PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES PART TWO: RESEARCH REPORT

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• Document Page Count: 154
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: December 1, 1975
• Content Type: RP

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*j 11111. %111 9% LIM I
Final Report
Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Part Two: Research Report
By: HAROLD E. PUTHOFF and RUSSELL TARG
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
Classification Determination Pending.
Protect as though classified SECRET.
Certai indi dual pages of this dock n UNCLASSIFIE .However, the associati an com-
pila on of th material may i tiicate defens information the unauihori ed disci ure of w ich
co ld reasonab be expec to cause serious amage t the national secu ity; once, an over
clsification of ECRET is warranted.
STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Menlo Park, California 94025 ? U.S.A.
Copy No . ....................
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 Final Report
December 1, 1975
Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Part Two--Research Report
By: Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ
Electronics ;and Bioengineering Laboratory
SRI Project 3183
Cl~s ifica ion DeterFtIna
ote t thou e assif ECRET
Approved by:
Earle Jones, Director
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
Bonnar Cox, Executive Director
Information Science and Engineering Division
Lain individual pages of this doc en are UNCLASS IED. However,
associatio an ompilation of this ma erial may indicat defer~ie
ormation, he unaut orized di closure of hick uld reaso ably be
acted to cause serio dama, to the natio al curity; hen an
SEE
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I ABSTRACT
II PROGRAM RESULTS--APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT
A. Remote Viewing
1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Targets
(Exploratory Research)
a. West Virginia Site (S3)
b. West Virginia Site (Sl)
summary of Exploratory Research
3. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets
(Exploratory Research, Costa Rica Series)
4. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog)
5. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Technology Series)
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iii
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15
17
B. Detection of Secret Writing Target Material
III PROGRAM RESULTS--BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT
A. Screening Tests
1. Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under Standard Protocol 36
Conditions
a. Subject Sl (Experienced) 38
b. Subject S4 (Learner/Controls) 40
c. Subjects S2 and S3 (Experienced) 46
d. Subjects S5 and S6 (Learner/Controls) 49
e. Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Controls) 49
f. Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard 53
2. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator Protocol) 66
a. Machine Description 67
b. Data from Experiments 69
B. Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by
Gifted Subjects
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2. Psychological Evaluation
a. Evaluation by Clinical Psychologist Administering Tests
b. Evaluation by Chief Clinical Psychologist
3. Neuropsychological Evaluation
Page
79
_80
83
88
C. Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate 94
to Paranormal Activity
1. Remote Strobe Experiment 97
2. Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During 103
Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing
D. Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and Energy 106
1. Experiments with Physical Apparatus
a. Experiments with Geiger Counter
b. Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum
c. Experiments with Superconducting Differential Mag-
netometer (Gradiometer)
d. Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects
2. Discussion of Possible "Mechanisms" in Remote Viewing
3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization
4. Soviet Efforts
5. Conclusions
IV PROGRAM SUMMARY
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A. Remote Viewing Transcript for Subject S6, Learner/Control,
First Experiment
106
106
107
108
113
117
121
129
130
B. Instructions to Subject: EEG Experiment B-1
C. Universal Randomization Protocol C-1
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1. Maps of West Virginia Site Drawn by Subject S3
2. Map and Detail of Site Drawn by Subject Sl
3. Artist's Rendering of Site
4. Costa Rica Site Drawings and Photographs
5. Abacus/Clock Drawings and Photograph
6. Video Terminal
7. Typewriter
8. Xerox Machine
9. Drill Press
10. Procedure for Card Sorting by Sequential Sampling
11. Swimming Pool Complex (Sl)
12. Pedestrian Overpass (S4)
13. Bicycle Shed (S4)
14. Tennis Court (S2)
15. Palo Alto City Hall (S3)
16. White's Plaza, Stanford University (S6)
17. Merry-Go-Round
18. Windmill
19. Four-State Random Number Generator Used in This Experiment
20. Data Summary for Subject S2
21. Drawings and Interpretations by Associative Visual Agnosia Patients
22. Shielded Room Used for EEG Experiments
23. Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra of Subject S4
24. Polygraph Data from Subject S4
25. Superconducting Differential Magnetometer (Gradiometer)
26. Gradiometer Data
27. Enhancement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio by Sequential Sampling Procedure
28. Operating Characteristic Curve for Sequential Sampling Procedure
29. Average Sample Number for Sequential Sampling Procedure
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1. Subject, Target Selection Procedure, and Figure Numbers for Tech-
nology Series.
2. Rank Ordering Match of Drawings to Target Locations (Blind Judging,
Technology Series)
3. Critical Values of Sums of Ranks for Preferential Matching
4. The Probability of M Correct Guesses of N Distinct Items
5. Key for Secret Writing Experiment
6. Raw Data Call Sheet for Secret Writing Experiment
7. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Selection for Subject Si, Experienced.
8. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
L
i
ocat
on for Subject S4, Learner/Control
9. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated
Location for Subjects S2 and S3, Experienced
10. Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated
Location for Subjects S5 and S6, Learner/Control
with Each Target
with Each Target
11. Distribution of Rankings of T_ranscripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Sponsor Subjects, Learner/Control
12. Summary--Remote Viewing of Natural Targets
13. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator Summary
14. Randomness Tests for Machine Ml Output during Successful Experimental
Series
15. Randomness Tests for Machine M2 Output during Successful Experimental
Series
16. Randomness Tests for Entire Machine Output During Successful Experi-
mental Run
17. Subject S2 Selections on Machine Ml during Successful Experimental
Series
18. Subject S2 Selections on Machine M2 during Successful Experimental
Series
19. Neuropsychology Test Battery
20. EEG Data for Subject S4
21. Geiger Counter Experiment Summary
22. Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters
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As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out
in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated a program
to investigate a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by
means of mental imagery and describe randomly chosen sites remote from
their physical location. This ability appeared to be sufficiently well
developed in certain individuals to allow them to at times describe cor-
rectly---often in great detail--geographical or technical material, such
as buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like. In this final
report (Part Two--Research Report), we document in detail the 12-month
study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability which we call
"remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the
range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities.
This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain indivi-
duals to access, by means of mental processes, and describe information
sources blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure
against access.
The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of
individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand
kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a
person at a location on whom to target. The development at SRI of suc-
cessful experimental procedures to elicit this capability has evolved
to the point where (a) visiting personnel of the sponsoring organization
without any previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under
controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions
of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to
targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a two-year
period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided
data of operational significance later verified by independent sources).
Our accumulated data thus indicate that both specially selected and un-
selected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities
to a level of useful information transfer. The primary achievement of the
SRI program was thus the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by
For summary, see Part One--Executive Summary
1
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individuals who agreed to act as subjects.
In carrying out this program we concentrated on what we considered
to be our primary responsibility--to resolve under unambiguous conditions
the basic issue of whether this class of paranormal perception phenomenon
exists. At all times the researchers and SRI management took measures
to prevent sensory leakage and subliminal cueing and to prevent deception,
whether intentional or unintentional. All experiments were carried out
under protocols in which target selection at the beginning of experiments
and blind judging of results at the end of experiments were handled inde-
pendently of the researchers involved in carrying out the experiments,
thus assuring evaluations independent of the belief structures of both
experimenters and judges.
The program was divided into two categories of approximately equal
effort--applied research and basic research. In Section II we summarize
the results of the applied research effort in which the operational
utility of the above perceptual abilities was explored. In Section III
we summarize the results of the basic research effort, which was directed
toward identification of the characteristics of individuals possessing
such abil=ities and the determination of neurophysiological correlates
and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning. With an eye toward
selection of future subjects, individuals possessing a well-developed
natural ability in the area under investigation underwent complete
physical, psychological, and neuropsychological profiling, the results
of which suggest some hypotheses for developing a screening procedure.
The program summary is presented in Section IV.
With regard to understanding the phenomenon, the precise nature of
the information channel that couples remote locations is not yet under-
stood. However, its general characteristics are compatible with both
quantum theory and information theory as well as with recent developments
in research on brain function. Therefore, our working assumption is that
the phenomenon of interest does not lie outside the purview of modern
physics and with further work will yield to analysis and specification.
Finally, it is concluded by the research contractor (SRI) that the
development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in
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three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be
utilized in the future, both for operational needs and for training others
in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability.
A. Remote Viewing
As mentioned in the Abstract, the phenomenon we investigated most
extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical
locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates
(latitude and longitude) or a person at a location on whom to target.
Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI participants
but also visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who par-
ticipated as subjects so as to critique the protocol.
As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenomenon appears to cover
a range of subjective experiences variously referred to in the literature
as autoscopy (in the medical literature); exteriorization or disassociation
(psychological literature); simple clairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance,
or out-of-body experience (parapsychological literature); or astral pro-
jection (occult literature). We choose the term "remote viewing" as a
neutral descriptive term free of occult assumptions or-bias as to the
mechanisms involved.
We begin our report in subsections 1 and 2 witch experiments under
the control of the sponsor. These experiments were designed to provide
a vehicle whereby the sponsor could establish independently of SRI, some
degree of confidence as to the existence of the long-distance remote
viewing faculty.
1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Targets
(Exploratory Research)
So as to subject the remote-viewing phenomena to a rigorous
long-distance test under external control, a request for geographical
coordinates of a site unknown to subject and experimenters was forwarded
to the sponsor's group responsible for threat analysis in this area. In
response, an SRI experimenter received a set of coordinates identifying
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what is hereafter referred to as the West Virginia Site. The SRI experi-
menter then carried out remote-viewing experiments with two subjects on
a double-blind basis, that is, with target content blind to experimenter
as well as to subjects. (Following the experiment both subjects claimed
unfamiliarity with the West Virginia area.) The experiment had as its
goal the determination of the utility of remote viewing under conditions
approximating an operational scenario.
a. West Virginia Site (S3)*
Date: 29 May 1973, 1634 to 1640 hours, Menlo Park, Cali-
fornia. Protocol: Coordinates 38?2345"to 48"N, 79?25'00"W, described
simply as being in West Virginia, were relayed to experimenter Dr. H.E.
Puthoff by telephone, who then relayed this information to subject S3
to initiate experiment. No maps were permitted, and the subject was
asked to give an immediate response. The session was recorded on video
tape. The oral response is reproduced here from the tape:
This seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There
is a city to the north (I can see the taller buildings and some
smog). This seems to be a strange place, somewhat like the
lawns that one would find around a military base, but I get
the impression that there are either some old bunkers around,
or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There must be a flagpole,
some highways to the west, possibly a river over to the far east,
to the south more city.
The map in Figure 1(a) was drawn by the subject.
On the following morning, S3 submitteda written report
of a -second reading, dated 30 May 1973, 0735 to 0758 hours-, Mountain
View, California:
Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular
building (a tower?), buildings to the south. Is this a former
Nike base or something like that? This is about as far as I
could go without feedback, and perhaps guidance as to what was
wanted. There is something strange about. this area, but since
I don't know particularly what to look for within the scope of
the cloudy ability, it is extremely difficult to make decisions
on what is there and what is not. Imagination seems to get in
the way. (For example, I seem to get the impression of something
S3 identifies a subject. A key to numerical designations for subjects
is available from the sponsor's Contracting Officer Technical Repre-
sentative (COTI).
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e
are
dt
S.
5
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underground, but I'm not sure.) However, it is apparent that
on first sighting, the general location was correctly spotted.
The map in Figure 1(b) also was drawn by the subject.
b. West Virginia Site (S1)
As a backup test, the coordinates were given to a second
subject, Sl. The task was presented to the second subject independently
of the first subject, both to prevent collaboration and to prevent any
sense of competition.
Date: 1 June 1973, 1700 hours, Menlo Park, California.
Protocol: Coordinates 38?23'45" to 48"N, 79?25'00"W were given (with no
further description) by experimenter Dr. H.E. Puthoff to subject S1 by
telephone to initiate experiment.
On the morning of 4 June 1973, Sl's written response
(dated 2 June 1973, 1250 to 1350 hours, Lake Tahoe, California) was re-
ceived in the mail:
Looked at general area from altitude of about 1500 ft above
highest terrain. On my left-forward quadrant is a peak in a
chain of mountains, elevation approximately 4996 ft above sea
level. Slopes are greyish slate covered with variety of broad-
leaf trees, vines, shrubbery, and undergrowth. I am facing
about 3?to 5? west of north. Looking down the mountain to the
right (east) side is a roadway--freeway, country style--curves
then heads ENE to a fairly large city about 30 to 40 miles
distant. This area was a battleground in civil war--low rolling
hills, creeks, few lakes or reservoirs. There is a smaller
town a little SE about 15 to 20 miles distant with small
..settlements, village type, very rural, scattered around. Look-
ing across the peak, 2500 to 3000 ft mountains stretch out for
a hundred or so miles. Area is essentially wooded. Some of
the westerly slopes are eroded and gully washed--looks like
strip mining, coal mainly.
Weather at this time is cloudy, rainy. Temperature at my
altitude about 54?F--high cumulo nimbus clouds to about 25,000
to 30,000 ft. Clear area, but turbulent, between that level and
some cirro stratus at 46,000 ft. Air mass in that strip moving
WNW to SE.
1318 hours--Perceived that peak area has large underground
storage areas. Road comes up back side of mountains (west
slopes), fairly well concealed, looks deliberately so. It's
cut under trees where possible--would be very hard to detect
flying over area. Looks like former missile site--bases for
launchers still there, but area now houses record storage area,
microfilm, file cabinets; as you go into underground area
6
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through-aluminum rolled up doors, first areas filled with
records, etc. Rooms about 100-ft long, 40-ft wide, 20-ft
ceilings, with concrete supporting pilasters, flare-shaped.
Temperature cool--fluorescent lighted. Personnel, Army 5th
Corps Engineers. M/Sgt. Long on desk placard on grey steel
desk--file cabinets security locked--combination locks, steel
rods through eye bolts. Beyond these rooms, heading east,
are several bays with computers, communication equipment,
large maps, display type, overlays. Personnel, Army Signal
Corps. Elevators.
1330 hours--Looked over general area from original location
again--valleys quite hazy, lightning about 30 miles north
along mountain ridge. Tempterature drop about 6?F, it's about
48?F. Looking for other significances: see warm air mass
moving in from SW colliding with cool air mass about 100 miles
ESE from my viewpoint. Air is very turbulent--tornado type;
birds in my area seeking heavy cover. There is a fairly large
river that I can see about 15 to 20 miles north and slightly
west; runs NE then curves in wide valley running SW to NE;
river then runs SE. Area to east: low rolling hills. Quite
a few Civil War monuments. A marble colonnade type: 'In this
area was fought the battle of Lynchburg where many brave men of
the Union and Confederate Armys (sic) fell. We dedicate this
area to all peace loving people of the future--Daughters G.A.R.
