THEORY OF MORE EFFICIENT PROPULSION METHOD EXPLORED

• Document Type: FOIA
• Keywords: UFO SPECIAL COLLECTION
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 0005517549
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 5
• Document Creation Date: June 24, 2015
• Document Release Date: January 31, 2011
• Case Number: F-2010-00651
• Publication Date: December 1, 1992

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Classification: UNCLASSIFIED Status: [STAT]
Document Date: 01 Dec 92 Category: [CAT]
Report Type: JPRS report Report Date:
Report Number: JPRS-UAC-93-006 UDC Number:
Author(s): Lieutenant Colonel V. Maksimovskiy: "A New `Perpetual'
Engine?"]
Headline: Theory of More Efficient Propulsion Method Explored
Source Line: 93UM0447G Moscow AVIATSIYA I KOSMONAVTIKA in Russian No
12, Dec 92 (signed to press 23 Nov 92) pp 32-33
Subslug: [Article by Lieutenant Colonel V. Maksimovskiy: "A New
`Perpetual' Engine? " ]
FULL TEXT OF ARTICLE:
1. [Article by Lieutenant Colonel V. Maksimovskiy: `'A New
`Perpetual' Engine?"]
2. [Text] There are examples in the history of science of
revolutionary discoveries by persons working alone which give impetus
to a more precise definition of fundamentally new knowledge, the
development of directions for application, and the creation of
equipment which serves man firsthand. The- pacer evolution--------
gradually declining. But this is where a new fundamental discovery
usually follows and the cycle is repeated.
3. In our time, man needs to make use of more and more energy. But
in doing this, he ruins his own environment. All the well-known
methods of surmounting the crisis that has developed are based on
traditional approaches, and taking into account the sluggishness of
our consciousness, they may turn out to be insufficiently effective
or overdue for that reason. But there are persons capable of getting
"off the beaten path" and suggesting alternatives which go beyond
the limits of established conceptions. The bearers of these ideas are
often eminent scientists, and they must have irrefutable arguments to
support new theories. The pioneers follow a long and thorny path for
this reason. We will acquaint our readers with one of these persons
and his ideas.
4. V. Shabetnik, senior scientific associate of the NPO [Scientific
Production Association] of Experimental Machine Building and
candidate of technical sciences, suggests that airborne vehicles
using a unique means of propulsion be built. Craft such as these will
not need hydrocarbon fuels.
5. Two `Whales' [scientific progenitors]
JJH
UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Release
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6. Vasiliy Dmitriyevich long ago set himself the task of finding a
means of doing without the use of thermal energy in engines by
converting the energy from an on-board source directly into
performance. The point is that the disorganized thermal movement of
molecules in a working fluid cannot be completely regulated by
organizing the process of its discharge in rocket or jet engines, and
thrust is created in them very inefficiently for this reason.
Shabetnik came to the conclusion that Tsiolkovskiy's formula is
similar to Boltzmann's formula, which characterizes the entropy of a
system and confirms the need for very high expenditures of energy to
boost rockets to high speeds. Indeed, the useful load eliminated in
low near-earth orbit makes up only 2 to 4 percent of the initial mass
of a booster rocket. This conclusion applies to all engines which
utilize the energy of discharged masses to create thrust, including
plasma, ions, and photons. But if we are referring to manned flights
beyond the solar system, when much greater speeds must be reached,
there are serious doubts about the possibility of realizing them.
7. First of all, Shabetnik came to the conclusion that the
fundamental subatomic particles (electrons, protons, and neutrons),
as well as photons, have a structure that is quite specific. This
conflicts with the assumptions of quantum physics and the
statistical, random concepts of matter. But it was precisely such an
approach that made it possible to evaluate the phenomenon of
superconductivity in a completely untraditional way and to arrive at
the creation of high-temperature superconducting materials. Their use
makes it possible to eliminate the losses of electric energy and to
develop fundamentally new devices.
8. Second, an innovator had established and explained the phenomenon
of energy conversion. Back in 1959, our scientist P. Oshchepkov
conducted an experiment: he sent current through a semiconductor and
measured the heat release. It turned out that 2.19 times more thermal
energy is obtained than if electrical energy is used. At the same
time, the phenomenon was not explained. Shabetnik determined the
conditions under which several times as much energy is obtained
through the internal energy of a substance than is conducted to a
device. Thus, he considers a fourfold increase in it to be
technologically feasible. And this makes it possible to create an
energy generator.
10. How does Shabetnik visualize the configuration of a spacecraft?
In his opinion, a hull spherical in shape is best suited for flights
in outer space. It should be covered entirely with a layer of
superconductive material (in the jargon of physicists, this is called
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"Muhammad's coffin"). No less than three accelerators of
high-velocity electrons will be positioned inside the hull, closer to
the envelope. The accelerators should have the opportunity to move
along the "equator" of the spacecraft. One of the atomic reactors
which have already operated in space may be used as the on-board
source of energy. However, if a generator invented by the author of
this suggestion is used, the entire system becomes completely safe
and ecologically clean. Only one initial --charge- of electricity
will be needed from the generator, which will be developing energy by
utilizing the effect of energy conversion mentioned and the
continuous currents in the semiconductor. With an excess in the
amount of energy obtained which is four times the amount consumed and
accelerators with KPD [efficiency] equivalent to 30 percent, this
generator should produce 20 percent of the energy "pumped in"
initially.
