PSYCHOLOGY OF THE OTS: THE OBSERVATIONAL QUASI MOTOR MODEL (OQM) - PART 1 (BRIAN MILLAR)

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PSYCHOLOGY OF THE OTs:
THE OBSERVATIONAL QUASI MOTOR MODEL!(OQM) _ Part 1
Synchronicity Research Unit (SRU)
P.O. Box 7625
5601 JP Eindhoven
The Netherlands
Abstract
The observational theories (OTs) deal primarily with
"engineering" components, such as random generators and psi
sources . Psychology seems to have been discarded somewhere along
the way . This paper brings psychology back into the mainstream
of the OTs, where it belongs . The OTs turn out to fit snugly
into the elastic framework of cognitive psychology .
In purely engineering terms, the effect of a psi source on
the external world is totally dependent on the nature of the
feedback channel, which connects the random generator to the psi
source . The information processing functions of the feedback
channel can be simulated by a computer program .
A human being is a wondrously complex information processing
system . If the brain of a psi subject contains a psi source, it
is clear that sensory input will be subjected to much processing
before reaching the psi source . This part of the human
information processing system (HIP) is an internal feedback
channel
Psychologists have learned much about the workings of the
HIP in normal sensory perception/motor response : this knowledge
may be used to predict paranormal behaviour j. If examined in the
same experiment the attempt is, in effect, to "bug" the internal
channel . This approach leads to a novel theory-based program of
research Into the psychology of psi .
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1. Introduction
From the inception of parapsychology as a scientific endea-
vour, the psychology of psi effects has attracted considerable
attention . Nonetheless this area remains in an unsatisfactorily
fragmented state . Theoretical speculation has, on the whole,
followed closely upon empirical findings . Despite the pioneering
attempts which have been made, particularly by Stanford (1974
a,b) to systematize this heterogeneous material, the psycholog-
ical theory of each particular effect tends to be ad hoc and
unrelated to any general picture .
A single model has, however, dominated attempts to erect a
general theory of the psychology of psi (or to be more precise
ESP) : it is here designated the "Quasi Perceptual Model" . The
central assumption is that in ESP, a very weak signal enters the
central nervous system (CNS), by some as yet unknown means .
despite its unconventional entry, this signal is further process-
ed just like any other weak signal . Subliminal perception thus
provides an accessible analogue for the psychology of ESP .
In this paper are sketched the foundations of a new model of
the psychology of psi, based on the observational theories
While stated here explicitly for the first, similar ideas have
been implicit in the literature, perhaps most clearly in the work
of Schmidt (1975) . In the OTs, psi is seen as a sort of motor
activity (PK) driven by perception (feedback), rather than as
basically quasi-perceptual in nature . The new theoretical pic-
ture is here denoted the "Observational Quasi Motor" model (OQM)..
This emphasises the intimate connection with the OTs : from a
psychological point of view, however, "Perceptual Quasi Motor" or
"Cognitive Quasi Motor" might be more appropriate . Perceptio"i/
motor response is the analogue for the psychology of psi
2. Engineering and psychology
2.1 Engineering aspects of the OTs revisited
The idea of a psi source was originally suggested by the
effects produced by a few human subjects in ESP and PK experi-
ments . The scoring of psi subjects is reported to be delicately
dependent upon psychological factors . The psi source is an
idealized PK subject with the corrupting effect of his changing
psychology removed . This conc.e'ptual strategy highlights the
study of the physical properties of the psi source, unencumbered
by the complications of human psychology .
In this vein the general psi circuit of figure 1 was intro-
duced (Millar, 1986) . There are two elements in addition to the
psi source "machine" (PS) : a random generator (RG) and the
feedback channel (FC) . The essential property of the psi source
is to bias random systems (represented by the RG) remote from it
in space and time. For this to be possible, it is necessary that
a feedback channel carries information from the RG to the PS .
