SOVIET STRATEGIC ATTACK FORCES

• Document Type: FOIA
• Keywords: SOVIET
• Keywords: ATTACK FORCES
• Keywords: AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 0001178232
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 45
• Document Creation Date: June 24, 2015
• Document Release Date: May 25, 2011
• Case Number: F-2004-01080
• Publication Date: October 3, 1968

 (b)(1)
(b)(3)
THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20505
Office of the Director
3 October 1968
MEMORANDUM FOR: Recipients of NIE 11-8-68
SUBJECT . Extreme Sensitivity of NIE 11-8-68,
"Soviet Strategic Attack Forces"
1. Dissemination of NIE 11-8-68 must be carefully
limited because of the extreme sensitivity of the information
therein.
2. In this connection, I wish to stress that there be
absolutely no reproduction of this Estimate, and that no
revelation of its existence b;e made to unauthorized persons.
Richard Helms
Director
 CONTENTS
Page
THE PROBLEM ..................................................... 1
CONCLUSIONS ..................................................... 1
DISCUSSION ........................................................ 4
1. TRENDS IN POLICY AND DOCTRINE ........................... 4
II. INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES .................... 6
A. Recent Deployment Activities ................................... 6
B. Current Deployment ......................................... 6
C. Force Levels and Composition to Mid-1970 ....................... 7
D. Operational Capabilities of the Force ............................ 8
E. ICBM Research and Development .............................. 9
New Systems ................................................. 9
Future ICBM Development .................................... 11
Reentry Vehicles .............................................. 11
Accuracy ...................................................... 12
F. Force Levels and Composition 1971-1978 ......................... 12
III. MILITARY APPLICATIONS IN SPACE .......................... 13
IV. MEDIUM AND INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILES .. 16
A. Force Levels and Composition ................................... 16
B. Future Systems ............................................... 17
C. Future Force Levels and Composition ........................... 19
V. MISSILE SUBMARINE FORCES ................................. 19
A. Ballistic Missile Submarines ..................................... 19
B. Strength and Composition of the Force to 1970 .................... 20
C. Operational Capabilities of the Force ............................ 21
D. Future Force Levels and Composition ............................ 21
 TOP
Page
VI. LONG RANGE AVIATION ....................................... 22
A. Recent Developments in Long-Range Aviation ................... 23
B. Bomber Production ............................................ 23
C. Force Levels and Composition to Mid-1970 ...................... 23
D: Operational Capabilities of the Force ........................... 24
E. New Aircraft Development ..................................... 25
F. New Air-to-Surface Missile Development ........................ 25
G. Future Force Levels .......................................... 26
VII. COMMAND AND CONTROL .................................... 26
ANNEX: Glossary of Missile Terms .................................... 31
Table I: SOVIET ICBM SYSTEMS ......................... 34
Table II: SOVIET MRBM/IRBM SYSTEMS .................. 36
Table III: SOVIET BALLISTIC MISSILE SUBMARINES ..... 37
Table IV: SOVIET CRUISE MISSILE SUBMARINES ......... 38
Table V: SOVIET SUBMARINE-LAUNCHED BALLISTIC
MISSILE SYSTEMS ............................ 39
Table VI: SOVIET LONG RANGE AVIATION BOMBER
AND TANKER AIRCRAFT ..................... 40
Table VII: SOVIET LONG RANGE AVIATION AIR-TO-
SURFACE MISSILE SYSTEMS ................. 41
 SOVIET STRATEGIC
ATTACK FORCES
THE PROBLEM
To estimate the strength and capabilities of Soviet strategic attack
forces through mid-1970 and to estimate general trends in those forces
over the next 10 years.
CONCLUSIONS
A. The primary objectives of Soviet strategic policy have been to
achieve a more formidable deterrent and to narrow and eventually
to overcome the US lead in capabilities for intercontinental attack.
Toward this end the Soviets have built strategic forces, both offensive
and defensive, which provide a large assured destruction capability
and important damage-limiting capabilities as well. While they have
only begun to narrow the gap in submarine-launched ballistic missiles
and remain inferior in heavy bombers, the Soviets will shortly overcome
the US lead in numbers of ICBM launchers. Current programs will
bring further improvements in the USSR's strategic position, already
the most favorable of the postwar period. But the Soviets face in
the future a strategic situation changed and complicated by projected
improvements in US forces-Poseidon, Minuteman III, and the anti-
ballistic missile system-that threaten to erode their relative position.
B. In deciding upon the future size and composition of their
strategic forces the Soviets are almost certainly exploring a number of
alternatives. They are evidently interested in strategic arms control
as an option that could conserve economic resources and protect their
improved strategic position. In the absence of an arms control agree-
ment, we believe that they will continue the arms competition with the
US, seeking to maintain and if possible improve their relative strategic
position. In any case, they will probably give increased attention to
T T
 2 ET
qualitative improvements, particularly those designed to enhance sur-
vivability and capacity to penetrate defenses.
C. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). The great im-
provement in the USSR's strategic position results primarily from the
rapid and extensive ICBM deployment of the past few years. The
Soviet ICBM force now, has about 900 operational launchers and our
evidence on construction activity indicates that it will surpass the US
force in numbers by 1970. The Soviets have begun deployment of
a small solid-propellant ICBM, they probably are developing a new
large liquid-propellant system, and they probably will develop a mobile
ICBM system. In addition, they are flight-testing multiple reentry
vehicles '(MRVs).
D. We believe that for the period of this estimate the Soviet force
goal will lie somewhere between 1,100 and 1,500 ICBM launchers.
If it lies near the low side, the Soviet ICBM force would probably peak
at a higher level until older launchers were phased out. Such a force
would probably embody considerable qualitative improvements in-
cluding better accuracy, more sophisticated reentry vehicles such as
MRVs and multiple independently-targeted reentry vehicles (MIRVs),
and possibly penetration aids. A force toward the higher side of our
estimate would also include qualitative improvements, and it would
rely in part upon larger numbers to attain improved capabilities.
E. Space Weapons. At the time of our last estimate. the Soviets
were conducting extensive flight tests which we believed related to
development of a fractional orbit bombardment system (FOBS).
Developments since that time have lowered our confidence that we
understand the intended purpose of the system under test; the Soviets
may be trying to develop a FOBS, a depressed trajectory intercon-
tinental ballistic missile, or perhaps a dual system which could per-
form both missions. Until our evidence is more conclusive, we are
unable to make a confident estimate as to the type of system being
developed, when it could reach initial operational capability (IOC),
or how it may be deployed. We continue to believe it unlikely that
the Soviets will develop a multiple orbit bombardment system.
'For the position of Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff,
Intelligence, USAF, and Maj. Gen. Wesley C. Franklin, for the Assistant Chief of Staff, In-
telligence, Department of the Army, see their footnote to paragraph 33.
TO
 F. Medium-Range Ballistic Missile/Intermediate-Range Ballistic
Missile (MRBM/IRBM). There has been little change in the size of
the MRBM/IRBM force, which still stands at about 700 launchers.
We estimate that new MRBMs and IRBMs will supersede present
systems within the next 10 years. The Soviets will continue to main-
tain massive strategic forces against Eurasia, but the introduction of
improved missiles may result in some decrease in numbers. We
believe that the Soviets are developing and will deploy, in both a fixed
and a mobile configuration, a new solid-propellant MRBM (designated
SS-14) of about 1,500 n.m. range which could reach IOC in a year or
two. We estimate that they will also develop a solid-propellant
IRBM with a range of about 3,000-3,500 n.m., and that it will reach
IOC in 1970-1971. It will probably be deployed in both fixed and
mobile launchers and with its extended range will provide more flexible
coverage of Eurasian targets.
G. Submarine-Launched Missiles. The Soviets have clearly em-
barked upon a high priority program to improve and expand their
ballistic missile submarine force. Six, possibly 7, of the 16-tube Y-class
submarines have now come down the ways and there is evidence sug-
gesting that the production of this class will be stepped up soon. We
believe that the Soviets are building toward a ballistic missile sub-
marine force that will confront the US with a threat roughly compa-
rable to that which the Polaris force presents the USSR. They could
reach that position by the mid-1970's, when they will probably have
some 65-80 ballistic missile submarines, of which 35-50 will be Y-class
types.
H. Long-Range Aviation. Attrition and retirement of older models
will gradually reduce the Soviet heavy bomber force. The medium-
bomber force will probably also decline as Badgers are phased out,
but at a slower rate than we estimated last year. The introduction
of a new air-to-surface missile into the Badger force suggests that the
Soviets intend to extend the useful life of some of those aircraft for
a few more years. We still believe that the Soviets are unlikely to
introduce a follow-on heavy bomber; they may introduce a follow-on
medium if the Blinder does not satisfy their future requirements.'
For the position of Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff,
Intelligence, USAF, see his footnotes to Section VI.
 DISCUSSION
L. TRENDS IN POLICY AND DOCTRINE
1. The most important issues of Soviet military policy concern the strategic
balance between the US and the USSR. The goals of Soviet strategic weapons
programs were set at a time when the US enjoyed such a superiority in inter-
continental delivery systems as to put the USSR at a political and psychological
disadvantage. The aim of Soviet strategic policy, therefore, has been to achieve
a more formidable deterrent and to narrow and eventually to overcome
the US lead. Toward this end, the Soviets have built strategic forces, both
offensive and defensive, which provide a large assured destruction capability
and important damage-limiting capabilities as well, and they have substantially
reduced the US lead in numbers of intercontinental delivery vehicles.
