificant amounta of electric energy
nnd capiCal expenditurea were saved. In addition, BPKS contaminaCien of
sewage decreased. The economic effecC obtained in this case was 8,000 Levs.
Concluaions
1. IndusCrial teata of a method for obtaining soluxions of the nutrient
sa1Cs auperphoaphate and potasaium chloride using yeast u?ashea did noC
preaene any difficulCy.
2. IC wAS demonstraCed ~hat yeasti mash accelerates the procesa of salt
eolution. The concentration of ~,i;osphorue counted per R205 in the solution
increases by 21.33 percenC iil comparison wi~h the existing meChod.
3. As the result of applying the method, savinga are Achieved in super-
pliosphafie, amoniac water, potassium chloride, steam, Qlectric energy and
capital expenditures; BPKS contamination of sewage decreases.
, 4. The method developed can be used in modernizing and reconstructing
existing enterpriaes and in planning new plants for producing fodder yeast
from hydrolysates of forestry and agricultural wastea.
CUPYRIGHT: Izdatel'srvo "Lesnaya promyshlennost"', "Gidrolyznaya i
lesokhimicheakaya promyshlennoat"', 1978
9380
CSO: 1870
17
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IN5TItUMENTS ANU ~QUIPMENT
UDC: 725.51.055:615.1.014.45
MObEQ1V ME'THODS FOR C'3EATING ULTRACLEAN PREMISES
Moacow KHIMIKO-FARMATSEVTICHESKIY ZHURNAL in Ruesian No 2, 1979 pp 89-95
[ArCicle by G.-P. Khortig, Babcock-BShKh Company, Federal Republic af
Germany)
[Text] Increasing importance is being aCrributed to creating aseptic or
ultraclean working condiCions in the most diverse areas of scientific
research and industry. In the pharmaceuCical industry, with the develop-
ment of new in~ectables that cannot be subsequently sterilized, Che
production of such products under ulCraclean conditions acquires special
importance. The goal of working under absolutely aterile conditions,
free of all foreign particles, is an Ldeal that can only be more or less
approached in practice.
A distinction is often made between pollution by dust parCicles and micro-
organisms. Of c~ourse, these are two very different types of pollution;
however, experience in working in the field of inethods for ultraclean
premises shows that both these forms of pollution should be taken into
consideration simultaneously, since there is no method as yet for removing,
for example, only biologically active particles from air, whereas the exist-
ing :nodern methods of filtering air permiC trapping both types of pollutants
simultaneously (by means of modern instruments, the concentration of all
particlea in air in a auapended state is measured within 1 min and, at the
~ame time~ determination is made of their distribution according to size).
The main ob~ective of modern engineering for the creation of ultraclean
premises is to trap, along with all suspended particles in air, the
elements of microbial contamination. Thus far, it has not been possible
to determine precisely the proportion between biologically active particles
and inert ones that are transported in air. Very approximately, the
ratio can be considered to constitute 1:1000.
Figure 1 illustrates the usually encountered concentrations of particles in
air. The y-axis shows the number of particles that are larger than the
size of ~he arbitrary unit. Let us consider, for exam~le, particles that are
0.5 um in size; we see that there are 100,00Q to 1,000,000 such particles
per liter air in a large city; premises with higher air purity requirements,
18
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equipped wiCh an ordinary venCilation system, contain aboue 1000 such par-
ticles per liCer air, while Chose equipped witih a system operating on the
principle of laminar flow af air have up Go one such partiicle per 1iCer
nir. 'I'tiie figures demonstrate convincing].y that the use of modern methoda
for creating ultraclean premises a3r purity can be improved by 1000 timea.
In nrder to answer the quesCion of
why the air purity indices are so
low in premises wi~h ordinary
s~-, ventilation we shou~d conaider the
; " - ' sourcea of air poll.ution. Man
ro6 himself is the primary aource of
.s � _ air poLluCion indoors. Table 1
118C8 the indicera of particles
X~ �
~os ~.I~,.~ , _ emiCted by man i~1to the environment
. - ~ -t-� ' ; , as related to Che nature of his
~ movements. The scale covers indices
h s i i;
i ~ ' of 100,000 to 30,000,000 particles
~04 per minute. Let us consider whaC
a ' i~ happens to air in a room equipped
~ s with ordinary ventilation when Chere
~ are 1 to 10,000,000 particles
r ~ . .
(Figure 2). Purified air enCers
~ s/ the room at a high speed through
a hoods or graCing [louvers] thar are
o~t . ~ ~ ~ located in the ceiling in most cases.
4 ~ Because of Chis and ~et pumping, a
- ~ S,' highly turbulent flow ls generated
'i% ~ tn Che room, which blows through
z~~ a11 zones and corners, after which
0,3 0,5 ~,o S ro 2a the air is removed f rom the room
Particle size, um through outlets located near the
Figure 1. floor. Usually air is exchanged
Number of particles per m3 air with 10 to 20 times per hour. Let us
the use of differenC purification estimate the number of suspended
systems parCicles in the room. Let us assume
1) large city and industrial region that the area of the room is 10 m2,
2) cl.ean premiees with ordinary its heighC is 3 m, air is exchanged
venCilation 10 times an hour and that a man is
3) laminar flow throughout working in the room who emits about
4) laminar flow in a localized area 5�106 particles over 0.5 um in size
per min, or 300X106/h. The volume
oL sir removed from the room constituting 1Ox30, i.e., 300 m3/h, even on
the assumption that the delivered ait contains 0 particles, we shall find
tt~at the concentration of particles in room air would constitute 1000 par-
ticles per liter air or, when acaled arbitrarily to microbial contamination,
1 microorganism per liter air.
1~3
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'1'~b1.e L. Number of particlea emiteed by a working man as related ~o ehe
type of movemenCs he makes
Particles emitted per min
measured ac-
cording Co
measured Hechst (par-
according Cic1e size
_ Type of movemen~ ea Austin 0.3 um) Remarks
Standing or aeaeed without moving 1x105 The number of
Seated, making alight movements 1x106 0.5X105 to particles
witti the hand or top of body 1.5x106 varies widely
Slow walking Sx106 depending on
Rapid walking 1X107 fabric of
Abrupt, uneven movements 3x10~ 2x10~ wh~.ch clothing
is made
a
Figure 2.
Diagram of air flow in an ordinary
^ ~ room
~ ~ a) air input
~ ~ , b) si.r output
c) zone of turbulence
b , ' b
~
Ttiis estimate cleazly shows that the usual systems of air purification have
very limited effectiveness. The chief flaw of such systems is that the
air in the room is constantly mixed with freshly supplied air, and instead
of removal of particles and microorganisms there is merely dilution thereof
in the fresh incoming air. Consequently, usual air purification systems
serve only as a barrier to exogenous polluCion, but they do not prevent
pollution arising in the room in Che course of human activiCy.
