CONTROLLED OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOR - USSR (U)

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SECT
CONTROLLED OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOR - USSR (U)
JOHN D. LaMOTHE
CAPTAIN, MEDICAL SERVICE CORPS
ST-CS-01-169-72
DIA TASK NUMBER
T72-01-14
DATE OF PUBLICATION
July 1972
Information Cut-off Date
31 January 1972
This document contains information affecting the National Defense of
the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 1.8,
U.S.C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its
contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
This is a Department of Defense Intelligence Document prepared by the
Medical Intelligence Office, Office of The Surgeon General, Department
of the Army, and approved by the Directorate for Scientific and Technical
Intelligence of the Defense Intelligence Agency.
Classified by Chief, MIO, OTSG
EXEMPT FROM GENERAL DECLASSIFICATION
SCHEDULE OF EXECUTIVE ORDER 11652
EXEMPTION CATEGORY 3
DECLASSIFY ON 31 DECEM3ER 1990
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(S/NFD) This report summarizes the information available on Soviet
research on human vulnerability as it relates to incapacitating
individuals or small groups. The information contained in this
study is a review and evaluation of Soviet research in the field of
revolutionary methods of influencing human behavior and is intended
as an aid in the development of countermeasures for the protection
of US or allied personnel. Due to the nature of the Soviet research
in the area of reorientation or incapacitation of human behavior,
this report emphasizes the individual as opposed to groups.
(U) It is not within the realm of this report to make an in-depth
study of research and utilization of the multitudinous aspects of
psychology and psychiatry. It is strongly suggested that these
subjects, and the military use thereof, should be established as
separate studies. The importance-of basic and applied research in
these areas should not be overlooked.
(U) The information reported covers the period from 1874-1972 and
has been drawn from scientific, medical and military journals, intel-
ligence reports, magazines, news items, books, conferences, and other
reports as referenced. The information cut-off date for this report
was 31 January 1972.
(U) The author of this study is Captain John D. LaMothe, Medical
Intelligence Office, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of
the Army, Washington, DC 20314. Constructive criticism, comment
and suggested changes are invited from readers. These should be sent
to the author through the Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: DT-lA,
Washington, DC 20301.
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Page No.
Preface iii
Summary -------------------------------- - ---- - -- - -------
PART I INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION ---------- 1
SECTION I Background -----
-- -
II - Current Events ----------- ----------_-___-_---__
SECTION
Part A Events in Northern Ireland ___--
Part B - Events in the Soviet Union ----------------------
Part C - Soviet Response to Events in the USSR -------------
SECTION III - Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry ---------- --
Part A - A General Review ----------------------------------
9
Part B - Soviet Military Psychology ---------------------
13
Part C - Soviet Use of Psychology for Behavior Manipulation -
15
SECTION IV - Psychological Phenomena/Psychological Weapons ----
15
Part A - Temperature ------.------ ---_.------------ --------- -
16
Part B - Atmospheric Conditions ---------------------------
16
Part C - Olfactory Phenomena -----------------------------
17
Part D - Light -----_-_.----- ___,_-_..,------------- -__-
17
Part E - Sound -----------------------------------------------
18
Part F - Electromagnetic Energy
18
Part G - Deprivation ------------------ -------------- ------
19
PART II - PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SOVIET UNION -------------- ---
21
SECTION I - Background ------------------ ----------------------
21
SECTION II - Significance of Parapsychology in the USSR -------
24
SECTION III - The Apport Technique - --- ---------------------
27
SECTION IV - ESP and Psychokinesis --------------------------
31
,SECTION V - Summary and Military Implications ----------__---
39
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PART III - MENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR ------------ 41
SECTION I - Hypnosis ----------------------------------------- 41
Part A - The Use of Hypnosis in Medicine - USSR ------------- 41
Part B Hypnosis and Controlled Behavior ------------------- 43
Part C - Artificial Reincarnation Through Hypnosis ---------- 45
Part D Telepathic Hypnosis -------------------------------- 47
SECTION II - Conditioning Through Suggestion ------------------ 49
Part A - Hypnopedia ----------------------------------------- 49
Part B - Subliminal Perception ------------------------------ - 51
Part C - Suggestology ---------------------------------------- 53
PART IV - PROPAGANDA AND MASS MEDIA ----------------------------- - 59
PART V - PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY IN THE USSR ------------------------ 63
SECTION I - General ------------------------------------------- 63
SECTION II - Main Psychotropic Substances - USSR--------------- 64
SECTION III - Psycho-Warfare Agents --------------------------- 66
Part A - Diethylamide Lysergic Acid (LSD) and Psilocybin ---- 66
Part B - Piperidyl Benzilate and Piperidyl Glycolate ------- 69
Part C - Countermeasures ------------------------------------ - 70
SECTION IV - Current Research Interest in Psychopharmacology -
USSR --------------------------------------------- - 71
Part A - Bioamine Research ---------------------------------- 71
Part B - Other Areas of Soviet Research in Psychopharmacology 74
PART VI - LIGHT AND COLOR AS A ,LEANS OF ALTERING HUMAN BEHAVIOP. 77
SECTION I - Psycho-Optics --------------------------------- 77
Part A - Background ----------------------------------------- 77
Part B - Soviet Research in Photic-Flicker ------------------ 79
SECTION II - Color and Light ---------------------------------- 82
SECTION III - Concluding Remarks and Countermeasures -- -------- 84
Cfl !FJPINIAL
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Page No.
PART VII - ODOR AND THE ALTERING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
87
SECTION I - Background -------------y----~ -------
87
SECTION II - Behavioral Altering Possibilities --------------
88
PART VIII - SOUND AS A MEANS OF ALTERING BEHAVIOR ----------- -
91
SECTION I - General -------------------------------------------
91
SECTION.
II - Infrasonic Noise ------------------------------
92
SECTION
III - Sonic Noise -------------_--__-----------------
93
SECTION
IV - Ultrasonic Noise --------------------------- --
96
SECTION
V - Conclusion ---------------------------------------
99
PART IX
SENSORY DEPRIVATION -----------------------------------
101
PART X - ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS --------------------------------
107
APPENDIX I - PERSONNEL AND INSTITUTES ---------------------------
113
Current Events --------------------------------------
- 113
Part A - Affiliation Known ---------------------------------
113
Part B - Affilitation Unknown ------------------------------
114
Part C - Important Institutes - No Personalities Available ---
114
Soviet
Psychology and Psychiatry - Research ------------------
114
Part
A - Affiliation Known ----------------------------------
- 114
Part
B - Affiliation Unknown --------------------------------
116
Parapsychology - USSR -----------------------------------------
116
Part A - Affiliation Known ---------------------------------
116
Part B - Affiliation Unknown (1972) -------------------------
118
Mental
Suggestion and Controlled Behavior
118
Part
A - Affiliation Known ----------------------------------
118
Part
B - Affiliation Unknown --------------------------------
119
Psychopharmacology in the USSR --------------------------------
119
Affiliation Known ------------------------------------------
119
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Lights and Color as a Means of Altering Human Behavior --------
120
Affiliation Known -------------------------------------------
120
Odors
and the Altering of Human Behavior ----------------------
- 121
Part
A - Affiliation Known -----------------------------------
121
Part
B - Affiliation Unknown --------------------------------
121
Sensory Deprivation (non-aerospace)----------------------------
121
Electromagnetic Effects ---------------------------------------
121
APPENDIX II - Intelligence Gaps ---------------------------------
123
APPENDIX III - Future Trends -----------------------------------
125
APPENDIX IV - The. "1961 Directives" - Hospitalization of
Mentally Ill --------------------------------------
APPENDIX V ~
APPENDIX VI Milan Ryzl, Biographic Data ------------------------
Bibliography ----------------------------------------------------
Non-Cited Bibliography
Data Handling ------------------------------ ----------------------
- 175
Distribution List -------------------------------------------------
177
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustration One - Photograph of Professor L.L. Vasilev ----------
31
Illustration Two - Photograph of Edward Naumov -------------------
32
Illustration Three - Photograph of Kirlian Photography -----------
34
Illustration Four - Photograph of Doctor G.A. Sergeyev -----------
37
Illustration Five - Photograph of Mrs. N. Kulagina ---------------
37
Illustration Six - Photographic Sequence of the PK Phenomenon ----
38
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table I - Soviet Instruction Courses - Psychiatric
Specialization -------------------------------- - ----
12
Table II - Soviet Psychiatrists - Comparison 1962 and 1967 ------
13
Table III - Basic Types of Biocommunication Phenomena -----------
21
Table IV - Relation of Psychoactive Drugs to Amine Activity -----
73
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SU 1 NARY
.`(SENFD) Controlled offensive behavior as defined within the scope
of this report includes Soviet research on human vulnerability as
it applies to methods of influencing or altering human behavior.
There is an ever increasing amount of information emanating from
the USSR (samiadat or underground press) that suggests that certain
authoritarian institutions in the USSR are engaged in the practice
of "mental reorientation" of numerous individuals who are classed
as political dissenters. The "mental reorientation" is being accom-
plished through various means including confinement, isolation and
psych?opharmaceutical administration; This treatment of so-called
insane individuals is causing alarm among an international cross sec-
tion of psychiatrists. The literature contains sufficient data on
human mental manipulation and, therefore, warrants surveillance by
interested parties. It appears that the USSR stresses physical and
medical "treatment" of its political detainees under the guise of
psychiatric-care rehabilitation.