On a later date S1 was asked to return to the West Virginia
site with the goal of obtaining information on code words, if possible.
In response, Sl supplied the following information:
Top of desk had papers labeled "Flytrap" and "Minerva".
File cabinet on north wall labeled "Operation Pool...
(third word unreadable).
Folders inside cabinet labeled "Cueball", "14 Ball", 1'4
Ball", "8 Ball", and "Rackup".
Name of site vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack.. Per-
sonnel: Col. R.J. Hamilton, Maj. Gen. George R. Nash, Major John C.
Calhoun (??).
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The two reports for the West Virginia Site, and the report
were verified by personnel in the sponsor organization
as being substantially correct. The results of the evaluation are con-
tained in a separate report filed with the COTR.
d. Summary of Exploratory Research
The observation of such unexpectedly high-quality descrip-
tions early in our program led to a large-scale study of the phenomenon
under secure double-blind conditions (i.e., target unknown to experimenters
as well as subjects), with independent random target selection and blind
judging. The results, presented later, provide strong evidence for the
robustness of this phenomenon, one whereby complex remote stimuli can be
detected by a human perceptual modality of extreme sensitivity. Before
discussing these results, however, we consider further examples of both
operational and operational-analog experiments.
To determine the utility of remote viewing under operational
conditions, a long-distance remote viewing experiment was carried out on
This experiment, carried out in three phases, was under direct
control of the COTR. To begin the experiment, the COTR furnished map
coordinates in degrees, minutes, and seconds.. The only additional infor-
mation provided was the designation of the target as
The experimenters then closeted themselves with subject Sl, gave him the
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map coordinates and indicated the designation of the target
This activity constituted Phase I of the experiment.
Figure 2(a) shows the subject's graphic effort for building
layout; Figure 2(b) shows the subject's particular attention to a multi-
story gantry crane he observed at the site. Both results were obtained
by the experimenters on a double-blind basis before exposure to any addi-
tional COTR-held information, thus eliminating the possibility of cueing.
These results were turned over to the client representatives for evalua-
tion. For comparison an artist's rendering of the site as known to the
COTR(but not to the experimenters until later) is shown in Figure 3(a),
with crane detail shown in Figure 3(b).
Were the results not promising, the experiment would have stopped
at this point. Description of the multistory crane, however, a relatively
unusual target item, was taken as indicative of possible target acquisi-
tion. Therefore, Phase II was begun, defined by the subject being made
"witting" (of the client) by client representatives who introduced them-
selves to the subject at that point; Phase II also included a second
round of experimentation
A remote-viewing experiment on the target was then carried out.
tion of client representatives in which further data were obtained and
evaluated. As preparation for this phase, client representatives purposely
kept themselves blind to all but general knowledge of the target site to
minimize the possibility of cueing. The Phase II effort was focused on
the generation of physical data that could be independently verified by
other client resources, thus providing a calibration of the process.
The end of Phase II gradually evolved into the first part of
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Phase III, the generation of unverifiable data concerning 5X1
site not available to the client, but of operational interest nonetheless.
Several hours of tape transcript and a notebook full of drawings were
generated over a two-week period.
with direct participa-
site were evaluated by
the sponsor, and are contained in a separate report. In general, several
details concerning thel site ap-
peared to dovetail with data from other sources, and a number of specific
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(a) SUBJECT EFFORT AT BUILDING LAYOUT
WL 10 1074
tM
(b) SUBJECT EFFORT AT CRANE CONSTRUCTION
FIGURE 2 MAP AND DETAIL OF SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT S1
10
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large structural elements were correctly described. The results contained
noise along with the signal, but were nonetheless clearly differentiated
from the chance results that were generated by control subjects in compar-
ison experiments carried out by the COTR.
3. Long Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets (Explora-
tory Research, Costa Rica Series)
The experimental procedures of Subsections 1 and 2 were designed
to provide a vehicle whereby the client could establish, independently of
SRI, some degree of confidence as to the existence of a long-distance re-
mote viewing faculty. Although the results were indicated to be positive,
from the standpoint of SRI personnel who could not participate in the
evaluation phase, it was considered necessary to supplement the above
experiments with a similar set under SRI control. Therefore, SRI-controlled
experiments were undertaken to enable the experimenters to participate
directly in the evaluation phase of the remote-viewing experiments.
Two subjects (Sl and S4) were asked to participate in a long-
distance experiment focusing on aseries of targets in Costa Rica. The
subjects said they had never been to Costa Rica.
In this experiment, one of the experimenters (Dr. Puthoff) spent
ten days traveling through Costa Rica on a combination business/pleasure
trip. This information was all that was known to the subjects about the
traveler's itinerary. The experiment called for Dr. Puthoff to keep a
detailed record of his location and activities, including photographs,
each of seven target days at 1330 PDT. A total of 12 daily-descriptions
were collected before the traveler's return: six responses from Sl, five
responses from S4, and one response from an SRI experimenter, who acted
as a subject in one experiment on a day in which S4 was not available and
the other subject arrived late.
For its illustrative value we consider first the single response
submitted by the experimenter filling in as a subject. The response, a
drawing submitted for a day in the middle of the series, is shown in
Figure 4 together with photographs taken at the site. Although Costa Rica
is a mountainous country, the subject unexpectedly perceived the traveler
at a beach and ocean setting. With some misgivings, he described an
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AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET
FIGURE 4 AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET ALONG
WITH SKETCH PRODUCED BY SUBJECT IN CALIFORNIA
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airport on a sandy beach and an airstrip with the ocean at the end (correct).
An airport building also was drawn, and shown to have a large rectangular
overhang (correct). The traveler had taken a one-day unplanned side trip
to an offshore island and at the time of the experiment had just disem-
barked from a plane at a small island airport as described, 4000 kilometers
from SRI. The sole discrepancy was that the drawing showed a Quonset-hut
type of building in place of the rectangular structure.
The above description was chosen as an example to illustrate two
major points observed a number of times throughout the program. First, in
opposition to what might be expected, a subject's description does not
necessarily portray what might reasonably be expected to be correct (an
educated or "safe" guess) but often runs counter to even the subject's
own expectations. Second, individuals other than those with putative
"paranormal ability" are able to exhibit a remote viewing faculty.
The remaining submissions provided further examples of excellent
correspondences between target and response. (A target period of pool-
side relaxation was identified, a drive through a tropical forest at the
base of a truncated volcano was described as a drive through a jungle
below a large bare table mountain, a hotel room target description, in-
cluding such details as rug color, was correct, and so on.) So as to
determine whether such matches were simply fortuitous, i.e., could rea-
sonably be expected on the basis of chance alone, when Dr. Puthoff re-
turned he was asked to blind match the 12 descriptions to the seven
target locations. On the basis of this conservative evaluation procedure,
which vastly underestimates the statistical significance of the individual
descriptions, five correct matches were obtained (two each of subjects Sl
and S4, and the single submission by the experimenter). This number of
matches is significant at p = 0.02 by exact binomial calculation.*
The probability of a correct daily match by chance for any given tran-
script is p = 1/7. Therefore, the probability of at least five correct
matches by chance out of 12 tries can be calculated from
12
P __ Z 12! 1 i 6 12-i = 0.02.
i! (12-i) ! (7) (7)
UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
Therefore, this pilot study, completely under control of SRI, provided
confirmatory data supporting that obtained under sponsor control, indi-
cating the existence of an apparent long-distance remote viewing faculty.
4. Short-Range Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog)
As a further test of operational utility of the remote viewing
faculty, the COTR tasked the contractors with an experiment designed to
duplicate as closely as possible an operational situation of current
interest, the remote viewing of an abacus-type device. During a trip
to the East Coast, the experimenters were to proceed to New York, where
they were to purchase locally an abacus to be used as a target in a
remote viewing experiment. (The abacus was to constitute a target anal-
ogous to a cipher machine of particular interest.) Following the purchase
they were to contact a subject who lived there (S3) by telephone with
a surprise request to come to the experimenters' hotel room later that
day to participate in a remote-viewing experiment.
The above steps were carried out in preparation for the experi-
ment. In this case the experimenters knew what the target was, an ex-
ception to the double-blind rule followed in all our other work. There-
fore, while awaiting the subject's arrival, a preamble for the experiment
was prerecorded by one of the experimenters (Targ) and carefully checked
to ensure against verbal cueing:
Hal and I have brought a present for you. We wandered around
New York this morning and we bought an object. This object is
of the type that one interacts with, and Hal will use it for
its normal purpose. Today is Friday, September 26, 1974. As
in all our remote viewing experiments, we'd like to ask you to
describe the object as you see it rather than attempting to
give the object a name.
When the subject entered the hotel room, this instruction tape
was played by one experimenter (R.T.) while the other experimenter (H.P.)
took a large locked suitcase containing the target object into an adjacent
room, locked the door, and removed the abacus, shown in Figure 5(a), actions
verified earlier as being inaudible. Thus the only available cue was an
upper bound on the size.
The subject produced the outline drawing I of Figure 5(b) in
approximately one minute. (The large purplish-silver object corresponds
UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
a
tl
(ci fllllll
UNCLASSIFIED
S
Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
to the suitcase interior and is not taken to be evidential.) The experi-
menter remaining with the subject asked for more detail, and the subject
produced the drawing II of Figure 5(b), describing the object as a "game
box with little balls." The entire experiment was tape recorded and
extreme caution was taken to prevent cueing of any kind. The experiment
took place in five minutes total time.
Considering the high-strangeness factor of the target item, and
essentially total lack of restriction on the possibilities as far as the
subject was concerned, the correlation of subject drawings and target was
taken as indicative of a potential utility for remote viewing of tech-
nological targets, and resulted in a decision to experiment further in
this area.
After the target was shown to the subject, a short follow-up
experiment was carried out to determine whether the position of the balls
on the abacus could be determined by remote viewing, but this degree of
resolution was found to be beyond the subject's capability.
5. Short-Range Remote Viewing (Technology Series)
So as to measure the resolution capability of the remote viewing
phenomenon, a series of experiments targeting on remote laboratory equip-
ment within the SRI complex was carried out.
Thirteen experiments were carried out with five different sub-
jects, two of whom were sponsor staff personnel. A subject was told that
one of the experimenters would be sent by random protocol to a laboratory
within the SRI complex and that he would interact with the equipment or
apparatus at the location. It was further explained that the experimenter
remaining with the subject was kept ignorant of the contents of the target
pool to prevent cueing during questioning. (The remaining experimenter
only knew that from time to time, on a random basis, previously used
targets would be reinserted into the target pool to provide an opportunity
for multiple responses to a given target, and that during sponsor visits
the targets might be selected by sponsor staff personnel rather than by
the established random protocol procedures.) The subject was asked to
describe the target both verbally (tape recorded) and by means of drawings
during the time-synchronized 15-minute interval in which the outbound
experimenter interacted in an appropriate manner with the equipment in the
UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For Release 2006/1.1/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
target area.
In the 13 experiments: eight targets were used: a drill press,
computer-driven flight simulator (Link trainer), Xerox machine, video
terminal, chart recorder, four-state random target generator (used in
screening tests described later), typewriter, and machine shop. Three
of these were used twice (drill press, video terminal, and typewriter)
and one (Xerox machine) came up three times. As an example of drawings
generated by subjects, all of the subject outputs generated for the latter
three (video terminal, typewriter, and Xerox machine) are shown in Figures
6, 7, and 8. A summary of subject and target selection procedure is given
in Table 1.
As is apparent from the illustrations alone, certain of the ex-
periments provide circumstantial evidence for an information channel of
useful bit rate. This includes experiments (Experiments 4 and 13) in
which sponsor staff personnel participated as subjects to observe the
protocol.
To obtain independent objective judgment of the quality of
the remote viewing of technological targets, various analyses based on
blind judging were employed.
In the first judging procedure, a judge was asked to blind-match
the drawings alone (i.e., without tape transcripts) to the targets.
Multiple subject responses to a given target were stapled together, and
thus there were seven subject-drawing response packets to be matched to
the seven different targets for which drawings were made. -(No drawings
were made for the Link trainer.) The judge did not have access to our
photographs of the target locations, used for demonstration only (as in
Figures 6 through 8), but rather proceeded to each of the target locations
by list. While standing at each target location, the judge was required
to rank order the seven subject-drawing response packets (presented in
random order) on a scale one to seven (best to worst match), as shown
in Table 2. The statistic of interest is the sum of ranks on the diagonal,
lower values indicating better matches. For seven targets, the sum of
ranks could range from seven to forty-nine. The probability that a given
l
sum of ranks s or less will occur by chance is given by:
UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
I-
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Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
TECHNOLOGY SERIES
TYPEWRITER TARGET
seaws fc ,oK, Ge 44 a 7 -
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SUBJECT S3 RESPONSE
SUBJECT S4 RESPONSE
TA-760525-5
FIGURE 7 DRAWINGS OF A TYPEWRITER TARGET BY TWO SUBJECTS
20
UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
SUBJECT AND TARGET SELECTION PROCEDURE
FOR TECHNOLOGY SERIES
Experiment
Target
Target
Procedure*
Ject
Subject
1
Link trainer
a
SRI-S4
2
Video terminal
a
SRI-S4
3
Drill press
a
SRI-S4
4
Xerox machine
b
Sponsor-Vl
5
Xerox machine
b
SRI-S2
6
Random number
c
SRI-S4
generator
7
Machine shop
b
SRI-S4
8
Typewriter
b
SRI-S4
9
Typewriter
c
SRI-S3
10
Chart recorder
c
SRI-S3
11
Xerox machine
c
SRI-S3
12
Drill press
c
SRI-S3
13
Video terminal
c
Sponsor-V2
*Target selection procedures
a. Outbound SRI experimenter selects target site arbitrarily after
leaving subject area.
b. Visiting sponsor staff member selects target site arbitrarily
after leaving subject area.
c. Standard protocol, in which a target is issued to outbound
experimenter by division director who selects the target by
random number technique from a target pool stored in a secure
safe.
UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
RANK ORDERING MATCH OF SUBJECT-DRE?WING RESPONSE PACKETS
TO TARGET LOCATIONS (BLIND JUDGING, TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
Subject
Place Drawing
Visited Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Video terminal
1
7
5
6
4
3
2
Random number
generator
4
6
5
7
2
3
1
Xerox machine
6
1
2
5
7
4
3,
Machine shop
5
2
1
3
4
6
7
Drill press
7
3
5
1
2
4
6
Typewriter
3
7
5
6
1
2
4
Chart recorder
4
7
5
3
6
1
2
Note on judging procedure: When standing at target locations shown on
left, each of the seven subject-drawing response packets (originally
labeled in random order) are rank ordered one to seven (best to worst
match) by the judge. Statisitic of interest is the sum of ranks on the
diagonal, lower values indicating better matches (see text). The sum
in this case (18) is significant at p < 0.04.