Before we discuss more refined methods of room air purification, we should
summarize the most typical cases of pollution. This can be done by
defining the r.irection of movement of pollutants (Figure 3). The work zone
or product itself are arbitrarily depicted in this figure in the form of
a table (1), while the worker in the environment is rendered as a human
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flgure. In case n(2), Che posaibility of conCamination of Che product (or
work zone) from the environmenC ahauld be ruled our. The arrow points ro
ehe direcCion of movemene of pollutants that have to be averCed. In ~ther
words~ we are dealing here with n case of protectiion of ehe work xone ehat
has high air purity requirements from exCernal pollution. There are a~.so
Che npposite siGuaC~ons, for example, in manufacturing drugs for intake
by mouth, when it is noC the producC that has to be protected ~rom the
environment~ but rhe environmenC from the product. In (3), the arrow
points to movement of pollutants in the opposite direction for such a case.
EnvironmenC ~
Figure 3.
~ Sketch of possible directions of
pollutants when working in the phar-
maceutical industry
1) work place -
2) case a
/2 3) case b
Direction /3 4) case c
of pollutants
/y
l~
In addition, it is necessary quite often, ~articularly when conduc~ting
pharmacological or microbiological tests, to prevent pollution in both
directions, case c (4).
These three cases (a, b and c) cover virtually all situations Chat are en-
countered. Let us use d to designate all special cases that are not
covered by a~ b and c. The same situations as in cases a, b and c apply to
cases d, but when there are additional special conditions; for example,
the use of protective gases or extreme temperatures.
Let us discuss each specific case, the methods available for each of them
and the results that can be achieved.
As we have already stated, we must concentrate on processes of movement of
.~ir flowe. The main flaw of existing traditional systems is that the
incoming fresh air is mixed with Che air circulating in the room.
In order to control the movement of suspended particles in air, the afr
flow itself must be controlled. Instead of a turbulent, constantly mixing
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flow of ai.., we have to creare precisely directed, unifnrm movement o~ the
air f1ow, free of turbulence, as much as posaib7.e. In ehis case, the room
is transformed into a diatincrive flow-Chrough channel.
Such uniform, slow, vorCex-free flowa of air resemble laminar, i.e., jeC
flow, in hydrodynamic proceases. Hence the name of "laminar course," or
"laminar f1ow." At presenC we already know that we are not dealing wiCh
true laminar flow in the atrict sense, but only with the initial elements
of Chis process with high value of Reynolds' number. More precisely, the
flow is not vortex-free but wiCh minimal turbulence, i.e., we obsexve on
the sides of the flow slow and very mild displacement (mixing) of air psr-
ticles. Figure 4 illustrAtes this phenomenon clearly; it was submitted Co
compreheneive inveatigation when defining ita patterns.
Figure 4.
Transport of substance
in flow section behind
obstacle
~ ~ s i;
~ c~;,:. + .
~ .
~
On the baeis of these data, we can calculate the required size of a device
and define ttie zones that must be protected from pollution (Figure 5).
Figure S is a sketch of a dispensing machine that operates in a vertical
flow of air. It is shown that the farther it is from the work zone, the
larger the area of flow around musC be.
Moreover, experience has shown that the smaller the work zone, the better
the results of purification. This phenomenon can be easily explained,
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Hin~e ehr. Hmnllhr thr_ channcl Chrough which fldw pa~~ee, the en~ier ie i~
f~r. ~Ir t~ bypad~ Che ob~t~cl~. Congid~r n prnduction lin~ in g phnrma-
~eutical enterpriee. The highe~t puriCy raquirement~ opply rn ~ r~ldtiv~ly
circumxcribed wnrk zon~. On thie baeie, une cgn ~nnclude thnt th~ mogt
refinQd purificatinn of air ehould bp provided prim~rily in ehe~e xoneg,
and tt~i~ ran be accompli~hpd wiCh xonel devi~eg.
'Chug, the probl~m~ r~ferabl~ tn
c~~e ~ can ~e galved by cregting
l I epecial "lnminnr flow" ~quipment
in th~ form of work tnbleg or
bonthg. 'Th~ prnblem~ refc~rabl~
~ eo caee b are resolv~d by u~ing
~ ~o-called "rever~e leminar flnw."
Unlike ca~~ a direcr flaw of
air with minimel turbulencp ie nb-
t~ined by m~an~ nf an exhauet or
suctic?n (Figure 6). Thp pxhaugt
channel is illutre~ted nn the riRht
in Figure 6 end e perfornted w~ll
to produce a uniform, direcC flow,
on the lefC. 5uch unitg nre u~ed,
f~r exemple, td procese producrs thut
do not require gterile conditions,
but from which the personnel and
environment must be protected. ~or
case c, i.e.~ when pollution must
be prevented in both directions~
Figure 5. 8ppcial booths with closed circula-
Determination of requlred area tion have proved themselves in
around diepensing machine to Pructice. Pigure 7 is a sketch
be aubmitted to vertical floa of such a booth. Laminar f1oW
of air generated in the diatributor
l) clean air region chamber (1) with filter (2) passes
through the work zone (4) and re- -
turns to the di~tributer chamber,
pnssing through receiving chamber (7) and prepurification filter (8). 7.one
(S) ie contaa~inated with product pol.lutants, while environmental pollutantx
pass into zone (6). The different unite must be assembled in such a
manner that the work zone would not be next to zone (6) and zone (5) Would `
be fnr from opening (10). With such arrangement of units, the conditions
for case c are met, which reyuire prevention of pollution in both directions
s~t the eame time.
A m:ichine for filling and sealing vinls (Figuze E) is shown as an illustra- .
tion of effectiveneas of an air purification system operating on the prin-
ci~~le ~f laminar flow. In Figure 8, the c~achine is rendered as a flnt
drawing; empty vials are fed to it by n rotating disk feeder on the left,
and it concurrently serves ea a buffer; in the middle is the filling and
sealin~ unit rsnd on the right, the ready vials are put out. At the bottom,
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er~ the re~~lti~ oE meagurin~ ~lie concentratinn pdrticlee in the ~ir in
eh~ imm~~fi~c~ vieinity df ehe m~chin~. At fir~t, th~ m~~hine wgg equipp~d
uiCh ~n nrdingry v~ntii~tion ~xh~uet, th~n it weg rem~deled ~nd ~quipped
with a~yetem of Air purifi~~tion ~p~rating on the principie ~f lamingr
flnw. 'The figureg in par~ntheeee were obtgined with ordingry purifiGgtinn
devi~e~ ~nd thog~ without par~ntheg~~, aEtcr ednv~rt' .g th~ mnchine to th~
naw ~y~tem. Th~ parAmetere abt~in~d afC~r Convereing the machin~ tn the
n~w purificstinn ~y~Cem W~r~ mor~ th~n 1000 eimp~ b~tter, and thie ie indi-
~ntive of it~ great ~ff~~tivene~~.
'4 _
� o ~igure 6.
\ 5ketch nf gee-up fnr protecttng Che ~nvir~n-
,l,J ment and worker from the prnducC
i,~~ �^'`~'~;1,~ 1) digtributor wall for input flow of
f
y~ i = ~ ~ ; ~ eir
, , 2) pollut~d r~gion
: s ' 3) nir prefilter
~ i ~ , 4) nir exhaugt
~3,.~T ~igure 7.