2. The great improvement in the USSR's strategic position results from the
buildup of Soviet strategic forces begun by Khrushchev several years ago.
The new leaders have made some decisions as to the size and composition
of their strategic forces, but they have generally followed the strategic policies
and programs that they inherited. In the future, however, they face a stra-
tegic situation significantly changed from that which led to present Soviet
policies. Projected improvements in US strategic forces-Poseidon, Minuteman
III, and the antiballistic missile (ABM) system-threaten to erode their rela-
tive position. Now the Soviet leaders are confronted with the necessity for
new decisions on the future size and composition of their strategic forces.
Other military requirements and the growing needs of the general economy are
among the factors which the leaders must consider in making these decisions.
3. Under the collective leadership, military expenditures have continued to
rise, primarily as the result of the continuing development and large-scale de-
ployment of strategic weapons, which account for about half of the total mili-
tary expenditures. The requirements of these programs for scarce high-quality
resources of the sort needed to sustain economic growth have aggravated the
impact of defense spending on the economy. Now, events in the Far East
and in Europe have posed new military requirements which probably will result
in, a substantial increase in the strength of Soviet theater forces. Thus the
perennial problem of resource allocation promises to sharpen. Economic con-
siderations almost certainly were among the principal reasons for the Soviet
decision to discuss arms control with the US.
4. Nevertheless, the economic considerations contributing to the Soviet de-
cision are probably no more =compelling than the strategic considerations. Con-
sidering US plans for improvements in its strategic forces, the Soviets probably
T T
 recognize that a considerable sustained effort would be necessary to maintain
the relative position they have now achieved. They may also be concerned
lest the end of the Vietnam War enable the US to divert additional resources
to its strategic forces. Finally, they may reason that further increments to
their strategic forces would have little effect on the relationship between the
US and the USSR so long as the US maintained its large, second-strike as-
sured destruction capability. If these arguments were to prevail in the USSR,
the Soviets would probably seek.an agreement that preserved their present
strategic relationship with the US.
5. It is too early to assess the full implications of the Czech crisis for Soviet
policy toward arms control. The Soviets still have the same basic economic
and military incentives; indeed, it is possible that the new military requirements
generated by the Czech crisis have added to those incentives. Moreover, the
present Soviet line seems to be that the Czech crisis is an internal Communist
Bloc affair that should have no effect on the USSR's relations with the US.
It is possible, therefore, that the Soviets will seek to proceed with arms control
talks. At a minimum, however, the Czech crisis has delayed the opening. of
talks with the US and has dampened the prospects of any real progress toward
strategic arms control in the near term.
6. In any case, the Soviet leaders cannot base their strategic planning on
the possibility of strategic arms control and will almost certainly explore other
alternatives. At a minimum, they might consider a policy of deterrence aimed
only at maintaining a large assured destruction capability. Or they might
consider a try for strategic superiority of such an order that it could be trans-
lated into significant political gain. We consider it highly unlikely that the
Soviets will select either of these courses of action. The first, that of unilateral
deescalation, would involve a decision to sacrifice the hard-won gains of recent
years. The second would involve economic sacrifices that are probably unac-
ceptable to the present leadership and would almost certainly provoke a strong
US reaction. We believe, therefore, that in the absence of a strategic arms
control agreement, the USSR will continue the arms competition with the US
with the object of maintaining and if possible improving its relative strategic
position.
7. For several years, the Soviets have given the highest priority to the effort
to overcome the US lead in numbers of intercontinental delivery vehicles, par-
ticularly in intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). By 1970, the Soviets
will probably surpass the US force in numbers of ICBM launchers but they
will remain inferior in submarine-launched ballistic missiles and heavy bom-
bers. To maintain an assured destruction capability in the strategic situation
that is emerging, qualitative improvements, particularly those related to sur-
_7TOP-SECBET
 vivability and capacity to penetrate defenses, become more important. There
will undoubtedly be pressures for a continuing enlargement of the ICBM
force, and it may continue to grow. But having attained rough numerical
parity with the US in ICBMs, the Soviets will probably give increased atten-
tion to other options designed to enhance the survivability and effectiveness of
their strategic attack forces.
II. INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES
A. Recent Deployment Activities
8. The growth in the Soviet ICBM force continues at about the same pace
as in previous years, but there have been several significant developments
within the structure of the force. After a sharp decline in the first half of
1967, construction starts of silos for the SS-9 ICBM increased during the past
year to the rate observed earlier in the program, suggesting that deployment
of that system will continue at least for a while. The actual construction time
required to bring most of the SS-9 groups to operational status, however, now
appears to be at least 2-3 months longer than was the case last year, suggesting
that there is less pressure to complete the sites rapidly. In the SS-11 program
there has been a decrease in the number of construction starts of silos when com-
pared to last year and this program may be approaching its planned level.
Deployment of sites for the small, solid-propellant SS-13 began in the summer
of 1967 at one ICBM complex, but has proceeded at a very slow rate. The
pattern of construction starts of the 22 silos we have detected suggests that
this initial activity involves 3, possibly 4, groups of about 10 launchers each.
B. Current Deployment
9. We estimate the present strength of the Soviet ICBM force to be about
900 operational launchers. Of these, some 500 are for the small SS-11 and
about 150 are for the large SS-9. Both of these systems are deployed in dis-
persed, single silos. Older systems, which are deployed in soft sites or triple-
silo hard sites, account for the remainder.
10. Single-Silo Deployment. In addition to the operational force, about 130
launchers for the SS-11 and about 70 for the SS-9 have been detected in varying
stages of construction. We expect that all of those will be completed by mid-
1970. Although the SS-13 is still in the flight test phase, 20 of the launchers
for that system could be completed by
11. We have some doubts about the future of the SS-13 program.
TO
 We believe that construction started in July 1967 and we have detected
22 silos under construction there since that time. This deployment pattern is
highly unusual when compared to earlier programs. Deployment of all the
presently operational systems was undertaken simultaneously at several com-
plexes and proceeded rapidly, concurrently with their development. It may
be that as the Soviet ICBM force approaches parity with the US force there
is less urgency in deployment. In these circumstances, the Soviets may have
decided upon a modest initial deployment while development was still under-
way.
12. It is possible, however, that technical reasons have led the Soviets to
modify their plans for the SS-13. In terms of our estimate of its performance
characteristics it offers little, if any, advantage over the SS-11 in most respects.
For this reason, the Soviets may have decided to limit field deployment of
the system to just a few sites. Or they may have found that modifications
were required to improve the missile's performance, possibly modifications
that necessitated changes in the launch facility; they may be waiting until the
problem is resolved before proceeding further with deployment in the field.
It is also possible that the Soviets intend that future deployment of the SS-13
will be in a mobile configuration rather than in fixed sites;
On the
other hand, the apparent slow rate of construction starts for the SS-13 may
be based upon political considerations. Soviet decisions as to future ICBM
deployment and force levels may have been postponed until the possibility
of strategic arms control has been explored in talks with the US.
13. The 197 SS-7 and 23 SS-8 second-generation launchers remain operational,
but we believe that the 4 first-generation SS-6 launchers have been phased out
of the force. We believe that the SS-7 launchers will be retained in the force
at least through mid-1970, but that phase-out of the SS-8 launchers will have
begun by that time.
C. Force Levels and Composition to Mid-1970
14. Our estimate of the Soviet ICBM force over the next two years is based
on observed launchers and launcher construction, the estimated time to bring
launch groups to operational status, the filling out of launch groups already
started, and the amount of silo construction material observed at ICBM com-
plexes. Our photographic coverage has been such that we are virtually certain
that there are no ICBM complexes other than the 25 which we have identi-
fied. We allow for the possibility that a few SS-9 and SS-11, silos are under
construction, but have not yet been identified.
TO
 ESTIMATED OPERATIONAL ICBM LAUNCHERS
Soft
SS-7 ........................... 128 128 128
SS-8 .......................... 14 14 0-14
Subtotal ..................... 142 142 128-142
Hard (Triple Silo)*
SS-7 .......................... 69 69 69
SS-8 .......................... 9 9 0-9
Subtotal ..................... 78 78 69-78
Hard (Single Silo)'
Large (SS-9)b ................. 156 198-222 228-240
Small (SS-11)b ................. 520 620-650 680-720
Small (SS-13) ................. .0 0-20 30-50
Subtotal ..................... 676 818-892 938-1,010
TOTAL ? .................. 896 1,038-1,112 1,135.1,230
The silos in the triple silo sites are so close to each other that they represent one
aiming point per site. Single silos are located at least 3 miles apart and represent
separate aiming points. We believe that all hardened ICBM launchers deployed in
the field are designed to remain completely operable when exposed to overpressures
on the order of 200-400 psi.
b It is possible that the Soviets could fit SS-9 and SS-11 silos for emergency launch
at some stage in the fitting out period after they are externally complete. In the
case of the SS-11, the launch control facility for the group would have to be complete
and operational. Such a procedure would provide a launch capability up to three
months earlier than otherwise. We think it unlikely they would do this unless they
foresaw a crisis situation in that period.
In addition to the ICBM launchers shown above, each SS-9 and SS-11 complex
contains 1 additional silo and control facility in the
complex. These sites are believed to be crew training aci s. There are now
6 such sites at the SS-9 complexes and 9 at SS-11 complexes with 1 additional
SS-11 site expected soon. Additionally, the Soviets have about 45 completed
launchers and about 15 others under construction at Tyuratam and Plesetsk which
we associate with ICBM development. We believe that most of them, as well
as the training silos at the SS-9 and SS-11 complexes, could be readied to fire at
the US. We are unable to make any valid estimate of the time required to ready
them, their reaction times, or the availability of missiles for them.