UNCLASSIFIED
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 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
n
Prob(s or less) = Nn- n-1 1) ,
i=n ,P. =0
where s = obtained sum of ranks
N = number of assignable ranks
n = number of occasions on which rankings were made
takes on values from zero to the least positive integer k
in (i-n)/n.
Table 3 is a table to enable easy application of the above
formula to those cases in which N = n. The sum in this case (18) is
significant at p < 0.04.
In the second judging procedure, another judge was given 12
subject-response packages, which included drawings and tape transcripts,
and asked to blind match, without replacement, the 12 response packages
to 12 target locations, which he visited. (The thirteenth location, the
machine shop, included in the first judging, was left out of this judging
by an oversight.) In the forced-choice matching without replacement,
(that is, each response packet used only once), the judge obtained four
direct hits, the Link trainer (Experiment 1), video terminal (Experiment
2), drill press (Experiment 3) and Xerox machine (Experiment 5). (The
Link trainer, for which no drawings were made, was matched on the basis
of tape-recorded transcript alone. It is a standard computer-controlled
flight simulator that resembles the cockpit of an aircraft. It was
cramped quarters for the outbound experimenter who flew the trainer ac-
cording to a printed flight plan book laid over his arm. The windows
were frosted and translucent. Subject S4 gave a description of the ex-
perimenter crowded into a very small space illuminated by gray diffuse
light and with a long paper, such as a waiter's towel; over his arm.
Although not unambiguous, the subject's description was nevertheless
essentially devoid of incorrect statements.)
As indicated by Table 4, the probability of obtaining by chance
four direct hits out of 12 matches is p = 0.015; thus, this judging pro-
cedure also indicates that, from a statistical standpoint, there is
significant evidence of useful information transfer.
In a third judging procedure the COTR arbitrarily selected the
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2006/11/29 :? CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
data of Experiment 3 (drill press/S4) as a test case. An analyst of the
sponsor organization, blind as to the target and given only the subject's
taped narrative and drawings (Figure 9), was able, from the subject's
description alone, to correctly classify the target as a "man-sized ver-
tical boring machine." -
In general, it appears that use of multiple-subject responses
to a single target provides better signal-to-noise ratio than target iden-
tification by a single individual. Further, our observation is that most
of the correct information is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape,
form, color, and material rather than to function or name. That is, we
often observe the correct description of basic elements and patterns
coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. As a result,
we have learned to urge our subjects simply to describe what they See as
opposed to interpreting the perceived data. One should not infer that
analytic functioning in the remote viewing mode is never observed, however,
as indicated by codeword retrieval in the West Virginia Site experiment
discussed in Subsection 1-B above, and by the sponsor-staff-member-generated
response of Figure 6.
B. Detection of Secret Writing (SW) Target Material
To determine whether documents containing secret writing (SW) could
be differentiated from other documents, SRI carried out a double-blind
experiment under sponsor control. Twenty-seven numbered envelopes con-
taining target drawings of variable content and preparation, sealed and
specially secured by the sponsor, were submitted to SRI researchers for
sorting. The goal was the differentiation of the 12 envelopes containing
the SW drawings from the envelopes containing either pencil drawings (6)
or blanks (9). This distribution was the only datum given to researchers
and subject. The key, shown in Table 5, remained under sponsor control
until the experiment was completed and the data were submitted to the COTR.
A series of sorting runs to detect SW material was carried out with
SRI subject Sl. The series consisted of 24 runs through the 27 cards,
choosing 12 cards each run, the goal being to choose the 12 SW cards.
Thus, each run consisted of a sort into one of two binary channels, non-
SW or SW, say (0,1). The numbered envelopes containing the target
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 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
BELT DRIVE FOR DRILL
PRESS (CAN BE SEEN ONLY
FROM ABOVE MACHINE)
TARGET: DRILL PRESS
(TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
SUBJECT (S4) DRAWING OF DRILL PRESS SHOWING BELT DRIVE, STOOL AND
"VERTICAL GRAPH THAT GOES UP AND DOWN"
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
KEY FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT
(Kept blind to experimenters until experiment completion)
Card No.
Target Material
Target Content-
1
Pencil
Large X
2
Pencil
Small A
Pencil
Large
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Pencil
Large 0
7
Pencil
Small x
8
Pencil
Small o -
9
Blank
Blank
10
Blank
Blank
11
CD-294
Small A
12
CD-294
Large X
13
CD-294
Large A
14
CD-294
Small o
15
Blank-
Blank
16
CD-294
Small x
17
Blank
Blank
18
CD-294
Large 0
19
CD-175
Large 0
20
Blank
Blank
21
CD-175
Large X
22
CD-175
Small A
23
Blank
Blank
24
Blank
Blank
25
CD-175
Small o
26
CD-175
Large A
27
CD-175
Small x
Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
material were randomized before each run and placed inside unnumbered
opaque envelopes before being presented to the subject for sorting.
The appropriate analysis technique for a binary sort (0,1) is the
method known as sequential sampling.3 The sequential method gives a
rule of procedure for making one of three possible decisions for each
card following a given binary sort: accept 1 as the bit being carried
by the card; reject 1 as the bit being carried by the card (i.e., accept
0); or continue sampling of the card under consideration. The sequential
sampling procedure differs from fixed-length statistical analysis procedures
in that the number of sorts required to reach a final decision on a card
bit is not fixed before sampling, but depends on the results accumulated
with each sampling run. The primary advantage of the sequential sampling
procedure as compared with the other methods is that, on the average,
fewer sorts per final decision are required for an equivalent degree of
reliability.
Use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the specification
of parameters that are determined on the basis of the following consid-
erations. Assume that a labeling bit (0 or 1) is being carried by each
card. From the standpoint of the sorter, the probability of correctly
identifying the bit being carried is some value pc because of chance alone.
An operative sensing channel could then be expected to alter the proba-
bility of correct identification to a higher value p = pc + ~. Good psi
functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result in tU = 0.12, as
reported by Ryzl.4 Therefore, let us assume a baseline psi parameter
~b = 0.12.
The question to be addressed in the case of sorting 12 SW cards from
among 27 cards is whether a given card is sorted into the SW channel at
a low rate po commensurate with the hypothesis H 0 that the card in ques-
tion is a non-SW card, or at a higher rate pl commensurate with the hy-
pothesis H1 that the card in question is indeed an SW card. The decision-
making process requires the specification of four parameters:
(1) P : The probability of sorting incorrectly a non-SW (0) card
0
into the SW (1) channel. In the sort of 12 SW cards from among
27, the probability of correctly sorting a non-SW (0) card into
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the non-SW (0) channel is p = pc + ~ b = 15/27 + 0.12 = 0.676.
Therefore, the probability of a non-SW (0) card being incor-
rectly sorted into the SW (1) channel is 1 - p = 0.324 = p
0.
(2) p 1: The probability of sorting correctly an SW (1) card into
the SW (1) channel. In the sort of 12 SW cards from among 27,
the probability of correctly sorting an SW (1) card into the
SW (1) channel is p1 = Pc + ~b = 12/27 + 0.12 = 0.564.
(3) a: The probability of rejecting a correct identification for a
non-SW (0) card (designated in statistics as a Type 1 error).
We shall take a = 0.1.
(4) a: The probability of accepting an incorrect identification
for an $W (1) card (designated in statistics as a Type II error).
We shall take S = 0.1.
(Lower values for a and S result in increased accuracy, but at the ex-
pense of requiring longer runs. Therefore, a compromise must be made
between the desire to maximize reliability and to minimize redundancy.)
With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling procedure
provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure 10. A
cumulative record of sorts of a given card is compiled run by run until
either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which point a decision
is made to label the card as 0 (non-SW) or 1 (SW).
As indicated in Figure 10, during the 24 runs carried out, SW cards
13, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, and 27 correctly emerged through the upper limit
line to be labeled SW, along with pencil cards 1 and 2 and blank card 17,
the latter three incorrectly. We note that five of the six CD-175 cards
ended up correctly sorted. With regard to the lower limit line, pencil
cards 3, 6, and 8, and blank cards 4, 20, and 23 correctly emerged
through the lower limit line to be labeled non-SW, along with (incorrectly)
SW cards 12, 16, and 19. Thus, of the 19 cards that emerged through the
limit lines, 13 are correct. Although we cannot rule out the possibility
of obtaining 13 correct choices out of 19 labelings by chance (p = 0.09 by
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UNCLASSIFIED
ala
30N3fO3S 3DVSS2IN 13DLIV1
ISNIVDV S3HDIVW do a39WfN 3AIIV1fINf3
(D 0
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exact binomial calculation*), the result indicates a tendency toward cor-
rect labeling that could be explored further. With an increased number
of runs, the probabilities for a and R errors can be reduced while still
permitting a large percentage of labelings to be made. (For completeness
we include the raw data call sheet as Table 6.) _
A second shorter series of 18 sorting runs through the 27 cards to
choose the six pencil cards yielded chance results.
Recognizing that the probability of a correct choice by chance is the
probability that an SW card is sorted into the SW channel, or a non-SW
card is sorted into the non-SW channel, we have
12 12 15 15
p(corr) = 27 x 27 + 27 x 27 = 0.506.
From this the probability of at least 13 correct choices by chance out
of 19 tries can be calculated from
19 19!
i!(19-i)! (0.506)1(0.494)19-i = 0.09
p
Z
i=13
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TABLE 6
RAW DATA CALL SHEET FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT
(SELECT 12 PER RUN)
Card Chosen
P P P B B P P P B B SW SW SW SW B SW B SW SW B SW SW B B SW SW SW
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Run #
1 x x x x x x x x x x x x
2 x x x x x x X x x x X X
3 x x X x x x x x x x x x
4 X X X X x x x x x x x x
5 x x x X x x x x x x x x
6 X X x x x x x x x x x x
7 X X X x x x x x x x x x
8 X X x x x x x x x x x x
9 x X X X x x x x x x x x
10 X X x x x x x x x x x x
11 x x X X x x, x x X X X X
12 X X X X X X x x x x x x
13 x x x x x x x x x x x x
14 X X x x x x x x x x x x
15 X x x x x x x x x x x x
16 x x X x x x x x x x x x
17 XXXX x x x x x x x x
18 X X x x x x x x x X x x
19 x x x X X x x x x x x x
20 x x x x x x x x x x x x
21 x x x x x x x x x x x x
22 x x x x x x x x 'X x x x
23 x x x x X X x x x x x x
24 x x x x X x x x x x x x
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In addition to experimentation carried out under conditions appropri-
ate to assessing the operational utility of paranormal abilities, approx-
imately 50 percent of the program effort was devoted to a basic research
effort that included:
(1) Identification of measurable characteristics possessed by
gifted individuals,
(2) Identification of neurophysiological correlates that relate
to paranormal activities,
(3) Identification of the nature of paranormal phenomena and
energy.
A. Screening Tests
To meet the above objectives, the first prerequisite was the estab-
lishment of criteria capable of differentiating individuals apparently
gifted in paranormal functioning from those who were not. This pre-
requisite was met by carrying out a series of screening tests under fixed
protocol conditions. The tests were designed to ensure that all conven-
tional communications channels were blocked, and that the outcomes could
be sufficiently unambiguous to determine whether paranormal functioning
occurred. Individuals gifted in certain areas of paranormal functioning
could then be differentiated from those who were not on the basis of
whether their results differed significantly from chance.
Two experimental paradigms were utilized as screening tests on the
basis that these tests had been useful for such purposes prior to this
program (in the sense that certain apparently gifted individuals did
exceedingly well in at least one of these tests, whereas the results of
unselected volunteers did not differ significantly from chance expecta-
tion). The tests were (a) the remote viewing of natural targets, and (b)
the determination of the state of a four-state random target generator.
The first type of test constitutes a so-called "free-response" paradigm
in which the subject originates freely about contents of his awareness;
furthermore, the channel in general may involve both direct perception
of the remote site and perception of the mental contents of an observer
at the site. In the second type of test, on the other hand, the target
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UNCLASSIFIED
is more abstract (an electronic state), the target is blind to all par-
ticipants, and the subject's choice is precisely constrained.
For the purpose of screening, a result is considered unambiguously
paranormal if the a priori probability for the occurrence of the result
by chance, under the null hypothesis, is p
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 Approved For Release ~ ~ ~ 2006/11 ~9c'~~96-007918000300030004-9
U
Scale. All subjects were in the bright average to very
superior range of intelligence with full scale IQ's ranging
from 116 to 134, the average IQ being 125. Performance IQ's
tended to be slightly higher than Verbal IQ's (126 average ver-
sus 123). All other test performances ranged widely from
the mildly below average to the very superior range.
A consistent pattern of test results does emerge, however,
when four of the subjects are looked at in a single group.
These four subjects are S3 through S6. All tests which
depended heavily on spatial abilities were extremely well
performed by these subjects. The block design subtest of
the WAIS is the most sensitive subtest to brain injuries
which disrupt spatial abilities. Although these subjects
obtained excellent WAIS scores in general, their near-per-
fect performances on this subtest are significantly
better
than most
of the other subtest scores. The Tactual
Per-
formance
Test (TPT) is also very sensitive to brain
dys-
function
involving spatial abilities. This test was
ex-
tremely well performed by these subjects with three
of
them obtaining total times of 7.7 minutes or less.
Times
of less than eight minutes are very rarely achieved on this
test. The TPT and block designs are two of the most sensi-
tive tests to variations in spatial ability. A third test,
the spatial relations subte.st of the Primary Mental Abilities
test, was given to only two of the four subjects in this
group. Again, very superior scores (quotient scores greater
than 130) were obtained by each. This test is not highly
correlated with general intelligence, and high scores in-
dicate special proficiency in visual-spatial ability.
Two additional tests which appear to measure general
ability but which depend upon visual-perceptual: ability for
-their correct performance were performed in the superior
range. These are the Raven's Progressive Matrices and the
Gottschaldt Hidden Figures.
Other test performances varied substantially among these four
subjects. Three of the four had difficulty on the Category
Test and on the Buschke Memory Test. No sensible interpre-
tation of these results is readily apparent.
The two remaining subjects, Si and S2, were quite different
in their test performances from the above group. S2, who
obtained the second highest full scale IQ, did well on the
-spatial tests described above but not as well as any of the
four above. His spatial abilities appeared to be less well
deve:Loped than his verbal skills. Sl was even less like
the group than S2. His spatial test performances were only
average for his age, and the TPT and Gottschaldt tests were
poorly performed.