Principle involved in setting up ultra-
clean work zone with open inflow ~suctionJ ~
surfnce
? 1) pressure chamber
2) sterile filter
I 3) laminar flow
3~~~ l, I 4) product
~ 5) pollutnnt particles of product
~n~ ~ 6 4 6) pollutant particles of environment
~p ~ S 7) receiving chamber
8) prefilter
9) ventilator
~ ` 10) closet opening
11) fresh air inflow
e 9 12) exhausC
. 13) air filter on exhaust
14) first point of contact of laminar
flow with environment
t.n conclusion~ let us return to the question of classifying premises with
increased air purity requirements. The concentration of foreign particles
and mfcroorganiam in room air is only one of thr factors of probability of
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pnllutinn. The tim~ f~Cenr ~nd ~i~e nf ~x~oged ~r~~ gr~ ~qu~11y fmpdrt~nt.
`~n determine the gen~r~1 prnbabiliCy ~f poilueion, nn~ mugt u~~ ~n index
thgt i~ the product nf ~11 faetor~ en~~th~r fnr ~ach ~t~g~ ~i af ehe prn-
du~~inn proc~eg. ~hig derivativ~ index B for ~ epeCifir gC~ge ~ of th~
produ~tiun proceg~ i~ ~xpre~eed ~e 8{, � Pz�TZ�p/V, whpr~ pz ie the conCentr~-
tinn ~f ~~rtiClp~, ~t~ ig Exposur~ tim~ and ~/V ig th~ ratio df op~n ~r~~ tn
u~pful vdlum~.
? ~igure g.
? Advantagpg of lgmin~r flow c~mp~red tn
.
~ ~ u~u~1 arrgngpm~nt
; 1) lamingr flow ~t 0.~5 m/e
? ~ 6 2) exhaust of hot eir
gunl ntmt ~
, I ~ ~
~ ~gt i~1.f~~o~ rr~� i~inn~/.s~R ~ _.(N!!?.
~ ~
Laminnr o... o... g? . 4!a... o.....A?.
flow with euction o~ hot gae
T~ble 2. A~r~unt of particles and degree of air pnllution in Che work zone
et different stages and for the entire production of a drug in
the case of uaual aet-up of the production procese (A) and With
th~ u$e of laminar air flow (B)
Time Number of ProbabiliCy of
product particles Probability of air pollution
epends over 0.5 um air pollution in work zone
et stage, in size per~k in work zone of entire
5tage of production min work zone air at stage (S�) prod~iction (H)
A. Usual set-up of production process
Transport and inter-
mediate r~torage b 3,000 900 )
5teriliaation SO 10,000 25,000 )
Transport 2 3,000 300 ) 34,000
Intermediate atorage 20 1,000 1,000 )
~illing 2 50,000 5,000 )
Senling 0.5 100,000 2,500 )
B. With the use of laminar air flow
7'ranaport and inter-
mediate storage 6 1 0.3 )
~ Sterilization 30 1 1.5 )
Tr:msport 2 2 0�2 ~ 3.25
Intermediate storage 20 1 1.0 )
~illing 2 2 0.2 ~
Sealing 0.5 2 0.05 )
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Huving ehu~ obtdi~~ed Ch~ d~riv~tiv~ ind~x f~r ~ach of ~h~ produGCion
prde~d~, w~ e~n r~'~dily determinp whieh zone or whi~h p1~~~ i~ ~ub~~ce tn
tih~ gr~nt~~t d~ng~~r of pollueinn and wh~rp ~pecigl pr~c~uCinn~ry ~t~p~ ~h~uld
b~ t~k~n. ~or th~a entir~ production proce~s ae a wholp, th~ ind~x nf
prub~biliey ~f polluCi~n H i~ dertv~d a~ Chp ~um of indic~s fnr each ~r~g~
nf the production procees, i.e.,
ti-n -
H e g ~z.
i~,1
T~ble ~ liete Cha ~t~geg of th~ proce~~ of prodcueion of ~ drug ~t a phar-
ma~~eutinal enterprise. The fir~t cnlumn ligts the different gtng~e nf ehe
proc~~g, the e~cond, th~ time the pYOduCC ~ppnds aC each ~tage; th~ Chird, _
the concentration of particles in the air of each work zone and the fourth,
ttle it~dices af prot~gbiliey ~f pollution ar Qach stage. At the top ar~
indiceg obtained when the equipment wag protected by ordinary venCilaeion
dpV~CEg and at the bottom, indices obtained after conversion to a purifica-
tion sygtem op~rating nn the lamingr flnw principle.
A~ cgn be ~een from the lieted indieeg, the prnbabiliey of pollution is not
the samc at each seperate stage of the production process; for example,
Ln th~ wnrk aone where the vials are sealed, the danger nf pollution ig
relntively minor, in spite o� the high concentr~tion of particles, due tr -
the brief time tf~e product spends in this zone.
If we c~mpare the~ top and bottom indices, we shall see that the bott.,m
ones are more than 10,000 times betterl
Table 2 shows that the problem of preventing contamination can be resolved
by means of inethc~ds for providing ultraclean premises, based on the
principle of lam::nar flow of air.
COPYRIGNT: "Khic~iko-farmatsevticheskiy zhurnal", 1979
10,657
C50: 1870
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pUgLIC H~ALTH
UUC: 612.453.44
~UNC'fIONAL S'~A`CE d~ `TK~ ADR~NOHYpOPNYS~AL 5YST~M UUItING ~XI'05UR~ T'0 LAS~It5
~~~~CT 0~ ~XI'O5UR~ 0~ itAT5 TO pULS~U LAS~It5 dN CROTICO5T~It02b CONT~NT
0~ BLOOb
Moscow V~5'TNIK MOSKOV5KOG0 UNIV~RSITETA, Seriya 16 Binlogiy~, i~t Russi~n
No 1, 1~79 pp ~S-4d
(Article by M. M. Nikitina nnc~ A. I. Maslnkov, Labor~tory of ~ndocrinology
and Labor~tory nf 5pgce $iology, submitted 21 Apr 77]
(TextJ 5tudies of the function~l st~te oE the ndrenohypophy~ie~l aystem
as related tn expoyure of the body to different factnrs make it possiUle
to assess the nctivity of nonspecific defens~ ~nd ad~ptation reactions
under different conditions. We previously demonstrated that exposure to
cdntinuous helium-neon lasers with beam output of 4, 25 and 40 mW induces
a relutively brief stressor effect in rats only when the eyes are exposed
to the beam (Nikitina, ~taslakov, 1977).
It is interesting to test th~ effect of exposing rats to pulsed lns~rs on
blood corticosteroid cunten[.
Material and Methods
We used a neodymium laser at a wavelength of 1.06 um and ruby laser at a
wavelength of 0.69 um in our experiments.
The animals (male rats) were rigidly immobilized during tlie experiment.
To tesC the reaction to lasers, the rats were divfded into groups, the
blood being taken (decapitation) at different postexposure times: 5, 15, 30,
60, 120 min, 24 and 48 h. Concurrently with experimental, irradiated animals,
we also examined control rats, which werP also immobiliaed and shielded
from the beam. We tested the effects of a beam directed to different parts
of the body: eyes, parietal region of the skull, region of [tie gonads and
adrenals.