D. Operational Capabilities of the Force 3
15. From the history of Soviet ICBM flight testing, analysis of the current
state-of-the-art, and evidence on the joint strategic exercises conducted by the
Soviets in July 1967 and June of this year, we now estimate that the overall
ICBM force has a somewhat higher reliability rate than we have estimated
3 See TABLE I for our estimate of characteristics and performance data for Soviet ICBMs.
TO
 previously. The one exception is the SS-8 which now appears to be less reliable
than we had estimated.
16. Continuing analysis leads us now to estimate that the SS-9 has a circular
error probability (CEP) of about 0.5 nautical miles (n.m.) using radio-inertial
guidance and about 0.75 with inertial guidance alone. Thus, it is the most
accurate ICBM in the Soviet inventory. With this accuracy and its large
payload, the SS-9 is suitable for attacking hard targets. The rest of the
missiles in the force have CEPs of 1.0 n.m. or greater. The SS-11 with its
lesser accuracy, and its lighter payload would probably be
used against relatively soft targets.
17. We believe that Soviet soft ICBM launchers have a refire capability and
that on the average two missiles are available for each such launcher. We
believe that the Soviets do not plan to refire from hard launchers.
18. In assessing the feasibility of developing an initial strike counterforce
capability, Soviet planners might consider an attempt to achieve a nuclear pin-
down of US missile forces. This tactic might offer advantage as part of a
deliberate surprise or preemptive attack on the US. Considering the manifold
uncertainties involved in such an attack, however, we believe that the Soviet
leaders could have no assurance that the USSR would not receive unacceptable
damage in return. Nevertheless, in an effort to optimize their damage-limiting
capability under the various circumstances in which a nuclear war might erupt,
the Soviets may include this tactic in their planning for the employment of
their strategic forces.
E. ICBM Research and Development
New Systems
19. The solid-propellant SS-13 is the only
new ICBM that we have identified in flight tests. There have now been 9 fir-
ings of the SS-13 to 3,100 n.m. and 3 to 4,700 n.m., and we expect it to be tested
to longer ranges before being deployed. The SS-13's reliability during the test
program has been somewhat low, possibly because of Soviet inexperience with
solid-propellant technology, but we believe that the system will be about 65 per-
cent reliable by the time it is deployed. We estimate that the SS-13 will be
capable of carrying a reentry vehicle (RV) weighing about to
about 5,500 n.m. when it is ready to become operational; it win pro a 1,
achieve initial operational capability (IOC) in fixed sites about mid4969 or
shortly thereafter. The IOC of the SS-13 in a mobile mode probably will come
somewhat later.
20. There is evidence that the Soviets have a mobile strategic missile launcher
under development We have detected a transporter-erector--
launcher (TEL)
 The TEL is like, if not .identical to, the Scrooge TEL which the
Soviets first displayed in 1965 and which they claimed contained a small size,
solid-propellant, self-contained ICBM. Our analysis of the TEL indicates that
it is too small for the Savage which we believe to be the prototype for the
SS-13. It could contain a full range ICBM, however, and this may, in fact,
be the case. We believe it more likely that the missile will be two of the
three stages of the SS-13 in which case it would have a range of about 3,000-
3,500 n:m.. A missile of this range would fit the Soviet definition of an ICBM:
i.e., a missile with a range of over 5,000 km (2,750 n.m.). It would be at the
upper range limit of our definition of an intermediate range ballistic missile
(IRBM) and at the lower limit of our ICBM definition. However, a missile
with a range on the order of 3,000 n.m. would have to be deployed above the
Arctic Circle in the Soviet northeast if it were to provide any significant coverage
of US targets. The logistic and operating problems posed by such deployment
would be formidable. We think it is highly unlikely that the Soviets would
develop a system for attack on the. US which would pose so many problems
and such great expense. We consider, therefore, that the chances are better
than even that the missile under development is an extended range IRBM for
use against Eurasian targets; this subject is addressed in the later section dealing
with Soviet medium and intermediate range ballistic missile (MRBM/IRBM)
forces.
21. If this missile system is, in fact, an extended range IRBM, it would
indicate that all three stages of the SS-13 will be undergoing test in mobile
systems since we have good evidence that the mobile SS-14 uses two stages of
the SS-13. Assuming these test programs are successful, the development of a
mobile version of the SS-13 ICBM would require little more than adaptation
to a suitable TEL and we estimate that such development will occur.
The type and status of some construction I in-
dicates that the Soviets are developing a large, liquid-propellant ICBM which
we believe could be ready for deployment in the 1970-1972 period. It will
probably have greater accuracy and possibly a larger payload than the SS-9,
and may be the best candidate for carrying a new sophisticated reentry system.
It will probably be deployed in hard silos, and may be suitable for retrofit into
SS-9 silos.
23. Another R&D program which may relate to a new weapon system is
underway at the Plesetsk Missile and Space Center. The limited amount of
data gained does not allow us to understand clearly what tvne of system is
undergoing test.
 IT
Based on the data presently
available, i is no possible to etermme whether these events are the early
tests of a space weapon system or a ballistic missile system.
Future ICBM Development
24. In addition to the ICBM systems now under development, the Soviets
may undertake development of other advanced ICBM systems. They will
probably seek to improve the quality of their existing force by modification of
the SS-11, and they may replace it with a new, small, liquid-propellant ICBM
system. They may also develop a small solid-propellant system as a follow-on
to the SS-13, particularly if that system fails to measure up to their expectations;
this system may be developed for mobile deployment.
Reentry Vehicles
25. Soviet ICBM tests observed during the past year continue to show RVs
with low ballistic coefficients and large radar cross sections. There is no
evidence to show that the Soviets are trying to develop RVs with higher
ballistic coefficients, which are more accurate and less vulnerable to detection
and interception. On the other hand, the current Soviet RVs lend themselves
to simpler design and packaging of nuclear weapons and may be more adaptable
to hardening.
26. The Soviets are aware of the potential use of radiation kill mechanisms
and the development of RVs hardened to withstand some nuclear effects is
almost certainly within their capabilities. With a program of underground
nuclear testing, the Soviets could investigate the response of various materials.
to X-rays at various energy levels in a simulated exoatmospheric environment and
conduct development tests of new hardened warheads.
27. The Soviets will almost certainly take steps to reduce the vulnerability of
their RVs, especially in light of the US decision to initiate ABM deployment.
We believe that they could have exoatmospheric penetration aids (for use
above 300,000 feet) a year or so after initiation of flight testing. A terminal
decoy program, effective down to very low altitudes, including a suitable RV,
would probably require two to three years of flight testing. We believe that
the Soviets would test penetration aids to ICBM ranges and we would probably
detect flight testing a year or two before IOC.
 28. We now have evidence indicating that the Soviets are working toward
some form of advanced reentry system. On 23 August and 11 September,
ICBMs launched from Tyuratam into the Kamchatka Peninsula
three objects reentering the atmosphere at the end of the flight
and telemetry indicates that all survived to impact. The system tested con-
sisted of an SS-9 first and second stage with a 12,500 pound class payload con-
sisting,of three RVs which impacted at a range of approximately 3,400 n.m..
Although these events are indicative of multiple reentry vehicle (MRV) testing,
it is too early in the test program to assess the ultimate operational configura-
tion. The evidence, however, is not incompatible with tests leading to a mul-
tiple independently-targeted reentry vehicle (MIRV) capability. We do not
believe these tests involved penetration aids.
29. We believe that the Soviets could achieve an operational MRV employing
three RVs in a modified SS-9 payload by late 1969. This RV system, as now
observed, would degrade the overall accuracy and reliability of the SS-9 sys-
tem; the SS-9 equipped with three warheads may still be effective against a
single hard target. If this is a program aimed at MIRV development, we es-
timate that the Soviets could achieve IOC with. a MIRV system suitable for
attack against soft targets by 1970. A MIRV system capable of attacking hard
targets such as Minuteman silos could probably not reach IOC until 1972.
Accuracy
30. The Soviets still do not have an active flight test program for the type
of RV (i.e., one with a high ballistic coefficient) considered essential for very
high accuracy without terminal guidance. In spite of their trend toward low-
ballistic-coefficient RVs, the Soviets may seek very high -accuracies for some
future ICBM system. Considering their present state-of-the-art, and the tech-
niques and probable development times required, we believe that, if they elected
to do so, the Soviets could have a new ICBM system with a CEP of 0.5 n.m.
if introduced about 1970 and 0.25 n.m. if introduced about 1972. To achieve
CEPs on this order the Soviets would have to improve their guidance sys-
tems, probably introduce midcourse corrections, and design new RVs for either
faster reentry or limited terminal guidance. We believe that we would de-
tect efforts to improve accuracy during the flight test phase.
F. Force Levels and Composition 1971-1978
31. We believe that for the past few years rough numerical parity with
the US has been the minimum objective of Soviet ICBM deployment programs.
The momentum of current programs will carry the Soviet force past this goal
within the next year. As, we have noted above, the Soviets now have about
 13
900 ICBM launchers operational and about 200 under construction; we estimate
that in mid-1970 the Soviets could have as many as 1,230 operational launchers.
We estimate that the 220 older launchers in the force will be phased out dur-
ing the period of this estimate, but that most of them probably will be kept
in service at least through mid-1970.