(S/NFD) The Soviet union is well aware of the benefits and applications
of parapsychology research. The term parapsychology denotes a multi-
disciplinary field consisting of the sciences of bionics, biophysics,
psychophysics, psychology, physiology and neuropsychiatry. Many
scientists, US and Soviet, feel that parapsychology can be harnessed
to create conditions where one can alter or manipulate the minds of
others. The major impetus behind the Soviet drive to harness the -
possible capabilities of telepathic communication, telekinetics, and
bionics are said to come from the Soviet udlitary and the KGB. Today,
it is reported that the USSR has twenty or more centers for the study
of parapsychological phenomena, with an annual budget estimated at
21 million dollars. Parapsychological research in the USSR began
in the 1920s and has continued to the present. Based on their "head
start" and financial support, it could be concluded that Soviet
knowledge in this field is superior to that of the US.
(S/NFD) Methods for controlling behavior of the human being are
numerous. Not all of the possibilities were included in this report,
but an attempt was made to elaborate on those areas where there is
intensive research by the USSR. The use of sound, light and color,
or odors have been determined to be possible means for Soviet exploi-
tation in order to alter human behavior. In the area of color and
lights, usually in a flickering mode, there have been reports of
actual "trials" by the Soviets (Air Force and Navy) on US or allied
personnel. The Soviets have shocm an in-depth knowledge in the effects
of sound and light on biological systems. It appears that with their
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knowledge, it would be a rather simple procedure to make the transfor-
mation (from scientific research to the applications phase). The area
of pheromone research has interested the Soviets; however, their data
is sket.-hy and it is conceivable that they are not yet aware of the
tremendous potentials that these substances provide for causing human
behavioral changes.. It is also a Possibility that the USSR has realized
the military benefits and are not publishing or conversing about their
research and development efforts concerning pheromone synthesis and
uses.
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PART I
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR MANIPULATION
SECTION I - BACKGROUND
1. (S/NFD) Methods for manipulating or influencing the human mind
exist and are being thoroughly researched by members of the Soviet
scientific community. For background and introductory information
it would be best if some of these methods were briefly mentioned.
Techniques studied by the Soviets include biochemicals, sound, light,
color, odors, sensory deprivation, sleep, electronic and magnetic
fields, hypnosis, autosuggestion, and paranormal phenomena (psycho-
kinesis, extrasensory perception, astral projection, dream state,
clairvoyance, and precognition). Paranormal phenomena have caused great
excitement in recent years in the Soviet Union; so much so, that it
has been reported (1) that the Soviets had 20 or more centers in
1967 for the study of this area. It was also reported that the
annual budget for 1967 for paranormal research was approximately
$20 million.
2. (S/NFD) The purpose of mind altering techniques is to create
one or more of several different possible states in the conscious
or unconscious area of the brain. The ultimate goal of controlled
offensive behavior might well be the total submission of one's
will to some outside force. It is more realistic to assume that
lesser degrees of mental aberration would be the purpose of Soviet
research in this field. Some areas of human mind manipulation
that apply to this report are morale lowering, confusion, an:.iety,
loss of confidence, loss of self reliance, fatigue, persuasion,
disruption of social cohesion, or complete incapacitation. Since
the desired end product of this type of research is some change
in the human mind, only the non-lethal aspects are discussed
in this report. It should be remembered, however, that some
techniques have lethal thresholds.
3. (S/NFD) The purpose of this study is to portray the Soviet
research in mind manipulation and its possible use on US or allied
individuals (e.g. P;.'s) or troops. Controlled offensive behavior,
however, has other connotations. Certain methods of altering
mental or physical states of ,:,an may have application on one's
own individuals. The apport technique and astral projection are
examples which will be discussed in this report. These two methods
allow the enemy to import certain behavioral characteristics on
its own people to the detriment of US or allied personnel or missions.
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SECTION II - CURRENT EVENTS
PART A - Events in Northern Ireland
1. (C) The following discussion is based on 1971 and 1972 literature
.dealing with the manipulation of human behavior. The events that
have been reported to have occurred are not Soviet originated but
provide an excellent example of the type of efforts that this
report is expressing.
2. (U) Recently there has appeared in the press some discussion
elaborating on the techniques and procedures for detaining, treating,
and interrogating prisoners in Northern Ireland (2,3). According
to the report, once the detainees are in prison, they come under
three types of regime which create in men a state of. great confusion,
suggestibility, and distress. The first regime contained various
methods to produce sensory isolation. The men were made to stand
still against a wall with their hands in the air for four to six
hours at a time. The total length was 43 1/2 hours. Hoods were
placed over the men's heads to further abolish visual input.
Sensory input was further decreased by having loud noise generators
turned on in order to mask meaningful sounds. The detainees were,
therefore, isolated from their sensory world.
3. (U) The second sensory regime has the effect of increasing
confusion and disorientation. Some men were rushed out, hooded
and doubled up, past barking dogs, loaded into a helicopter, doors
closed, engine revved up, then unloaded, then reloaded, with the
procedure repeated three times. In another incident, detainees
without shoes were made to mive quickly over rough ground by
military police.
4. (U) The third type of treatment has the effect of increasing
stress and anxiety and reducing resistance to the disorienting
effect on the two types described above. It appears that dietary
intake was restricted to bread and water at six hour intervals.
Maximum weight loss was achieved it appears. One detainee lost
eight pounds in seven days. To accompany the diet restrictions,
no sleep was allowed the first two or three days. Forty-eight
hours sleep deprivation, in certain individuals, has been known
to precipitate psychotic-like states.
5. (U) Psychological torture and physical abuse has been used
on Catholic detainees in Northern Ireland. High-frequency sound
waves (range not given in report) and sensory deprivation - research
methods.that have been outlawed for use on humans by the American
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Psychological Association - were being used to undermine the
dignity and destroy the effectiveness of the Catholic minority
of Northern Ireland. The case of one 40-year old released
prisoner has been reported. Upon release, the man's mental and
physical condition suggested senility a condition inconsistent
with his health at the time of his internment. The man walks
like he is 65, whimpers in the dark and has an attention span so
short he cannot carry on a conversation.
6. (U) The Northern Ireland procedure can be expected to greatly
increase the pliability of detainees under interrogation since
sensory deprivation increases suggestability and lowers intellectual
competence. Stress-isolation techniques can reach the extent of
eliciting false confessions where both prisoner and interrogator
are convinced the statements rendered are true. It is hoped
that the above examples impart to the reader a feeling for the
type of mind manipulating procedures that will be discussed later
in this report.
7. (U) Since it appears that the research behind sensory deprivation
has been put to current use on humans, the interested reader might
peruse Biderman and Zimmer's 1961 publication entitled "The Manipulation
of Human Behavior" (4). The book represents a critical examination
of some of the conjectures about the application of scientific
knowledge to manipulation of human behavior. The problem is explored
within a particular frame of reference: the interrogation of an
unwilling subject. Attention has been focused on interrogation
because of the central position this topic has had in public
discussions of prisoner of war (PW) behavior.
PART B - Events in the Soviet Union
1. (C) The use of psychiatric detention to silence political
dissenters appears to be a method being utilized by the Soviet
Union. There is extensive documention from "samizdat" (self-
published) sources in the Soviet Union, notably "A Question of
Madness" by Soviet geneticist Zhores Medvedev, excerpts from
which were published in the Sunday New York Times Magazine of
November 7, 1971 (5). British Sovietologist Peter Reddaway asserts
that the number of such political detainees in the USSR has grown
sharply in the last two years, perhaps to several hundred (6).
Peter Reddaway has published several articles that give brief
accounts of several political detainees as well as publishing
letters received from the Soviet underground (7,8,9).
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2. (C/NFD) On the surface, the fact that the Soviet Union has
been subjecting political dissenters to psychiatric institutions
may not appear relevant to this report. However, as one probes
into this area, he discovers that the medical and physical treatment
of these prisoners borders on the subject of controlled offensive
behavior. Since the techniques are reportedly being applied to
Soviet citizens, it is simple enough, as the researchers gain
knowledge and expertise in this area, to assume that alien personnel
could someday be subjected to it as well.
3. (U) From the many reports, some coming from the Soviet Union CA5
underground press, the article that best relates some of theca OA
d
me
ical and physical treatment to political detainees is discussed
below (10). The article was written about Vladimir Bukovsky who
is frequently quoted in the feature story. Bukovsky has spent ,3
six of his 27 years in Soviet prisons
asylums and labor cam
s
,
p
.~
(On January 5, 1972, Bukovsky was sentenced to a 12-year confinemente
to include prison, hard labor camp, and internal exile.) In 1962,
Bukovsky organized an illegal exhibition of paintings by abstract
artists not approved by state censors. In May 1963, Bukovsky was
arrested by the KGB. He was declared insane by the Serbsky Psychiatric
Institute. That December, he was transferred to a prison asylum
in Leningrad (name not mentioned) where he spent, in his own words
15 months of hell." "There were about 1,000 men in the asylum,
political prisoners and insane murderers," says Bukovsky. "The sick
raved, the healthy suffered." Doctors were technically in charge
of the inmates, but the real masters were brutal turnkeys and
prisoner trustees. "Only the crafty survived, you had to be nice
to the guards.... you had to bribe them. Otherwise, they can
beat you until you are nearly dead and tell the doctors you mis-
behaved. Or they could recommend medical punishment."
4. (U) The worst, according to Bukovsky, was medical punishment.