The nature of the "magical" influence exerted by the PS is
such that it results in an enhanced proportion of pulses on its
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own 1 (active) terminal . The pattern introduced by the PS in the
outer world and where it becomes manifest, however, are deter-
mined by the function of the feedback channel . For example, one
might attempt to decrease temperature in a group of fever pa-
tients in New York by means of a feedback channel device which
stimulates the active input of a PS in Paris for every measured
decrease (and the 0 input for every increase) .
A convenient way of modelling the FC is to regard it as a
computer . The computer inputs signals from the external world
and outputs a pulse to the active input of the PS for every
occurrence which is defined as "desired" by its program (0 for
"not desired") . The psi source does not "look" at the world
directly but only via the computer
2.2 Cognitive psychology
No convenient inanimate PS has yet been found ; thus, in
practice, psychological factors cannot be regarded simply as
fluff, to be swept under the OT carpet . Furthermore, the psycho-
logy of psi effects is an important area of study in its own
right . Psychology must be explicitly (re-) introduced into the
OTs . To do so, use is here made of ideas from cognitive psycho-
logy (Bourne et al, 1985) . This provides a very useful general
framework within which to treat the psychology of psi .
The attention of the classical behaviourist psychologist
was, for ideological and strategic reasons, limited to directly
observable events : the organism was treated as a stimulus/res-
ponse machine . Cognitive psychology arose in the reaction
against this approach, which was considered unnecessarily res-
trictive . For the cognitive psychologist the crux of the matter
is just those internal processes which mediate between stimulus
and response.
Cognitive psychology is concerned with models of the "human
information processing" system (HIP) . The signals which enter
the human being via his senses are processed in complex ways .
Discrete processing functions are typically illustrated as boxes,
having more or less complex interconnections, along which inform-
ation passes . The backbone of introductory texts is the three
different types of human memory and the relationships between
them : memory forms a foundation without which complex processing
would be impossible
This approach to psychology owes much to computer modelling
of human processing activities and the underlying realization of
the unity of logical functions, whether implemented by neurons or
silicon chips . This independence from the substrate is particul-
arly attractive for modelling the human psi system, where next to
nothing is known about the physiology. Irwin (1979) pioneered
this approach in parapsychology .
Both cognitive psychology and the OTs spring from the same
general world view and they can thus be\combined in a natural
way. Furthermore, psychologists with other approaches can readily
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translate its concepts into their own terminology .
3. The classical Quasi Perceptual Model of ESP
Before beginning to develop the new model- it is instructive
to examine the classical quasi perceptual model in like terms .
This is diagrammed as figure 3 . On the input side the sensory
organs shown are eye and ear . The outputs depicted are hand
(representative of the voluntary nervous system) and heart (auto-
nomic) . Each particular.--input and output has associated with it
its own special processing (box)
processing system is somewhat similar toathesspecial i"interface"
needed for a specific computer peripheral : at any rate these
boxes can be regarded as relatively fixed in function and
intractable to modification, except possibly by physical inter-
vention .
Many of the processing functions of the central box are
doubtless also built in. One example of the organization of the
"hardware" is the "split brain" patient, whose right hand (in
special set-ups) literally doesn't know what his left hand is
doing . But as a whole, the most striking characteristic of the
central unit is its amazing plasticity . Data from eye and ear
may be combined and/or treated as equivalent for further process-
ing . Outputs may all be determined by the same sensory input
signals, or visual input only may be relevant for the hand, while
auditory input influences heart rate . Exactly what happens is
largely dete-rmined by the momentary psychological state of the
subject, in other words the "program" or software running at the
time
To this rudimentary representation of the HIP, psi must
somehow be added . The classical quasi perceptual model does this
by analogy to the sensory systems : psi information is supposed
to appear at some locus in the CNS, here represented by an eye of
Horus . Once arrived, there is some (minor) idiosycratic process-
ing (small box) before the signal is passed on, like any other
weak signal, to the central box for further processing . The
significance of the dotted line running back from the main unit
to the "eye of Horus" is discussed' in section 4.3
The processing implicated in ESP is thus quite analogous to
that involved in the processing of weak sensory stimuli. The
entire topic of subliminal perception (SP) has given rise to
considerable controversy within psychology, as Dixon (1971) has
amply documented . There is some evidence (debated) that reaction
to very weak sensory stimulation can be detected on a physiolog-
ical level (e.g. skin resistance) while the subject fails to
report having perceived anything . If real, this apparent differ-
ential sensitivity of disparate output systems in response to
weak sensory stimulation may be due to the nature of the physio-
logical "hardware" . Elements of subliminally presented pictures,
too, may emerge later in dream imagery (the Poetzl phenomenon) .
