RESEARCH ON CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSMISSION RATIOS OF THE HUMAN BODY`S NONSIGHT LIGHT SENSING

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Research on Characteristics of Transmission Ratios of
the Human Body's Nonsight Light Sensing
Yang Jianhua (Chinese Academy of Sciences
Biophysics Research Office)
Liu Yicheng (Chinese Academy of Sciences
Physics Research Office)
The authenticity of the existence of a human body "non-
sight sensing" system has acquired the strict appraisal
and acknowledgment by many authors. Then, how does this
system transmit signals through a space? What are the
characteristics of such transmissions? All these merit being
questions for our research. Application of the Foulier
(phonetically transliterated) theory in analyzing space
signal transmission systems (simply called "system"
hereafter) is a new method developed in modern times. In
practice it has been proven that this method is one that
synthesizes evaluation and description of the "system" that
is relatively comprehensive and objective; thus it has
become widely used in optical systems, televideo systems and
even concerning the human eye. We are of the opinion that a
"nonsight sensing" system is also a space signal
transmission system, so similarly can apply the Foulier
theory in conducting its research. The content in this
article's report is then an initial attempt in such
research.
PRINCIPLES AND TENETS
It would be difficult to express the implications of
using the Foulier theory to analyze the "system" in a few
short words. Here, we have merely made a simple introduction
of concepts relevant to this article. All mathematical
probes have been omitted. If a detailed understanding of the
contents in this area is desired, please consult the
documents footnoted as (1) and (2).
We know that signals through a space as illustrated in
the figures (whether three-dimensional or planed) are
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derived from the distribution of light intensity in a space.
Therefore, the process of a "system" transmitting signals
through the space consists of the "system" distributing
light intensity on the surface of an object, which
transforms into a process of distributing the light
intensity over the surface of an image. What is called
"object" is the goal for the "system's" observation. What is
called "image," however, follows the variances of the
"system" and changes accordingly. For example, the "image"
in optics is an "optical image," that of a televideo system
is an image on a fluorescent screen. As to those of human
"sight sensed" and "nonsight sensed," their images are
"sight-sensed images." In any event, we can regard the light
intensity on the surface of an object as an input of the
"system," and that of an image surface as output. From
people's experiences, we can know that, except for a
hypothetical "system," signals going through a space might
undergo changes after being transmitted by a "system;" while
the light intensity distributed on an image surface cannot
completely correspond to that on an object, such lack of
consistency results in a "system's" loss of fidelity after
transmission in clarity of the figure. With respect to
"sight-sensed" and "nonsight-sensed," this kind of
inconsistency created various dissimilar visual reactions,
such as "sighted," "unsighted" and "incorrectly sighted,"
etc. Therefore, if the relationship between the "system's"
input and output of "light sensitivity distribution" can be
completely unearthed and described, then the characteristics
of "system" transmission of signals through a space can be
completely illustrated. This is the goal and mission of
using the Foulier theory to analyze the "system."
When actually using the theory to analyze the "system,"
there are normally two ways to express and prove the nature
of the transmission mathematical functions; these are the
Modulated Transmission Functions (MTF) and Comparative
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Transmission Functions (CTF). What is called "MTF" is the
"system's" response to the broadcast frequency of sine wave
vibrations in a space. "CTF" is the "system's" response to
the frequency of rectangular-shaped waves vibrations. MTF
can be used to provide a cascaded evaluation of the
"system;" it does not work with CTF, but because it is
relatively convenient to measure, the latter is often used.
Based on our experiment conditions, we used the CTF type of
transmission mathematical functions in our initial steps of
research.
It has already been mentioned above that CTF is the
"system's" response to the vibration frequencies of
rectangular waves. What then, is a "rectangular-shaped
wave"? What is a "space frequency"? What is meant in the
expression of size of "vibration amplitude"?