The three methods of medical punishment known to Bukovsky are
.described as follows:
a. On the recommendation of a trustee or turnkey, doctors
would inject a drug (not mentioned) that produced severe stomach
cramps, fever, intense pain, and a temperature of 104. The sickness
lasted two or three. days and left the inmate very weak.
b. Another drug reserved for serious misbehavior induced
sleep and dulled the brain. Inmates were punished with ten days
of daily injections. They woke up as h unan vegetables. Some
regained their senses after two months, others did not.
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c. The third punishment was the canvas bandage. An inmate
would be tightly swathed in wet canvas from neck to toes while
others in his ward were forced to watch. "The canvas shrinks
as it dries. It is not a pretty sight. They usually only do it
for two or three hours. A nurse is always in attendance, and the
bandages are loosened when the pulse grows weak."
5. (U) A thousand-word telegram by Andrei D. Sakhaiov to Colonel
Nikolai A. Shchelokov, Minister of the Interior, relates further
information on the use of drugs to alter mental behavior (11).
Sakhaiov, a physicist and civil-rights champion, charged that a
violation of human rights and medical ethics is occurring in the
Soviet Union. The contention is that drugs are being administered
forcibly to inmates in an effort to have them change their political
beliefs. In addition, some prisoners are threatened with the possible
use of electrical-shock "therapy." According to Sakhaiov, medicine,
one of the most humane of the professions, is thus being turned
into a servile handmaiden of the regimes correction agencies.
It is further reported that with the help of medicine, an attempt
is being made to make people literally lose their minds by chemical
and physical means if they refuse to adapt their mind to the
standards of the regime.
6.. (U) One of the few references that mention a drug by name
is a London Times feature by Richard Preston (12). In several
cases, Soviet authorities forced political prisoners to submit
to-the use of mind-bending drugs, specifically aminazine and
haloperidol. Aminazine is the Soviet brand of a phenothiazine
derivative known as chlorpromazine. Haloperidol is a butyrophenone.
Both drugs are in the tranquilizer class of therapeutic agents.
An excellent discussion on both of these drugs has been prepared
by Goodman and Gilman (13).
7. (U) Information on the plight of political prisoners in mental
wards and other examples of internal Soviet repression is contained
in Issue 18 of "A Chronicle of Current Events." The chronicle
has just passed its third anniversary despite the increasing
efforts of the KGB to shut down this underground publication.
The last issue discusses the case of Vasily I. Chernyshov who
was arrested in March of 1970. The chronicle quotes Chernyshov....
"I am terribly afraid of torture. But there is an even worse
torture - meddling with my brain with chemical substances. I
have now been informed of the decision that I shall be given
treatment. Farewell!" Chernyshov's compulsory "treatment" was
prescribed after only a five minute interview with the authorities.
The concluding statement from the panel of doctors was, "The main
thing for us is that you shouldn't think at all."
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8. (U) A document that contains several case histories of political
detainees has been prepared by Abraham Brumberg (14). The article
summarizes the procedure that is used in the Soviet Union from arrest
to confession. According to the report, the KGB performs the search,
arrest, and initial investigation. The medical "experts" cooperate
in furnishing bogus diagnoses and the court confirms the findings
of the doctors. The victim is then sent off to a prison asylum to
languish until "cured" (which in most cases consists of the patient's
confession that he is indeed guilty of some form of mental aberration)
9. (U) The legal procedures involved in detaining an "undesirable"
have been drastically reduced by the "1961 Directives" (15). V.N.
Chalidze (16), in an underground document, explains how the "1961
Directives" allow for the immediate detention of a sane individual
who is not a criminal in the legal sense. Chalidze sums up his
argument by noting that the viciousness.of the present-day practice,
not based on the law, of psychiatric preventive measures is due
to the absence of any public means of defense for the patient.
The "1961 Directives" are included in this report in Appendix IV.
10. (U) The office that prepared this study has copies of various
reports from the Soviet Union that deal with some of the more
celebrated political detainees. There are three reports available
that illustrate the forensic-psychiatric examinations of I. A.
Yakhimovich. Two of these documents list the names of the psy-
chiatric teams that carried out the examination (17-19). By
reading these reports, one can trace the fate of Yakhimovich
up to early 1970. No further reports were available so the ultimate
fate of the individual is unknown.
11. (U) A report is available on A. Volpin (20) that was apparently
prepared by the individual while in detention. There have been
several cases where these documents have been "smuggled" out of
the asylum. An outpatient report on V.E. Borosov is available (21).
This report condemns Borosov to compulsory psychiatric treatment.
Reports are available on the plight of N.E. Gorbanevskava (22,23)
as well as several Letters that she wrote while interned (24).
An appeal for human rights written by V. Fainberg while he was
incarcerated is on file (25) as well as documents relating to
the sanity proceedings for General P.G. Grigorenko (26-28).
12. (U) The possible use of drugs by Soviet psychiatrists in
order to manipulate behavior can be emphasized by an account
from Vladimir Gershuni, a Soviet idealist. The event that
follows occurred at the Oryol Hospital which is some 170 miles
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southwestof Moscow. Mr. Gershuni.gives a description of the
conditions in which mental patients (both genuine and political)
are held. "Eight people to a 16 or 17 meter cell. . . . (Comment:
This seems large enough for eight people if figure is correct.) There
is no room to move. One is allowed to go along the corridor, but
only if it's absolutely necessary - to the toilet, or to get some
food from the nurse. . . . The toilet is a cesspit: four holes
in the ground'and two taps for.54 people. . . From 7 to 8:30
in the evening we're allowed to use the dining room for writing
letters, or to play dominoes and chess. The bedlam is indescrib-
able." Mr. Gershuni talks about the use of drugs, one of which
is aminazine, a powerful substance, administered orally or by
intramuscular injections, which causes depressive shock reactions
and frequently malignant tumors. Sometimes drugs are given as
a form of punishment. "Any phrase spoken incautiously to a doctor
or nurse can serve as a pretext for a series of aminazine injections.
Sometimes these injections are prescribed without any pretext,
simply because of some doctor's whim . without any medical
examination. . . This medicine makes me feel more horrible
than anything I've ever experienced before; you no sooner lie
down than you want to get up, you no sooner take a step than
you're longing to sit down, and if you sit down, you want to walk
again - and there's nowhere to walk." Mr. Gershuni finishes
his account by describing the fate of a young man, once brilliantly
"alive and alert," who as a result of repeated doses of aminazine,
"and God only knows what else," had been reduced to a va?etable:
"his head on one side, his speech languid and indistinct,'
ndistinct, his eyes
glazed." "He was thus," concludes Mr. Gershuni, "cancelled out for
five whole months. Hail to Soviet 'special psychiatry'! I kiss
you all."
13. (C) To belabor this subject of political detention is not
the intention of this section. However, it is believed to be
of sufficient importance that this much material had to be presented.
It is difficult to judge the overall validity of much of the ref-
erenced material because of its source (primarily samizdat and
letters), but if true, it bears watching and possible investigation
for future developments. Portions of this material contain
sufficient data on human mental manipulation and therefore warrants
surveilance by interested agencies. From the information available
at this time, it appears that the Soviet Union stresses physical
and medical "treatment" of its political detainees under the ..
guise of psychiatric-care rehabilitation. No data is available
on the use of sound, sights, or hypnosis as methods of obtaining
confessions or reorientating the beliefs of these prisoners.
For a listing of personnel and institutes involved in political-
psychiatric care, see Ap_>endix I. :iny personalities involved
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in the maltreatment of detainees are not listed but can be found
in the references listed. An attempt was made to list only the
top professional personnel.
PART C - Soviet Response to Events in the USSR
1. (U) The Soviet government, quite naturally, has denied the
charges made in the USSR and abroad that mentally stable persons
were being detained in psychiatric hospitals because of dissident
activities. The Soviet authorities had said little about the
accusations until an article written by S.P. Pisarev was
obtained by Western sources from the Soviet underground (30).
Pisarev, 69, member of the Soviet Communist party since 1918
and minor party official, in 1970 directed a letter to the Soviet
Academy of Medical Sciences protesting the Soviet police practice
of sending political prisoners to "psychiatric institutions" such
as the infamous Serbsky Institute in Moscow.
2. (U) Disputing the type of charge mentioned by Pisarev, Soviet
authorities contended persons remanded by a legal psychiatric
commission to special mental institutions were those "who committed
socially dangerous acts while not responsible for their actions or
became ill during a pretrial investigation, during actual court
proceedings or after the passing of sentence." According to
the Soviet government, such cases are reviewed every six months
and committed persons are released if sufficient improvement is
found in their mental health (31).
3. (U) A.V. Snezhnevskiy (32), USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
academician and director of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
Psychiatric Institute says:
"Yes, I, too, have read these absurd reports that in
the USSR healthy people are put into psychiatric
hospitals. Like all my colleagues, I cannot express
my feelings of profound indignation at this wild fan-
tasy. Soviet psychiatrists - a detachment of Soviet
medical workers consisting of many thousands - do not,
of course, need to be defended from insulting attacks
of this sort. In our country and abroad fame and
deserved authority are enjoyed by such psychiatrists
as A.D. Zurabasvili, V.M. Morozov . . . ." etc.
(Snezhnevskiy mentions eight other psychiatrists).
S h 714 ARC
neznevs y continues his argument by listing the members of a .D,1I
TTQ 4 4
h
nsson t at toured Soviet psychiatric facilities. The mission
says in its conclusion . . . . "It appears that the Soviets are leading."