This may be interpreted either as the result of running a differ-
ent "program" (dreaming) or as the effect of physiological
changes on the information processing functions of the central
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Analogously, it has been claimed that ESP responses can be
detected by physiological means more readily than by introspec-
tion (though this author considers that the empirical-evidence
does not support this conclusion (Millar, 1979a) ) . Further,
dreaming is often regarded as a particularly favourable state for
gaining information by ESP .
(In the history of parapsychology ESP has been thought of as
the basic psi modality PK has been relatively neglected.
Classically PK has been conceptualized as some kind of motor-like
function . In order to achieve his goal (say the 6-face of fall-
ing dice) the subject must "know" when to exert his "mental
push". The pioneers of experimental parapsychology reasoned that
this required information about the momentary state of the dice,
which must be acquired by ESP . This "Cybernetic Quasi Motor"
model, too, may be represented by a schematic diagram . However,
since few contemporary parapsychologists take it seriously, it
will not be pursued further here .)
4. The Observational Quasi Motor model of PK and ESP
4.1 The internal feedback channel
A few human beings, for at least a limited period, display
apparent psi abilities ; thus on the general OT picture it is
reasonable to assume that a psi source is "wired in" at some
point to the HIP . The parts of the HIP involved perform inform-
ation processing functions on sensory inputs before passing the
transformed signals on to the PS . The concept of a computer
interposed between external world and PS has earlier been used
under the umbrella "feedback channel" . The HIP can be neatly
subsumed under the same heading, albeit the complexity and
sophistication of the organic processing dwarfs currently avail-
able inorganic computer systems .
A first attempt to represent a human PK subject influencing
a random generator is given in figure 2 . Two FCs are shown in
series, between the RG and the PS : the external and internal
feedback channels respectively . The internal FC, as well as the
psi source, are built into the human being .
The external channel is more directly accessible to exper-
imentation than its organic counterpart : while the RG end of the
channel may be inaccessible (e.g. a di-s'tant star), the output of
the external FC can be monitored, or it can even be modified by
the addition of further information processing . By contrast the
output of the internal channel, which feeds the PS, is not immed-
iately available . The internal FC and PS are both inside the
organism . Even if researchers can (ethically) get inside, they
have little idea of where, amongst a maze of tangled circuitry,
to stick probing electrodes . But (cognitive) psychology has a
fund of knowledge about the structure and output of the internal
channel .
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4.2 Perception/motor response as analogue
In figure 4 t'he observational quasi motor model is represen-
ted schematically . This affords a more detailed view of the
internal feedback channel than figure 2 . From the viewpoint of
the OTs the psi source is just another motor (-like) organ : it
is shown connected to the output of the central unit . The trad-
itional output capabilities of the CNS
augmented by the addition of a third -possibility a enchant" t., The
diagram for the OQM, on this level, is surprizingly similar to
the classical model, apart from the site of the psi unit
For ESP a slight complication arizes : an internal RG
(illustrated) is necessary-for the generation of guesses . This
is not a particularly controversial component of the normal HIP
and it will not be further discussed here .
The processing of sensory input and monitoring of the organ-
ism's reactions have been intensively investigated by psychol-
ogists . It seems that the HIP generally keeps rather few secrets
about sensory input : information is widely shared between
different output systems . There is, for example, a high
relationship between introspective report and physiological meas-
ures such as skin resistance . Hand and PS are, then, probably
functionally connected to about the same point in the HIP.