What is meant by a rectangular-shaped wave in space is
a series of similar and repetitive black-and-white bars of
light intensity (see Figure 1, left). If a right-angle graph
is used, to describe the distribution of such bars of light
intensity in a space, then it would look like what is shown
at Figure 1, right. It can be seen now that the light
intensity distribution in a space takes on a rectangular
shape, and that is how the name came to be.
Figure 1. Rectangular Wave Light Bar and Its Light
Intensity Distribution in Space
What is called space frequency of a rectangular wave is
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the numerical unit distance of the stripes on the bar; the
more numerous the stripes showing distances, the higher the
frequency expressed. Conversely, the fewer the lower.
The expression of the rectangular wave vibrations in
space is called the "comparison ratio," and is defined as:
(1)
K(n)= greater-Ilesser
I greater+Ilesser
K(n) ------- ratio n -----frequency
Igreater-----Greatest value for light intensity on the bar
Ilesser------Least value
It can be seen that, when K(n)=1, then Igreater must be 0,
which clearly states that the light intensity of the black
stripes is 0. For this reason, the ratio of the rectangular
wave at this time is the highest. When K(n)=0, then
Igreater=Ilesser, clearly stating that black and white
stripes are equal, and the ratio at this time would be the
lowest. It can thus be seen that what the ratio expresses is
the light intensity distribution of the rectangular wave in
a space; so if one wants to examine the nature of light
intensity transmission of rectangular waves stripes in the
"system," it would only be necessary to calculate the
"system's" input and output ratios. This would lead to the
Comparative Transmission Functions defined-as:
CTF=C(n)=Ki(n)/Ko(n) (2)
From (2) above we can be see CTF represents the system's
transmitting capability for rectangular waves in a space; it
is the mathematical function for that frequency in a space.
The higher the C(n), the higher the transmitting capability
of the, system for the rectangular wave with frequency n. The
converse is also true. Thus, if all the frequencies'
transmission ratios (C(n)) can be calculated, it will
illustrate the system's transmission capability for all the
frequencies in a space; and calculating the F will tell what
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frequencies can pass through the system, and which will have
difficulty or find it impossible to do so; also, which are
the best for transmission. Here, we have given CTF a rough
introduction; its total significance is not so limited.
But when calculating the CTF for a "nonsight sensing"
system, we met a difficulty; there was no way to calculate
directly the ratio for imagery. Although, fortunately, CTF
calculations have long been applied in visible "sight
sensing," there had been no way to calculate CTF for imagery
there either. Therefore, what could be done in CTF
calculations in visible "sight sensing" systems can be
imitated in "nonsight sensing" as well. The specific
method is, where Ki(n) is a constant, then formula (2) can
be written as:
CTF=C(n)=constant/Ko(n) (3)
What formula (3) expresses is that it is only necessary
to restrict the imagery ratio to a constant, and the
frequency for each object ratio could be calculated, then
CTF will be obtained. As to "nonsight sensing,"
Ki(n)=constant expresses that the tested person can only
discover the imagery ratio that is sought. For the sake of
convenience, the constant for each imagery ratio was reduced
to "1"; at the same time, we called the object ratio a
threshold ratio of Kot(n). Thus we have:
CTF=C(n)=1/Kot(n) (4)
Thus, by calculating the frequency as Kot(n) for nonsight
light sensing, we can obtain the CTF for It.
APPARATUS AND METHOD
Figure (2) gives the apparatus tenets in our
experiment. S is the board for the various frequencies of
rectangular waves. Under the even illumination of light
source (I) which was composed of light E and lens Cl, with
semi-transparent lens N casting objective lens L's image
upon frosted glass screen G, even layers of light were
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formed on the. rectangular wave stripes. P1, P2 and P3 were
three polarized plates; P1 and P2 were perpendicular to each
other because the energy from light source (I) and (II) were
similar; because of this, rotating P3 could cause the
rectangular wave stripes shown on the frosted glass screen
to have different ratios. About 2-3 millimeters in front of
the glass screen G, an opaque sheet of black paper was
placed to obstruct the sight of the tested individual;
because of this, during the experiment, there was no way
that any changes in the images and the ratios shown on the
frosted glass screen G could be seen by the tested person.