In the experimen[s involving exposure of the eyes to pulsed neodymium lasers,
we used beams varying in energy density (from 6 to 1000 J/cm2), the area of
the light spot constituting 0.03-0.07 cm2. In those involving exposure of
the skull, regions of the gonads and adrenals, we first shaved off the fur
27
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ln the reginne tn be expnged. We repented Che ggme p~dCedure nn Che cnnCrol
~nimnt~~
The p~riet~l reginn of rhe ykull wng expogpd tn a n~adymium ing~r b~am with
energy dengi.ties df 10 nnd 600 J/~m2, gimpd ne Che hypneh~lamic regidn. The
gonnd~ w~re expn~ed ed ~ n~ndymium inser be~m nt energy dengieies of 1000 and
1500 J/cm2, Ch~ ~reg df Che lighC ~poe conaCituCing about b.008 cm'~. f~'or
~xpo~ur~ di the adr~nnl r~gion, ehe beam was aimed at ehe angle formed by
eh~ lest rib gnd lnng mugcle of ehe h~ck. In these experim~nts w~ used neo-
dymiucu ingere (bpam ~nergy density 3R J/cm2, at Chp reCe of 5 pulses, and
3(1~ J/Cm2, 1 pulse per adrenr~l) ~nd ruby lasers (energy d~nsiey 25 J/cm2,
3 pulses to the region nf ench adrenal). In these experiments, the area of
the light spot wns 0.2-0.5 cm2.
'T~ ~xnminp the functional atAte of the adrenals, we aseay~d blood plastina cor-
- ticosteroid content in experimental and conCrol animgla by Che meChod of
competitive protein-binding analysis using 3H-cortiso1~1,2 gnd rgC serum
tr~n~cortin as binding protein (Volchek, 1973).
We firsC tested Che ch~racterisCics of different types of stress on the basis
of glucocoritoid content of experimentnl animals' blood (Volchek et al., 1976;
Mukhammedov, Nikitina et al., 1976).
Tt~e experimental results were eubmitted to statistical processing (Bayley,
196z).
R~sults and Discussion
Lf Eect af beam aimed at the eyes: No deviations from normal, in
either behavior or condition of the eyes, was observed with the use of a
beam with energy density of 6 and 30 J/cm2(1-3 pulses). With the use of a
200 J/Fm2 beam, we demonsCrated a deleterious effect on eye tissues. The
animai twitched and squeaked when the laser unit was turned on. One could
detect almost immediately the formation of a white spot deep in the eye.
Sing.le expoaure to a beam of pulsed neodymium laser did not induce signifi-
cant changes in corticosteroid content for 2 days (as compared to the
control) (Figure 1).
A deep white apot appeared in the rat eye after exposure to neodymium Zasers
at energy densiCy of 266 and 1000 J/cm2(once a day for 3 days), as was found
~~fter single exposure. Some animals presented bleeding from the eye and
impairment of its fibrous tunic after the first exposure to a 1000 J/cm2
beam. With repeated exposure, the leukoma grew larger in size; the eyelids
stuck togeCher in some rats. On the 4th experimental day (24 h after the
3d expusure), most rats presented hyperemia on the internal side of the
leukoma, which was a sign of development of an inflammatory process. Never-
theless, the irradiated aniroals appeared normal throughout the experiment,
and their behavior differed little from that of control rats.
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~0
bo~~o f2) (12)
(12J .
w
0 .,I2~1~~ 1
N ` ,
c'~n ~ (B)
~o (?d)
~ r.-� 2-r.. ~d~
B)
U
I I
0 5 l5 JD 60 m~n ?4 h 4A~h
Time
~i~ure 1. ~ffect of single exposure of raCs Co 200 J/cm2neodymium
- laser (1 pulse per eye) on blood corticosteroid content
(averaged results of 3 experiments). Number of animals
is given in par~entheses.
1) control 2) experiment
~D
a
~
v
N
~
~ ~ f
N
O
u 10 2`~�
0
U
0 5 15 ~0 60 min 74 h
Time
I~igure 2. Effect of 3-fold (3 days) exposure of rats to pulsed
neodymium laser with beam energy density of 1000 J/cm2
(1 pulse per day per eye) on blood corticosteorid content.
Designations are the same as in Figure 1. Each point
' corresponds to the results obtained on four animals.
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We f~il~d eo demnnetr~ee appreci~b~e dif�erences between irradigted and
conerol rate wirh respecC Co blood corticoeeeroid content (~'igure 2).
'Chus, undc~r the conditions we uaed, single and multiple expoaure of Che
rur ey~s to pulsed neodymi~m lagers did nne have u significanC stressor
~ffect~ As compared Co ehe ~Creae of rigid iwnobilization.
A comp~rison of the resu].ts of these experiments to informaCion obCained
previously warranC~ the belief thaC rhe factor of duratinn o� exposure is
more impnrtant Co development of atress Chan the factor of intettai~y of
redintion. Moreover, the obtained reaults suggest that the nocicep~ive
rcacCinns of the rata are atCenuated.
~ffect of beam aimed at Che skull: Since the hypothalamua ia ehe
highest elemene in regulation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenals system,
iC was interesting to examine the effects of a laser beam aimed at the
parietal region o� the alcull and focused on Che region of this gland. l~tacro-
scopic examination oE tiasues in the exposed region (beam energy density
600 J/cm2) revealed a ekin burn and minor necrosis in cranial muscles. Bones,
meninges and the brain failed to preaent visible changes. Apparently, Che
external tiseues (skin, muacles) absorb a significant part of the radiant
energy. There were no substantial deviations in corticosteroid content in
experimental animals throughout the experimenC (as compared to the control)
(Figure 3).
d0 d~ ~B~
~ -
00
10 ~ B~ B~
~ ~ ~B)
o
' (y) (B) --?--'~(4)
0 10 (7B) - _ .
~y) (8) '~---~~y~
~
~ i
0 5 >5 ~0 60 min 24 h 4B h
. Time .
Figure 3. Effect of single exposure of rats to neodymium laser with
beam energy density of 600 J/cm2 (1 pulse to parietal
region of the ekull) on blood corticosteorid content
(averaged results of two experiments). Designations are
the same as in Figure 1.
Thus, single exposure of the rat's parietal region to a neodymium laser
beam, under the conditions we used, had no significant stressor effect, as
compared to rigid immobilization.
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LffeCe of benm aimed ~t ehe gonadal region: W~ eelect~d th~.s orggn
fdr lnveeeigeCinn in vi~w of the fact that, ~.n rhe fir~e p1ac~, ie ia noe
wi~hin Che body; in the second place, Chere is g cLose relationship between
Clie funcCion of r}~e hypophygeogonadal and hypophyseo-adrenal sysCeme and,
in the third place, this organ and ad~acent tismuea have high sensitiviey Co
pttin. It was also intereating to compare the effecC of expoaing raea to
neodymium lasers aimed ~C the Cesticular region and the mechan3cal effece
of pricking the skin of Che acrotum with a needle on blood corticosteroid
conCent.