Perhaps this reflects the organization of the system on a "hard-
ware" level
It seems likely, then, that by monitoring other outputs,
such as hand or pancreas, a rough picture of the output of the
internal channel can be gleaned . Of course, no one-to-one relat-
ionship can be expected : different outputs are not connected to
quite the same point in the CNS the hand does not twitch every
time the psi source is stimulated .
Sensory perception/motor response can, then, for the obser-
vational quasi motor model, be used as accessible analogue for
psi behaviour . (This may be compared with the analogue of
subliminal perception for the classical quasi sensory model .)
The great store of knowledge psychologists have built up about
these normal processes can be applied directly to predict psychic
behaviour .
4.3 The threat of possible internal FC/PS interaction
It has implicitly been assumed that the PS is independent of
the state of the internal channel . But what, for example, if the
strength of the psi source depends on cortical activation, which
itself is under the influence of the input . This kind of inter-
action may in fact occur with the normal motor organs . A problem
arises only if the interaction is markedly different for the PS
than other outputs . In such a case the simple model of indepen-
dent internal channel and psi source breaks down*and it must be
replaced by some interactive version
In the general OT picture, the PS is regarded as a "black
box", devoid of (discernable) internal structure . The possibil-
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ity of internal FC/PS interaction hinges upon just the internal
organization of the PS . Specific theories of PS structure are
needed in order to generate predictions in the event of interact-
ion existing . Examples are Walker's (1979) physiological theory
and (perhaps) Schmidt's (1975) speculation that a strong psi
source may be built up in the brain by connecting together many
weak ones .
The possibility of interaction exists, too, within the
classical quasi perceptual model : the sensitivity of the "eye of
Horus", might react differently to factors such as cortical
activation, than the conventional sensory organs .
Experimentalists may well hope that interactive effects of
this general type do not exist in practice . If they do, it will
greatly complicate the otherwise rather general and elegant
approaches of both old and new models . Empirically, indeed, such
interaction could only be deduced by difference between experi-
mental results and the predictions of the standard (linear)
models . In figures 3 and 4 the possible differential inter-
action is shown as a dotted line from the central unit to the psi
element .
5. OQM research program for the psychology of psi
(Bug the internal channel 1)
There are two general strategies which may be used to get to
grips with the psychology of psi, either on the basis of the
classical quasi perceptual or the observational quasi motor
model. First of all, knowledge of the analogue, acquired in the
context of separate psychological investigations, can be applied
to predict psi behaviour . The predictions so derived will be
relatively general ones
Secondly, it is possible to look at the analogue and psi
together in the same experiment . This strategy holds the promise
of making more fine grained predictions about the psychic behav-
iour of a particular subject in a given experimental set-up, from
moment to moment . In the current section this latter approach is
developed.
The analogue for the classical quasi perceptual model is
subliminal perception. To measure SP, some motor response is
required of the subject. Thus, in practice, the analogue is
SP/motor response. The psi modality. is ESP . The paradigmatic
experiment is comparison of subliminal perception and ESP . How
SP/motor response can best be measured for this purpose will not
be considered here . The basic predition is that scoring will
have the same pattern under both conditions . Those targets on
which the subject scores high in SP/motor response will also
yield high scores in the ESP condition . Also, the errors will be
similar for SP/motor response and for ESP .
ESP
ing
Kelly et al (1975) carried out a version of the paradigmatic
experiment for the classical quasi perceptual model . Play-
cards were used as target material They worked with
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target/response~,matrices (confusion matrices) . Two confusion
matrices were constructed z one for weak visual perception and
one for ESP
They then procee`d.ed to show that the two confusion matrices
were similar in pattern . Because the ESP confusion matrix was
based on relatively low levels of scoring, the pattern had some-
how to be teased out of the noise .. Statistical methods uncommon
in parapsychology (multidimensional scaling) were used to do so .