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The US guests stressed the high degree of effectiveness of the
Soviet psychiatric first aid centers, and the better quality of
their staffs compared with US centers. The US delegation did
-visit the Serbsky Institute. As for compulsory treatment, the
mission stated . . "It is possible that people who need
treatment should. be compulsorily hospitalized for their own good."
4. (U) Snezhnevskiy, in another document (33), said that when
mentioning "brainwashing" many absurd allegations have been made,
such as the talk of injecting a substance which paralyzes a person's
will. Snezhnevskiy contends that "brainwashing," from a scientific
point of view, is absurd. He further believes that the people
dedicated to this sort of propaganda have very few scruples and
direct the propaganda to laymen who know nothing about medicine.
Interviews with Snezhnevskiy and Lebeden, chief of psychiatry at
the Pavlov hospital in Leningrad, were obtained just prior to
the Fifth World Psychiatric Congress in Mexico City which was
held in early December 1971 (34).
5. (U) The literature from Soviet authorities denying the mal-
treatment of detainees or other charges does not mention any of
the more celebrated prisoners with the exception of Zhores Medvedev
who was released after a very short stay. One can draw some obvious
.conjectures based on the avoidance of such personalities as Gershuni,
Grigorenko, Bukovsky, Fainberg, and Borisov in the Soviet statements.
The issue of inhumane treatment is usually responded to with the
use of platitudes and counter-propaganda. If the Soviets have
nothing to conceal, then it would seem that one could ei.pect more
scientific and concrete responses as to the actual situation in
political detention and behavior manipulation with drugs.
SECTION III - SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY
1. (C/CD/NDA) The past fifteen years have witnessed a definite
acceleration of growth .in Soviet psychology (35). It has been observed
by some American psychologists that an upward trend in the quality and
quantity of Soviet published research began around the middle of the
1950's. Research designs improved, greater experimental controls
were employed, and the level of sophistication in laboratory techniques
started to rise perceptibly. Many new people are entering into the
area of psychology and the increase has been (1966) as much as a
factor of 2,3, or. 4 (36). According to this source (36), Soviet
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s
are considerably behind the US and accept the US as the leader in this
field.
psychology is in a growth stage which appears to have sprung up
coincident to the man-in-space program. Contrary to the reference
above (36), this source (36) believes that despite the growth and
acceptance by the Soviet scientific community, the Soviets are merely
duplicating or extending to some degree the research that is already
known. In the opinion of this source, there is definitely a tie-in
between the Soviet engineers, psychiatrists and psychologists. It must
be remembered that the Soviets are presently in a growth stage and,
therefore, are merely making their investments at this time. According
to this source, once they have reached the level off period then this
coordination of the disciplines will pay off handsomely in returns to
the Soviet psychological society. The source believes that in the area
of human engineering the Soviets are moving very rapidly and at least in
many respects are close to . US~ levels. In behavior studies, the Soviets
are stagnant. They lean too heavily on the conditional response approach
of Pavlov. In the neurosensory areas, source believes that the Soviet
2. (C/CD/NDA) According to one report, there is apparently
classified psychological research work going on in the area of cyber-
netics. One area that surveillance would appear fruitful is Soviet
research in the area of artificial intelligence. This report contains
a substantial number of institutes and personalities which is reflected
in Appendix I (37).
3. (U) It is concluded that, in spite of their ideological
resistance to theoretical psychology, Soviet behavior scientists
share a distinguished experimental tradition and possess the ability
to incorporate and combine the principles of biocybernetics, physiology,
learning, memory, and transfer under a common group of laws (38).
4. (U) The following brief discussion of Soviet psychiatry is
based primarily upon a report by Persic (39). The report contains
a brief history of psychiatry in the Soviet Union followed by a
section that relates to the scientific and investigative work in
psychiatry. Also included is a section on the organization. of
psychiatric care including statistics on the number of patients,
beds, and medical personnel in the Soviet Union.
5. (U) According to Persic there are 94 medical institutes and
a greater number of medical research institutes. The following
research institutes in psychiatry exist in Moscow: the Psychiatric
Institute at the Academy of Science; the Psychiatric Institute at
the Ministry of Health for the Russian Federation, and the Institute
for Forensic Psychiatry at the Institute of the. Ministry of Health
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of the USSR (Serbsky Institute). The research institutes are either
of a general type or of a specialized type which study certain
mental diseases e.g. schizophrenia, epilepsy, or alcoholism. The
psychiatric research institutes have similar organizational schemes:
clinical departments, laboratories, and methodics departments.
The Psychiatric Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow
is the post-graduate school for psychiatrists. At the Institute
for Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow (Serbsky) are clinics for schizo-
phrenia, psychoorganic disorders, and alcoholism. (Naturally
there is no discussion in this report of some of the more infamous
areas of the Serbsky Institute.)
6. (U) The task of psychiatric institutes is to deal with the
educational matters of students, and physicians specializing in
psychiatry. This work is conducted in the form of seminars and
in the form of continuous education. The psychiatric research
institutes are connected with psychiatric hospitals, departments
and. dispensaries in advancing psychiatric work and the organizing
of psychiatric service. Great attention is devoted to health
education in the USSR. A great network of institutions devoted
to health instruction exist. They are affiliated with many groups
which dispense health advice. Included in the general health
education is also education concerning mental health. There are
360 health institutes in the USSR which are devoted to teaching
health. The Central Institute for Health Education`in Moscow
is engaged 'in research in the field of health education, education
of.experts, training in tie methodology, of health education and
drganizing health training. This Institute employs a method of
providing health education for schools, students of medicine, for
workers in industry and hospitals. There is also cooperation
with physicians concerning public health and seminars are held
where practical matters are discussed. There is also a functional
connection with health agencies so that officials of these agencies
cooperate with the Institute and attend seminars. These. health
agencies also receive support from the Institute in the form of
trained help and 'Literature which the Institute publishes through
its own printing outlets. Table I depicts the instructional
requirements for psychiatric specialization. These figures were
prepared by Persic. Table II illustrates statistics on the number
of neurologists and psychiatrists in the USSR in 1962 (Persic) and 1967.
The 1967 data was compiled by Fry (40). Fry, in, his report, combined
neurologists and psychiatrists into one figure.
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TABLE I
Plan of Instruction and Stages in Psychiatric Specialization-USSR
Subject
Hours of theoretical Hours of practical
training training,
Psychopathology 16
Clinical psychiatry
Schizophrenia 16
Manic depressive psychosis 6
Infectional psychosis 16
Toxic psychosis 6
Epilepsy 6
Noninfectional symptomatic 8
psychosis
Brain trauma 4
Arteriosclerotic psychosis 6
Brain tumors 2
Presenile psychosis 4
Senile psychosis 4
Oligophrenia 2
Psychopathy 4
Psychogenic reaction 4
Organization of 4
Psychiatric Service
Total
108 460
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TABLE II
Comparison of the Number of Psychiatric Specialists in USSR-1962 and 1967
1962
1967
Population
220,000,000
230,000,000
Physicians
400,000
480,000
Psychiatrists
6,140
Combined Psychiatrists
and Neurologists total:
24,000
Neurologists
9,850
One physician per
520 people-
480 people
One psychiatrist per
35,835 people
Combined Psychiatrists
and Neurologists total:
One neurologist per
22,335 people
20,000 people
7. (U) The figures in Table II, if valid, represent a substantial
growth in the number of specialists in mental health care. The number
and quality of both psychology and psychiatry research reports is
increasing, especially in the behavioral fields. There appears to be
an ever increasing link between the psychology and psychiatry fields
with the pharmacology, human engineering, bioelectronics, physics, and
parapsychology disciplines. Some of the multidiscipline aspects of
Soviet research will become evident later in this stu v as it relates
to the subject of this report. The above information on psychology and
psychiatry was intended to be a review because it is believed that there
is a definite relationship between the two disciplines and mental manip-
ulation. It is not within the scope of this report to delve into basic
psychological research and discuss its military implications.
PART B - Soviet Military Psychology
1. (S/NFD) The purpose of this report is to make determinations and
report findings on methods of controlling human behavior. One aspect
of this subject is the possible use of certain novel techniques to
disrupt or confuse combat troops. Based on Soviet literature dealing
with military psychology, it appears that the Soviet military authorities
might well suspect their potential enemies as already being able to do
this. The available Soviet literature on military psychology emphasizes
the protection of their troops against such possible attempts e.g.
demoralization and confusion.
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2. (U) In 1967; a book entitled "Military Psychology" was published
in the Soviet Union. The authors, Colonel Dyachenko and Major Fedenko,
are Candidates of Pedagogical Sciences (41). This book is primarily
intended for commanders and military doctors. The book deals with the
various aspects of the personality of the soldier including his cogni-
tive, emotional, and volitional processes, his fighting skill, and his
psychological readiness for battle. All of the psychic phenomena are
based on the service, training, and fighting activity of enlisted and
commissioned personnel. One of the more interesting areas is found in
Chapter 8 which is entitled "Will Power." The chapter contains infor-
mation on will power as a psychic process. The chapter continues by
discussing the qualities of will power necessary to a soldier as well
as methods of training will power. The discussion on will power appears
to be a very important topic because if one's will power is sufficiently
developed, the use of techniques to demoralize or confuse could well be
nullified. Part one of the book describes the general problems of
military psychology, followed by a discussion on psychic processes of
the soldier and concluding with the psychological analysis of the
activity of Soviet soldiers.