32. For the 1971-1978 period, the Soviets will have the option of stabilizing
their ICBM force at a numerical level about equal to that of the present US
force, or of going for a substantially larger number. The force goal they set
will depend on their assessment of the force needed to meet their strategic
planning requirements, and upon their judgment as to the best means of com-
pensating for programed qualitative improvements in US strategic. forces. It
will also be influenced by their assessment of the risk of stimulating a large
new missile deployment in the US. Moreover, the Soviet decision will be made
not in isolation but in the context of Soviet strategic forces as a whole, both
offensive and defensive.
33. We estimate, therefore, that for the period of this estimate the Soviet
force goal will lie somewhere between 1,100 and 1,500 ICBM launchers.4 Forces
toward either the low or the high side of our estimate would have certain
common features. When the phase-out of older systems is completed, they
would be composed almost entirely of hard, dispersed single-silos, but they
could include some mobile launchers. Launchers for the SS-9 and the SS-11
would make up the bulk of either force, but the higher option would mean
the construction of 400-500 new launchers for one or more new ICBM systems,
including a large liquid-fueled ICBM, and possibly a new, small system with
either solid or liquid propellants. A force toward the low side, would prob-
ably embody considerable qualitative improvements including better accuracy,
more sophisticated RVs such as MRVs and MIRVs, and possibly penetration
aids; it could also include a new large, liquid-fueled ICBM. A force toward
the high side would also include qualitative improvements, and it 'would rely
in part upon larger numbers to :attain improved capabilities.
III. MILITARY APPLICATIONS IN SPACE
34. Throughout the period of this estimate the Soviets will experiment with
a variety of space systems which could be used for military purposes. New
'Maj. Gen. Jammie* M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF;
and Maj. Gen. Wesley C. Franklin, for the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Department
of the Army, would delete the first sentence and substitute the following:
We believe,that for the period of this estimate the Soviet force goal will lie somewhere
between 1,200 and 1,500 ICBM launchers providing the USSR operationally deploys a-sizable
number of ICBMs with MRVs. Otherwise, and particularly in view of the number of targets
in the US and the planned US ABM capability, the Soviet Union probably will have con-
siderably more than 1,500 launchers by the late 1970's. A program which added only 100
launchers per year beyond those already 'identified would exceed 1,800 by 1978.
 military space applications will be introduced as Soviet technology advances
and as requirements for such systems are developed. The high priority evident
in the reconnaissance satellite program will probably be extended to other se-
lected military support systems which Soviet leaders consider essential; these
will probably include systems for improved communications, weather observa-
tion, and navigation. There has already been a significant increase in the use
of applied satellites in recent years; military entities are using the Molniya
communication satellites and are almost certainly receiving some benefits from
weather and navigation satellites.
35. At the time of our last estimate, the Soviets were conducting an intensive
flight test program of a vehicle which we have designated the SS-X-6. In the
initial tests, the SS-X-6 was fired into Kamchatka on a flight profile with a low
apogee of 120 n.m. suggesting to us at that time the development of a depressed
trajectory ICBM. (The normal apogee for this range is about 400-500 n.m.).
In two these tests, the was retrofire and did not follow a
true ballistic course. Beginning in September 1966, the Soviets began flight
testing the system in the fractional orbit bombardment system (FOBS) mode.
During the period of most intense test activity, from July through October 1967,
there were seven fractional orbit tests of the system, all of which were evaluated
as successful. These tests were fired in an easterly direction, giving them the
advantage of the earth's rotation to achieve orbital velocities. The SS-X-6
system launched on such a trajectory could be brought down in the US after
it had flown several orbits. The accuracy of the system, however, would be
greatly degraded from that of a FOBS and we consider it unlikely that the
Soviets would use the SS-X-6 in that mode.
36. In order to attack the US on an initial orbit, a vehicle would have to be
launched on a northerly or southerly azimuth, depriving it of the advantage of
the earth's rotation. We continue to believe that if the SS-X-6were to be used
as a FOBS, it would have to be modified by improving the launch vehicle or
reducing the payload weight if it were to achieve the necessary velocity. If
the Soviets chose to reduce the weight, the modification would probably be rela-
tively simple. If, on the other hand, they elected to improve the SS-9 launch
vehicle, the modification would take somewhat longer. A third alternative
would be for them to go for an entirely new launch system; in this case, we
would expect to see a series of tests extending over a year or two.
37. Testing of the SS-X-6 stopped at the end of October 1967 and was not
resumed until April of this year when another fractional orbit test was flown.
This test was virtually identical to. the earlier orbital flights. This test was
followed, however, by two additional tests which again flew a depressed trajec-
tory profile, but to a longer range than the early flights. In these two instances,
the system was flown on ' a ballistic course, having an apogee of only about 300
L
 T T
n.m., into the Pacific (a normal ICBM apogee for this range. would be about
700 n.m.). Late in the flights, the deboost stage and the RV were reoriented
and the deboost stage ignited, causing the RV to impact in an area some 7,400
n.m. from Tyuratam while the second stage continued on its ballistic course
and impacted about 400 n.m. farther down the track. These two tests and the
early tests suggest development of a depressed trajectory ICBM with a retrofired
RV which would restore some of the accuracy lost by flying the lower trajectory.
On 2 October, however, the system was again tested in the fractional orbit mode.
In none of the tests have we detected the modifications we considered necessary to
the system if it were intended to be a FOBS designed to attack the US over
either the North or South Pole.
38. Last year we estimated that the SS-X-6 was being developed as a FOBS
and that it would be deployed.
lowered our confidence that we understand the vehicle and its intended purpose.
The Soviets may be trying to develop a weapon which could perform as a
depressed trajectory ICBM, or a FOBS, or perhaps a dual system capable of
performing either of these missions. Either of these systems could serve to
degrade US early warning and the value of US antimissile defenses. It is also
possible that the Soviets are developing some system whose purpose is not yet
clear.
39. The Soviets have probably tested the SS-X-6 sufficiently to deploy it as a
depressed trajectory ICBM should they choose to do so.
However, they have evidently not made the modifications judged
necessary to deploy it as a FOBS and we would expect to detect tests of any
modification prior to any deployment of the system. While we believe that the
chances are better than even that the SS-X-6 will be deployed, until our evidence
is more conclusive, we are unable to make a confident estimate as to what type
of system is being developed, when it will reach IOC, and how and in what
numbers it may be deployed.
40. The Soviets are working with hardware and space technology which
could be used as the basis for developing a multiple orbit bombardment system
(MOBS). But such a system would also require the development of several
new components, including a long-life power source and an attitude reference
system. For the foreseeable future, we think that a MOBS would not compare
favorably with ICBMs in terms of effectiveness, reliability, vulnerability, average
life, and susceptibility to loss of control from accident or countermeasures. The
Soviet leaders would almost certainly recognize that the deployment of a nuclear-
armed orbital bombardment system in violation of the outer space treaty would
entail serious political consequences. They would also have to be concerned
that it would give a strong new stimulus to US military programs. In view of
1 I
 these factors, and the much greater costs of such orbital weapons, we believe
that the Soviets are unlikely to deploy a MOBS in space during the period of
this estimate. However, Soviet technology applicable to this field will improve
in the normal course of continued development of nuclear technology and space
projects. In the unlikely event the USSR were to embark on such a course of
development, we believe that we could identify a MOBS sometime during the
test program of the complete system, which would probably extend over at least
a year.
IV. MEDIUM AND INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILES
A. Force Levels and Composition 5
41. The Soviet medium-range ballistic missile and intermediate-range ballistic
missile (MRBM/IRBM) force continues to pose the principal strategic threat
to targets in Europe. About 90 percent of the force is deployed in a wide belt
extending from the Gulf of Finland to the Black Sea. The remainder is
deployed mainly in the Far East, with a few sites scattered in the Caucasus
and in south-central Siberia. One IRBM site on the Chukotsk Peninsula is
probably targeted against Alaska, or possibly the Pacific Northwest.
42. The force consists of launch sites for the 1,020 n.m. SS-4 MRBM and
the 2,200 n.m. SS-5 IRBM which we estimate to be deployed as follows:
TYPE
SOFT
HARD '
TOTAL
MRBM ...............................
496-520
84
580-604
IRBM ................................
50
51
101
Total Launchers ...................... 546-570 135
681-705
"We estimate that these hard sites have been designed to remain completely
operable when exposed to over-pressures on the order of 200-400 psi.
43. We have observed no change in the number of IRBM launchers during the
past year, but several changes in the MRBM element have caused a slight
The reduction in our estimate of the number of MRBM launchers
resulting from the conversion of those sites was partially offset by the con-
struction of 0 SS-4 launchers at an existing MRBM site in the Soviet
Far East. The construction of these pads, the first of this type to be built
since 1964, suggests that they are part of the general Soviet buildup along
the Sino-Soviet border.
6 For our estimate of the characteristics and performance data for Soviet MRBMs/IRBMs,
see TABLE H.
 17
44. The Soviets are also deploying a new.land-mobile missile system (which
we have designated Scaleboard) at three Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF.) mis-
sile installations near the Chinese border. The Soviets have claimed that units
of this type are subordinate to the SRF and have stated that the missile involved
has a range of "thousands of kilometers." We cannot exclude the possibility
that this system is an MRBM but. the missile that we presently associate with
this system has an estimated range of only about 500 n.m.
45. Previously we have credited only soft MRBM/IRBM sites with a refire
capability. Now, however, it appears that hard IRBM sites may also have
that capacity.
we believe that the time required to
ready the silos for refire would preclude their reuse in conjunction with an
initial strike. We still think it unlikely that hard MRBM sites have a refire
capability.