The rat squeaked at ehe time of exposure to the laser beam. Small areas of
necrosis appeared on Che external and inCernal aidea of the akin. Effusion of
blood in the external tunic of the Cestes was observed in some animals in
the experiment with a 1500 J/cm2 5eam. Visually, no changea in tisaue of the -
gonad proper were demonstrable in any of Che experiments. -
We used a preparation needle, about 1 mm in diamerer, to puncture the rats.
The anterior surface of Che ecrotum was pulled awey so that the needle wnuld
not touch the testes. The prick wae administered as briefly as possible, to
correspond to Che duration of the laser pulse used.
Table 1. Effect of exposure of rat gonad region Co neodymi~m laser
(1500 J/cm2; 3 pulsea) and prick (3 times) in the scrotal skin on
blood corticosteroid content (averaged results of 4 experimenta)
Group Iafter, `~u~e Corticosterone, Reliability
lmin of ra~s uq~ Ibetween groups
Laser 1 ~ ~6 32,31~1.34
Prick 2 4 32,31~1,22 p~0~p5
Control 3 16 30,03f1,55
Laser 4 lb 16 32,96f1,95
Prick 5 8 27,62t2,78 p>0~05
Control 6 16 30,96t0,95
Laser 7 30 16 25,28f1,52 7-8 p~~a'
Laser 12 24h 8 9,14t2,10
Control 13 8 4,43t0~82 p>~~~
A comparison of blood corticosteroid content in experimental and control rats
revealed a reliable difference only 30 min after exposure to a 1500 J/cm2 beam
with 3 pulses (Table 1). Evidently, this stress effect was due to the high
sensitivity to pain of the testicular region. Probably, the nociceptive
31
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~~ffect n~ 1ae~r lighe wu~ sCrnng~r thgtt Cht1C df nCUpuncture, ~~nc~ eh~re wn~
nn cippracinble diff~rence b~tween ratg ~ubmirC~d eo ncupuncrure and cuntrol
e~nlmnlH, wiCh r~apec:e to blood corticosteroid contene.
LffcCt of b~nm aim~d nt the adrennl region: We previously demon-
~trnted ehat gxpogure of Che region nf ehe ndr~nglg, ott~ of the ma~.n e1e-
ments in Che stregsor m~ch~nism, to continuous ncCion hel~.um-neon 1~spr be~m
did nne induce slgnific:~r~t differences betw~en experimeneal gnd conerol
nnimalB, with reepecC to blood corCi~osreroid conC~nt (Nikitin~, Maelakov,
1977). Minor necrobioeic ctiangee in the exCerngl eurface of the skin w~re
observed in ratg exposed Co pulsed l~sere, ~t ehe siC~ of expnsure. The
orher tiseues, including eh~ adrengls, remainpd inCace. In Chis aeries of
e:cperimenta, the corticosteroid content of blood of experimental animals did
not differ from that of eonCrol rate (T.able 2). Evidently, ehe lack df a
direct effecC of the laser beam on the adren~ls ig aCtributable Co ~bsorption
nf mose of thn energy by the skin and muacles.
'1'able 2. Effecr of exposing each rat adrennl to neodymium (300 J/cm2;
1 pulac,`. and ruby (25 J/cm2; 3 pulses) laser bedms on blood
corCicoateroid content (averuged resules of 4 experimenCs)
Pos~ex- Corticosterone~ Reliabili~y
Laser ( Group posurei ug$ betwaen gzoups
~ n
I lb 14,7bt0,92 '
2 30 13,87~1,4~
exposure 3 60 2~5Ut0,i8
4 120 8,62~1,13 1-6 p>0,05
Neodym~um 6 24 8,38~1,4? 2--7 p>0,05
3-~8 p>0,05
6 15 11,62t1,75 4-9 p>0,05
7 30 11,12t 1,16 5--~~ P> 0,05
control 8 60 5,75fi ~25
9 120 6,25t0,79
10 24 h 7,87t2,07
I 15 30,66t1,3:
~ 2 30 22,16t2,15
exposu~e 3 ~ 11,12~0,95
4 120 12,83~:1,33 I-6 p>0~05
5 24 h 6,75f1,53 2-7 p>0,05
Ruby 3-8 p> 0,05
6 15 28,OOf0,68 4-9 p> 0~05
; 30 23,33f3,05 5-10 p> 0,05
control 8 60 11,75f1,�t0
9 120 12,OOft,59
l0 24 h 6~75t1,8'l
Thus,, under the conditions we used, pulsed lasers, like continuous helium-neon
la~ers, nimed at different parts of the body did not have a significant
stressor effect on rats.
The authora wisli to express their deep appreciation to L. B. Rubin, doctor
of biological sciences (chair of wave processes, Physics F'aculty of Moscow
32
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Senr~ Univ~rgiey) for hi~ a~~i~Can~~ ~nd con~ulC~Cion in cnnducCing this
gCudy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY -
1. BAyley, N. "Statistical MeChods in Biology," Moscow, 1962.
2. Volchek~ A. G. "A~eaying Trace AmounCg of CorC~.coseerone in Rat Plasmt~
by ehe Methnd of 5eturatinn Analysis," NAUCH. DOKL. VYS5H. SHKOLY. BIOL.
NAUKI (Scientific Reports of Higher EducaCional ZngtiCutiona. Bioingicgl
Sciencee~, No 10, 1973, pp 124-129.
3. Volchek, A. G.; BunyaCyan, A. F.; and Nikitina, M. M. "Developm~nt of
MeChode for Aseaying Glucocor~icoids on the Basie of CompeCitive
Protein-Binding Anelysig~" in "Materialy konf. 'Funkea~ya nadpochechniknv
pri neotloxhnykh sostoyaniyakh v klinike vnutrennikh bolezney (Proceed-
ings nf Conference on "Adren~al Function in Che Preaenc~ o� Emergency
States in the Prartice of Intarnal Medicine"j, Moscow, 1916, pp 36-37.
4. Mukhammedov, A.; Nikitina, M. M.; Rodionov, I. M.; Rozen, V. B.; and
Yarygin~ V. N. "Blood Corticosterone Content in IntacC and Deaympg-
thectomized Animals in the Presence of 5tresa Situaeions Induced by
Structure Formation in a Community of White Mice," DOKL. AN S5SR
[Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciencea], 229, No 1, 1976, pp 223-225.
5. Nikitina, M. M., and Maslakov, A. I. "Functional State of Che Adreno-
t~ypophyseal Syatem During Exposure to Lasera. 1. Effect of Exposure of
Rats to Continuous Action Lasera on Blood Corticosteroid Content,"
V~STN. MOSK. UN-TA. SER. BIOL. (Vestnik of Moecow UniversiCy. Biology
Series~, No 4, 1977, pp 12-16.