3. (U) The group of people most susceptible to offensive behavior
manipulation appear to be rear-zone troops and small patrol groups.
The Soviets again seem to recognize the fallibility of such groups.
Lieutenant General Tyurnev (42) reports that the moral-psychological
training of administrative support troops in operations under
conditions of modern war is a quite urgent and complicated problem.
.The report suggests training and propaganda methods to increase
the morale-psychological condition of rear-zone troops. The
training, to include evening seminars, propaganda sessions, political
ir,loctrination and field exercises is suggested in Tyurnev's report.
The word moral and morale seem to be interchanged frequently in the
report. It seems to be a problem in translation, because the author's
thoughts are still meaningful.
4. (U) Two further reports from the Soviets have appeared recently.
One report (43) discusses the role of medicine and military medical
personnel in the psychoprophylaxis in morale-psychological preparation.
A 1970 report by Stolyarenko (44) reinforces the thoughts of Tyurnev.
From the above discussion and a thorough perusal of the documents
referenced in this section, it could be stated: if the Soviets practice
what they preach, the psychological training of Soviet troops is as
good as or better than US soldiers. This does not include the special
training afforded to US pilots on anti-interrogation methods.
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SECTION IV - PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA/PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPONS
(S/NFD) One of the purposes of this report is to evaluate
research in the field of influencing human behavior in order that
the US may be in a position to develop certain countermeasures.
Therefore, before beginning specific sections in this report on
Soviet research, it is desirable to review some of the more feasible
areas of exploitation in the development of a technique that might
alter human behavior. Some of these characteristics will be studied
in depth in later sections of this study.
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?PART A - Temperature
1. (U) An increase in body temperature decreases the body water
level and creates a salt-water imbalance. With a large intake
of water, but little replacement of sodium chloride, painful spasms
of the skeletal and abdominal muscles may develop as may also
faintness, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. With an internal
temperature above 41. degrees C or below 31 degrees C, brain
function is usually impaired. Irreversible damage to the skin
occurs at about 44-45 degrees C (46,47).
2. (U) The sensitivity and tolerance for temperature changes
is different for certain races. Negroes have a greater tolerance
for humid heat than Caucasians, and conversely, Negroes are
more susceptible to injury from cold stress than Caucasians.
3. (C/NFD) It is believed that the use of temperature manipulation
as a technique to influence human behavior is practical. In order to
be effective it would seem necessary to apply this technique to
individuals or small groups that are already under one's influence
such as prisoners of war. The application of utmat-Li-ral temperature
in field situations appear to be most difficult. Further, there
appears to be very little applicable research in the USSR in
this area other than some isolated work in the areospace field.
It may be concluded that temperature fluctuations could be used for
altering human behavior, but would probably not be as useful as other
available methods.
PART B Atmospheric Conditions
1. (C/NFD) There has been some work reported on the physiological
or psychological effects of atmospheric or geophysical parameters
(48-51). The works referenced here are free world but there is
little doubt that the Soviet Union has investigated similar effects
especially in relation to their space program. The utilization of
any of the techniques to alter human behavior by changing atmospheric
conditions seems remote for field application. These techniques,
like temperature effects, are more suitable for controlled. groups or
individuals.
2. (U) An increase of 0.2 percent carbon dioxide doubles the
volume of air breathed. Breathing becomes deeper, more rapids
and eventually violent. Depletion of oxygen or the increase
.of carbon dioxide decreases auditory sensitivity as well as visual
sensitivity. Ten percent of oxygen for 15 to 30 minutes sometimes
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results in a hearing deficit for several hours. With severe or
prolonged anoxia there may be nausea, vomiting, extreme weakness,
and eventually convulsions and cardiac failure (52). Perhaps
the applicable symptoms of anoxia to this report are the homeo-
static inbalances in the brain: loss of ability to carry on complex
activities, restlessness, loquacity, delirium, confusion, and
unconsciousness.
3. (U) Intermittent exposures to negatively ionized air produces
a sedating effect on humans. There are some researchers who believe
that positively ionized air causes irritation and anxiety which is
applicable to altering behavior.
PAR C Olfactory Phenomena
1. (U) Seven primary odors have been identified; they are campho-
raceous, musky, floral, minty, pungent, putrid, and ethereal (53).
From the seven primary odors, every known odor can be made by
mixing them in certain proportions.
2. .(U) Man expresses pleasure or displeasure to various odors.
If the smell is foul or irritating enough, man will attempt to
avoid it. If. escape is hindered or if odors are used with surprise
they may elicit certain behavioral changes in the individual.
Odors are suitable for use in controlled situations and in the
field. For these reasons odors will be discussed more fully
later in this report.
PART D - Light
1. (U) Although it is customary to specify the wavelength range of
visible light as lying between 400 and 750 millimicrons (mu), never-
theless, with sufficient energy, the eye can be stimulated up to
1050 mp. Also, the fovea (phototopic vision) can be stimulated down
to about 320 nip. It is thought that 1150-1200 mu marks the limit
at which radiant energy would cease to be seen and would be
readily felt as heat (54).
2. (U) Yellow light has maximum effect on the retina and is
most effective in eliciting photophobia. Non-rhythmic bright
lights can interrupt or prevent sleep. It has been claimed that
if sensory stimulation is sufficient, sleep can be prevented even
if fatigue is carried to the point of death (52). The physiological
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and psychological effects of flashing lights (stable) and photic-
flicker appear to have raised interests in the Soviet Union.
Since lights can be utilized in the field or in controlled situations
and do cause certain behavioral changes in man, this. subject will
be discussed in detail later in this. report.
1. (U) Sound, from one source or another, has been used to elicit
behavioral changes in man in every war ever recorded. It may be
a simple bugle call or battle cry or a mechanical siren device;
but whatever is used there is normally a psychological response
by the receiver. Regardless of the absolute level, sounds of
enemy weapons with which one is unfamiliar is frightening provided
the sounds are associated with a feared weapon or the unknown.
2. (U) Auditory effects have been and still are researched.
Nerve deafness can certainly result from prolonged exposure to
loud sounds. For the purpose of this study it is believed that
the nonauditory effects are just as important when discussing
behavioral alterations. For example, exposure to a siren-generated
sound of 20 kilohertz at 1 watt per square centimeter kills a
variety of insect life in three to four minutes and larger animals
(mice) in about one minute. Human operators, with earplugs, experience
"cool sizzling sensations" in the mouth and an unpleasant tingling
in the nasal passages when near the siren.
3. (C/NFD) Sound can be used on controlled groups or in the
field. Sound can produce behavioral changes and the effects of
s:o.nd on humans is being investigated in the Soviet Union. For
these reasons, a more detailed discussion can be found later in
this report.
PART F - Electromagnetic Energy
1. (C/NFD) Super-high frequency electromagnetic oscillations (SHF)
may have potential use as a technique for altering human behavior.
Soviet Union and other foreign literature sources contain over 500
studies devoted to the biological effect of SHF. Lethal and non-lethal
aspects have been shown to exist. In certain non-lethal exposures,
definite behavioral changes have occurred. There also appears
to be a change in mammals, when exposed to SHF, in the sensitivity
to sound, light, and olfactory stimuli (55).
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2. (C/NFD) Because of the possible behavioral changes and reactions
to other important stimuli and the emphasis the Soviet Union has
placed on SHF research, a more detailed discussion of this subject
appears later in this report.
PART G - Deprivation
(C/NFD) The behavior effects on man from. the deprivation of food,
sleep, and sensory stimuli have been studied by the Soviet Union.
As mentioned in Section II of this report, certain forms of depri-
vation to humans is in current use. This area is very important
in the discussion of controlled offensive behavior and it is
clear that the Soviet Union is well aware of this potential. Because
one is able to apply deprivation techniques in controlled situations
as well as in the field, it will be discussed in detail in a later
section of this report. Hahn (56) provides further discussion
on the areas mentioned in this section to include fear phenomena,
anxiety and stress, and cultural background. These specific areas
are not mentioned specifically as separate sections in this report
'because they become interlaced with the other areas of major concern.
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SECTION I - BACKGROUND
1. (U) The science of parapsychology includes special sensory bio-
physical activities, brain and mind control, telepathic communications
or bioinformation transceiving, bioluminescent and bioenergetic emissions,
and the effects of altered status of consciousness on the human psyche.
The Soviets prefer the term biocommunications instead of the term para-
psychology. Other terms that may appear in the Soviet literature that
normally mean parapsychology are: psycho-physiology, psychotronics,
psychoenergeti.cs,or biophysical effects. The term parapsychology
(biocommunications) as used in this report denotes a multi-disciplinary
field consisting of the sciences of bionics, biophysics,-psychophysics,
psychology, physiology, and neuropsychiatry (57,58).
2. (U) The broad area of biocommunications can be further subdivided
into two general classifications: Bioinformation and Bioenergetics.
Bioinformation includes paranormal events between living organisms
(telepathy, precognition) and events between living organisms and the
inorganic world. Bioenergetics denotes those activities such as
biological location and indicator techniques, bioenergetic therapy
using electromagnetic fields, and psychokinesis, or the influence of
mind upon matter. The definitions of the terms Biocommunications,
Bioinformation, and Bioenergetics are given in Table III which appeared
in the Mankind Unlimited Research report. The basic definitions are
based on information provided by Ryzl (59). It should be mentioned that
parapsychology was accepted in 1969 as a legitimate field of science
and scientific research by the American Association foz the Ldvancement
of Science (AAAS).