46. The situation regarding the fixed field positions located at or near MRBM
complexes remains unclear. The original purpose of these sites was probably
for training or, possibly, for use as alternate launch sites.
positions do not figure prominently in overall Soviet strategic planning.
lead us to believe, on balance, that these
47. We estimate that the MRBM/IRBM force will hold at about its present
size and makeup through mid-1970. By that time, any new missiles in this
category are likely to have entered service only. in small numbers, and their
introduction will probably be accompanied by a phaseout of some of the older
missiles.
B. Future Systems
48. Last year we considered the possibility that the
might be developed both as a replacement for the SS-4 and as a naval missile
 for the new class of submarine
be used as a land-based system.
we now believe it unlikely that it will
49. Evidence accumulated over the past year leads us to believe that the
Soviets have embarked on a program directed toward the development of a
family of solid-propellant missiles for medium, intermediate, and interconti-
nental ranges. In this program, we believe that they will employ a modular
concept of missile construction wherein various staging combinations are ar-
ranged to allow the missiles to fly their intended ranges. We have discussed
the SS-13, which is a three stage ICBM. We believe that a new MRBM
(designated the SS-14), which is now undergoing flight tests, is made up
basically of the upper two stages of the SS-13. It is being tested to 1,050 n.m.,
but we estimate that its operational range will be about 1,500 n.m. Flight tests
of the system are currently being launched from a soft pad at Kapustin Yar,
but three new silos under construction there will probably be used to test
the missiles when they are completed. Further, modifications at Kapustin Yar
of the prototype silos for SS-4 field deployment suggest that the Soviets may be
considering the retrofit of the SS-14 into SS-4 silos in the field. We have not
yet detected the initiation of construction in the field of any new hard MRBM
sites, nor any modification of any currently deployed hard sites.
50. Since May 1965, the Soviets have been displaying a mobile transport-
erect-launch vehicle which, they claim, contains a solid-propellant missile. In
November 1967 the missile for this system (designated Scamp) was displayed
for the first time and has been evaluated as a two-stage solid-propellant missile
compatible with our estimate of the SS-14. In light of the site construction and
modification activity at Kapustin Yar and the relationship of the SS-14 to the
Scamp, we believe that deployment of the SS-14 will be both in fixed sites and
in a mobile configuration. IOC could be achieved in a mobile configuration
by about mid-1969 if the flight test program is stepped up; by late 1969 in a
fixed mode if the SS-4 site modification is not too extensive; by mid-1970 in new
sites if construction starts soon.
51. We believe that the Soviets have a requirement for a new IRBM; one
with a range of about 3,000 n.m. would give them more flexible coverage of
targets in Eurasia than does the SS-5 which they now have in their inventory.
Such a missile could not be tested to full range on the Kapustin Yar range but
it could be launched from Plesetsk for test shots of 3,100 n.m. to Kamchatka.
If, as we believe, the Soviets employ a modular concept for developing their
new solid-propellant missiles, a missile composed of the first and third stages
of the Savage would fit the TEL photographed in an erected position at
Plesetsk as discussed above (paragraph 20). We estimate that such a missile
would have a range of about 3,000 n.m. No flight tests of this system have
yet been identified, but the fact that the launcher was erected on a pad sug-
gests that flight tests of whatever type missile is carried in the TEL will begin
 soon. The same missile may also be tested from an adjacent site at Plesetsk
where three silos were started, but where work has, at least temporarily, been
held up. The new missile will probably reach IOC in 1970-1971, and we
believe that it will be deployed in both fixed and mobile configurations.
C. Future Force Levels and Composition
52. We expect that by the mid-1970's all SS-4 and SS-5s will be replaced
by new systems. We estimate that by that time the force will be deployed
largely in hard fixed sites, but that a substantial portion will be deployed in a
mobile mode. The mobile element will provide the Soviets with a strike force
which will be difficult to target against and which can be redeployed readily
in response to changing areas of tension.
53. We do not believe that old systems will be replaced by new systems
one for one. As the survivability and capability of the force are increased
by the introduction of new systems, there will probably be some reduction in
the total size of the force. The reduction is not likely to be great, however,
since the Soviets will probably see new requirements as the result of a threat
from a hostile China, with its emerging strategic capabilities. For these rea-
sons, we estimate that the strength of the MRBM/IRBM force will fall some-
where within a general range of 500-700 launchers throughout the period of
this estimate.
V. MISSILE SUBMARINE FORCES
54. The Soviet ballistic missile submarine force comprises 38 submarines-10
of them nuclear-powered-which are equipped with a total of more than 100
missile tubes. The USSR also has 60 cruise-missile submarines, more than half
of which are nuclear-powered. We believe that the ballistic missile submarine
force would be used against land targets and that the cruise-missile submarine
force has the primary mission of countering naval forces, particularly aircraft car-
rier task forces. Cruise-missile submarines could be used against land targets in
the US, but we believe that such use is unlikely considering the size of the
ICBM force and the introduction of the new class of ballistic missile submarine.6
A. Ballistic Missile Submarines
55. The Soviets have clearly embarked upon a high priority program to im-
prove and expand their ballistic missile submarine force. Since the launching
of the first unit of the Y-class submarine in August or September 1966, at least
5, possibly 6, more units have come down the ways. Construction of this
submarine began at Severodvinsk, the largest yard in the USSR, and may begin
soon at Komsomolsk. Severodvinsk will probably produce this new class at the
rate of 4-6 units per year; an additional 2 units per year may be built at
Komsomolsk.
"Cruise-missile submarines will be discussed in detail in NIE 11-14-68.
77M"Kazt,
 20, T
56. We believe that the SS-N-6 is the
missile carried by the Y-class. It is a single stage liquid-propellant missile
which we estimate is capable of delivering a warhead
to some' 1,500 n.m. The test program for this missile has involved at least
15 firings, 13 from Kapustin Yar, and 2 or 3 from the White Sea area. Con-
sidering the success of the test program, we believe the missile is ready to go
operational.
57. Elsewhere in the ballistic missile submarine force, conversion programs
are continuing. The Soviets are converting the H-I-class, which is equipped
with the 350 n.m. SS-N-4 missile, to carry the 700 n.m. SS-N-5. This program
will probably be completed by the end of 1969. The program for converting
the G-class from the SS-N-4 to the SS-N-5 is also well along, and we expect
that the entire force of G-class submarines will have been converted by about
1972 or 1973.
B. Strength and Composition of the Force to 1970
58. Our estimate of the strength and composition of the Soviet ballistic missile
submarine force through mid-1970 is as follows:
ESTIMATED OPERATIONAL BALLISTIC MISSILE SUBMARINES S
NUMBER
of LAUNCHERS
1 SEPTEMBER
PER UNrr 1968
Mm-1969
Mm-1970
Class
Nuclear-Powered
H-I ......................
3
1
1-0
0
H-II
3
7
7-8
8
Y ........................
16
1
4-5
8_13b
Diesel-Powered
G-I?.....................
3
16
13-11
9-7
G-II .....................
3
6
9-11
13-15
Z-Conversion ..............
2
6
6
6
TOTAL Ballistic ........
37d
40-41
44-49
In addition to the ballistic missile submarines, the Soviets have 5 E-I-class, 28
E-II-class, 15 J-class, and 12 W-class Conversion submarines which are equipped with
the SS-N-3 cruise missile. We expect 1 more J-class unit to become operational by
next year and that the cruise-missile force will then level off.
b The low side of this range reflects an annual production rate of 4 units per year
at Severodvinsk. The high side reflects the production rate of 6 at Severodvinsk and
an additional 2 at Komsomolsk.
There is one less submarine in this class than we carried last year. One was lost
at sea in March 1968.
"In addition to these submarines, there is one H-I-class submarine which has six
launch tubes and is possibly being modified to carry a new missile. This submarine
probably is a test bed and we do not believe that it will become the pattern for a
future conversion of the H-class or the model for a new class.
 C. Operational Capabilities of the Force
59. During the past year the number of ballistic missile submarine out-of-area
patrols has continued at about the same level as noted last year. In 1967, about
11 such patrols were carried out in the North Atlantic and About 4 in the Pacific.
About 8 North Atlantic and 2 Pacific patrols have been observed as of September
1968. This frequency of patrols is not sufficient to maintain even 1 ballistic
missile submarine continuously on station.
60. When the Y-class becomes operational in some numbers, we expect the
Soviets to establish a continuous on-station pattern for ballistic missile submarines,
probably in areas within missile range of US targets. Because of the lack of
forward bases and the operational limitations of the force, however, the Soviets
probably could keep no more than about 30 percent of their nuclear-powered
ballistic missile submarines continuously on station in potential missile launch
areas off the US. We believe that by the mid-1970's that will be the normal
operating pattern. While we believe the patrol mode of operation discussed
above is the likely one the Soviets will carry out, they may instead put only
a few submarines on patrol and keep the majority of the force in home waters,
to be deployed in large numbers in time of tension.
61. Diesel-powered submarines have considerably less endurance than nuclear-
powered ones. For this reason we believe that diesel-powered G-class sub-
marines operating in the Atlantic would probably be targeted primarily against
Europe and island bases. Those operating in the Pacific would probably be
used against targets in Asia, and in the Pacific Ocean. Patrol patterns by G-class
submarines in 1967 and 1968 suggest that a few may now be committed against
targets in the US northwest, perhaps as an interim measure until more nuclear-
powered ballistic missile submarines become available.