90
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In summary, the single, most compelling conclusion from the
test data is that six subjects studied are of significantly
above-average intellectual ability. In addition, there is
consistent evidence that four of the six subjects were parti-
cularly proficient on measures of visual and tactual spatial_
ability. The performance of tests which measure this ability
is most seriously impaired by lesions which involve the
right, posterior cerebral hemisphere. There is more than
presumptive evidence that normal performance of these tests
is mediated by the right hemisphere. Therefore, at least
four of the subjects obtained test results consistent
with proficiency on these right hemisphere related tasks.
It should be pointed out that this finding can be, at best,
considered as a basis for hypothesis formation regarding
paranormal ability. Verification of such hypotheses would
depend on the results of future research.
The test results for S2 are not in conflict with the above
interpretation. Those obtained for Sl, however, are in
conflict with this hypothesis and are not readily reconciled
with it.
As pointed out above, further research is necessary to
elucidate the relationship between spatial abilities, the
right hemisphere and paranormal abilities. Nonetheless,
it can be said at this point that many of the tasks per-
formed by the group of subjects at SRI have at least a
superficial resemblance to performances which require
right hemisphere function. The'similarities include the
highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of
remote scenes. Verbal identification of these drawings
is often highly inaccurate, and the drawings themselves
are frequently left-right reversed relative to the target
configuration. Further, written material is generally not
cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left
brain-injured patients and in callosal sectioned patients.
More relevant, perhaps, than right hemisphere functioning
per se are the resemblances to a class of functioning known
as associative visual agnosia. Associative visual agnosia
involves the inability of a patient to name or otherwise
identify objects which he is capable of seeing. Such patients
who do not have more generalized intellectual impairment
are rare, and only a few have been described in the neuro-
logical literature. Several of these patients have demon-
strated the ability to copy with pencil and paper the pic-
ture or object which they failed to name. It is this
quality which impressed me as being similar to the remote
viewing performances of the SRI subjects.
In a recent review of such casesl? five patients were
found who had the ability to draw an object without being
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able to name it. These are the patients reported by Mack
et al. (1975)10, Albert et al. (1975)11, Davidenkov (1956)12,
Rubens and Benson (1971)13, and Lhermitte and Beauvois (1973)14,
Drawings and attempted namings of pictured material for one
of the patients in the studies is shown in Figure 21.
In attempting to name an object, these patients would gen-
erally produce inappropriate names which, nevertheless,
reflected some visual form characteristics of the object
in question. Their attempts seem forced and made in piece-
meal fashion to various characteristics of the picture
rather than to the picture as a whole. In similar fashion
Teuber's patient (1975) described the figure below as an
apple with a worm and wormholes in it.
The above description and many of those in the references
clearly illustrate that the patient sees the object and is
able to respond to at least some of its visual characteris-
tics. Most of the drawings in the references are sufficiently
complete so that an observer would be able to name the object
represented. Yet the author of the drawing cannot do this.
This type of defective performance was frequently seen in
the SRI subjects when they were producing drawings in the
remote viewing experiments. Two obvious differences exist,
however, between the patients with associative visual
agnosia and the SRI subjects. The SRI subjects are able
to name objects appropriately when pictures are presented
directly to the visual modality. The patients cannot do
this, and, in addition, these patients have a variety of
-other visual disabilities. The latter difference is to be
expected since the patients have substantial brain injury.
The location of brain damage in associative visual agnosia
is fairly well established. Two disconnections appear
necessary in order to produce this symptom. One involves
destruction of the left visual area as evidenced by the
right homomonous hemianopia invariably found in these
patients. The second involves isolation of the right
visual area from speech areas in the left hemisphere. This
can be the result of extensive destruction of left visual
association areas or of damage to the posterior portion
of the corpus callosum. The net result of these injuries
is that objects can be seen because of visual input to the
right hemisphere visual area but that they cannot be named
because of isolation of this area from left hemisphere
language areas. Use of these objects and the drawing of
pictures of them can be accomplished because of intact
pathways within the right hemisphere.
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0 0
~s
FIGURE 21 DRAWINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS BY ASSOCIATIVE VISUAL
AGNOSIA PATIENTS
Copies of line drawings. Patient was unable to identify any before copying. After
making copy, his identifications were top left, key - "I still don't know"; top
right, pig - "Could be a dog or any other animal"; bottom left, bird - "Could
be a beach stump"; bottom right, locomotive - "A wagon or a car of some kind.
The larger vehicle is being pulled by the smaller one."
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It remains to speculate on the meaning of the similarity
between the patients described above and the SRI subjects.
It should first be noted that the similarities are more than
superficial in that the verbal descriptions attempted by
some of the SRI subjects bear a striking resemblance in
kind to those of the patient shown in Figure 21. It is as
if they are struggling with similar difficulties in verbal-
izing the image which they can readily draw. In this regard
the lateralization involved is consistent with other indica-
tions of right hemisphere function in the SRI subjects. A
highly speculative hypothesis is that during remote viewing
the subjects "see" a grossly degraded image which is not
distinct enough to encode directly into a verbal label.
Hence the piecemeal verbalization similar to that found in
patients with associative visual agnosia.
In summary, it would appear that the neuropsychological
data are compatible with the hypotheses that (1) information received
in a putative remote viewing mode is processed piecemeal in pattern form
(consistent with a low bit rate process but not necessarily requiring
it) and (2) the errors arise in the processes of attempted integration
of the data into larger patterns directed toward verbal labeling.
C. Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate to
Paranormal Activities
This part of the program had as its goal the identification of
neurophysiological correlates of paranormal activity. The existence of
such correlates is hypothesized on the expectation that, in addition to
obtaining overt responses such as verbalizations or`key presses from a
subject, it should be possible to obtain objective evidence of informa-
tion transfer by direct measurement of some physiological parameter of
a subject.. Kamiya, Lindsley, Pribram, Silverman, Walter, and others
brought together to discuss physiological methods to detect ESP function-
ing, for example, have suggested that a whole range of electroencephalo-
gram (EEG) responses--such as evoked potentials (EPs), spontaneous EEG,
and the contingent negative variation (CNV)--might be sensitive indi-
cat-ors of the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by usual sensory
processes.16
The purpose of this part of the study was twofold: (a) to obtain
information about the neurophysiological state associated with paranormal
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activity in general, and (b) to determine whether physiological
correlates could be used as an indicator of paranormal functioning,
hopefully to provide indicators that differentiate between correct
and incorrect responses to a paranormally applied stimulus so that_
an independently-determined bias factor could be applied during the
generation of data by a subject.
Early experimentation of this type was carried out by Douglas
Dean at the Newark College of Engineering. In his search for physio-
logical correlates of information transfer, he used the plethysmograph
to measure changes in the blood volume in a finger, a sensitive indica-
tor of autonomic nervous system functioning.17 A plethysmographic
measurement was made on the finger of a subject during paranormal-
communication experiments. A sender looked at randomly selected target
cards consisting of names known to the subject, together with names
unknown to him (selected at random from a telephone book). The names
of the known people were contributed by the subject and were to be of
emotional significance to him. Dean found significant changes in the
chart recording of finger blood volume when the remote sender was
looking at those names known to the subject as compared with those names
randomly chosen.
Two other early experiments using the physiological approach were
also published. The first work by Tart 18 and the later work by Lloyd 19
both follow a similar pattern. Basically, a subject is closeted in an
electrically shielded room while his EEG is recorded. Meanwhile, in
another laboratory, a second person is stimulated from time to time,
and the time for that stimulus is marked on the magnetic tape recording
of the subject's EEG. The subject does not know when the remote
stimulus periods occur.
At SRI three facilities are in use for the purpose described above.
One is a standard EEG facility under the direction of Dr. Charles
Rebert, Life Sciences Division. This facility consists of a visually
opaque, acoustically and electrically shielded, double-walled steel
room, as shown in Figure 22, a Grass Model 5 polygraph, and an Ampex
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SP-300 magnetic tape recorder. The second facility is a standard EEG
facility under the direction of Dr. Jerry Lukas, head of SRI's Sleep Studies
program. This facility consists of two sound-isolated rooms with
appropriate signal lead connections, an eight-channel polygraph for
recording visually, and a magnetic tape/computer processing/printer
readout that provides on-line processing of the polygraph data. In our
configuration we obtain a hardcopy printout of five-second averages of eight
channels of polygraph information 15 minutes following a 15-minute run.
At present we monitor broad band alpha (7 to 14 Hz) and beta (14 to 34 Hz)
brainwave components from the left and right occipital regions, galvanic
skin response, and two channels of plethysmograph data (blood volume and
pulse height).
The third facility is a smaller, semiportable four-channel polygraph
with a GSR channel, reflected-light plethysmograph indicating blood
volume/pulse height, one channel of unfiltered EEG activity, and a
fourth EEG channel with zero-crossing digital filtering. The last
permits percent-time measurements in any band, with upper and lower band
edge settings in one-hertz increments.
Two lines of investigation were pursued in the SRI program. The
first was basic in nature, an effort to determine whether, in a re-
peatable experiment under laboratory conditions, the remote viewing of
a specific stimulus (strobe light in another laboratory) would provide
any evidence of EEG correlates. The second involved mid-experiment
monitoring of a number of physiological parameters during routine
experimentation in remote viewing.
1. Remote Strobe Experiment
The following is a description of the first line of experi-
mentation, the remote viewing of a strobe light stimulus. With regard
to choice of stimulus, it was noted that in previous work others had
attempted, without success, to detect evoked potential changes in a
subject's EEG in response to a single flash stimulus observed by
another subject.20 In a discussion of that experiment, Kamiya suggested
that because of the unknown temporal characteristics of the information
channel, it might be more appropriate to use repetitive bursts of light
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to increase the probablility of detecting information transfer.21 There-
fore, in our study we chose to use a stroboscopic flash train of ten seconds
duration as the remote stimulus.
In the design of the study, we assumed that the application of
the remote stimulus would result in responses similar to those obtained
under conditions of direct stimulation. For example, when an individual
is stimulated with a low-frequency (< 30 Hz) flashing light, the EEG
typically shows a decrease in the amplitude of the resting rhythm and a
driving of the brain waves at the frequency of the flashes.22 We hypo-
thesized that if we stimulated one subject in this manner (a putative sender)
the EEG of another subject in a remote room with no flash present (a
receiver) might show changes in narrow band alpha (9 to 11 Hz) activity
and possibly an EEG driving similar to that of the sender, either by
coupling to the sender's EEG,23 or by coupling directly to the stimulus.
We informed our subject (S4) that at certain times a light
was to be flashed in a sender's eyes in a distant room, and if the subject
perceived that event, consciously or unconsciously, it might be evident
from changes in his EEG output. The instructions to the subject are
in accordance with requirements governing activities with human subjects
(see Appendix B). The receiver was seated in the visually opaque,
acoustically and electrically shielded double-walled steel room shown in
Figure 22. The sender was seated in room about seven meters from the
A Grass PS-2 photostimulator placed about one meter in front
of the sender was used to present flash trains of ten seconds duration.
The receiver's EEG activity from the occipital region (Oz), referenced
to linked mastoids, was amplified with a Grass 5P-1 preamplifier and
associated driver amplifier with a bandpass of 1 to 120 Hz. The EEG
data were recorded on magnetic tape with an Ampex SP 300 recorder.
On each trial, a tone burst of fixed frequency was presented
to both sender and receiver and was followed in one second by either a
ten second train of flashes or a null flash interval presented to the sender.
Thirty-six such trials were given in an experimental session, consisting
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of 12 null trials--no flashes following the tone--12 trials of flashes
at 6 fps and 12 trials of flashes at 16 fps, all randomly intermixed,
determined by entries from a table of random numbers. Each of the trials
generated an 11 second EEG epoch. The last 4 seconds of the epoch was
selected for analysis to minimize the desynchronising action of the warning
cue. This 4 second segment was subjected to Fourier analysis on a LINC
8 computer.
Spectrum analyses gave no evidence of EEG driving in any
receiver, although in control runs the receivers did exhibit driving
when physically stimulated with the flashes.
Data from seven sets of 36 trials each were collected from
the subject on three separate days. This comprises all the data collected
with this subject.under the test conditions described above. The alpha
band was identified from average spectra, then scores of average power
and peak power were obtained from individual trials and subjected to
statistical analysis.
Figure 23 shows an overlay of the three averaged spectra from
one of the subject's 36-trial runs, displaying differences in alpha
activity for the three stimulus conditions.
Mean values for the average power and peak power for each of
the seven experimental sets are given in Table 20. The power measures
were :Less in the 16 fps case than in the 0 fps in all seven peak-power
measures and in six out of seven average-power measures. Note also the
reduced effect in the case in which the subject was informed that no sender
was present (Run 3). It seems that overall alpha production was
reduced for this run in conjunction with the subject's expressed appre-
hension about conducting the experiment without a sender. This is in
contrast to the case (Run 7) in which the subject was not informed.
Siegel's two-tailed t approximation to the nonparametric
randomization test24 was applied to the data from all sets, which in-
cluded the two sessions in which the sender was removed. Average power
on trials associated with the occurrence of 16 fps was significantly less
(-24%) than when there were no flashes (t = 2.09, d.f. = 118, P < 0.04).
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1--6
5 Hz 10 Hz 15 Hz
THREE CASES - 0, 6 and 16 Hz flashes (12 trial averages)
FIGURE 23 OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 20 Hz, OF SUBJECT S4
ACTING AS RECEIVER, SHOWING AMPLITUDE CHANGES IN THE 9 TO
11-Hz BAND AS A FUNCTION OF STROBE FREQUENCY
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The second measure, peak power, was also significantly less (-28%) in the
= 2.16, d.f. = 118,
16 fps conditions than in the null condition (t
P < 0.03). The average response in the 6 fps condition was in the same
direction as that associated with 16 fps (-12% in average power, -21%
in peak power) but the effect did not reach statistical significance.
As part of the experimental protocol, the subject was asked
to indicate a conscious assessment for each trial (via telegraph key)
as to the nature of the stimulus; analysis showed these guesses to be
at chance. Thus, arousal as evidenced by significant alpha blocking
occurred only at the noncognitive level of physiological response.
Hence, the experiment provided direct physiological (EEG) evidence of
perception of remote stimuli even in the absence of overt cognitive
response.
Several control procedures were undertaken to determine if
these results were produced by system artifacts or by subtle cueing of
the subject. Low-level recording,S.were made from saline of 12 kC resis-
tance in place of the subject, with and without the introduction of 10-Hz,
50-UV signals from a battery-operated generator. The standard experi-
mental protocol was adhered to and spectral analysis of the results
was carried out. There was no evidence in the spectra of activity
associated with the flash frequencies, and the 10-Hz signal was not
perturbed by the remote occurrence flicker.