This technical complication may have distracted the attention of
parapsychologists from the fundamental simplicity and elegance of
such a theory-based approach to the psychology of psi
The analogue for tt' ke-?-OQM is perception/motor response . The
psi modality is PK . The' paradigmatic experiment is comparison of
perception/motor response and PK . The basic prediction is that
scoring will have the same pattern under both conditions . The
targets on which the subject scores high in perception/motor
response will likewise yield high scores in the PK condition .
Also, the errors will be similar for perception/motor response
and for PK .
It may be noted that the classical quasi perceptual and the
observational quasi motor model in many respects parallel each
other . Experimentally, they will be quite difficult to distin-
guish . The primary difference between them is that between SP
and normal perception .
The underlying rationalle differs for the two models, how-
ever . From figure 3 it can be seen that the SP analogy is the
result of regarding all sensory organs as, in some sense, equi-
valent, including the mysterious "eye of Horus" . On the
observational quasi motor model, however, (figure 4) the reason-
ing is that output organs are equivalent, including the psi
source . In this case the attempt is to tap off the input to the
PS, using a natural output system (such as the hand) to do so .
In other words, the idea is to "bug the internal channel". The
predictive value of the perception/motor response analogue will,
then, depend on how effectively the bugging operation can be
carried out .
It has been argued above that psi source and hand (say) are-
probably connected to about the same point in the HIP : the same
signals are available to each . But much depends on the "program"
running in the central unit s in the extreme case hand and psi
source may be fed totally different information . Is there any
way of ensuring that identical signals are sent to both?
The output of the internal channel means "desired" or "not
desired" by the criterion of the program running at that moment .
Human subjects are often reported to be able to direct their psi
influence to order e.g. high-score or low-score . This implies
that to some degree the "program" (the product of a lifetime's
experience) can be changed simply by giving the subject approp-
riate instructions . Such malleability on the "programming level"
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suggests that the internal channel output might possibly be
directed to (say) a hand, by merely issuing the proper instruc-
tion
But what is the proper instruction . perhaps "Indicate
whether the input just observed was "desired" or "not desired" ?
This is too simplistic : it has been reported that some subjects
psi miss when put in a frustrating situation : presumably they
would still report hits as "desired" . Many workers have sugges-
ted links between psi and emotional gratification . A better
guess might be "Indicate whenever you feel pleased by the sensory
feedback" '
Figure 5 is used to illustrate a version of the paradigmatic
experiment for the observational quasi motor model . Much of the
detail of the internal channel shown in figure 4 is omitted here.
The output of the external channel is shown "plugged" directly
into the HIP, while in reality it will be input via some sensory
organ. Two additional inputs are shown (again the input would be
sensory). These are labelled COAL and INSTRUCTIONS . The GOAL is
the target state the subject is requested to produce with his PK.
The subject is given two push buttons (to parallel the two dif-
ferent inputs of the PS) . INSTRUCTION specifies what internal
state he will signal by using his hand to press these buttons .
In the illustrative experiment the subject's GOAL is to use
his PK to produce matches between a pre-prepared list and symbols
chosen at random by an RNG . These are presented on a computer
screen . The INSTRUCTION is to indicate if We is PLEASED by the
feedback by depressing the "1" switch or NOT PLEASED., by using
the "0" . On each trial the subject attempts both PK and presses
a button .
Half of the trials are used by the experimenter solely for
their behavioural indication and the remaining half only for the
PK result . For each of these conditions, perception/motor
response and PK, confusion matrices can be constructed and the
similarity between the two can be investigated as Kelly did for
the classical quasi perceptual model .
However, it is instructive temporarily to set the error
elements aside and to restrict attention to hit rates with diff-
erent target types . It would be desirable to use target types
which result in a wide spread of PK scoring . This may be done
either empirically or on the basis of psychological theory .