62. During the summer of 1967, the Soviets experimented in the central Atlantic
with what appeared to be a unique concept of submarine support and replenish-
ment in the open ocean with a variety of auxiliary and support vessels. Classes
of submarines sighted in company with one or more of the ships included the
cruise-missile E-II, the torpedo attack N, and the torpedo attack F. The E-II
cruise-missile submarine operating with this support group evidently remained
at sea for about six months. Should the concept be put into regular practice,
it would greatly increase the patrol areas which submarines could cover and
also serve, to some extent at least, as a substitute for distant land-based sub-
marine support facilities. It might also permit more of the force to be con-
tinuously on patrol and would further complicate US problems of antisubmarine
defense.
D. Future Force Levels and Composition
63. We believe that the; Soviets are building toward a ballistic missile sub-
marine force that will confront the continental US with a threat roughly com-
 parable to that which the Polaris force presents to the USSR. The Soviets might
define such comparability in terms of numbers of Polaris-type submarines, in
terms of numbers of submarine missile launchers, or in terms of launchers that
could be maintained continuously on station. Depending on how they define
comparability, we believe that the Soviets would see a force of from 35 to 50
of the new submarines, together with their H-class units, as meeting these re-
quirements. If production of the Y-class proceeds as we estimate it will, the
Soviets will have a ballistic missile submarine force by the mid-1970's comparable
to that of the US.
64. We estimate the number of Soviet ballistic missile submarines in mid-1973
at 50-70, of which 20-40 will be of the new type. By mid-1978 we expect the
ballistic missile fleet to be composed of 65-80 submarines, including about 35-50
of the new class. All Z-conversion models will probably be phased out by 1973.
The Soviets may develop a new submarine-launched ballistic missile, having a
greater range and possibly a more sophisticated RV system, sometime in the
early to mid-1970's.
VI. LONG RANGE AVIATION 7
65. Long Range Aviation (LRA) is composed of about 200 heavy bomber/
tankers and something over 700 mediums. The pattern of training flights noted
over the past year supports our long held belief that the heavy bombers have
the primary mission of intercontinental attack and that the mediums would be
used mainly for attacks in Eurasia." In early February, the Soviets initiated
very realistic long-range training flights by heavy bombers to points off the
Alaskan, Northwest Canadian, Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland coasts.
In some instances the aircraft flew directly from their home bases, in others
they staged through Arctic bases. On these missions some aircraft engaged in
aerial refueling, both outbound and inbound, as well as low-altitude approaches
to delay radar detection. - Training activity during the past year for the Badger
and Blinder medium-bombers continued to reflect an orientation toward Eurasian
operations, but the aircraft retain the capability to attack some targets in the
US on one-way missions. Blinder units normally operate only from their home
'Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF,
considers that this section does not adequately address present and future capabilities of Soviet
LRA and seriously underestimates the manned aircraft threat to the US. He believes this
threat involves more than 400 aircraft-including about 300 medium bombers on range mis-
sions-and that a threat of this magnitude will continue well into the future. His specific
disagreements with this section of the estimate are explained in footnotes to the appropriate
paragraphs below.
'Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF,
continues to believe that in an all-out nuclear assault against North American targets the Soviets
would utilize several hundred medium bombers, even though this would mean range missions
for most of the mediums.
 bases and have never been noted deploying to Arctic bases. The little Arctic
training carried out by Badgers represents a very minor part of the overall training
of that force.
A. Recent Developments in Long-Range Aviation
66. The reequipment of a sizable portion of LRA's European-based Badger
force with the new 120 n.m. air-to-surface missile (ASM), which we have desig-
nated Kelt (AS-5), is continuing. We estimate that about 200 aircraft have
now been modified to carry the Kelt and that as many as 300 will be so modified
by 1969, at which time we expect the program to be complete. The acquisition
of this ASM should extend the useful life of a portion of the Badger force, though
it somewhat reduces the performance of the aircraft.
B. Bomber Production
67. The Bear continues in production at Kuybyshev at a rate of about 1 air-
craft per month, with virtually all the production going to reconnaissance units
of Soviet Naval Aviation. We expect that the naval requirement for Bears
will be satisfied by late this year or early next, and that series production will
cease at that time. We expect, however, that a program will continue at.
Kuybyshev for a few years, probably in order to effect some qualitative im-
provements or modifications to the current aircraft.9 Production of the Blinder
is still underway at Kazan at the rate of 3 to 4 aircraft per month.. We are
uncertain how long this will continue. The low production rate and the modi-
fication of LRA Badgers to carry ASMs, and thus prolong their useful life, sug-
gest that Soviet requirements for additional Blinders are limited.
C. Force Levels and Composition to Mid-1970
68. The strength of the heavy-bomber/tanker force declined slightly during
the past year with the phase-out of five Bisons. The total number of medium
bomber/tankers remained relatively stable with a slight reduction in the num-
ber of Badgers being partially offset by the introduction of additional Blinders.
We believe that the Soviets will retain their heavy-bomber/tanker force at close
to the present level for the - next few years. The medium force will probably
decline somewhat, but, because of the ASM reequipment program now underway
in a portion of the Badger force, we estimate that larger numbers of that air-
craft will be retained in the force for the next several years than we had pre-
viously estimated.
'Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF,
considers that the adapting of the Bear to varying roles indicates that the Soviets intend a
long service life for this aircraft. He believes production will continue at Kuybyshev either
for a qualitatively improved version of the Bear for delivery of a new longer range 'ASM, or
alternatively for a follow-on bomber.
 24
69. Our estimate of the strength and composition of LRA through mid-1970
is as follows:
I SEPTEMBER
1968
MID-1969
MID-1970
Heavy Bombers/Tankers
Bison ........................... 90
80-90
75-85
Bear ............................ 115
110-115
105-110
Medium Bombers/Tankers
Badger .......................... 580
500-550
450-500
Blinder ......................... 160
175-200
175-225
D. Operational Capabilities of the Force
70. We have seen nothing during the past year to indicate any significant
change in the operational capabilities of LRA.- We continue to believe that
an aircraft attack against the US would be carried out almost exclusively by
heavy bombers, and that the Soviets would commit virtually their entire force
of heavy bombers and tankers to that mission.1? The number of aircraft which
could reach US defenses would vary depending upon the extent to which aerial
refueling was employed and how many aircraft were staged through Arctic
bases.11
7L We believe that if medium bombers were to be used in an initial attack
against North America, a few squadrons of Badgers might be assigned to tar-
gets in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Iceland on two-way missions. We have
detected no Arctic deployments nor any aerial refueling on the part of opera-
tional Blinders, although the aircraft have refueling probes. We think it un-
likely that any of those aircraft would be used against North American targets.
The Soviets could, if they elected to do so, increase the weight of an attack
against the US by utilizing a portion of the medium-bomber force on range
(one-way) missions. Considering training patterns, base utilization, and air
refueling limitations, as well as the size of the ICBM and submarine missile
forces, we believe such use of the medium bomber is most unlikely. i2
72. We have no evidence suggesting that LRA continuously maintains a por-
tion of its force on ground or airborne alert (i.e., with a reaction time of 15
10 Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF,
believes that in a nuclear assault against the US, the Soviets would not only commit virtually
their entire force of heavy bombers and tankers, but would also seek to maximize the weight
of the attack by launching a large number of medium bombers most of which would be on
range missions. .
"See TABLE VI for the noncombat attrition factors which we estimate would apply in
such an attack.
U For the position of Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff,
Intelligence, USAF, see his footnote to paragraph 70.
rr-.-c-aE
 minutes or less). We believe that if LRA were to establish a ground alert
status on a continual basis, it would be detected. The entire command, or
elements thereof, however, can be placed in increased stages of readiness when-
ever the situation dictates, and such posture could be maintained during periods
of tension. The likelihood of detection on a timely basis would vary, depend-
ing on the nature of the Soviet effort.
E. New Aircraft Development
73. We have no evidence indicating that a follow-on heavy bomber is under
development in the USSR. For this reason, and considering the growth in
their ballistic missile capabilities, we continue to believe it unlikely that the
Soviets will introduce a follow-on heavy bomber into LRA during the period
of this estimate.13 If, however, they were to undertake development of a new
heavy bomber, we believe that we would detect the program some three to
four years before the new aircraft became operational.
74. The Soviets initially experienced difficulties in bringing the Blinder to
operational status. These problems appear to have been solved, however, and
the Soviets may see no need to introduce a follow-on medium bomber into
the force. But if they do see a need for one, they may exploit the technology
gained in the development of their variable-geometry-wing fighters and develop
a new supersonic-dash medium bomber having better speed, altitude, and radius
than the Blinder; such an aircraft could be introduced in 1972-1975. An al-
ternative possibility would be a supersonic cruise medium bomber, based on
the Soviet supersonic transport development, having a radius somewhat less
than the Blinder; it could become operational later than the dash model.
F. New Air-to-Surface Missile Development 14
75. The testing of an ASM
last year, is continuing.
which we discussed
estimate that the missile has a range of about 350 n.m. and a cruise speed of
about Mach 3; it almost certainly has not reached IOC.
" Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF,
disagrees with this judgment. See his footnote to paragraph 67.
14 Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF,
would insert an additional paragraph as follows:
Soviet development of a longer range ASM is technologically feasible and its operational
employment would appreciably increase the effectiveness of LRA. There currently is no evi-
dence such an ASM is under test, but the Soviets could develop an ASM with a range on
the order of 600 n.m. by 1972-1974.