In another control prodecure, a 5-ft pair bf leads was draped
across the subject's chair (subject absent). The leads were connected to
a Grass P-5 amplifier via its high-impedance input probe. The bandwidth
was set 0.1 Hz to 30 KHz with a minimum gain of 200,000. The output
of the amplifier was connected to one input of a C.A.T. 400C "averager."
Two-second sweeps, triggered at onset of the tone, were taken once every
13 seconds for approximately two hours, for about 550 samples. No
difference in noise level between the fore period and the onset of
flicker was observed.
Finally, no sounds associated with flicker could be detected
in the receiver's chamber.
Three further experimental runs were carried out in the sleep
lab under the direction of Dr. Luk1a0s2, this time with monitoring of
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right and left occipital regions. Each experiment consisted of 20
15--second trials, with 10 no-flash trials, and 10 16-Hz trials randomly
intermixed. Reduction of alpha activity (arousal response) correlated
with remote stimuli was observed as in previous experiments, but essen-
tially only in the right hemisphere (average alpha reduction 16% in
right hemisphere, 2% in left, during the 16-Hz trials as compared with
the no-flash trials). This tends to support the hypothesis that para-
normal functioning might involve right hemispheric specialization, but
the sample is too small to provide confirmation without further work.
In comparing the results of our work with that of others, we
note that whereas in our experiments we used a remote light flash as a
stimulus, Tart18 in his work used an electrical shock to himself as sender,
and Lloydl9 simply told the sender to think of a red triangle each time
a red warning light was illuminated within his view. Lloyd observed a
consistent, evoked potential in his subjects: whereas in our experi-
ments and in Tart's, a reduction in amplitude and a desynchronization of
alpha was observed, an arousal response. (If a subject is resting in
an alpha-dominant condition and he is then stimulated, for example in
any direct manner, one will observe a-decrease and desynchronization
in alpha power.) We consider that these combined results thus provide
evidence for the existence of noncognitive awareness of a remote
stimulus, and the EEG procedures described appear to be sensitive
techniques for detecting the occurrence of such information transfer,
even in the absence of overt cognitive response, at least when used to
detect discrete arousing stimuli.
2. Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During
Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing
In this series of experiments measurements were obtained during
a random selection of seven remote viewing experiments. The subject was
connected to the physiological recording instruments of the smaller,
semiportable four-channel polygraph described above. Baseline and
experimental measures of the following observables were made:
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(1) Galvanic skin response (GSR) was recorded using.
finger electrodes taped in place on second and fourth fingers
(2) Blood volume/pulse height was recorded using a
reflected-light plethysmograph
(3) Unfiltered EEG was recorded from the right occipital
region
(4) Percent-time in alpha (8 to 12 Hz) was recorded on
the fourth channel; the alpha filter was a sharp cutoff
digital type with essentially zero-pass outside the prescribed
bandpass limits.
A sample chart record is shown in Figure 24. (Time runs from right to
left.) The traces, top to bottom, are the unfiltered EEG, blood volume/
pulse height, GSR, and filtered (alpha) EEG.
During the course of an experiment, the subject was asked to
describe his perceptions as to the nature of the remote target. His
comments were tape-recorded and noted on the polygraph, along with the
time. A correlation was then attempted between those descriptions
that were found to be uniquely correct and accurate, and the corresponding
sections of polygraph recording.
Seven experiments of this type were carried out. In our inves-
tigations we did not find any significant correlations between the observed
physiological parameters and the indicators of accuracy in the data.
= The failure co observe any physiological correlates of a
putative "state" associated with paranormal functioning thus parallels
the similar failure to observe any physiological correlates of the
putative hypnotic state reported by others. In a survey of the major
literature on hyponsis by Sarbin and Slagle, entitled "Hypnosis and
Psychophysiological Outcomes"25, they cataloged experiments dealing
with measurements of heart rate, hemodynamics and vasomotor functioning,
genitourinary functions, gastrointestinal functions, endocrine and metabolic
functions, cutaneous functions, dermal excretions, skin temperature,
electrodermal changes, evoked potentials, spontaneous EEG activity,
rapid eye movements, slow eye movements, optokinetic nystagmus, changes
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FIGURE 24 POLYGRAPH DATA
Correct verbal description given during time interval tAB.
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in pupillary diameter, and ocular anatomy. Their conclusion is that
"there is no evidence for a physiological process that could serve as
an independent criterion of the postulated hypnotic state." Similarly,
we found no evidence in the physiological processes that we monitored
that could serve as an indicator of the postulated paranormal state
beyond the general EEG arousal response observed for discrete stimulus
conditions.
D. Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and Energy
This portion of the program was devoted to efforts to understand
the nature and scope of paranormal phenomena, including investigation
of the physical laws underlying the phenomena.
1. Experiments with Physical Apparatus
a. Experiments with Geiger Counter
A series of experiments were conducted with subject Si
to determine whether a Geiger counter in the y-ray mode (i.e., beta
shield in place) would register subject-directed efforts.
The output of a Geiger counter,* fed into a Monsanto
Model 1020 counter/timer, indicated that the background count due to
cosmic rays was approximately 35 counts/minute. Experimental protocol
required the subject to try to change the registered count by concen-
tration on the Geiger counter probe from a distance of about 0.5 m. Each
run consisted of 15 60-s trials, with 10-s separations between the trials.
Preceding each run was a control run of equal duration.
The results, shown in Table 21, indicate no effect of
statistical significance, either in the mean or standard deviation of counts.
Table 21
GEIGER COUNTER EXPERIMENT ST22IARY
Control Runs
Experimental Runs
Run
Mean
Standard Deviation
Mean
Standard Deviation
1
36.07
5.73
35.33
6.00
2
34.87
6.23
33.87
7.27
3
33.87
5.88
34.00
5.25
4
35.20
5.09
35.67
5.77
*
OCDM Item No. CD V-700, Model No. 66, Electro-Neutronics, Inc., Oakland,
California.
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b. Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum
In this series of experiments we examined the possibility
that a subject may be able to exert a physical influence on a remotely
located mechanical system. The target was a torsion pendulum suspended
by a metal fiber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists
of three 100-g balls arranged symmetrically at 120? angles on a 2-cm
radius. The entire apparatus is shock mounted, and protected from air
currents by the bell jar.
The angular position of the pendulum is measured by means
of an optical readout system. The system consists of a laser beam from
a low-power argon laser* reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum
onto a position-sensing silicon detectori'l.5 m from the pendulum. The
detector yields an output voltage proportional to spot position. The
output from the detector is monitored by a chart recorder4, which
provides a continuous sine wave record of pendulum position.
The system exhibits a sensitivity of approximately l0Urad.
Under typical experimental conditions, random acoustical fluctuations
drive the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10-s period to a
level -100urad angular deviation. During control runs the pendulum
executes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in amplitude of ?10%
over an hour period. Sudden vibrational perturbations in the environ-
ment (artifacts) produce oscillation of the pendulum in the vertical
plane at 0.1 Hz.
The subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the
pendulum motion, the results of which are available as feedback from
the chart recorder. The subject is then encouraged to work with the
pendulum from a distance of 1 m, observing effects being produced. If
satisfied that there is a possibility of producing effects, the subject
is removed to a room 22 m down the hall with three intervening office
spaces to determine whether effects can be produced from a remote loca-
tion. The subject is provided feedback at the remote location either
by closed circuit video or by a second chart recorder in parallel with
SpeUnitctedra Detector Physical Model 262.
Technology Model SC/10.
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the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory. The remote aspect was
instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from body heat, motion,
and the like, and also to determine wiether energy can be coupled via
the remote-viewing channel to a remote location.*
In an experiment, timing of subject efforts to increase
or decrease oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter
utilizing a randomization protocol described in Appendix C. Each ex-
periment lasts one hour and consists of six five-minute work periods
alternated with six five-minute rest periods.
Although there appeared to be some evidence in pilot
studies that a subject could, by concentration, increase or decrease
pendulum motion on command, data taken in three controlled experiments
produced 11 changes in the correct direction out of 18 tries, a result
nonsignificant at p = 0.24 by exact binomial calculation.
c. Experiments with Superconducting Differential
Magnetometer (Gradiometer)
One of the first psychoenergetically produced physical
effects observed by SRI personnel in early research (1972) was the
apparent perturbation of a Josephson effect magnetometer. 27 The
conditions of that pilot study, involving a few hours use of an instru-
ment committed to other research, prevented a proper investigation.
The number of data samples was too few to permit meaningful statistical
anaLysis, and the lack of readily available multiple recording equipment
prevented investigation of possible "recorder only" effects.
At the suggestion of the sponsor, a series of experiments
was carried out using the superconducting second-derivative gradiometert
shown in Figure 25.
* Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance
may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example,
"Foundations of Paraphysical and Parapsychological Phenomena," by E.H.
Walker, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Maryland.26
tDevelco Model 8805, Develco, Inc., Mountain View, California.
108
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Basically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect
magnetometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to
provide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers,
yielding a second-derivative gradiometer (that is, a device sensitive
only to second- and higher-order derivative fields). As a result, the
device is relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradi-
ents. This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from
nearby sources while discriminating against relatively uniform magnetic
fields produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to
measure magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body,
such as action currents in the heart that produce magnetocardiograms.
The sensitive tip of the instrument is simply placed near the body area
of interest.
In our application, however, the subject is located in
an adjoining laboratory at a distance of 4 m from the gradiometer probe.
As a result the subject is located in a zone of relative insensitivity;
for example, standing up, sitting down, leaning forward, and arm and leg
movements produce no signals. From this location the subject is asked,
as a mental task, to affect the probe. The results of his efforts are
available to him as feedback from three sources: an oscilloscope, a
panel meter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing a permanent
record.
A protocol for subject participation was instituted as
follows. The subject removes all metal objects from his clothing and body,
and the effects of body movements are checked at the start of each ex-
perimental period. The subject then works with the machine in a learning
mode, observing effects being produced, if any, via feedback from the
instrumentation. Once satisfied that a possibility exists of producing
effects on command under experimenter control, the experimenter announces
the start of the experiments. A randomization protocol (discussed in
Appendix C) is then used to generate ten ON (subject activity) and OFF
(subject no activity) periods of equal length (e.g., 25 s each as
determined by the experimenter.
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The trace from the chart recording of a sample run (Run
1, Subject Sl) is shown in Figure 26. The randomly generated ON (activity) trials
occurred in periods 2, 8, and 9. As observed, signals appear in each of
these three periods. The signal appearing in period 9 was strong enough
to cause loss of continuous tracking. This latter type of signal can
be the result of an exceptionally strong flux change or an RF burst,
whether subject-generated or artifactual*, and is handled on the basis
of statistical correlation as discussed below. An artifact due to the
passage of a truck in the parking lot adjacent to the laboratory (under
continuous surveillance by the experimenter) is noted in period 6. The
signals recorded in periods 2 and 8 correspond to an input of approxi-
mately 1.6 x 109.Gauss/cm2 (second derivative 32B /az2), which is equiva-
lent to approximately 3.5 x 10-7 Gauss referred to one pickup coil.
The interpretation of such observations must be subjected
to careful analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds to" is
based on the following: although the probe is designed to register
magnetic fields, and the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal
is such, in a task as potentially complex as willed perturbation effects
one must be cautious about assigning'a given observed effect to a specific
cause. One can only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is
the most probable cause, without presuming to identify a particular source.
With regard to signal display, the signal was observed simultaneously
on three recording devices at different stages of the electronics, and
thus a "recorder only" effect can be considered low probability, although
an electronics interference effect ahead of all display cannot be ruled
out. We therefore treat the magnetic cause as tentative, although most
probable, and concentrate our attention on_whether a correlation exists
between system disturbances and subject efforts.
Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with Sl. Each of
the ten trials in the run lasted 50 seconds--, the activity/no-activity
* RF interference effects are sometimes in evidence due to noise bursts
from other instrumentation.
tWith the exception of the first run where 25-second trials were used.
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MWE
Wwfloi
-r
- END
MR- ON
- BASELINE
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command for each trial being identified by the randomization technique
discussed in Appendix C. In the 13 x 10 = 130 trials, consisting of
a random distribution of 64 activity and 66 no-activity periods, 63
events of signal-to-noise ratio greater than unity were observed. Of
these 63 events, 42 were distributed among the activity periods, 21
among the no-activity periods, a correlation significant at the p =
0.004 level.
Subjects S2 and S6 also interacted with the device.
Although subject efforts and observed perturbations sometimes coincided,
activity was generally low and did not appear to be the signature of
correlated activity under control. A controlled ten-trial run with
Subjects S2 and two such runs with Subject S6 yielded nonsignificant
results.
We therefore conclude that for Subject S1 the observed
number of precisely timed events in pilot work coupled with the statis-
tically significant (p - 0.004) correlation between subject effort and
signal output in controlled runs indicate a highly probable cause-effect
relationship. Thus it appears that a subject can interact with a
second derivative magnetic gradiometer of sensitivity on the order of
10-9 Gauss/cm2 from a distance of 4 m. Further work would be required to
determine the precise nature of the interaction, although given the equip-
ment design the generation of a magnetic field is the most probable
mechanism.
A successful independent replication of this experiment
has been carried out by Dr. Richard Jarrard, Geology Department, University
of California, Santa Barbara, using a single-coil cryogenic magnetometer.*
The experiments, carried out with the subject in a room located 50 ft
diagonally across a courtyard from the magnetometer room, resulted in
events distributed across work and rest periods in ratio >3:1, re-
spectively, paralleling our results.28
d. Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects
One significance of the perturbation of remote sensitive
equipment lies in the indication that the remote-sensing channel may
x
Superconducting Technology Cryogenic Magnetometer.
113
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possess a bilateral aspect. That is, there is the possibility that an
information-bearing signal can be coupled from an individual to a re-
mote location as well as in reverse, thus implying that the information
channel under consideration may sustain information transfer in either
direction.
The above concept has a rigorous basis in quantum theory
in the so-called "observer problem," the effect of an observer on experi-
mental measurement. In quantum theory it is recognized that although
the evolution of a physical system proceeds deterministically on the basis
of Schrodinger's equation (or its equivalent), the result of a calcula-
tion is not in general the prediction of a well-defined value for some
experimental variable. Rather, it is the prediction of a range of
possibilities with a certain distribution of probabilities. In a given
measurement, however, some particular value for a variable is actually
obtained, which implies that an additional event--so-called state vector
collapse---must take place during the measurement process itself and in
a manner that is unpredictable except probabilistically. Analysis of
the significance of this latter process leads inescapably to the conclusion
that to the degree that consciousness is involved in observation and measure-
ment (and it always is), to that degree consciousness must also be seen
to interact with the physical environment and to participate in the collapse
of the state vector. Efforts to extract quantum theory from this conclu-
sion by, for example, an infinite regression of measuring apparatus,
have proved unsuccessful. These conclusions, arrived at by theorists
such as Wigner,29 imply the possibility of nontrivial coupling between
consciousness and quantum states of the physical environment at an
extremely fundamental level. Such a realization has led to theories
of paranormal phenomena modeled on the basis of this so-called "ob-
server problem" in quantum theory. 26
The phenomena implied by the observer problem are generally
unobservable on the gross macroscopic scale for statistical reasons.