11. Operation of the System
12. The high-velocity electrons emitted by the accelerators "fly
out" of the spacecraft along the superconducting envelope and induce
an electrical current in it which supplies the generator. The
movement takes place through the interaction of this induced current
and another current-the flow of those same electrons that were
emitted. An ampere force is developed that is proportionate to the
product of force from the currents and th area of the sem1con uc or
interacting with the field of electron flow and inversely
proportionate to the distance between the currents. This distance is
very small, because the electrons are moving along the length of the
envelope. So "Muhammad's coffin" flies as if it were repelled by
the magnetic field created outside the spacecraft by the
high-velocity electrons being emitted. The thrust is perpendicular
to the direction of their movement. By controlling this movement and
increasing the current, the direction and speed of flight may be
controlled.
13. The inventor is convinced that such a craft does not constitute
a closed system together with the electrons. After all, they are
"ejected" by the accelerators into the surrounding space, and by
creating a magnetic field and inducing current in the superconducting
envelope, they do not belong to the spacecraft. That is, in his
opinion, this is not a suitable analogy to the story about
Munchhausen pulling himself out of a bog by his hair-the laws of
physics apply.
15. So the acceleration that such a spacecraft can achieve in space
depends on the area of the superconductor's surface and the capacity
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of the on-board accelerators (and of course, the external
gravitational force of celestial bodies). If it flies at an
acceleration equal to that of the earth, the craft will reach a speed
close to the speed of light in less than a year. The craft will
continue in free flight into the vicinity of the planetary system or
star being studied and then it will decelerate. This is how we may
travel through the galaxy, resolving the problem of weightlessness
for astronauts at the same time.
16. Some readers will think this is another fantasy like the
"perpetual- engine. This is not surprising-a completely normal
reaction. But does the author only have ideas? Of course not!
Realizing how difficult it will be to defend his theory and believing
it necessary to achieve recognition in scientific circles right away,
Vasilly Dmitriyevich adopted a flexible tactic. He delivered papers
at Gagarin and Tsiolkovskiy lectures and certain scientific
conferences and filed claims for the invention. By working in a
sectorial NPO, he made his work noticed by high scientific officials,
and they have not hindered him. Now there are published works, and
they are known here and abroad. Nov we cannot pretend that there is
no theory.
18. But how is practice a criterion for truth? An~prac ce alrea1y
exists. Persons were found at the NPO EM [Experimental Machine
Building Scientific Production Association], including managers such
as V. Pallo (he is the chairman of the enterprise's Astronautics
Federation Committee), who considered it expedient to conduct
experiments to verify the new principles that had been set forth.
These tests were held in March and May this year. The work was put
into the official records of the respected organization and a movie
was made. The behavior of models of high-temperature superconducting
materials of the Y-Ba-Cu-O type was studied when joined to a hull in
which electrodes had been arranged. A pulse (about 7 ns) of
electrical current (about 150 amperes) was fed to them, bringing
about the flow of electrons. The models were placed in tanks with
liquid nitrogen, since the effect of superconductivity appears at
that temperature. The last test was most significant: a
superconductor 1.7 square centimeters in area developed a force of
more than 22.5 grams. It was 1.5 millimeters thick and had a mass of
2 grams.
19. In addition, the high-temperature superconducting material that
Shabetnik developed is undergoing an official test.
20. What conclusions have the researchers drawn? First of all, that
the principles set forth by the author are correct. Secondly, in the
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near future it will be necessary to complete refinement of individual
assemblies, conduct a synthesis of new high-temperature
superconducting materials, and begin development of an airborne
vehicle prototype with a diameter of up to 5 meters and a mass of up
to 5 metric tons.
22. Many other obstacles have not been surmounted yet, of course,
but the matter is worth active study. It is necessary to be convinced
once and for all of the validity of this means of propulsion. Our
country has indisputable priority here. And if the author is correct
in obtaining materials with a superconducting effect at temperatures
of over 800 degrees C., such means of transportation may be developed
for trips at the earth's surface: not only instead of motor vehicles,
locomotives, and diesel vessels, but airplanes as well. New booster
rockets may make their appearance. There will be advanced,
ecologically clean means of transportation. But for the present, the
manufacture of spacecraft is the most practicable. Aside from other
advantages, if these craft are spherical in shape, they are protected
by their field from most meterorites.
23. It is interesting that models in the experiment moved like
"flying saucers." Movements and changes in direction were
instantaneous. Who knows, perhaps V. Shabetnik has unrave ed their
secret (if one exists). But this is not important if such devices
make their appearance. We ourselves may become inhabitants of
another planet to someone else, and our earth will become cleaner and
more suitable for human life. Why hurry to migrate to other planets
and space stations? After all, the sun will be shining for everyone
even longerl
24. COPYRIGHT: "Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika,",1992.