The palm of one of the tested person's hands was so placed
as the "nonsight sensing" tool to ensure that what the
person "nonsightedly sensed" was definitely the object
optically imaged on the frosted glass screen. For this
reason, imaged and non-imaged tests were done on the screen;
the tested individual correctly reported on each one.
Figure 2. Apparatus Tenets Diagram
During the experiment, the tested person was directed
to touch the black paper, then the testing personnel
inserted a rectangular-shaped wave light board with a fixed
frequency, then rotated polarized plate P3 adjusting the
ratios of the screen G's rectangular-wave stripes, and began
testing. Such adjustments were of two types, one from low to
high until the tested person first discovered the striped
figures; this ratio was given a "threshold up" value. The
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other went from high to low, until the person no longer
recognized the figure, which was given a "threshold down"
value. Each frequency was tested six times, "threshold up"and
"threshold down" each three times. They were then
cumulatively averaged out to obtain the threshold ratio.
For this experiment, there were two tested females with
nonsight sensing capability, Little Ping (age 12) and
Little Qiang (age 14).
The frosted glass screen for the experiment was round,
had a diameter of 55 millimeters and a brightness of 10 Nt.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF NONSIGHT LIGHT CTF
Figure 3 shows the experiment's results, the vertical
line represents inversely the values of threshold ratios.
The horizontal line expresses the frequency in
millimeter-line logarithm units. What is obtained is an
experiment curve which constitutes the CTF curve for a human
body's nonsight light sense. And, to compare it to the CTF
of sight light sense, the CTF curve of the human eye was
also drawn into Figure 3. It can be seen from this graph
that the shapes of Little Ping and Little Qiang are similar
to each other, thus showing that the CTF characteristics of
the hand's palm in each of their nonsight light sense were
similarly prescribed. Elaboration and discussion of the
experiment results follow:
1. The experiment results show that the human body's
capability to transmit rectangular-shaped waves of
nonsight light through a space definitely is a frequency
mathematical function; different frequencies have different
values of C(n)=lKot. Going one step further into its study
and observation, it was discovered that the CTF curve
obtained was low at both ends and high in the middle, making
it clear that the "nonsight light" transmission capability
in the rectangular-shaped waves in the figure were reduced
or weakened at both the high and low ends, but there was a
best frequency response and wide scope. We call this
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"throughput" characteristic. What the test learned was that
the best frequency for both tested persons was in the
vicinity of the 0.2 millimeter line.
wt Threshold
Space frequency(line/millimeter)
Figure 3. Experiment results and Normal eye CTF curve
(eye curves from footnote (4))
2. From formula (1), it can be learned that the
greatest value for Kot(n) was 1; therefore, as the frequency
increases, the lowest value for the decline of the CTF curve
would also be 1. This space frequency was called the
interception frequency; it expresses that any frequency
higher than this kind could not be sensed by the person with
"nonsight light sense." Due to the constraint of this
condition, we have not been able to calculate the
interception frequency, but from the outward bulge of the
curve, we can estimate the interception frequency of Little
Ping's and Little Qiang's "nonsight sense" frequency to be
in the vicinity of the 3-5 millimeter line.
3. In comparing the CTF curves of "normal eyesight" and
"nonsight light sense," one can see that the forms are
similar; both have the "throughput" characteristic, but the
frequency deterioration for "nonsigh-t light sense" at the
Tower end was much stronger than that for "normal eyesight";
therefore, its throughput characteristic was more apparent
than that of the normal eye. We know, from researching the
human eye that this characteristic was produced from the
nervous system of the human eye's light-sensing system. Then
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how is that of the "nonsight light sensing" system
produced? This is a question meriting research; comparing
the scope of their frequency response, the "normal" eye is
wider than that of the "nonsight light sensor." In
comparing 1/Kot(n) values for the same frequency, the normal
eye's is higher. From this, one can see that our tests show
the two individuals' "nonsight light sensing" transmission
characteristics to be weaker, clearly stating that the ability
of those with "nonsight light sense" as not as strong as
those with normal sight.