This is codified in the thermodynamic concept that for an isolated
system entropy (disorder) on the average increases, effectively masking
the microscopic observer effects. It is just this requirement of
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isolation, however, that can be expected to be weakened under conditions
of efforts at paranormal perturbation via the remote-sensing channel,
and it can be argued that observer effects would be maximally operative
in just those situations where the intrusion of consciousness as an
ordering phenomenon could result in a significant local reversal of
entropy increase.
These considerations lead to the following series of
conceptualizations or hypotheses around which future experiments can
be designed.
(1) Researchers in the area of willed pertur-
bation effects appear to be plagued by results
whose amplitudes have a signal-to-noise ratio
near unity, regardless of the process or mechanism
involved. This may indicate that, rather than
simple perversity, what is being articulated by
the experimental results is a coherence pheno-
mena involving partial mobilization of system noise,
as if the components of the noise spectrum had been
brought into phase coherence, and thus the mag-
nitude constraint. The subject would thus appear
to act as a local negentropic (that is, entropy-
decreasing) source. If true, it may be more
advantageous as a practical matter to work with
extremely noisy systems, rather than with highly
constrained or organized systems, so as to maxi-
mize possible effects due to the introduction
of order.
(2) Willed perturbation effects often appear to
be more the result of coincidence that the effect
of a well-defined cause. Again, rather than being
the result of the perversity of nature, the ob-
served goal-oriented synchronicity may indicate
that physical systems are more easily manipulated
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at the global level of boundary conditions and
constraints rather than at the level of mechan-
ism. Thus, the apparency that a given result
may be explained away by a coincidental but
"natural" event needs to be explored more fully.
Unexpected but natural causes may be the effect
of a series of causal links, outside the defined
experimental boundaries but representing an un-
foreseen line of least resistance. At worst, such
causal links may in fact be unobservable in the
sense of the hidden variables concept in quan-
tum theory, but nevertheless act as instruments
of the will.
(3) Willed perturbation effects appear to be
intrinsically spontaneous; i.e., it is difficult
to evoke such effects "on cue," with the result
that the phenomenon is often considered to not be
under good control, and therefore not amenable
to controlled experimentation. This difficulty
is so pronounced that it is likely that we are
observing some macroscopic analog of a quantum
transition, an event similarly unpredictable in
time except as a probability function. If the
analogy is correct, experimentation in this area
simply needs to be treated in the manner of, for
example, weak photon experiments.
(4) Possibly related to Item (3), the more closely
one attempts to observe willed perturbation effects,
the less likely one is to see them, a factor con-
sidered by many to support hypotheses of poor
observation, fraud, and the like. To a sophis-
ticated observer, however, simple dismissal does
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not stand up under scrutiny. Invoking again
the idea of a microscopic analog of a quantum
transition, we may, as observers of delicate
phenomena, be witnesses to observer effects
generally associated with the uncertainty prin-
ciple. Paradoxically, from the subject's view-
point, the production of the phenomena may also
be an observer effect, perturbing as it does the
expected behavior of a piece of instrumentation.
In this model the scrutiny of psychokinetic pheno-
mena under laboratory conditions could in prin-
ciple be considered to be a collective phenomena
involving interfering observer effects in a manner
known to occur at the microscopic quantum level.
(5) Finally, it may be useful as a guiding prin-
ciple to continually recognize that all of the
phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psycho-
energetics are totally permissible at the micro-
scopic level within the framework of physics as
presently understood. It is simply that time
reversibility, tunneling through barriers, simul-
taneous multiple-state occupation, and so on are
generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phen-
omena for statistical reasons only, as codified
in the concept of increasing disorder (entropy).
Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an
individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily
as a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient
magnitude so as to restructure the otherwise
random statistics of the macroscopic environment.
2. Disscussion of Possible"Mechanisms"in Remote Viewing
With regard to the wider problem of the remote-viewing channel
itself, beyond the specific aspects of equipment perturbation via
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this channel there is considerable current interest in quantum theory
in the implications brought on by the observation 30,31 of nonlocal
correlation or "quantum interconnectedness" (to use Bohm's term32) of
distant parts of quantum systems of macroscopic dimensions. Bell's
theorem33 emphasizes that no theory of reality compatible with quantum
theory can require spatially separated events to be independent,34
but must permit interconnectedness of distant events in a manner that
is "contrary" to "commonsense" concepts.35,36 This prediction has been
experimentally tested and confirmed in the recent experiments of, for
example, Freedman and Clauser.30,31 E.H. Walker and 0. Costa de Beauregard,
independently proposing theories of paranormal functioning based on
quantum concepts, argue that observer effects open the door to the
possibility of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and the environ-
ment, and that the nonlocality principle permits such coupling to
26,37
transcend spatial and temporal barriers.
An alternative hypothesis (that is, alternative to the
specifically quantum hypothesis) has been put forward by I.M. Kogan,
Chairman of the Bioinformation Section of the Moscow Board of the
Popov Society, USSR. He is a Soviet engineer who until 1969 published
extensively in the open literature on the theory of paranormal communi-
cation.38-41 His hypothesis is that information transfer under con-
ditions of sensory shielding is mediated by extremely-low-frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic waves in the 300- to 1000-km region, a pr5posal which does
not seem to be ruled out by any obvious physical or biological facts.
Experimental support for the hypothesis is claimed on the basis of:
slower than inverse-square attenuation, compatible with source-per-
cipient distances lying in the induction field range as opposed to the
radiation field range; observed low bit rates (0.005 to 0.1 bit/s)
compatible with the information-carrying capacity of ELF waves; apparent
ineffectiveness of ordinary electromagnetic shielding as an attenuator;
and standard antenna calculations entailing biologically generated
currents yielding results compatible with observed signal-to-noise
ratios.
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M. Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian University,
Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to the suggestion
that the 7.8-Hz "Shumann waves", and their harmonics propagating along
the earth-ionosphere waveguide duct, may be responsible. Such an -
hypothesis is compatible with driving by brain-wave currents, and leads
to certain hypotheses, such as asymmetry between east-west and west-east
propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight to 4:a.m.),and expected
negative correlation between success and the U index (a measure of geo-
magnetic disturbance throughout the world). Persinger claims initial
support for these factorson.the basis`. of a literature search.42,43
On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF
interpretation as a blanket hypothesis are: (a) apparent real-time
descriptions of remote activities in sufficient detail to require a
channel capacity in all probability greater than that allowed by a
conventional modulation of an ELF signal: (b) lack of a proposed
mechanism for coding and decoding the information onto the proposed
ELF carrier; and (c) apparent precognition data. The hypothesis must
nonetheless remain open at this stage of research, since it is con-
ceivable that counterindication (a) may eventually be circumvented on
the basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of low-
bit-rate input and high-bit-rate "filling in the blanks" from imagina-
tion; counterindication (b) is common to a number of normal perceptual
tasks and may therefore simply reflect a lack of sophistication on our
part with regard to perceptual functioning; 44
and counterindication
(c) may be accommodated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as
well as retarded waves are admitted. 27,45 Experimentation to determine
whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried out by the use of
ELF sources as targets, by the study of parametric dependence on pro-
pagational directions and diurnal timing, and by the exploration of
interference effects caused by creation of a high-intensity ELF environ-
ment during experimentation, all of which are under consideration as part
of a proposed follow-up program in our laboratory.
119
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The above arguments are not intended to indicate that we
understand the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote
events and human perception. Rather, we intend only to show that modern
theory is not without resources that can be brought to bear on the pro-
blems at hand, and it is our expectation that these problems will,
with further work, yield to analysis and specification.
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3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization
Independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in remote
sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the existence of an infor-
mation channel in the information-theoretic sense. Since such channels
are amenable to analysis on the basis of communication theory techniques,
channel characteristics, such as bit rate, can be determined independent
of a well-defined underlying theory in the sense that thermodynamic con-
cepts can be applied to the analysis of systems independent of underlying
mechanisms. Therefore, the collection of data under specified conditions
permits headway to be made despite the formidable work that needs to be
done to clarify the underlying bases of the phenomena.
One useful application of the communication channel concept was
the utilization of such a channel for error-free transmission of informa-
tion by the use of. redundancy coding. The experiment was carried out by
Dr. Milan Ryzl, a chemist with the Institute of Biology of the Czecho-
slovakian Academy of Science. He reasoned that a paranormal channel
exhibits the attributes of a communication channel perturbed by noise,
and that redundancy coding could be used to combat the effects of the
noisy channel in a straightforward application of communication theory.8
Ryzl had an assistant randomly select five groups of three decimal digits
each. These 15 digits were then encoded into binary form and translated
into a sequence of green and white cards sealed in opaque envelopes.
With the use of a subject who has produced highly significant results
with many contemporary researchers, 46-51 he was able, by means of redun-
dant calling and an elaborate majority vote protocol, to correctly
ident=ify all 15 numbers, a result significant at p = 10-15. The experi-
ment required 19,350 calls, averaging nine seconds per call. The hit
J
rate for individual calls was 61.9 percent, 11,978 hits and 7,372 misses. 4r
Note: added in proof. It has been brought to our attention that a similar
procedure was used to transmit without error the word "peace," in Inter-
national Morse Code; J.C. Carpenter "Toward the Effective Utilization of
Enhanced Weak-Signal ESP Effects," presented at the annual meeting of-
the American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York,
Jan. 27, 1975.
121
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As discussed in the section on the random target generator, the
bit rate is calculated from
R = H (x) - Hy (x)
where H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols
with a priori probability pi
2
H(x) X pilog2pi
and H(x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil-
ities that a received signal was actually transmitted,
2
P (i , j) log2P1(j )
i, j=1
For the above run, with pi = 1/2, pj(j) = 0.619, and an average time of
nine seconds per choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 1 bit and a 11
calculated bit rate
R= 0.041 bits/symbol
or
R/T = 0.0046 bits/second.
Since the 15-digit number (49.8 bits) was actually transmitted at the
rate of 2.9 x 10-4 bits per second, an increase in bit rate by a factor
of about 20 could be expected on the basis of a coding scheme more optimum
than that used in the experiments. The actual bit rate is roughly the
same as that observed in our random target generator experiment discussed
earlier.
An excellent redundancy coding technique for a communication
channel is the sequential sampling procedure used earlier in Section II-B
for the sorting of SW from non-SW cards. In this application of the se-
quential sampling procedure, one would first express the message to be
sent as a series of binary digits, encoded, for example, as shown in
Table 22. The sequential method then gives a rule of procedure for making
one of three possible decisions following the.receipt of each bit:
accept ]. as the bit being transmitted; reject 1 as the bit being transmitted
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Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters
E
00000
Y
01000
T
11111
G,J
10111
N
00001
W
01001
R
11110
V
10110
I
00010
B
01010
0
11101
0
10101
A
00011
1
01011
S,X,Z
11100
2
10100
D
00100
3
01100
H
11011
4
10011
L
00101
5
01101
C,K.Q
11010
6
10010
F
00110
7
01110
P
11001
8
10001
U
00111
9
01111
M
11000
10000
Note: Alphabet characters listed in order of decreasing frequency in
English text. See, for example, A. Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis
--A Mathematical Approach.52 (The low frequency letters, X,Z,K,Q,
and J have been grouped with similar characters to provide space
for numerics in a five-bit code.) In consideration of the uneven
distribution of letter frequencies in English text, this code is
chosen such that 0 and 1 have equal probability.
(i.e., accept 0); or continue transmission of the bit under consideration.
As discussed earlier, use of the sequential sampling procedure
requires the specification of parameters that are determined on the basis
of the following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1) is
being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we may assume
equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibilities (0,1) if an encoding
procedure like that of Table 22 is used. Therefore, from the standpoint
of the receiver, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being
transmitted is p = 0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote
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sensing channel could then be expected to alter the probability of cor-
rect identification to a value p = 0.5 + i, where the parameter ~ satis-
fies 0 < I~I < 0.5. (The quantity may be positive or negative, depending
on whether the paranormal channel results in so-called psi-hitting or psi-
missing.) Good psi functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result
in ~ = 0.12, as reported by Ryzl.4 Therefore, to indicate the design
procedure, let us assume a baseline psi parameter ~b = 0.1 and design a
communication system on this basis.
The question to be addressed is whether, upon repeated trans-
mission, a given message bit is labeled a "1" at a low rate p0 commensurate
with the hypothesis Ho that the bit in question is a "0", or at a higher
rate pl commensurate with the hypothesis H1 that the bit in question is
indeed a "1". The decision making process requires the specification of
four parameters:
? p 0 : The probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" message
bit as a "1". The probability of labeling correctly a
"0" as a "0" is p 0.5 + lPb = 0.6. Therefore, the
probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" as a "1" is
1-p = 0.4 = p0.
? pl: The probability of labeling correctly a "1" message bit
as a "1", given by pi = 0.5 + ~b = 0.6.
? a: The probability of rejecting a correct identification
for a "0" (Type I error). We shall take a = 0.01.
? ~: The probability of accepting an incorrect identification
for a "1" (Type II error). We shall take S = 0.01.
With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling pro-
cedure provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure
27. The equations for the upper and lower limit lines are, respectively,
E1 = dl + sn ,
E0 = -d0 + sn
d1
log pl 1-po
po 1-pl
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Dw
Z
cl- 10
DECISION 1
Accept "1" as
the Bit Being
Transmitted
DECISION 2
Accept "0" as
the Bit Being
Transmitted
20 30 40 50 60
NUMBER OF TRIALS
FIGURE 27 ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO BY
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (po = 0.4,
P, = 0.6, a = 0.01, p = 0.01)
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u0 1oP11p0
gpo 1-p1
log 1-PO
1-pl
P1 1-Po
log Po 1-p1
A cumulative record of receiver-generated responses to the target bit is
compiled until either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which
point a decision is made to accept 0 or 1 as the bit being transmitted.
Channel reliability (probability of correctly determining
message being transmitted) as a function of operative psi parameter ~ is
plotted in Figure 28. As observed, the sequential sampling procedure
can result in 90 percent or greater reliability with psi parameters of
the order of a few percent. Figure 29 indicates the average number of
trials required to reach a decision on a given message bit. The average
number of trials falls off rapidly as a function of increasing psi param-
eters 1 .