COPYRICHT: Izdatel'stvo Moekovskogo universiteta "Vestnik Moskovskogo
universiteta", 1979
10,657
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SCIEN'!.'ISTS AND SCIEN'rrFIC OR(~AN7~A~'ION9
UUC: 616.89:Q61~3(47�57)"1978"
ALL-UNION SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON PRE5SING PROBL~MS OF PSYCHIATRY AND
ADUICTIONS (PSYCHOTHERAP~UTIC ASPECTS)
Md~cow ZHUFtNAL NEVROPATOLOGII I PSIKHIATRII in Rugsian No 3, 1979 p 376
[Article by P. V. Voloshin and N. K. Lipgart]
[Text] Thia conference, which convened in Khar'kov on 18-19 May 1978,
was organized by the US5R and Ukrainian miniatries of Health, the A11-Union
and Ukrainian mcientific societies of neuropathologisCs and psychiatrisCs,
the Central Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Psychiatry imeni
Prof V. P. Serbskiy, the Khar'kov Scientific Research Instirute of Neurology
~ and YsychiaCry, as well as the Ukrainian InsCitute for Advanced Training of
Physicians. G. V. MOROZOV, chairman of the board of the All-Union Scientific
Society of Neuropathologists and PsychiatrisCs, delivered the opening remarks
at the conference. He atressed the need to creaCe a broad network of psycho-
Cherapeutic care, to expand Che training of psychotherapists, as well as
to work on theoretical problema of psychotherapy.
E. A. BABAYAN (Moscow) delivered one of the main papers at the conference,
dealing with zhe role of psychotherapeutic care in the structure of the
addiction service~ with analyais and apecific suggestions to augment the
role of psychotherapy in the treatment of patienta suffering from alcoholism
on different levels of the addiction ["narcological"J service.
Th~ pnpere of M. S. LEBEDINSKIY (Moscow), V. YE. ROZHNOV (Moscow), M. M.
KABANOV (Leningrad) and B. D. KARVASARSKIY (Leningrad) discussed various
aspects of theoretical problems of psychoCherapy. OrganizaCion of psychiatric
care was Che topic of th~ papers of I. Z. VEL'VOVSKIY (Khar'kov) and N.
LIPGART (Khar;kov). A. T. FILATOV (Khar'kov) discussed in his paper
questions of correlation between psychotherapy, psychohygiene and psycho-
prophylaxis [preventive psychiatry].
Four section meetings dealt with psychotherapy in the treatment of somatic
diseases, borderline states, alcoholism and drug addiction, as o�ell as in
psychiatric practice. Surveys prepared by meeCing chairmen on the basis of
published data served as the basis for discussion of rElevant problems.
Thus, nt the meeting entitled "Paychotherapy in the Treatment of Somatic
Diseases," the survey paper of V. V. KOVALEV (Moscow) summarized the data
3~+
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informaeion nf 22 reporta, which demonaCraeed convincingly the need to
ude psychotherapy in Che presence of varioua somaCic diseasea, in pareiculnr,
cerebrnvascular di~eaees, myocardial infarction, bronchial as~hma, pathology
of the gastrointegtinal trac~, endocrine diaeases~ e~c~ V. V. Kovalev dwelled
in particulxr on a group of papers dealing with psychotherapy in balneology.
' At the meeting enCitled "Psychotherapy of Rorderline 5tatea," N. M. ASATIANI
(Mo~cow) delivered a survey paper summarizing the data in 30 reports. He
analyz~d different aspecta and methods of paychotherapy in cases of functional
neuroCic pathology and discuased interacCion beCween psychotehrapy and psycho-
pharmacology. I. V. STREL'CHUK (Moacow) delivered a paper summar3zing Che
d~tta in 13 reporta ae the meeting on "psychotherapy for Alcoholism and Drug
Addiction," and demonstrated the role of p;ychotherapy at different stages
- of Creatment of alcoholice. The participantb in the discusaione atressed
the special importan~e of group psychotherapy in the treatment of alcoholism,
which is directed toward alteYing the personaliCy seCs of the paCients. At
the seceion meeting entitled "Paychotherapy in P~yc:~~atric Practice," the
survey paper of M. M. KABANOV (Leningrad) systematized the data from i4
reports. A special place was given to reports indica~ing the imporCance and
potenCial of developing group forms of psychotherapy i,n psychiatric practice.
There were animated discussions aC all of the above meeeings, which de-
veloped and defined a number of theses perCaining to practical and organi-
zational problems of psychotherapeutic care.
COPYitIGHT: "Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova",
1979
10,657
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I
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SCIENTISTS AND SCZENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS
UDC: 616.89:061.22
- SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRISTS
Moscow 2HURNAL NEVROPATOLOGII I PSIKHIATRII in Russian No 3, 1979 p 377
[ArCicle by M. A. Medvedev, A. I. Potapov, Ye. D. Krasik and M. I. Petrov
(Tomsk)~
[Text] There is an age-old tradition in Tomsk, a tradition that consists
of close collaboration between the chair of psychiatry (headed by Prof Ye. Il.
Krasik) and the Oblast Psychiatric Hospital (chief physician M. I. Petrov;
A. I. Potapov prior to 1975), which serves as the base of operations for the
chair.
AC the present time, they are funcCionally united for the purpose of further
expansion of scientific research on pressing problems of psychiatry, upgrading
the quality of differentiated psychiatric care of the inhabitants of Tomskaya
Oblast and improving educational and methodological work. A special statute
was prepared and approved for this scientific and clinical association. The
following are considered its main ob~ectives: 1) expansion of scientific
research on the problem of epidemiology, symptomatology and rehabilitation
of inenCal patients; 2) improvement of diagnostic work, development, trial and
immediate introduction to psychiaCric practice of new, scientifically sub-
sCantiated clinical, paraclinical and sociopsychological methods of patient
examination; 3) expansion of hi~hly qualified consultant services for patients
in hospitals and under extramural conditions; 4) systematic advancement of
qualifications of physicians, interns, nurses, junior medical personnel,
vocational instructors, psychologists and social workers; 5) improvement of
specialized care of patients suffering from chronic alcoholism and drug
addiction, as well as expansion of in-depth scientific research in this
field; 6) expansion of studies, faster trial and adoption in psychiatric
pr~ctice of new ways and means of early detection and dispensary care of
patients; 7) preparation of new, more effective rehabilitation programs,
clinical substantiation thereof, rapid trial and introduction to psychiatric g=
practice; 8) continued improvement of managemenr_ aspects of hospital and ~
extramural care of the public, improved continuity of a11 stages of rehabili-
trition; 9) expansion of sociohygienic research on the problem of controlling
drunkenness and alcoholism on the basis of business contracts with industrial
enterprises, the Tomsk ASU [automatic control system] and a number of insti-
tutes; 10) :Lmprovement of educational and methodological work, differentiated
36
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uccording to faculCic~, bring inetr~ction clos~r to ehp demand~ of praC-
tLcnl public henlth cnre; 11) development of npw form~ nf etud~nC n~rCicipu-
tion in reBearch purnued by the ecientific and clinical aseociation; 12) iro-
provQment and expan~ion of diegemination af inedical~ eanit~ry ~nd hygienic
information in diff~rent reyon~ of thig obl~~t and ~t indu~Crigl ~nt~r-
prise~ nf To~aek.