TABLE III
BASIC TYPES OF BIOCONNICATION PHENOMENA. (U)
General: Biocommunications
A new branch of science involved with the human capability
of obtaining information from other than the normal sensesx
and the ability to respond to or reasonably interpret such
information. Bioconm.unications, also synonymous with para-
psychology, is, however, distinct from other sciences in
that it is primarily concerned with researching the exist-
ence of a definite group of natural phenomena controlled
by laws which are not based on any known enetgetic influence.
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TYPE I: BIOINFORMATION (U)
Those phenomena associated with the obtaining of information through
means other than the normal sensory channels e.g. through extra-
sensory perception (ESP). There are several forms of ESP, including:
a. Telepathy, transmission or "reading" of thoughts refers
to the extrasensory reception of information about the mental
processes of others.
b. Proscopy or precognition - While the above forms appear
to differ only in the nature of the object about which information
is received, numerous observations indicate that precognitive
ESP involves, under certain circumstances, trespassing the barrier
of time to obtain information about future events.
c. Paragnosia or clairvoyance refers to the extrasensory
reception of information about objective events in the outer world.
TYPE II: BIOENERGETICS (U)
Those phenomena associated with the production of objectively
.detectable effects through means other than the known energetic
influences. Seemingly incredible effects have been reported,
such as the movement of distant objects without any detectable
use of physical force (telekinesis), antigravitational effects,
transformations of energy, electromagnetic effects arising without
adequate physical cause, and chemical reactions and biological
processes occurring through mental concentration.
3. (U) Scientists in pre-revolutionary Russia were studying the area
of parapsychology as did later such Soviet scientists as V.M. Bekhterev,
A.G. Ivanov-Smolensky and B.B. Kazhinsky in the twenties and thirties
(60,61). In 1922, a commission composed of psychologists, medical
hypnotists, physiologists, and physicists worked on parapsychology
problems at the Institute for Brain Research in Petrograd (Leningrad).
Work flourished throughout the thirties with research being reported
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in the literature in 1934, 1936, and 1937 (62). After 1937 further
experiments-in the field of parapsychology were forbidden. During
Stalin's time, any attempt to study paranormal phenomena might have
been interpreted as a deliberate attempt to undermine the doctrines
of materialism.
4. (S/NFD) According to Dodge (63) in 1964, the Aerospace Technology
Division of the Library of Congress reviewed the Soviet literature
in an unpublished bibliography entitled, "Soviet Parapsychology"
(ATD Report U-64-77). At that time, academic opposition to para-
psychology in the USSR had reached its zenith which led ATD observers
to the reasonable conclusion that official Soviet support or funds
for parapsychological research were unlikely and that investigation
in this area might be terminated.
5. (U) The above conclusion was.apparently misguided because
of events that occurred in 1959 and 1960. In 1959 a book entitled
Mysterious Phenomena of the Human Psyche was published in the USSR.
Its author was Professor L.L. Vasilev, head of the Department of
Physiology of Leningrad University and a corresponding member of
the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (64). A.year later,
Professor Vasilev was given state funds to establish at the
University appropriately equipped laboratories for the study of
telepathy. The published findings from this laboratory attracted
attention and began to find repercussions in the columns of the.
non-specialized periodical press (65-70). This was followed by
a publication in 1962 by Kazhinskiy (71). Following the example
of Leningrad, other citiEs, including Moscow, Kiev, Novosibirsk
and Kharkov, established similiar laboratories and research centers,
at which not only the phenomena described in world literature
were examined, but a study was made of parapsychic features
displayed by Soviet citizens. The journal Science and Religion (72)
has published many articles on Soviet parapsychology, including
a discussion of whether it was worth-while continuing research
in this field (1965). Affirmative, though extremely cautious,.
replies to this question were given by Vice President of the
Academy of Sciences, N.N. Seminov, by Academicians M.A. Leontovich,
A.L. Mints and G.M. Frank, and by. Professors A.N. Leontev and
V.F. Asmus (73). This brief survey brings the study of paranormal
phenomena up to the time when studies.of a more pertinent nature
to this report have begun.
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Although the US Navy subsequently denied the reports of telepathic
testing on atomic submarines, the Soviet hierarchy apparently
heeded Doctor Vasilev's advice and gave support, both moral
and financial, to his dynamic view that: "The discovery of the
energy underlying telepathic communication will be equivalent
to the discovery of atomic energy (62).
4. (U) Since 1962, Doctor Vasilev has headed a special laboratory
for biocommunications research at the University of Leningrad.
Major aspects of the work of this laboratory are to conduct research
and to develop machines capable of monitoring, testing and studying
telepathic communication (79).
5. (U) In 1963, Doctor Vasilev claimed to have conducted successful
long-distance telepathic experiments between Leningrad and Sevastapol,
a distance of 1200 miles, with the aid of an ultra-short-wave
(UHF) radio transmitter. As a result, Doctor Vasilev was convinced
that his experiments, and those he conducted jointly with the
Moscow-based Bekhterev Brain Institute, offered scientific proof
of telepathic communications. His next goal was to identify
the nature of brain energy tLat produces it (59).
Theorizing on the above experiments, one Soviet scientist suggested
that telepathic impulses are radiated along the lines of bits of
information in a cybernetic system. Another scientist is known
to be working on the idea of time as energy, speculating that
telepathic transmissions may be propagated through a supposed
time-energy system, rather than through the electromagnetic field.
6. (U) Soviet research into biocommunications phenomena does not
appear to be earth-bound and limited to inner space, but apparently
extends to outer space as well. The so-called Father of Soviet
Rocketry, K.E. Tsioikovsky, stated that:
"In the coming era of space flights, telepathic
abilities are necessary. While the space rocket
must bring men toward knowledge of the grand
secrets in the universe, the study of psychic
phenomena can lead us toward knowledge of the
myste ms's of the human mind. It is precisely
the s+ition of this secret which promises the
greatest achievements." (80)
There are reports that the Soviets are training their cosmonauts
in telepathy to back-up their electronic equipment while in outer
space. One of these back-up schemes is known to involve coded
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telepathic messages. This method'was previously demonstrated
in March 1967, when a coded telepathic message was flashed from
Moscow to Leningrad (81). The involvement of astronauts or cosmonauts
in telepathy experiments is not necessarily unprecedented. In
February 1971, during the Apollo 14 flight to the moon, astronaut
Edgar Mitchell made 150 separate attempts to project his thoughts
from inside the space capsule back to an individual on earth.
The results of the Apollo 14 experiments have been well-documented
in detail and are published in the Journal of Parasychology (82.).
Further documentation of Mitchell's experiments can be found in
the University of California Newsletter (83).
7. (U) There are numerous reports on Soviet applications of
clairvoyance, hynotism, dowsing, etc., in military operations.
In the case of dowsing, this is also not unprecedented, since
US forces have employed dowsing in Vietnam for.locating enemy
tunnels and caches. With respect to brain and mind control/
conditioning, a recent report indicates that the Soviet Union
has made great strides in emotional training and conditioning.
Soldiers are being taught to set their own emotional tone in
battle and stress situations. Further, astronauts are being taught
through such mental conditioning to distort time and to offset
boredom in outer space (84).
8.. (U) Man's sight and hearing are limited to a relatively
small range of wavelengths, other living beings often possess
much wider perceptive capabilities, both with regard to sharpness
cf perception and range of stimuli. For example, dogs hear higher
sound frequencies than man; bats and dolphins orient themselves
by means of an ultra-sound radar; bees perceive colors even in the
ultraviolet part of the spectrum; some snakes perceive minute
differences in temperature and orient themselves by means of
thermoreceptors. Certain living beings even react to stimuli to
which man is absolutely insensitive. Some species of fish and
homing pigeons, for instance, react to changes of the electric or
magnetic field in their surroundings (59). Tn view of these.
perceptive processes, it has been diflicult to differentiate
between those sensory processes whlcli are merely sharpened or
highly honed and those that: are extra or super-normal. Certain
military advantages would come from the application and control of
these perceptive proc:esses. For example, such application and
control could be used in the detection and identification of
animate objects or humans through brainwave interactions, mass
hypnosis or mind control through long-distance telepathy, thermal
receptors, and sensitivity to changes in magnetic/electrical/
gravitational fields.
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9.. (U) According to observations made by Doctor Montague Ullman (M.D.)
during a trip to the Soviet bloc countries in the fall of 19701,
Soviet biocommunications investigations are effectively combining
the use of modern and sophisticated technology with basic pragmatic
approaches. This was evident, he states, in their approach to
long-distance telepathy experiments where the results were analyzed
in physiological (elect roencephalographic data) as well as phycho-
logical task performance (transmission of data in Morse Code) (85).
Doctor Ullman further observed that the Soviet researchers seemed
intent on confirming the existence of a new form of energy, referred
to as bioplasma, which they maintain is characteristic of life
processes and represents matter in the form of an integrated system
of elementary charged particles. Such energy, through interaction
with other systems, is thought to provide the basis for biocommuni-
cations (86).
10. (C/NFD) The above commentary documents a clear case for
research in the Soviet Union in parapsychology. It is significant
because of the energy and resources being allotted for this work in
the Soviet Union and because of its military implications especially
in mind manipulation and controlled offensive behavior. The
more sinister aspects of paranormal research appear to be surfacing
in the Soviet Union. Why else would Soviet researchers make the
statement:
"Tell America that the psychic potential of man must
be used for good." (75)
SECTION III - THE APPORT TECHNIQUE
1. (U) The following discussion on apports and astral projection
is not intended to be an endorsement for its scientific verification
or even its existence. However, reputable scientists in the USSR
and the US are keenly interested in this phenomenon. Areas that
appear to have. potential must be discussed, even if only briefly.