Implementation of the sequential sampling procedure requires
the transmission of a message coded in binary digits. Therefore, the
target space must consist of dichotomous elements such as the white and
green cards used in the experiments by Ryzl.
In operation, a sequence corresponding to the target bit (0
or 1) is sent and the cumulative entries are made (Figure 27) until a
decision is reached to accept either a 1 or 0 as the bit being transmitted.
At a prearranged time, the next sequence is begun and continues as above
until the entire message has been received. A useful alternative,
which relieves the percipient of the burden of being aware of his self-
contradiction from trial to trial, consists of cycling through the entire
message repetitively, entering each response on its associated graph
until a decision has been reached on all message bits.
From the results obtained in such experiments, the channel bit
rate can be ascertained for the system configuration under consideration.
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-
c 0.8
0 I I I II I I I I
+0.4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4
Ali (psi parameter)
FIGURE 28 RELIABILITY CURVE FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
PROCEDURE (p0 = 0.4, p1 = 0.6, a = 0.01, /3 = 0.01)
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0 140
Nw
Jz
Q 120
m
u.O 100
O(n
=L Z 80
O
m
v 60
Z w
q 40
w
CC: j 0 20
QLu
w
co
0 (psi parameter)
FIGURE 29 AVERAGE SAMPLE NUMBER
FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
PROCEDURE (pp = 0.4, p1 = 0.6,
a= 0.01, a= 0.01)
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Furthermore, bit rates for other degrees of reliability (i.e., for other
p0)p1, a, and S) can be estimated by construction of other decision curves
over the same data base and thus provide a measure of the bit rate per
degree of reliability.
In summary, the procedures described here can provide a speci-
fication of the characteristics of a remote sensing channel under well-
defined conditions. These procedures also provide for a determination
of the feasibility of such a channel for particular applications.
4. Soviet Efforts
This discussion would be incomplete if we did not mention certain
aspects of the current state of research in the USSR. Since the 1930s
in the laboratory of L. Vasiliev (Leningrad Institute for Brain Research),
there has been an interest in the use of paranormal communication as a
method of influencing the behavior of a person at a distance. In Vasiliev's
book Experiments in Mental Suggestion, 53 he makes it clear that the bulk
of his laboratory's experiments were aimed at long-distance communication
and what we would today call behavior modification; for example, putting
people to sleep at a distance through hypnosis.
The behavior modification type of experiment has been carried
out in recent times by I.M. Kogan. He was concerned with three principal
kinds of experiments: mental suggestion without hypnosis over short
distances, in which the percipient attempts to identify an object;
mental awakening over short distances, in which a subject is awakened
from a hypnotic sleep at the "beamed" suggestion from the hypnotist;
and long-range (intercity) paranormal communication. 39 Kogan's main
interest has been to quantify the channel capacity of the paranormal
channel. He finds that the bit rate decreases from 0.1 bits per second
for laboratory experiments to 0.005 bits per second for his 1000-km
intercity experiments.
As indicated earlier, in the USSR serious consideration is given
to the hypothesis that paranormal communication is mediated by extremely-
low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic propagation. In general, the entire
field of paranormal research in the USSR is part of a larger one concerned
with the interaction between electromagnetic fields and living organisms. 54,55
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At the First International Congress on Parapsychology and Psychotronics
in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1973, for example, Kholodov spoke at length
about the susceptibility of living systems to extremely low-level ac and
dc fields. He described conditioning effects on the behavior of fish from
the application of 10 to 100 pW of RF to their tank.56 The USSR take
these data seriously in that the Soviet safety requirements for steady-
state microwave exposure set limits at 10 pW/cm2, whereas the United
States has set a steady-state limit of 10 mW/cm2.57 Kholodov spoke also
about the nonthermal effects of microwaves on animals' central nervous
systems. His experiments were very carefully carried out and are char-
acteristic of a new dimension in paranormal research both in the USSR
and elsewhere.
The increasing importance of this area in Soviet research was
indicated recently when the Soviet Psychological Association issued an
unprecedented position paper calling on the Soviet Academy of Sciences
to step up efforts in this area.58 The Association recommended that the
newly formed Psychological Institute within the,.Soviet Academy of Sciences
and the Psychological Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
review the area and consider the creation of a new laboratory within one
of the institutes to study persons with unusual abilities. They also
recommended a comprehensive evaluation of experiments and theory by the
Academy of Sciences' Institute of Biophysics and Institute for the
Problems of Information Transmission.
5. Conclusions
"It is the province of natural science to investigate nature,
impartially and without prejudice." 59 Nowhere in scientific inquiry has
this dictum met as great a challenge as in the area of so-called para-
normal perception, the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by the
usual sensory processes. Such phenomena, although under scientific con-
sideration for over a century, have historically been fraught with unre-
liability and controversy, and validation of the phenomena by accepted
scientific methodology has been slow in coming. Even so, a recent survey
conducted by the British publication New Scientist revealed that 67 percent
of nearly 1500 responding readers (the majority of whom are working
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scientists and technologists) considered paranormal perception to be an
established fact or a likely possibility, and 88 percent held the investi-
gation of paranormal perception to.be a legitimate scientific under-
taking. 60
A review of the literature reveals that although well-conducted
experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results were
begun over a century ago (e.g., Sir William Crookes' study of D.D. Home,
1860s),61,62 many consider the study of these phenomena as only recently
emerging from the realm of quasi-science. One reason for this is that,
despite experimental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct had
been advanced to correlate data or to predict new experimental outcomes.
Consequently, the area in question remained for a long time in the
recipe state reminiscent of electrodynamics before the unification brought
about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell. Since the early work,
however, we have seen the development of quantum theory, information
theory, and neurophysiological research, and these disciplines provide
powerful conceptual tools that appear to bear directly on the issue. In
fact, several leading physicists are now of the opinion that, contrary
to "common sense" notions, these phenomena are not at all inconsistent
with the framework of modern physics-:the often-held view that observa-
tions of this type are a priori incompatible with known laws is erroneous,
such a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent before the
development of quantum theory. In the emerging view it is accepted that
research in this area can be conducted so as to uncover not just a catalog
of interesting events, but rather patterns of cause-effect relationships
of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the forms
with which we are familiar in the physical sciences.
Accordingly, we consider it important to continue data collection
and to encourage others to do likewise; investigations such as those
reported here need replication and extension under as wide a variety of
rigorously controlled conditions as possible.
1.31
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As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out
in SRI's :Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated an inves-
tigation of a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by means
of mental imagery and describe randomly-chosen remote sites located
several miles or more away.63 In this final report, we document the
study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability that we call
"remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the
range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities.
This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain individuals
to access by means of mental processes and describe information sources
blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure against
such access. Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI
subjects, but visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who
participated as subjects so as to critique the protocol.
The program was divided into two categories of approximately equal
effort--applied research and basic research. The applied research effort
explored the operational utility of the above perceptual abilities. The
basic research effort was directed toward identification of the charac-
teristics of individuals possessing such abilities and the determination
of neurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such
functioning.
The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of
individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand
kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a
person on whom to target. We have worked with a number of individuals,
including sponsor personnel, whose remote perceptual abilities have
been developed sufficiently to allow them at times to describe correctly
--often in great detail--geographical or technical material, such as
buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like.
The development at SRI of successful experimental procedures to elicit
this capability has evolved to the point where (a) visiting personnel
of the sponsoring organization without any previous exposure to such
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concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that
is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit
blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and
(b) subjects trained over a two-year period have performed well under
operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance
later verified by independent sources). Our data thus indicate that both
specially selected and unselected persons can be assisted in developing
remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer.
Furthermore, the data, accumulated from over 50 experiments with
more than a half dozen subjects, indicates the following: a) the phen-
omenon is not a sensitive function of distance over a several-km range
and :is still operative over a several thousand km range; b) Faraday cage
shielding does not appear to degrade the quality or accuracy of perception;
c) most of the correct information that subjects relate is of a nonanalytic
nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to func-
tion or name--(this aspect suggests a hypothesis that information trans-
mission under conditions of sensory shielding may be mediated primarily
by the brain's right hemisphere); and d) the principal difference between
experienced subjects and naive volunteers is not that the naive never
exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less re-
liable--(this observation suggests the hypothesis that remote viewing may
be a latent and widely distributed though repressed perceptual ability).
The primary achievement of the SRI program was thus the elicitation
of high-quality remote viewing by individuals who agreed to act as sub-
jects. Criticism of this claim could in principle be put forward on
the basis of three potential flaws: (1) the study could involve naivete
in protocol that permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unin-
tentional; (2) the experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger
pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality; (3) data for
the reported experiments could be edited to show only the matching ele-
ments, the nonmatching elements being discarded.
All three criticisms, however, are invalid. First, with regard to
cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that none of the persons
in contact with the subject can be aware of the target. Second, selection
133
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of experiments for reporting did not take place; every experiment was
entered as performed on a master log and is included in the statistical
evaluations. Third, data associated with a given experiment remain un-
edited; all data associated with an experiment are tape recorded and in-
cluded unedited in the data package to be judged, evaluated, and so on.
Finally, the entire unedited file of tape recordings, transcripts, and
drawings for every experiment is available to the COTR and others in
the scientific community for independent analysis.
Although the precise nature of the information channel coupling
remote events and human perception is not yet understood, certain concepts
in information theory, quantum theory, and neurophysiological research
appear to bear directly on the issue. Therefore, our working assumption
is that the phenomenon of interest is consistent with modern scientific
thought, and can therefore be expected to yield to the scientific method.
Further, it is recognized that communication theory provides powerful
techniques, such as the use of redundancy coding to improve signal-to-
noise ratio, which can be employe-d to pursue special purpose application
of the remote sensing channel independent of an understanding of the
underlying mechanisms.
Finally, it is concluded by the research contractors (SRI) that the
development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in
three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be
utilized in the future both for operational needs and for training others
in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability.
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29. E.P. Wigner, "The Problem of Measurement," Am. J. Physics, vol. 31
No. 1, p. 6 (1963).
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Local Theories," Phys. Rev. D., vol. 10, No. 2, p. 526 (15 July 1974).
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as Implied by Quantum Theory," Preprint, Bi.rkbeck College, London,
England (February 1974).
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Rev. Modern Physics, vol. 38, No. 3, p. 447 (July 1966).
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lication, p. 4145, Santa Monica, California (July 1969).
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the Toronto Society for Psychical Research, vol. 1, No. 5 (January 1975).
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/ 43. M.A. Persinger, The Paranormal, Part II: Mechanisms and Models,
(M.S.S. Information Corp., New York, New York, 1974).
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1975).
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58. W.P. Zinchenko, et. al., "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?,"
Questions of Philosophy, vol. 9, pp. 128-136 (1973).
59. Science and ESP, J.R. Smythies, ed., (Routledge and Kegan Paul,
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(October 18, 1974).
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Remote Viewing Transcript
for Subject S6 Learner/Control, First Experiment
Following is the unedited transcript of the first experiment with
learner/control S6, an SRI volunteer, a mathematician in the computer
science laboratory, without any previous experience in remote viewing.
The target, determined by random procedure, was White's Plaza, a plaza
with a fountain at Stanford University. The capitalized words are the
experimenter's statements and questions. As is our standard protocol, the
experiment with the subject is kept ignorant of the specific target visited
as well as of the contents of the target pool.
TODAY IS MONDAY, OCTOBER 7TH. IT IS 11:00 AND THIS IS A REMOTE
VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH RUSS TARG, S6, AND HAL PUTHOFF. IN THIS
EXPERIMENT HAL WILL DRIVE TO A REMOTE SITE CHOSEN BY A RANDOM
PROCESS, S6 WILL BE THE REMOTE VIEWER, AND RUSS TARG IS THE
MQNITOR (EXPERIMENTER). WE EXPECT THIS EXPERIMENT TO START AT
TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND RUN FOR FIFTEEN MINUTES.
IT IS JUST ABOUT TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND HAL SHOULD BE
WHY DON'T YOU TELL ME WHAT KIND OF PICTURE YOU SEE AND WHAT
YOU THINK HE MIGHT BE DOING OR EXPERIENCING.
The first thing that came to mind was some sort of a large, square
kind of a shape. Like Hal was in front of it. It was a...not a
building or something, it was a square. I don't know if it was a
window, but something like that so that the bottom line of it
was not at the ground. About where his waist was, at least.
That's what it seemed to me.
It seems outdoors somehow. Tree.
DOES HAL SEEM TO BE LOOKING AT THAT SQUARE?
I don't know. The first impression was that he wasn't, but I
have a sense that whatever it was was something one might look
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at. I don't know if it would be a sign, but something that one
might look at.
I don't have a sense that it was part of anything particular. It
might be on a building or part of a building, but I don't know.
There was a tree outside, but I also got the impression of cement.
I don't have the impression of very many people or traffic either.
I have the sense that he is sort of walking back and forth. I
don't have any more explicit picture than that.
I picked up he was touching something--something rough. Maybe warm
and rough. Something possibly like cement.
CAN YOU CHANGE YOUR POINT OF VIEW AND MOVE ABOVE THE SCENE SO YOU
CAN GET A BIGGER PICTURE OF WHAT'S THERE?
I still see some trees and some sort of pavement or something
like that. Might be a courtyard. The thing that came to mind
was it might be one of the plazas at Stanford campus or something
like that, cement. Some kinds of landscaping.
I said Stanford campus when I started to see some things in White
Plaza, but I think that is misleading.
I have the sense that he's not moving around too much. That it's
in a small area.
I guess I'll go ahead and say it, but I'm afraid I'm just putting
on my impressions from Stanford campus. I had the impression of
_a fountain. There are two in the plaza, and it seemed that Hal
was possibly near the, what they call Mem Claw.
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It's a fountain that looks rather like a claw. It's a black
sculpture. And it has benches around it made of cement.
ARE THERE ANY BUILDINGS AT THE PLACE YOU WERE LOOKING AT? ARE
THERE ANY BUILDINGS? YOU DESCRIBED A KIND OF A COURTYARD. USUALLY
AT SOME PLACES THERE SHOULD BE A BUILDING, LARGE OR SMALL THAT THE
COURTYARD IS ABOUT.
I have a sense that there are buildings. It's not solid buildings.
I mean there are some around the periphery and I have a sense that
none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story, maybe an
occasional two-story one. -
DO YOU HAVE ANY BETTER IDEA OF WHAT YOUR SQUARE WAS THAT YOU SAW
AT THE OUTSET?
No. I could hazard different kinds of guesses.
DOES IT SEEM PART OF THIS SCENE?
It...I think it could be. It could almost be a bulletin board
or something with notices on it'maybe.