In figure 6 the results of an idea=l paradigmatic experiment
are shown . Figure 6a shows the PK success rate for four diff-
erent target types . 6b displays the corresponding SP/motor
response expressed as the percentage of "1" button presses for
each of the four different target types . The PK and behavioural
index are combined in part c where PK success is seen to be a
monotonic function of the behavioural measure .
The experiment above is meant purely as illustration : its
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purpose is to demonstrate clear.
observational quasi `motor model y the ideas involved in the
with its two buttons` i's particularly y schematics. Insppractice the
two buttons would be replaced by a continuous scale and one would
probably monitor, too, some measure of the autonomic system .
Innumerable modifications suggest themselves, too many to detail
here Such work is, in fact, research program which offers aovirtually virginsfieldrfor exper-
imental ingenuity.
6. Pros and cons of the OQM
6.1 Precipitate Popperians__
At this point the mdrmers of the Popperians have doubtless
swelled to an anthem of disapproval . For Popper a theory is
scientific only to the extent it can be falsified . It is clear
that the observational quasi motor model presented here is not
simple to falsify . If an experiment on paradigmatic lines should
not result in the promised monotonic relation, then a variety of
potential explanations (excuses?) may be offered.
(a) NO PK. In this case it is clearly
prediction involving PK, impossible to test any
(b) WHO IS THE SUBJECT ? The internal channel of the PK subject
should be monitored . To do so he must be identified
psychological experiments there considerable reason Io thin-
(Millar, 1979b) that the experimenter or someone else associated
with the experiment may often be the real source of any psi
detected rather than the nominal subjects .
(c) HARDWARE. Pancreas secretion, for example, might reflect the
behaviour of the PS better than hand movements .
(d) SOFTWARE. The "program" running the extreme case quite a different pr gram mighty+controlrthe hand
as that which feeds the PS . In other words the psychology of the
subject is inappropriate to bug the internal channel . This may
be due to an inappropriate INSTRUCTION .
(e) INTERACTION. Even if the current hardware and software are
perfect, departure from monotonicity may be due to the internal
channel directly influencing the psi source .
Of these problems (a) and (b) are not specific to the quasi
motor model : they are a "catch 22" and "23" which bedevil psi
experiments in general . Indeed, it may be possible to identify
the real subject primarily by the fact that his psychology proves
to be relevant . Points (c) and (d), hardware and software, are
the most important uncertainties in the 0QM
imperfect knowledge about how best to bug They boil down to
In other words, it is not known under p the internal channel
the analogue perception/motor response should b y what measured ditiThe
problems with the observational quasi motor
model here shhould e seem more
severe than those of how best to measure SP for the classical
model . The problem may, however, be turned upside down
of trying to demonstrate the truth of the model b Instead
rary INSTRUCTIONS, it is possible to tr y using STRUC-
arbit-
TIONS On the basis of the OQM, out different INSR-
the most monotonic relationship that INSTRUCTION which produces
p gives some indication of where
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the PS is connected into the HIP . The INSTRUCTION is used as a
probe to investigate the psychology of psi . As to (c), the
possibility of interaction, as pointed out earlier, this is a
potential problem with the classical model too:
In spite of the weaknesses a Popperian will delight in
noting, the observational quasi motor model compares reasonably
well, in terms,of potential falsifiability, with its only serious
contender, the classical quasi perceptual model . In the current
state of the art in psychology in general, both models look quite
promising . The OQM offers a whole range of fine grained predic-
tion . This stands in marked contrast to the present rudimentary
and largely empirical state of most psychological research into
psi phenomena .
While the topic of this paper is the new observational quasi
motor model, the classical quasi sensory model seems to be worth
pursuing more vigorously than in the past . Perhaps the OQM can
rescue this research from the doldrums by providing the stimulus
of competition
6.2 Intelligence and psi
One of the most striking characteristics of psi,effects is
that they are intelligent . This sets psi apart from the normal
blind forces of the physical world . Because paranormal phenomena
are, to a surprising degree, independent of the usual space/time
constraints, many have seen in parapsychology an indication that
the intelligent part of our being may not be limited by the
constraints of space and time .