Thi~ ageociation doe~ noC~ therefore~ canc~l the taekg fgCing the hoepiCal
and chnir; rether, tt raiaee them to a new l~vel, providing condiCion~ for
~ more immediate nnd effective development of neuropaychiatric care for the
residente of the oblast~ upgrading the quality of scientific~ educationnl
nnd thera~cutic work~ as well ae per~onnel training. 8y order nf the
head of the Oblaet He~lth DepartmenC and rector of the medical institute,
~n a~socintion council was formed to administ~r Chp gci~neific and prgcticgl
~clinicalJ aeeociation. This council in~ludes the chief phygicien of ehe
}~ospital~ hie deputies, 2-3 depertment heada, the head of the parnclinical
service~ head of, the chair of paychietry of the medical instiCuCe, a
docent (assi~tant), representatives of public organization~ of the chair
nnd tioepital. The same order includes the eppointment of a gcientific
aciminiHtraCorEor the asaociation. The council meeta nt lenet once every
2 months in eccordance with a epecially prepared plan. ICs decisions
nre coneidered compulsory for all staff inembers of the hoepital and chair.
'I'he hoapital is accountable ab~ut its operation to thp Oblas: Health
Department and aseociation council, while Che chair is accounrable to the
rector of the medical institute and also the association council. On the
whole, the acientific end clinical aseociati.on is accountable to the joint
meeting of the rectorate of the medical ir~atitute and board of Che Oblast
Health Department. In spite of aome debatable aspects of the statute con-
cerning the scientific and clinical association~ which must be resolved,
even now it ie npparent that organizational integration of the work of
scientists and practicing phyaiciana is quite effective. This is shown
by the fact that the scientific and cl.inical asaociation of Tomak psychia-
trists has become a echool of advanced knowhow: a regularly operating
Al1-Union eeminar on rehabilitation of inental patients was organized on
the basis of the hospital and chair.
COPYRICE{T: "Zhurnal nevropatologii i paikhiatrii imeni S. 5. Korsakova",
1979
LU,657
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~UR O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY
SCI~MI'ISTS NW ~CT~N'rIFIC OR(}ANZZAmI0N5
5YMPO5IUM ON PEUTATRIC N~UROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY TO CONVENE IN BUDAPE5T
Moacow ZHURNAL NEVROPATOLOGII I PSIKHIATRII in Ruaeian No 3, 1979 p 377
[AnnouncemenC)
(Textj A symposium on pediatric neurology and paychiatry, which is being
organized by the sections of pediatric neurology and paychiatry of
relevant societies in socialiat countriea, will convene in Budapest on
3-6 October 1979. Correapondence pertaining to delivery of papers at
thia sympoaium should be addressed to A. Mattyue, M. D., Heim Pal Gyermek-
Kozhaz, Section of Neurology, H 1089 Budapeat, Ulloi ut 86, Hungary;
inquiries pertaining to registration and organization of the congress
3hould be addresaed to Congreas Office MOTESZ, H 1361 Budapest, POB:32,
Hungary.
COPYRICKT: "2hurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova",
1979
10,657
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~o~ o~~icrnt, us~ ox~.Y
SCILNTiS'TS ANU SCICN'rIF'IC OItGANIZA~I0N5
P~RMAN~NT CF~IA COh~fI5SI0N ON ~HEMICAL INDUSTRY ANNOUNC~S PRnJECTS
MOSCOW CIDROLIZNAYA I LLSOKHIMICH~SKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in ituasian
No 7, 1978 p 30
(Article: "~rom the pegee of the 'Information Bulletin of the Chemical
Indus try
(TexC~ Nos 2 and 3(1978) of the information bulletin of the Pet~manent
CEMA Commiasion on the Chemical Induetry have come out. In them the
menburea taken and Che achievements accomplished by CEMA-member countrieg
in econoTnic, ecientific and technical cooperation are discuased in depth.
No 2 of the bulletin contains various materials on the queations of
complex automatizaCion of chemical planCa and enCerprises, mathematic
modeling and opCimization of chemical and technological procesaes and
apparatus and on use of compuCer technology in planning and management;
the progress of cooperation in the field of enterprise planning in the
chemical industry ia dealt with. Of intereat are: an estimate of the
material and the~al balances of complex chemical and technical pro~ects
(U5Sit), deciaiona for mass planning of automated control and regulation
scheme~ (Bulgaria) and othera. A wide infonaational lisC was publ.ished
on scientific investigations completed in 1976-1977 on a given theme,
Clie resulta of which are recommended for introduction.
Noteworthy are: works on mathesraCic modeling of the synthesis of complex
ethers in the presence of cations (Poland), programs for calculating
multicnmponent rectifications (PRB), a methodology for calculating
coluams (USSR) and a number of other items. A liat is preeented of pro-
grems developed in the CEMA-member countries for calculating technological
diagrams, physical end chemical properties of mixtures, reacaors, and
rectiFication, extraction and absorption colwmns, heat exchange apparatus
and other equipment on electric computers.
39
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~Olt n~~ICtAL US~ ONLY
gu1l~Ctn Nn 3 rup~rCg Ch&C eh~ P~rn~anenC CEMA Comcnt~gion nn Ch~ Chemicgl
induerry hae approved maC~rials for demon~tr~ting the approximata require-
m~nte of the C~MA-member counCriee for technolo~icei linas~ unit~, different
Cypes of machin~~ ~ttd ~quipment for ~he chemical, petrochemical, pulp ~nd
raper and microbiological induatriea in 1981-1990 end has d~cided to pr~sent
Chege maCerial~ in ehe Permanent CEMA Conmiaeion on Machin~ Building.
in tliig numb~r of the bull~tin Ch~ problem of creaCing a unified system
of scientific gt~d Ceahnical infotv~aeion in Che USSit aboue chemisCry and
rhe chemical induetry ig discu~sed. The All-Union Insritute of Scientific _
and TechnAlogical Information and the central branch organe of the
gcieneific end technical information, including VNIPI~Ilesprom and ON'rIT~I-
mikrobioprom are participaCing in thie work.
SubaCantial achievemenCe in the work of the InsCiCuCe df Organic Induatry
of the Polieh People's Republic are discumsed. In parCicular, the
instirute hae developed technology and inCroduced 27 pagee of (geliofory)--
bleaching eubsrances which make fabrics, paper and pigments perfectly white.
They have become full-fledged subatitures for imported substances and at
present are articleg of export from Rumania. -
In eh~ same No 3, information on l~~:ensea offered for sale by CEMA-member
countries has been publiahed for the firat time. Wood chemists should be
interested in the effecCive formalin production technology proposed by
rhe People~s ~nterprise (Loyna-verke), (GDR), which enaures ourlays of
methanol of no more than 0.47 Cona per ton of marketable 37 percent
for~mlin based on ite content of 3.4 percent methanol ag a atabilizer.
FOOTNOT~
i~ ~or Che contents of Bulletin No. 1, see GIDROLIZNAYA I I.ESOE:HIMICHESKAYA
PROM-ST', 1978, No 6, p 29.