We know from the Foulier theory, that CTF and MTF
calculations are convertible to each other (1):
MTF=M(n)="'/41 C(n)+ C(3n)
3
C(5n) C(7n)
.}.
5 7 ..J
CTF=C(n)= 4[ M(n)_M~n)+M(55n)
_M(7n)...1'
7
Therefore, if we know the "system's" CTF, then we can
calculate its MTF. From this, we know that the rectangular
waves higher than the interception frequency cannot pass
through the "nonsight light sensing" system. From the
above, it can also be known that "nonsight light sensing"
interception frequency beyond the push of the curve is not
very high. Thus can be seen that the "nonsight light" CTF
curve we tested can be applied similarly to the MTF.
DISCUSSING THE EFFECTS OF THE NONSIGHT LIGHT SENSE
Measuring "CTF" is the most important content of this
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article, but after going through this experiment, we looked
at the following points, which provoked our attention:
1. During the experiment, the rectangular-shaped wave
stripes sensed by nonsight sensors were the optical images
on the frosted glass screen, and not those produced by the
optical light board of the apparatus (i.e., S of Figure 2).
Aside from this having already been proven in Section 2's
"imaged" and "non-imaged" experiment, the CTF experiment
itself in this article actually also has proven it. Just
think, if what the nonsight sense felt was the optical
image from the light board and not from the screen,
when the P3 in Figure 2 was rotated, we could not have
obtained any threshold ratio, nor could we have obtained a
CTF curve for the "nonsight sense."
From this can be seen that, in this experiment, the
optical image acquired from light was sensed by the
"nonsight sense."
2. The rectangular wave space signal carried by this optical
image also could let a nonsight sense have reactions
similar to those of normal sight sense. (Section 3 above).
It can be clearly seen from these two points that this
experiment, at a definite level, expresses that space
signals formed by light intensity distribution can evoke
sensing reactions from "nonsight" and responses similar to
those of sight sensing.
But, it can be seen from Figure 2, that the placing of a
sheet of black paper between the hand and the optical image
naturally could raise this kind of question: how does light,
obstructed by the paper, affect the "nonsight sense"? This
question requires special research. Speaking from the
present, we can only report to everyone what we have
observed and studied of this phenomenon; we still do not as
yet know how light affects the nonsight sense.
In researching nonsight sense, nothing caught the
attention of everyone more than the question of what were
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the signal carriers. This is a basic question that must be
answered in resolving the nonsight sensing process.
Furthermore, the question raised here about the relationship
of light affecting nonsight sensing, clearly is related to
the research of signal carriers (and not Just limited to
similarities). Actually, in the already reported research on
nonsight sense reaction to monochromatic colors, it was
shown that the nonsight light sense reacted to light,
and could produce the same reaction to color as a sight
sense. Therefore, it is a very intriguing question for
reinforcing research into whether mankind (or at least part
of it) has a nonsight sense that co-exists with a sight
one, and also clearing up its various characteristics and
process.
Due to the fact that Man's nonsight sensing places
are not Just the palms, but under the arms, at the ears,
etc., and also because the capabilities of individuals with
the nonsight sense vary rather greatly from person to
person, therefore, the report content in this article is
not a finalized description, offered only for research
reference.
(1) Mai Weilin, Optical Transmission Functions and Its
Mathematical Foundations, Defense Industry Publishing House,
1979
(2) Radio Corporation of America, Electro_Optics Handbook,
1974
(3) Wang Shengli, et al, Nature Magazine, 3 (1980) 336
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A First Look at the Human Body's Nonsight Sensing
Capability to Sense Optical Imagery in Space
Liu Yicheng Tan Dajun Tian Jingfa (Chinese
Academy of Sciences Physics Research Office)
Yang Jianhua Ye Ziquan (Chinese Academy of
Sciences Biophysics Research Office)
A number of experiments report that light can evoke
reaction from the human body's nonsight sensing. For
example, the capability of nonsight sensing of
monochromatic colors. Also, for example, when nonsight
sensing falls upon optical images of diffused reflections,
it can cause a change in the sensing ratio. To go one step
further in the study of the effects of light on nonsight
sensing, we conducted tests of the human body's nonsight
sensing capability to sense optical images directly in
space. Results show that those tested had a definitive
sensing capability for the imagery formed in space optics at
nonsight sensing places (primarily the palm of a hand).