2. (FOUO) According to Welk (87), a costly weakness in our
intelligence system, to a large extent, is an inability to use
effectively the resources of the science of parapsychology (there
are some definite indicators that the Soviets realize the potential
of "psi" which will be reported later in this section). Whenever
parapsychology is mentioned, most people are likely to think of
ESP. However, there are other types of parapsychological phenomena
which are just as important militarily as ESP. Welk claims,
based on many Soviet sources, that the so-called "apport"
technique is likely to meet valuable intelligence needs. When
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fully developed, this technique would make possible the abduction
of actual objects (including documents) in enemy territory and
there transfer to friendly territory. Objects so abducted are
known as "apports." They could be returned to the point of origin
without the enemy becoming aware of this temporary abduction.
3. (U) Some of the world's most eminent scientists from the
late 1800's and early 1900's have claimed to have witnessed apport
phenomena. These include Sir William Crookes (1832-1919), British
chemist and physicist, discoverer of the element thallium and former i
president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (88);
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), British naturalist and co-
discoverer, with Charles Darwin, of the theory of evolution (89);
Johann K.F. Zoellner (1834-1882), professor of physical astronomy
at the University of Leipzig, Germany (90).
4. (U)' In the discussion of such an esoteric subject as apports,
it is deemed sufficient to relate only one experience claimed to
have occurred to Sir William Crookes. The interested reader can
consult the non-cited bibliography for further references. The
following account is taken from pp. 87 and 88 of reference 88:
"Class IX. The Appearance of Hands, either Self
luminous or Visible by Ordinary Light."
......"I (William Crookes) will here give no instances in which
the phenomenon has occurred in darkness, but will simply select
a few of the numerous instances in which I have seen the hands
in the light.
.................I have more than once seen, first an object move,
then a luminous cloud appear to form about it, and lastly, the
cloud condense into shape and become a perfectly formed hand.... It
is not always a mere form, but sometimes appears perfectly life-like
and graceful, the fingers moving and the flesh apparently as human as
that of any in the room. At the wrist, or arm, it becomes hazy,
and fades off into a luminous cloud. To the touch, the hand sometimes
appears icy cold and dead, at other times warm and life-like,
grasping my own with the firm pressure of an old friend. I have
retained one of these hands in my own, firmly resolved not to. let
it escape. There was no struggle or effort made to get loose,
but it gradually seemed to resolve itself into vapor and faded
in that manner from my grasp."
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5. (U) It is a known fact that the Soviet Union takes the appearance
of luminous bodies very seriously as evidenced by the Kirlian
photography of the human body's aura (91). It appears that the
Soviets may be considering that a hand which appears out of nowhere
and can grasp, "with the firm pressure of an old friend," another
person may have first-rate military possibilities. There has
been some discussion recently about the prospects of being able to
control the apport technique to a point of sophistication where
individuals could control these "luminous clouds." The individuals
who have studied these. effects (real or otherwise) have suggested
that since these bodies can travel unlimited distances and are
able to pass through solid material (walls), they might well be
used to produce instant death in military and civilian officials.
It is further conjectured that these bodies could disable military
equipment or communication nets.
6. (U) If one reads the cases and experiments mentioned here,
as well as references two through nine under PART II of the non-cited
bibliography, he can make certain deductions.. If any of this
highly questionable material is true then it can be inferred that
organic matter can be transformed into "ectoplasm," that this can
be rendered invisible and impalpable and thus converted into
something which, for all practical purposes, amounts to force.
If organic matter can be converted into such "force-matter," it
seems reasonable to assume that a physical object, if similarly
converted, could travel through space.
7. (U) Two things are certain: (1) that parapsychological
phenomena are due to the little-known faculties of the subconscious
mind; and (2) that the powers of the subconscious mind are vastly
superior to those of the normal consciousness. The fantastic
memory of the subconscious mind (sometimes referred to as
"photographic memory") is a well-established fact. So is its
extraordinary mathematical ability, which has baffled trained
mathematicians no end. It seems probable that some of these
little-understood faculties of the subconscious mind have some-
thing to do with its ability to put together again an object
which it had previously disintegrated, and to manipulate the
forces involved in this process. The only way one can learn
more about these little-understood processes is through intensive
study and experimentation. The stakes seem high enough.
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8. (U) While the process by which matter is converted into
"force-matter" (and vice versa) may not be understood, neverthe-
less, one is faced with the possibility that the human mind can
disintegrate and reintegrate organic matter - a feat which seems
far more complex than the disintegration and reintegration of,
say, a stone,"a piece of wood, paper, etc. Experiments show
that a human body which has lost about half its weight can be
reintegrated without loss of normal functions. Since this is
possible, it does not seem safe to exclude - without further
investigation - the possibility that inorganic matter might undergo
a similar disintegration and reintegration. After all, apport
phenomena in which physical objects have passed through solid
walls have been observed and attested to by some of the world's
most eminent scientists as well as by a host of other responsi-
ble witnesses. In view of what the human mind has demonstrated
it can do with organic matter, and in view of the very real Soviet
threat in this sector, the science of parapsychology should be
investigated to its fullest potential, perhaps to the benefit
of national defense.
9. (U) According to Pullman (92), Director of the Southeast
Hypnosis Research Center in Dallas, Texas, before the end of the
1970s, Soviet diplomats will be able to sit in their foreign
embassies and use ESP (in this case a form of the apport technique)
to steal the secrets of their enemies. (See also reference 91,
p. 216) Pullman states that a spy would be hypnotized, then
his invisible "spirit" would be ordered to leave his body, travel
across barriers of space and time to a foreign government's
security facility, and there read top-secret documents and relay
back their information. Such "astral projection" already has
been accomplished in laboratory settings, Pullman said, adding
that the Russians are probably now trying to perfect it. Pullman
further states that the Soviets are at least 25 years ahead of
the US in psychic research. According to Pullman, the Soviets
have realized the immense military advantage of the psychic ability
known as astral projection (out-of-the-body travel).. In this
reference, details are given for some of Pullman's work in the
US with astral projection. Other scientists and mediums interested
in this work are professor H.A. Cahn of Northern Arizona University (92),
Doctor Charles Tart of the University of Southern California (91,92),
and Doctor V. Inyushin of Alma-ata (91). Sybil Leek, noted astrologer
and author, states, "there is great danger that within the next ten
years the Soviets will be able to steal our top secrets by using
out-of-the-body spies." Further reading, although much older,
can be found in a book by Muldoon and Carrington (93). Suggested
background reading on astral projection can be found in an excellent
article by J. Fraser Nicol in P chic (94).
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SECTION IV - ESP AND PSYCHOKINESIS
1. (U) The reader by this time has realized that it is very
difficult to speak of one area of psychic phenomenon without
overlapping into other areas. There really can be no distinct
separation, for example, between apports and certain aspects
of telepathy; hypnosis also enters into this area. In an attempt
to illustrate the various subjects in parapsychology, however,
artificial sections were established. This is the reason for
a separate part in apports and ESP. Some aspects of hypnosis,
depending on its ultimate use, falls within parapsychology, some
areas into medicine; therefore, hypnosis is presented as a separate
section outside of this parapsychology discussion.
2. (U) Soviet research in ESP was started in the 1920's at
Leningrad University by V.M. Bekhterev. In his early work,
Bekhterev collaborated with V.L. Durov to investigate the effects
of mental suggestion on a group of performing dogs (62). It was
believed that telepathic communication depended on electromagnetic
radiation. Doctor L.L. Vasilev (95-97), shown in Illustration I
One, at the Bekhterev Brain Institute set out to identify these
electromagnetic waves that carry telepathy. By 1937, Vasilev
had amassed evidence that known electromagnetic waves do not
carry telepathy. Tests were conducted in electrically shielded
chambers and over extreme distances denying the passage of electro-
magnetic fields (98). Some of the long range telepathy experiments
have been published (63,99,100) explaining the various techniques
employed including classical tests with Zener cards and more
unique tests with strobe lights and codes.
i
Illustration One - Professor L.L. Vasilev, pioneer Soviet para-
psychologist considered the father of Soviet
psychical research.
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3. (U) Professor L. Vasilev died in late 1965 or early 1966
and the task of continuing telepathy research was taken by Doctor
I. Kogan. Doctor Kogan is chairman of the Bio-Information Section
of the Popov Radio and Technical Institute in Moscow. This individ.-.
ual is still trying to wed telepathy to the electromagnetic spectrum
(101,102). Discussion as to the existence of telepathy has been
bandied about the Soviet Union (103) and elsewhere (104) for some time.
For the sake of research the Soviet Union accepts the validity
of ESP even though the argument as to the mode of transmission
continues. Professor E.K. Naumov (105), Chairman of the Division
of Technical Parapsychology at the AS. Popov Institute mentioned
above, conducted long range telepathy tests from Moscow to
several other cities. Illustration Two is a photograph of Naumov %
with associates.
Illustration Two - Sender Y. Kamenshi (left), Soviet physicist, and
receiver K. Nikolaev, Soviet actor, with para-
psychologist Edward K. Naumov (far right).