The trend of main-stream psychology today is increasingly to
regard intelligent actions as the product of computational activ-
ity in brain tissue . The OQM is in -line with this approach . On
this basis the intelligence of psi effects lies in the computat-
ional activity of the fill' . Where and how psi appears in the
external world depends on the nature of the "program" run in the
internal channel . The OQM may well look unattractive, at first
sight, because it seems to contradict the hopes which initially
brought many workers into parapsychology . On the other hand, the
observational quasi motor motor model may have more attractions
for psychologists since it brings the psychology of psi effects
into the same framework as normal psychology .
7. Conclusion
In this paper the observational-quasi motor model of the
psychology of psi has been introduced . It is the offspring of a
union of the general OT picture with basic ideas from cognitive
Psychology . The article forms part of a series on the OTs, a
preliminary version of which is appearing in our "house journal",
the SRU Bulletin. Polished versions will be published in the new
Theoretical ParaP! choloay. This is the first of a trilogy of
papers on the psychology of psi. Here the outlines of the model
are sketched, with particular relevance to PK . The second artic-
le will deal primarily with ESP, while in the third the litera-
ture will be examined in the light of the observational quasi
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motor model.
References
Bourne, L.E,, Dorn in owski, R.L.
(1985). Cognitive Processes NJ : Pr, E.F. and Healy, A.F.
Dixon, N.F. (1971), Prentice-Hall.
Subliminal Perception _ the Nature of a
rsy. London McGraw-Hill.
Con'rove
Irwin, H.J. (1979), Psi and the Mind _ `
A roach. - `' --- --__ ? an Information Procesasin
Metuchen, NJ : Scarecrow Press.
Kelly, E.F., K a n t h a m a n i , H . , Child, I.
On the relation between visual and?ESPdconfusion.structu e)s
in an exceptional ESP
Society for P (1) ,
of the American
s chical Researchet?69Jne1,-31
Millar, g.~(1g79a ph -- -
ysiologicel detectors of psi. European
Journal of Parapsycho ?$y, 2 (4), 456-478.
Millar, B. - _ --?P---
(1979b). The distribution of psi. European Journal of
Pa rascholoU, 3 (1), 78-11O.
Millar, B. (1986). Insights in the observational theories 3. An
illustrated tour of the OT kitchen : Schmidt diagrams. SRU
Bulletin, 11 (1), 10-17.
Schmidt, H.. (1975). Towards
Journal of the a mathematical theory of psi.
_ American Society for Ps chical Research, 69
(4), 301-319.- -
Stanford, R.G. (1974a). An experimental)
spontaneous psi events y testable model for
th American Societ ? I? Extrasensory events. Journal of
Stanford R,C y for }'s chical Research, 68 (1,-34-57.
(1974b). An experimentally testable
spontaneous psi events model for
II. Psychokinetic events. Journal
of the American Society for Psychical Research,
356. 68 (-, 321-
Walker, E.H. (1979). The quantum theor
Psychoenergetic Stems, 3, 259-299. Y of psi phenomena
254
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random feedback psi
generator channel source
(RG) (FC) (PS)
Figure 1 : The general psi circuit
external
feedback
channel
internal
feedback
channel
Figure 2 : Human PK - a first representation
(internal)
psi
source
2
Figure 3 : The classical Quaei Perceptual Model of ESP
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Figure 4 : The Observational Quasi Motor Model of PK and ESP
UCTIONS iglu A
Figure 5 : Bugging the internal channel
PK hits
1 2 3
target type
(a)
1 2 3 4
target type
(b)
% PK hits
% folio
(c)
Figure 6 : Results of ideal paradigmatic PK experiment on the OQM
(a) PK scoring rates for different target types.
(b) SP/motor response : switch pressing behaviour (% "1")
for different target types.
(c) monotonic relationship between PK and behavioural index.
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