COPYE~IGHT; Izdatel'stvo "Leanaya promyahlennost"', "Gidroliznaya i
lesokhimicheakaya pranyshlennost"', 1978
9~80
CSU: 1870
' 40
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F'dk (~I~~IC;tAL USN: c)NLY
I'UBLICATIONS
UDC 628.4fn31)
HANUHOOK ON SANITA1tY CLLANING OF CITIES AND SETTL&'`4ENTS
~ Kiev 5PRAVOCHNIK PO SANITARNOY OCHISTKL GORODOV I POSELKOV in Rusaian 1978
eigned to preee 10 May ~8 pp 2, 3-4, 213-214
(Annotation, foreword and table of contenta of book by Yu. L. Shevchenko
gnd T. D. Dmitrenko, Izdatel'etvo "Budivel'nyk", 33,000 copies~ 216 pag~sj
(TextJ This handbook describea methode of organizing wagte collection,
removal, treatment and proceseing cperations~ givea the characterietics of
machines and mechaniems uaed for transporting solid wastea and for cleaning
urban areas, preaente data on norms for accumulatinn of urban westes and
the methodology for determining theae norma, ex,,minea the basic atatue of
the organization of ordinary and prophylactic iuspection of eanitary cleaning
of citiea and settlements, givea examples of deslgns for means of
transportation and material and technical resources for complex mechanized
removal of residential rubbish and for diaposal of wastes from streeta and
squares.
Normacive date are preapnted as of 15 March 1978.
The h~+ndbook ia intended for engineering and technical workera of pianning
organizationa and communal enterpriaes engaged in organizing sanitary cleaning
of cities and aettlemente.
- 42 illuetratione, 73 tables, bibliography of 36 titles.
Foreword
In "Basic Directions of the Development of [;~e USSR National Economy in
1976-1980" adopted by the 25th CPSU Congress, considerable attention was
given to environmental protection and r8tional uae of natural resources.
An .important compoaent of thia problem is sanitary cleaning of cities and
gettlements~ which ensures a favorable living environment and maintenance
of the population's health.
41
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rc~~i n~~~~ tc; CAL USL otvi,Y
'Th~ Cp5U's con~istettt policy of creating healrhful and nnmforCable living
condieion~ in ciCiee and setClemenC~, proCecting ehe environment from
pollution~ making r~C~ott~l uee nf resources and of efficiency and
increna~d work quglity ie promoted by auch baeic go~1e of eanitary cleaning
and waste diapo~al in cities and settlements gs ensuring t~ighly sanitary
nondieione in r~~idenCial greas, streeta, equarea and areas of green planCgeiona,
compleee treaCmene and uCilization of wastea in the nation~l ec~nomy,
complex mechanization of weste collection, removal, Creat7nc3nt and processing
and df waste dieposal in urben areas, ~ecre~eing the cost of wasCe collection,
r~moval, treatmenC and proceseing operr~tions and of cleaning operations
in urbgn grea~~
The wide program of social development~ the constant increase in Che soviet
penple's gtandard of living, the increase in the use of products and industrial
goods and the increase in the urban population all cause rapid growth in
the amounts of waete and lead to an annual increase in the volume of urban
egnitary cleaning work. In recent yeare, progress has been made in organizing
the sanitary cleaning of cities and seCClements: a planned, regular system
of wusCe collection and removal has been introduced; the amount of manual
labor has been aharply reduced; the maCerial and technical base of the
saniCation enterprisea has increased, and a great deal of work has been
done in equipping and organizing landfills for solid residential wastes.
Large rubbie}~ treatment planta have been put into operation.
~urtl~er planning and conatruction of plants for the biological and thermal
treatment of wastes from which it would be possible to obtain and use in
the national economy heat, electrical energy, compoat, organic fuels,
metals, etc., are urgently needed. Such pla~nts are being built in Moscow,
Vladivostok, Khar'kov, ~dessa, Tol'yatti, Rovno, Zhitomir and other cities.
In order to use effectively the enormous funds allocated for devQloping
atid perfecting ~anitary cleaning--a branch of municipal service which is
technically and organizationally one of the most complex--it is necessary
to use ~ scientifically-based approach in selecting type~ of plants,
machines and mechanisms and technological schemes for saniCary cleaning and
in predicting changea in Che compoaition, properties and acc~mulation of
wastes.
In preparing the present handbook, we used normative materials, instructions,
recommendatione and studiea from the K. D. Pamfilov Academy o� Municipal
Service, literary materials and the experience of the sanitary cleaning
organizaCions of the cities of the Ukrainian SSR. In connection with the
development and division into independent branches of individual branches
of munictpal service (~ewerage, gas-scrubbing, protection against noise and
vibration, etc.), data on these eub~ects are not presented in this book.
The foreword and chapters 1, 3 and 4 were written by P. D. Dmitrenko,
chnpter 2 by P. D. Dmitrenko and Yu. L. Shevchenko, chapters 5 and 7 by
Yu. L. Shevchenko.
42
FUR UFFICII,L UtiE UNL)'
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~o~ o~~zcrnL us~ ohtY
Table of Contenta
Chapter 1. Basic Principles 5
'The seructure of eneerprises for urban waste diaposal and cleaning. 5
Determinntion of numberB of service peraonnel......~~...~,...,..~.. g
Claseification of urbatt wastes 12
Scheme of urban eanitary waste diaposal and cleaning 13
Chapter 2. Collection and diaposal of domeatic wastes.....~..~..~... 29
Composition and propertiea of wasCe 29
Norms for waste accumulaCion 34
Syatema and methoda for waste collection and disposal 39
Trnsh receptacles 41
Temporary etorage of domestic wastea and their acrap fraction in
residential areas 45
Rubbish chutes 52
= Waste removal machinea 59
Rubbish transfer stationa 61
Organization of collection and disposal of domestic wastes......... 68
Organization of collection and diaposal of food wastes 76
Non-transport methoda of waste collection and disposal gl
Selection of technological schemes for waste collection and
disposal 88
Capture of neglected animals and treatment of their corpses........ 90
Chapter 3. Treatment and uae of solid domeatic wastes 92
Biothermic methods 92
Physical-mechanical methods 114
Combined method (landf ill) 116
Thermic and chemical methods 130
Selecting the method of solid waste treatment and processing....... 142
Chapter 4. Collection, removal and treatment of industrial and
specific wastes 146
Industrial wastes 146
Hospital and other sper..ific wastes 151
Chapter 5. Collection, removal and treatment of fluid domestic
wastes from buildings without sewer systems 154
Collection and removal of fluid wastea............ 154
Treatment of fluid wastes 155
Chapter 6. Cleaning of urban areas............ 159
General informatfon............ 159
Cleaning in summer 162
Cleaning in winter 164
Street cleaning machinet~ and mechanisms 169
Cleaning of sidewalke and areas ad~acent to houses.....~........... 183
Cleaning of rail tranaport lines and bodies of water located
within city limits 185
~3
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Chxptpr Organization of eaniCary inapecCion. Sanieary
treatmenC of urban areas 191
OrganizaCion of sanitary inspection.,~ 191
Sanirary treatment of urban areas~..~........~.~.........~........ 194
Appendix 203
Bibliography 211
COPYRIGHT: IzdaCel'stvo "Budivel'nyk", 1978
9380
CSO: 1870 E~
44
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