 G. Future Force Levels
76. The heavy bombers in LRA are aging and attrition is beginning to take
effect., We continue to estimate that over the next 5 years or so the number of
Bear ASM carriers will remain relatively constant, but that overall heavy bomber
strength will decline because of attrition of the older Bear and Bison free-fall
bombers. We estimate that by mid-1973 the heavy-bomber force will number
some 90-105 Bears and 60-75 Bisons; by mid-1978 the force will probably consist
of some 30-50 Bears and 20-40 Bisons. We estimate a medium force of some
250-325 Badgers and 175-225 Blinders for mid-1973; by mid-1978 the force will
probably comprise 50-150 Badgers and 135-210 Blinders.16
VII. COMMAND AND CONTROL
77. Supreme authority over the Soviet Armed Forces is vested in the Politburo
as a whole, or at least in certain key members of the Politburo. In peacetime
the political authorities exercise control through the Defense Council, presum-
ably a political-military organ chaired by Party Secretary Brezhnev, and thence
through the Ministry of Defense. In the event of war the channel would run
through the Supreme High Command, which would also include political as
well as military leaders and would have wide powers in the direction of the
war effort.
78. During the past several years, some elements within the military have
emphasized the critical importance of surprise attack and fast reaction in a modern
nuclear environment and have stressed the need for a permanent political-
military command organ-apparently similar to the wartime Supreme High
Command-to operate in peacetime. Although we do not know for certain
whether such an organ has been created, it probably is represented by or serves
the above-mentioned Defense Council. One Soviet military writer in late 1966
stated that the third stage in the revolution in military affairs had just begun;
the three stages were defined as: (a) the use of nuclear weapons; (b) the advent
of missilery; and (c) the integrated automation of command and control of troops.
Beginning in late 1966 the Soviet General Staff, which will be resubordinated
to the Supreme High Command in wartime, established command and control
radio communications with the major field commands of the Strategic Missile
'"Maj. Gen. Jammie M. Philpott, the Acting Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, USAF,
notes that the strength of the heavy bomber force has not changed appreciably over the past,
several years and he believes it is unlikely to do so during the period of this estimate. In
his view this force will continue to number about 200 aircraft in operational units, using a
follow-on system to support the force level in the mid- and late 1970's. He notes that the
medium-bomber force has declined only slightly in recent years and that the capabilities of
this force have been increasing. He estimates that by mid-1978, the Soviets will still have
400-600 medium bombers in LRA.
__IP'~T
 27
Troops, LRA, and the Navy, thereby by-passing the Moscow headquarters of these
forces. These communications facilities are tested regularly and indicate that
the Soviets are moving toward a highly integrated command structure for their
strategic attack forces.
79. There have been indications that high Soviet military leaders have not been
satisfied with the alert status of the Soviet Armed Forces, especially the SRF.
We believe that during the past year, steps have been taken to partially rectify
the problem by permitting commanders of SRF elements down to regiment
(complex) level to increase the readiness posture of their forces in event of a
surprise enemy attack anywhere in the Soviet Union.
80. It thus appears that the Soviets have decentralized to some extent the
authority to increase the readiness posture of individual strategic strike force
units, while at the same time centralizing at the General Staff level the authority
to conduct strategic offensive warfare. A reflection of this more centralized
command and control system was evident in major Soviet joint armed forces
exercises of July 1967 and June 1968 in which ICBMs were launched from
operational complexes and large numbers of heavy bombers flew simulated
strike missions to the Arctic within the same time frame. The newly estab-
lished General Staff communications direct to field commands were employed
in these exercises.
 ANNEX
GLOSSARY OF MISSILE TERMS
Table I: ICBM Systems
Table II: MRBM/IRBM Systems
Table III: Ballistic Missile Submarines
Table IV: Cruise Missile Submarines
Table V: Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile Systems
Table VI: Bomber and Tanker Aircraft
Table VII: Air-to-Surface Missile Systems
7TOP'SECBET
 31
GLOSSARY OF MISSILE TERMS
Initial Operational Capability (IOC)-Date the first operational unit is trained
and equipped with a few missiles and launchers.
MAXIMUM OPERATIONAL RANGE (N.M.)
Air-to-Surface Systems-Slant range between launching aircraft and target at
the time of missile launch.
Surface-to-Surface Systems-Maximum range under operational conditions with
warhead weight indicated. In the case of ballistic missiles the maximum range,
figures disregard the effect of the earth's rotation.
ACCURACY
Circular Error Probability (CEP)-The radius of a circle centered on the
intended target, within which 50 percent of the arriving missile warheads are
expected to fall.
FRACTIONAL ORBIT BOMBARDMENT SYSTEM (FOBS)
FOBS is used to designate a system deployed on the ground, targeted prior
to launch, and launched with intent to attack. Its operational and control re-
quirements would be like those for an ICBM except for the need for a vehicle
to place a warhead into an orbital trajectory and deorbit it on target. Such a
vehicle would be targeted to attack prior to completion of the initial orbit.
MULTIPLE ORBIT BOMBARDMENT SYSTEM (MOBS)
MOBS is used to designate a system that could be developed and stored
on the ground or deployed in space, could be launched into orbit with no im-
mediate commitment to attack, targeted after launch, or retargeted as necessary.
It would require command and control links between ground control centers
and orbiting vehicles; hence it would be much more complex than either an
ICBM or a FOBS.
DEPRESSED TRAJECTORY ICBM (DICBM)
DICBM is used to designate an ICBM system which is launched on a trajectory
having a much lower apogee than one launched on a normal ICBM trajectory.
 REENTRY VEHICLES AND WARHEADS
Reentry Vehicle (RV)-That part of a missile designed to reenter the earth's
atmosphere in the terminal portion of its trajectory.
Multiple RVs (MRVs)-A payload package consisting of two or more RVs.
The individual RVs are dispersed (but not independently-targeted or maneu-
vered) during the free flight or terminal portion of the trajectory in order to
confuse enemy radars, to aid penetration, and/or to increase kill area.
Multiple Independently-targeted RV (MIRV)-A payload consisting of two
or more RVs each of which is independently targeted.
Maneuverable RV (MaRV)-An RV which has the capability to maneuver
during free flight or reentry.
Warhead Weight-The weight of the explosive device and its associated fuzing
and firing mechanism.
RV Weight-RV weight includes that of the warhead, necessary shielding
and structure, and internal penetration aids that may be present, and any other
necessary or desired components.
Payload Weight-The weight of that part of the missile above the last booster
stage.
Retrofire-A technique whereby the RV is deorbited or is deboosted out of
a normal ballistic trajectory.
RANGE CLASSES
Medium-Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM)
About 600 to 1,500 n.m.
Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM)
About 1,500 to 3,000 n.m.
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)
Over 3,000 n.m.
RELIABILITIES
Weapon System-The percentage of the alert missiles that will successfully
detonate within 3.5 CEPs of their targets. This is the product of launch, in-
flight, and warhead reliabilities.
Alert Rate-The percentage of the operational missile force that is main-
tained at normal readiness condition.
 Force-The percentage of the operational missile force that will successfully
detonate in the target area. This is the product of Alert Rate and Weapon
System reliability.
Reaction Time-Time required to proceed from a readiness condition to launch.
Refire Time-Time required to launch a second missile from the same pad or
launcher.
 3.4.
C
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 35
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 TABLE II
SOVIET MRBM/IRBM SYSTEMS
Estimated Characteristics and Performance
SS-4 (MRBM) SS-5 (IRBM)
IOC .................. Late 1958 Late 1961
Maximum Range (nm).. 1,020 2,200
Guidance .............. Inertial Inertial
CEP (nm) ............. 1.25 1.0
Reentry Vehicle Weight
(lbs) ................ 3,300 3,500
Warhead Weight (lbs) . . 2,000 2,800
Warhead Yield (MT)..________________________________
Gross Lift-off Weight (lbs) 88,000 About 200,000
Configuration.......... Single Stage Single Stage
Propellant ............. Storable Liquid Storable Liquid
Reliability (%) ........ ..
Weapon System e.... 80 80
Alert Rate b......... 85-95 85-95
Force .............. 70-75 70-75
Improvement/Year...
Time to Fire........... Soft Hard Soft
From Normal Readi- 1-3 5-15 1-3
ness Condition hrs min hrs
From Peak Readiness 3-5 3-5 3-5
Condition min min min
SS-14 (MRBM)
1969-1970
About 1,500
Inertial
0.5-1.0 (Hard)
1.0-1.5 (Mobile)
About 1,000
About 750
About 35,000
Two Stage
Solid
Hard Mobile
65 60
90-95 80-90
55-60 50-55
70-75/ 60-65/
IOC+1 yr IOC-?-1 yr
Hard Hard Mobile
5-15 About
min 1 min d
3-5 About About
min 1 min 1 min
Refire Time ........... 2-4 hrs .. 2-4 hrs
Soft Hard Soft Hard Hard Mobile
Hold Time at Peak Read- Many hrs Days Many Days Unlimited About
iness hrs 1 day
Weapon system reliability is the product of launch, inflight, and warhead reliability.