Or something that people were expected to look at. Maybe a window
with things in it that people were expected to look at.
I don't know what kind they are. The impression was that they
were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of trunk
and then a certain amount of branches above that. So that the
branches have maybe a 12-foot diameter, or something. Not real
big trees.
NEW TREES RATHER THAN OLD TREES?
Yeah, maybe five or ten years old, but not real old ones.
IS THERE ANYTHING INTERESTING ABOUT THE PAVEMENT?
No. It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old. Not very
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interesting. There seems to be some bits of landscaping around.
Little patches of grass around the edges and peripheries. Maybe
some flowers. But, not lush.
Well, that's my unsure feeling about this fountain. There was
some kind of benches of cement. Curved benches, it felt like.
They were of rough cement.
I have a sense that he is looking at things trying to project
them. Looking at different things and sort of walking back and
forth not covering a whole lot of territory. Sometimes standing
still while he looks around.
I just had the impression of him talking, and I almost sense that
it was being recorded or something. I don't know if he has a
tape recorder, but if it's not that, then he is saying something
because it needed to be remembered.
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INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: EEG EXPERIMENT*
The purpose of these experiments is to determine whether stimuli
(flashing lights, geographical locations,.and so on) located in adjoining
laboratories or at more distant locales can be perceived, even though the
signals are so low due to intervening walls, distance, and the like, as
ordinarily to be considered blocked from the visual modes of perception.
In addition to obtaining oral responses, we will also from time to time
be measuring physiological parameters with standard apparatus (for example,
EEG) to determine whether there is evidence for subliminal perception as
registered by physiological correlates, even in the absence of conscious
perception.
There is no risk associated with these tests, and the only discomfort
expected is that attendant to sitting quietly in a darkened room for 30-
minute test intervals.
During the experimentation feel free to ask any questions that come
to mind as to the procedures, purposes, results, and so on associated with
the study.
As with all our activity you are free to withdraw consent and to
discontinue participation in the project at any time without prejudice.
*This statement is required by the SRI Administration Manual Topic 812,
"Requirements Governing Activities with Human Subjects."
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It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal random-
ization protocol independent of the particular experiment under considera-
tion. The only exceptions were to be automated experiments where target
selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization.
The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g.,
ten targets, ten work periods, and so on. A ten-digit sequence governing
an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered
by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random
Digits (Table C-1) is entered to obtain a ten-digit sequence, the entrance
point being determined by throws of a die,* the first 1, 2, or 3 deter-
mining page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, the follow-
ing 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining row block, and the final throw determining
from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is
to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved
across the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of
targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. If a binary
command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity)
the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed.
*A technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces
differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation.
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Table of Random Digits
11
16
43
63
18
75
06
13
76
74
40
60
31
61
52
83
23
53
73
61
21
21
59
17
91
76
83
15
86
78
40
94
15
35
85
69
95
86
09
16
10
43
84
44
82
66
55
83
76
49
73
50
58
34
72
55
95
31
79
57
36
79
22
62
36
33
26
66
65
83
39
41
21
60
13
11
44
28
93
20
73
94
40
47
73
12
03
25
14
14
57
99
47
67
48
54
62
74
85
11
49
56
31
28
72
14
06
39
31
04
61
83
45
91
99
15
46
98
22
85
64
20
84
82
37
41
70
17
31
17
91
40
27
72
27
79
51
62
10
07
51
48
67
28
75
38
60
52
93
41
58
29
98
38
80
20
12
51
07
94
99
75
62
63
60
64
51
61
79
71
40
68
49
99
48
33
88
07
64
13
71
32
55
52
17
13
01
57
29
07
75
97
86
42
98
08
07
46
20
55
65
28
59
71
98
12
13
85
30
10
34
55
63
98
61
88
26
77
60
68
17
26
45
73
27
38
22
42
93
01
65
99
05
70
48
25
06
77
75
71
95
63
99
97
54
31
19
99
25
58
16
38
11
50
69
25
41
68
78
75
61
55
57
64
04
86
21
01
18
08
52
45
88
88
80
78
35
26
79
13
78
13
79
87
68
04
68
98
71
30
33
00
78
56
07
92
00
84
48
97
62
49
09
92
15
84
98
72
87
59
38
71
23
15
12
08
58
86
14
90
24
21
66
34
44
21
28
30
70
44
58
72
20
36
78
19
18
66
96
02
16
97
59
54
28
33
22
65
59
03
26
18
86
94
97
51
35
14
77
99
59
13
83
95
42
71
16
85
76
09
12
89
35
40
48
07
25
58
61
49
29
47
85
96
52
50
41
43
19
66
33
18
68
13
46
85
09
53
72
82
96
15 59
50 09
27
42
97
29 18
79
89
32
94
48
88 39 25 42 11
29
62 16
65 83
62
96
61
24 68
48
44
91
51
02
44 12 61 94 38
12
63 97
52 91
71
02
01
72 65
94
20
50
42
59
68 98 35 05 61
14
54 43
71 34
54
71
40
24 01
38
64
80
92
78
81 31 37 74 00
83
40 38
88 27
09
83
41
13 33
04
29
24
60
28
75 66 62 69 54
67
64 20
52 04
30
69
74
48 06
17
02
64
97
37
85 87 51 21 39
64
04 19
90 11
61
04
02
73 09
48
07
07
68
48
02 53 19 77 37
17
04 89
45 23
97
44
45
99 04
30
15
99
54
50
83 77 84 61 15
93
03 98
94 16
52
79
51
06 31
12
14
89
22
31
31 36 16 06 50
82
24 43
43 92
96
60
71
72 20
73
83
87
70
67
24 86 39 75 76
96 99 05 52 44 70 69
32 52 55
73
54 74 37 59
95 63 23 95_55
09 11 97 48 03 97 30
38 87 01
07
27 79 32 17
79 42 12 17 69
57 66 64 12 04 47 58
97 83 64
65
12 84 83 34
07 49 32 80 98
46 49 26 15 94 26 72
95 82 72
38
71 66 13 80
60 21 20 50 99
08 43 31 91 72 08 32
02 08 39
31
92 17 64 58
73 72 00 86 57
10 01 17 50 04 86 05
44 11 90
57
23 82 74 64
61 48 75 23 29
92 42 06 54 31 16 53
00 55 47
24
21 94 10 90
08 53 16 15 78
35 54 25 58 65 07 30
44 70 10
31
30 94 93 87
02 33 00 24 76
86 59 52 62 47 18 55
22 94 91
20
75 09 70 24
72 61 96 66 28
72 11 53 49 85 58 03
69 91 37
28
53 78 43 95
26 6543 78 51
Source: The RA14D Corporation
C-2
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
TABLE C-1 (Continued)
07
42
85 88
63
96
02
38
89
36
97
92
94
12
20
86
43
19
44
85
35
37
92 79
22
28
90
65
50
13
40
56
83
32
22
40
48
69
11
22
10
98
22 28
07
10
92
02
62
99
41
48
39
29
35
17
06
17
82
52
90
12
73 33
41
77
80
61
24
46
93
04
06
64
76
24
99
04
10
99
63
00
21 29
90
23
51
06
87
74
76
86
93
93
00
84
97
80
75
04
40
77
98 (33
62
48
45
46
52
69
02
98
25
79
91
50
76
59
19
30
43
21
61 26
08
18
16
78
46
31
94
47
97
65
00
39
17
00
66
29
96
16
76 43
75
74
10
89
36
43
52
29
17
58
22
95
96
69
09
47
70
97
56 26
93
35
68
47
26
07
03
68
40
36
00
52
83
15
53
81
85
81
26 18
75
23
57
07
57
54
58
93
92
83
66
86
76
56
74
65
37
10
06 24
92
63
64
24
76
38
54
72
35
65
27
53
07
63
82
35
53
40
61 38
55
38
51
92
95
00
84
82
88
12
48
25
54
83
40
75
55
17
28 15
56
18
85
65
90
43
65
79
90
19
14
81
36
30
51
73
40
35
38.48
07
47
76
74
68
90
87
91
73
85
49
48
21
37
17
08
18
89
90 96
12
77
54
15
76
75
26
90
78
81
73
71
18
92
83
77
68
14
12 53
40
92
55
11
13
26
68
05
26
54
22
88
46
00
63
52
51
55
99 11
59
81
31
06
32
51
42
58
76
81
49
88
14
79
97
00
92
21
43 33
86
73
45
97
93
59
97
17
65
54
16
67
64
20
50
51
15
08
95 05
57
33
16
68
70
94
53
29
58
71
33
38
26
49
47
08
96
46
10 06
04
11
12
02
22
54
23
01
19
41
08
29
19
66
51
87
28
17
74 41
11
15
70
57
38
35
75
76
84
95
49
24
54
36
32
85
66
95
34 47
37
81
12
70
74
93
86
66
87
03
41
66
46
07
56
48
19
71
22 72
63
84
57
54
98
20
56
72
77
20
36
50
34
73
35
21
68
75
66 47
57
19
98
79
22
22
27
93
67
80
10
09
61
70
44
08
75
02
26 53
32
98
60
62
94
51
31
99
46
90
72
37
35
49
30
25
11
32
37 00
69
90
26
98
92
66
02
98
59
53
03
15
18
25
01
66
55
20
86 34
70
18
15
82
52
83
89
96
51
02
06
95
83
09
54
06
It
47
40 87
86
05
59
46
70
45
45
58
72
96
11
98
57
94
24
81
81
42
28 68
42
60
99
77
96
69
01
07
10
85
30
74
30
57
75
09
21
77
17 59
63
23
15
19
02
74
90
20
96
85
21
14
29
33
91
94
42
27
81 21
60
32
57
61
42
78
04
98 26
84
70
27
87
51
54
80
17
69
76 01
14
63
24
73
20
96
19
74 02
46
37
97
37
73
21
12
05
68
63 02
43
34
13
40
29
36
50
19 77
98
69
86
49
76
87
09
52
99
24 66
50
89
91
05
73
95
46
95 46
75
36
28
96
88
19
36
94
51
89 39
84
81
47
86
77
50
82
54 96
26
76
31
12
34
98
99
00
18
47 21
86
78
90
67
54
80
61
79 88
16
00
80
01
88
47
42
87
46
26 31
65
79
81
66
16
30
57
66 62
90
55
46
51
80
14
87
88
69
25 87
16
12
27
34
81
76
29
80 56
49
94
66
87
26
22
30
20
09
44 29
62
41
38
21
67
68
06
71 13
49
39
19
59
97
62
47
60
93
58 15
04
50
52
08
21
53
13
93 44
68
85
58
31
58
83
66
C-3
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9
 Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RD 96-00791 R000300030004-9
UNCLASSIFIED
TABLE C-1 (Continued)
51
39
28
59
36
43
89
85
05
96
28
54
99
83
27
99
94
32
53 77
54
23
94
19
18
79
52
64
62
74
40
87
16
18
03
25
76
75
54 84
57
89
27
33
94
07
16
09
02
62
47
70
43
83
55
71
70
88
01 17
02
33
07
47
36
53
27
44
44
68
62
61
11
96
98
09
30
42
92 65
76
Ii
52
92
47
55
34
25
12
99
03
04
78
39
81
11
91
60
92 67
63
31
28
18
86
29
08
52
01
01
26
46
05
05
01
31
73
11
89 38
27
63
22
15
70
34
27
45
64
26
01
76
42
59
59
69
29
38
98 75
06
33
56
21
11
44
01
45
25
67
11
76
25
48
06
02
65
15
29 12
64
14
28
76
76
21
35
88
87
73
31
73
63
16
95
11
52
36
42 13
28
43
62
54
68
75
23
57
53
70
97
15
54
87
06
52
23
92
18 31
09
52
28
38
55
85
97
31
58
88
31
18
14
96
72
17
23
70
40 24
93
71
41
54
14
93
71
20
27
42
32
11
58
26
83
67
18
28
90 30
15
68
15
35
99
58
18
57
38
40
07
06
87
59
47
71
74
36
92 85
77
71
22
39
14
08
90
74
37
68
26
62
27
41
84
75
16
69
67 48
78
45
35
48
44
61
50
90
12
45
02
80
55
26
76
22
51
94
78 48
24
86
06
82
84
19
36
72
90
73
32
30
15
87
01
04
19
33
01 42
37
28
40
68
44
78
88
75
72
76
26
33
95
69
09
39
33
14
21 01
35
48
85
24
73
37
63
43
25
69
95
27
40
95
08
81
01
24
24 13
51
59
55
99
09
35
22
34
49
91
24
27
53
96
32
09
77
79
88 00
90
66
03
51
71
30
02
19
11
20
36
11
64
21
28
65
40
19
41 99
47
50
50
20
08
20
30
08
71
88
96
19
50
70
59
13
26
63
13 89
13
35
00
84
14
64
04
99
43
77
22
40
89
49
58
19
09
55
80 35
33
00
69
26
90
69
24
89
74
43
53
89
62
35
08
16
22
75
69 29
55
21
66
38
86
06
80
41
18
61
22
56
50
24
75
00
25
87
410 18
21
99
12
62
28
14
80
11
91
92
49
43
82
07
72
60
84
66
97 32
71
02
52
82
12
10
47
42
75
22
65
62
03
46
84
00
21
00
48 63
65
52
21
52
42
84
55
47
45
60
20
24
62
69
41
41
29
80
47 63
27
97
55
49
23
90
65
00
61
70
09
43
30
91
67
35
16
63
27 31
07
30
00
97
04
36
09
96
15
77
95
55
27
34
56
16
57
88
81 40
54
35
71
36
89
19
56
90
38
14
76
05
30
51
50
69
12
56
94 42
00
97
70
44
81
42
04
40
86
49
34
82
23
58
43
78
46
88
23-80
13
92
07
87
61
12
31
19
28
08
07
75
30
40
73
58
52
08
00 22
08
39
53
70
43
37
88
03
41
72
04
20
49
44
34
62
79
88
19 02
46,
16
66
72
06
01
61
94
37
69
96
77
01
94
40
29
70
04
20 93
87
76
77
76
07
03
74
20
16
13
65
98
96
28
43
10
91
73
44 58
29
88
09
52
88
21
64
44
65
87
06
64
49
47
84
66
99
56
18 12
36
24
83
66
66
14
89
45
92
73
88
95
04
60
77
34
65
11
20 38
12
38
62
96
56
30
47
42
59
64
21
48
29
54
22
02
00
23
36 71
52
06
87
38
01
52
18
81
94
91
55
13
76
10
39
02
00
66
99 13
41
72
75
21
71
56
71
90
60
54
98
44
18
15
29
59
60
76
52 25
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2006/11/29: CIA-RDP96-00791 R000300030004-9