METHOD
Figure 1 shows the light path of the test apparatus. In
it, light E and focal lens C formed the illumination source,
evenly projecting on film 0. With a fountain pen, various
labels were written on the film. The labels on film 0 were
passed through lens L on to the palm of the tested person,
forming various optical images through the space to be
differentiated by the tested person. To prevent normal
eyesight from being mixed into the differentiating process,
the entire apparatus and the tested person's nonsight
sensing part (the palm) were hidden inside a cover.
Figure 1 Diagram of the Experiment Apparatus Tenets
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Those tested were three females with nonsight sensing
capability, Little Ping (age 13), Little Lin (age 10) and
Little Bo (age 10).
The experiment proceeded with three kinds of tests: the
first one made the tested person tell the difference between
optical images projected directly upon her palm; the second
asked her to differentiate between degrees of changes in the
size-of the images on the palm; the third put the tested
individual's palm on the image's unfocal surface, and then
when the image was projected on it, she was asked to
describe the sensation unseen by her eyes.
RESULTS
1. In the test of direct projection of the image on the
palm, Little Bo was tested 17 times with a 64% accuracy; 24%
partial accuracy; 6% completely wrong and 6% with no
sensation at all. Little Ping went through eight times, and
was 51% completely correct; 12% partially; 12% completely
wrong and 25% without sensation. Little Lin did it 13 times,
was 38% completely correct; 23% partially; 15% completely
wrong and 23% without sensation.
The results of images changes on the palm were: Little
Bo, seven times and could point out the size changes every
time; Little Lin four times, and could tell the changes
every time. Little Bo's palm was placed on the nonfocused
surface three times, and reported that "it was a blur, could
not see the images."
From the light paths of the test apparatus described
above, the reader might point out that, during the
experiments, the images differentiated by the tested persons
might not have been "space optical images," but rather were
"film 0 images" because both images were identical and both
were presented on the palm. However, the results described
above can prove that what was differentiated were definitely
"space optical images." The reason is that, if not, the test
person could not have pointed out the differences in size
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changes, and also, when the tested person's palm was placed
on the unfocal surface, she could not have had a "couldn't
see the image" reaction. Therefore, space signals carried by
space optical images let our test individuals' nonsighted
senses feel them.
2. While differentiating between "space optical
images," Little Bo said that the word shapes first appeared
in her brain a bit at a time, then formed into a complete
entity. For the word, " " (knife), first appeared " 7
then appeared nd then were put together to become
. M11U again, TV r' example, -- j1 11x), the order of
" " " if " w i t h
finally put together. The circumstances described by
theltested person greatly resembled those told by her about
the forms written on paper which she had had to
differentiate.
3. Looking at the time required by the tested
individual to differentiate between the "space optical
images," and that needed to differentiate between words
written on paper, there were clear discrepancies. But when
as subjectively narrated by the tested person, it took more
time for the "space optical images" than to do those on
paper.
DISCUSSION
The fact that light energy evokes sensing response from
nonsight sensing, is a problem that merits serious
attention to researching such. It is well known that light
is the carrier for sight sensing. Then what are the
effects of light as a carrier in nonsight sensing?
Concerning this question, of course, at present, there can
be no definite conclusions, but from the results of these
experiments, and other test results involving light and
nonsight sensing , it can be seen that the space
signals carried by light, irrespective of the signals of
light intensity distribution, or light being
Nature Magazine Vol 4, No. 12 (turn to page 908)
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