1970-1971
3,000-3,500
Inertial
About 0.75 (Hard)
About 1.25 (Mobile)
About 1,000
About 750
About 90,000
Probable Two Stage
Solid
Hard Mobile
65 60
90-95 80-90
55-60 50-55
70-75/ 60-65/
IOC-1 yr IOC+ 1 yr
Hard Mobile
About
1 min d
About About
1 min 1 min
Hard Mobile
Unlimited About
1 day
b A spread of reliabilities is given for alert rate and force reliability. The low side indicates a day-to-day posture, and
the high side reflects a generated alert condition in time of international tension. It is estimated that liquid-propellant
missiles could-be held in a generated alert condition for about two weeks. Solid-propellant missiles probably could be
held for about 30 days.
c Force reliability is the percentage of the operational missile force that, in the absence of countermeasures, will success-
fully detonate within 3.5 CEPs of the intended targets. It is the product of alert rate and weapon system reliability.
d It probably would require about 30 minutes after arrival at the launch site for the system to reach peak readiness;
thereafter the missile probably could fire in about one minute.
 ml
I 0
o O C o 0 0 0 0 0
o C C o C C C to 0
000000000
000000000
CO " x O C' 00 CO CV 00
OCT t i. - lc~
C C O O C C O O O
ti CV +4 C' +-- CV
0 O M
O O 00
co CID CYD
O O &j
m m cli
0 0 0 0 0 o O C o
C cc C Co Cc co CG Co Co
C C O 0 0 0 0 0 0
C C O C O C C C O
C C CC) C I CO O de
CID CC C' CCJ CC Cv Ch CC C'1
C C C O O C O O O
.-r CV -I CV r?+ CV
1.0 N N C0'7
0 0
VD LO
O ~O C~V
O-1 CC
. M r-i CO
o o o
9a 19 C
0 0 t-
0 0 0
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ci ci N
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CC? C O
00 00
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CC co C'
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0
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41
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0
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C4' cC cC U
 TABLE IV
SOVIET CRUISE MISSILE SUBMARINES
Estimated Characteristics and Performance
Class
E-I
E-II
J
W-Long Bin
W-Twin
Cylinder
Type of Propulsion .............................
Nuclear
Nuclear
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Type of Missile .............. :.................
SS-N-3
SS-N-3
SS-N-3
SS-N-3
SS-N-3
Speed (KTS)
Maximum Surface ............................
20
20
16
18
18
Maximum Snorkel ............................
na
na
9
5.5
5.5
Maximum Submerged/Endurance (KTS/nm) ......
22/na
22/na
16/12
12/12
12/12
Economic Submerged/Endurance (KTS/nm) .......
..
..
3/250
2.5/150
2.5/150
Armament ....................................
Torpedoes ...................................
32
32
26
12
14
Missiles .....................................
6
8
4
4
2
Patrol Duration (days) ..........................
60
60
60
40
40
Days on Station/Distance (nm) ..................
0/8,600
0/8,600
0/3,600
0/2,400
0/2,400
10/7,200
10/7,200
10/3,000
10/ 1, 800
10/ 1, 800
20/5,800
20/5,800
20/2,400
20/1,200
20/1,200
a Patrol duration is defined as the normal length of time that a.submarine remains at sea without replenishment under
combat conditions and is estimated on the basis of personnel endurance, general habitability, and the consumption of
food, spare parts, and other consumables including fuel.
 TABLE V
SOVIET SUBMARINE-LAUNCHED BALLISTIC MISSILE SYSTEMS ?
Estimated Characteristics and Performance
SS-N-4
IOC .................................... 1960
Maximum Operational Range (nm) ......... 350
Warhead Weight (lbs) ..................
Warhead Yield (MT) ...................
CEP (nm) .............................
Type and Propulsion ..................... Ballistic Storable
Launch Mode ............................ Surfaced
Weapon System Reliability (?%o) (Rounded).. 75
Alert Rate (%) ..........::.............. 95
Force Reliability (%) (Rounded)b.......::. 70
Guidance ................ :............... Inertial
Salvo Time by Submarine Class (min)
Z-Class (2. missiles) ..... ::.............. 4
G-I-Class (3 missiles) .................. 8
G-II-Class (3 missiles) ............... . . ..
H-I-Class (3 missiles) ................ . . 8
1963
700
Ballistic Storable
Submerged
75 -
95
70
Inertial
H-II-Class (3 missiles) ............... . . .. 8
Y-Class (16 missiles) ................... ..
Reaction Time (min) ? ..................::. 20-40 15-30
(Includes Minutes on -Surface Before (3) . ? (None)
Launch) ?-
1968
About 1,500
Ballistic Storable
Submerged
Unknown
Unknown
About 60 (65 two yrs after IOC)
Inertial
15-19
15-30
(None)
-We estimate that the SS-N-3 cruise-missile carried by Soviet cruise-missile submarines can deliver a warhead
If used against land targets, its estimated CEP would be 1-2 n.m. Although this missile has flown to
a distance of 450 n.m. on a few occasions, the majority of the tests have been to considerably shorter distances and we
believe its likely operational range is 250 n.m.
b Pertains only to submarines on patrol.
Time required to proceed from a specified readiness condition to firing. For firing against land targets, time is taken
to include the time from the moment of the release of the order to fire from the highest releasing authority to the launch-
ing of the first missile assuming: (1) the submarine is on alert; (2) targets have been selected; (3) the missile system in-
cludes continuous computation of firing data; and (4) the missiles have been checked and are ready for countdown. For
surface-launched SLBMs, submarine time on surface is included in reaction time; for underwater launched missiles, sub-
marine time to attain proper launch attitude is included.
 TABLE VI
SOVIET LONG RANGE AVIATION BOMBER AND TANKER AIRCRAFT
Estimated Characteristics and Performance
Badger
Blinder A a
Blinder B a
Combat Radius/Range (nm) (As a free fall
bomber)
a. 25,000 lb bombload
2,800/5,200
4,150/7,800
one refuel .........................
3,950/7,300
b. 10,000 lb bombload
3,050/5,950
4,500/8,800
1,550/2,950
1,700/3,250
one refuel ..........................
4,150/7,900
2,200/4,150
2,300/4,350
c. 6,600 lb bombload
3,100/6,050
4,600/9,000
1,650/3,200
1,800/3,450
one refuel ..........................
4,200/8,100
..
2,300/4,400
2,350/4,500
d. 3,300 lb bombload
3,150/6,150
4,700/9,300
1,750/3,400
1,850/3,650
one refuel ..........................
4,250/8,250
2,400/4,600
2,450,/4,650
e. With ASM
1. One AS-3 (Bear B&C)
3,950/7,150
one refuel .......................
..
5,050/9,200
2. One AS-4 (Blinder B Subsonic)
1,500/2,800
one refuel .......................
..
2,100/3,900
3. Two AS-5
1,200/2,100
one refuel .......................
..
1,900/3,250
f. 10,000 lb bombload (Supersonic-dash)
..
1,200/2,650
one refuel .......................
..
1,750/3,700
6,600 lb bombload (Supersonic-dash)
1,300/2,850
one refuel .......................
..
1,850/3,900
3,300 lb bombload (Supersonic-dash)
1,400/3,050
one refuel .......................
..
1,950/4,050
One AS-4 (Supersonic-dash)
1,000/2,100
one refuel .......................
..
1,500/3,150
Target Speed/Altitude (KTS/Feet)
Subsonic ............................... 465/about
435/about
475/about
560/about
560/about
43,000
42,000
41,000
37,000
37,000
Supersonic .............................
860/about
860/about
46,000
42,500
System Reliability (% aircraft reaching target 79-85
79-85
76-85
79-85
79-85
areas in North America) b
a Blinder A is a bomber. Blinder B is a missile carrier equipped with one AS-4/Kitchen missile. Blinder aircraft
missions are based on a Mach 1.5, 100 n.m. dash in and out of target area on radius mission and 100 n.m. dash in only
on-range mission. The refueled radius/range data are based on the assumed use of a Badger tanker.
b This range is based on the following noncombat attrition rates: (1) 90 percent of the aircraft assigned to home base
(AOB) would be in commission after a 5-10 day standdown prior to initial operations, and would become airborne at
launch time; (2) 94 percent of the aircraft airborne would reach BRL directly from home base or from staging base; (3) 95
percent of the aircraft launched from home base would be launched from staging base; (4) 98 percent reliability should be
applied to aircraft equipped for probe and drogue and requiring inflight refueling to accomplish their mission. A 95 per-
cent reliability should be applied to aircraft employing wing-tip to wing-tip refueling.
__7T
 41
TABLE VII
SOVIET LONG RANGE AVIATION AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILE SYSTEMS
Estimated Characteristics and Performance ?
Kangaroo AS-3
IOC .............................. 1960-1961
Maximum Range (nm) .............. 350
Warhead Weight (lbs) .............. 4 500-5 500
Warhead Yield (MT) .............
Accuracy (CEP) nm ................ 1-3
Speed (Mach) ..................... 1.8-2.0
Overall Reliability (%)b ............. 75
Improvement/Year ................. ..
Carrier Aircraft/Number of Missiles. . Bear B&C/1
Launch Altitude (Feet)/Launch Speed 36,000-39,000/420
(KTS)
Guidance .......................... Preprogramed autopilot
with command override
. Kitchen AS-4 Kelt AS-5
1967 1965
250 120
2.200 1.000-2.000
1-2 1-2
3-4 at 80,000 feet 0.9-1.2
65 75
75/IOC + 2 yrs
Blinder B/1 Modified Badger/2
40,000/up to about 30,000-35,000/440
Mach 1-2
Unknown Unknown (possibly pre-
programed autopilot with
command override)
? The Soviets currently have in R&D a new ASM with an estimated range of about 350 n.m. and a speed of Mach 3.
It has almost certainly not achieved IOC. We do not know which aircraft may be intended to carry it or when it may
become operational.
b Does not include the reliability of the carrier aircraft.
TO
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