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4. (U) In 1967, the Soviet Maritime News reported, "Cosmonauts,
when in orbit, seem to be able to communicate telepathically more
easily with each other than with people on earth. A psi (short
for psychic faculty) training system has been incorporated in
the cosmonaut training program," but the News provided no further
details. Some informal reports relayed to Ostrander and Schroeder (106)
indicate that the Soviets are working on psi systems for space
use,.involving not just telepathy, but also precognition.
5. (S/NFD) Kogan's systematic parapsychology research (102)
could also be of potential value to the overall Soviet cybernetic
research and development program. Efforts being made to optimize
sensory inputs in the interest of controlling the quality of. human
motor activity are well known, as is the ultimate Soviet goal of
achieving a perfect cybernetic man. It is of interest that both
conventional psychology and parapsychology programs are headquartered
in Moscow, although as depicted in the personnel and institute section
the trend is decentralization, is probably no coincidence and supports
the view that the latter program should not be taken lightly (63).
6. (U) As mentioned above, the Soviets seem preoccupied with
the search for the energy that carries or facilitates telepathy
transmission. Is it electromagnetic or not? The search for this
unknown energy has led the Soviets to Kirlian photography; named
after its inventors Semyon and Valentina Kirlian. The Kirlians
developed a technique of photographing with a high frequency
electrical field involving a specially constructed high frequency
spark generator, tuned up and down between 75,000 to 200,000
electrical oscillations per second. Their first photographs
showed turquoise and reddish-yellow patterns of flakes coming
out of specific channels within leaves. A magnified picture
of a finger showed craters of light and flares (Illustration Three).
By the 1960s research on bioluminescence revealed by Kirlian photog-
raphy was going on in many Soviet universities. Perfected techniques
of photographing the play of high-frequency currents on humans,
plants and animals, as well as on inaminate matter have set the
Soviets on some striking discoveries about the energetical nature
of man. "Bio-plasma" is a tern coined by the Soviets for bio-
luminescent phenomenon or energy. Scientists at the Kazakh State
University at Alma-ata have found that illnesses tend to show up
in advance as a disordered play of flares from the "bio-plasma"
long before they manifest in the physical body. According to
Ostrander and Schroeder, the Soviets may be attempting to link
Kirlian photography with computers, among other things, to
instantly analyze the sTectra of colors appearing in the vari-colored
flares from the living body.
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7. (C) It is.believed that if there is any positive basis for
'Kirlian photography and the "bio-Plasma" body of humans, the
Soviets may be closer than is thought on the controlled use of
the apport techniques and possible astral projection phenomenon.
8. (U) Doctor A. Podshibyakin, an electrophysiologist at the
Institute of Clinical Physiology in Kiev, has found that by charting
acupuncture points a correlation exists between the "bio-plasma"
and changes on the surface of the sun. At the exact moment solar
flares (sun spots) occur, there are changes in the electrical
potential of the skin's acupuncture points. These electrical
charges are measured by a tobiscope (probably a simple wheatstone
bridge device). In some way, the "bio-plasma" of the body is
sensitive to these solar explosions the instant they occur even
though it takes about two days for the cosmic particles to reach
the earth.
9. (U) The most significant use of Kirlian photography is in the
area of psychokinesis or mind over matter (PK). Doctor Genady
Sergeyev (75) of the A.A. Uktomskii Military Institute in Leningrad
believes Kirlian photography may uncover the mechanism of PK.
Sergeyev is a prominent mathematician for the Soviet military
who works closely with an electrophysiologist from the University
of Leningrad, Doctor L. Pavlova. Sergeyev has devised important
mathematical and statistical methods for analyzing the EEG (107)
which allowed parapsychologists to follow and depict the actions
of telepathy in the brain (108). The type of work reported by
Sergeyev in 1967 and 1968 is just now beginning to appear in the
US efforts to understand the transmission of telepathy (109,110).
Sergeyev has conducted several years of intensive lab research
on the outstanding PK psychic in Leningrad, Nina Kulagina
(pseudonym Nelya Mikhailova). Illustration Four is a photograph of
Doctor G. Sergeyev and Illustration Five is a photograph of
Mrs. Kulagina. Sergeyev registered heightened biological lumi-
nescence radiating from Kulagina's eyes during the apparent movement
of objects by PK. Sergeyev postulates that the "bio-plasma" of
the human body must interact with the, environment to produce PK.
Sergeyev emphasizes when target objects are placed in a vacuum,
Kulagina is unable to move then. Barcus (111) in the United
States reports some unusual occurrences during psychic photography
especially of the eyes. Reportedly, Kulagina has caused the
movement of a wide range of non-magnetic objects: (under strict
scientific control) large crystal bowls, clock pendulures, bread,
35
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matches; etc. In one test, a raw egg was placed in a salt solution
inside a sealed aquarium six feet away from her. Researchers
report she was able to:use PK to separate the yoke from the white
of the egg. Observations by Western scientists of Mrs. Kulagina's
PK ability has been reported with verification of her authentic
ability (112;113). These same Western scientists have reported
that as of February 1971, they have not been able to visit or
observe Mrs. Kulagina. A veil of secrecy has been placed on
Sergeyev and Mrs. Kulagina for unknown reasons.
10. (U) Rather than simply observing PK, the Soviets typically
turned to instrumentation. Mrs. Kulagina was subjected to a
number of physiological electronic measuring devices and tested
for important body functions during her PK demonstrations. The
Soviets found that at the moment an object begins to move, all
of Mrs. Kulagina's body processes speed up drastically - heart,
breathing, brain activity - and the electromagnetic fields around
her body all begin to pulse in rhythm. Soviet researchers
postulate that it was these rhythmic "vibrations" that cause
objects to be attracted or repelled to her. Illustration Six
shows a photographic sequence of Kulagina's PK ability.
11. (C/NFD) Scientists report (113) that Kulagina has been able
to stop the beating of a frog's heart in solution and to re-activate
it! This is perhaps the most significant PK test done and its
military implications in controlled offensive behavior, if true,
are extremely important.
12. (U) Space does not permit a discussion on other important
parapsychological phenomena such as eyeless sight (75,114-129),
which appeared to be more of a fad than anything else. However
since the mid 1960s, the "eyeless sight" fad has subsided and
serious research has proceeded quietly at the State Pedagogical
Institute in Sverdlovsk, off bounds to foreigners (75). Space
in this report does not permit a discussion of psychotronic genera-
tors, devices which are reported to be able to store human bio-plasmic
forces for later use (75). For further reading on ESP, see the
non-cited bibliography; Section V, numbers 12-30.
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Illustration Four - Photograph
of G.A. Sergeyev, prominent
scientist at A.A. Uktomskii
Military Institute, Leningrad
with an assistant.
Illustration Five - Nina Kulagina,
who reportedly moves objects by
sheer will (PK) .
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Illustration Six - This series of photos shows Nina Kulagina moving
a metallic cigar tube by PK. Scale in background
is in centimeters.
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1. (U) The following discussion is based on a report by
SECTION V SUMMARY AND MILITARY IMPLICATIONS
Ostrander and Schroeder (75). The authors ask the question,
"Is ESP a weapon of war?" All research on ESP in the USSR is
funded by the government. The authors claim that their sources
indicate that psi research with military potential is well-financed
by the Soviet Army, KGB, and other paramilitary agencies. Soviet
scientists doing psi research in nonmilitary areas often have
trouble obtaining funds. Doctor Milan Ryz). (131) reports that secret
psi research associated with state security and defense is going
on in the USSR. Communist state authorities, the military and
the KGB display an unusual, disproportionate interest in para-
psychology. The Soviets are attempting to apply ESP to both
police and military use (See appendix VI for biographic data
on Ryzl). According to Ryzl, some years ago a project was begun
in the USSR to apply telepathy to indoctrinate and re-educate
antisocial elements. It was hoped that suggestion at a distance
could induce individuals, without their being aware of it, to adopt
the officially desired political and social attitudes. Research
in this field of endeavor will hopefully become clearer in the section
on hypnosis later in this report. Reports of psi research in Soviet
submarines help confirm military involvement in parapsychology.
According to Stone (74), there is clandestine psi research going on at
the Pavlov Institute of Higher Nervous Activity in Moscow, the
Durov Institute, and certain areas in Sibera. Obviously, telepathy
and clairvoyance would make ideal additions to a spy arsenal and
such undercover groups are constantly said to be supporting ESP
research in the USSR. "One conclusion seems justified," says
Doctor Ryzl (130). "Parapsychology in Cormiunist countries and
especially the USSR occupies a strong position. We can expect
it to be developed with determination." According to Ostrander
and Schroeder, the USSR is ahead of the US in certain areas of
technical psi research. The authors report that the USSR is
ahead of the US in discoveries about the physical essence of the
human being and how psi functions in and through us. They are
ahead of the US in uncovering the basic energy behind psi. They
are ahead of the US in attempts to control factors like the influence
of magnetic weather on psi tests. They appear to be ahead of the
US in seeking out and creating conditions that unlock the psi
potential present in every hutnan being.
2. (U) In summary, what is the strategic threat posed by the
current "explosion" in Soviet parapsychological research? Soviet
efforts in the field of psi research, sooner or later, might
enable them to do some of the following:
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of our troops and ships and the location and nature of our military
installations.
a Know the contents of top secret US documents, the movements
b. Mold the thoughts of key US military and civilian leaders,
at a distance.
c. Cause the instant death of any US official, at a distance.
d. Disable, at a distance, US military equipment of all types
including space craft.
3. (U) It is generally conceded that. the above four areas
sound like science fiction, however, the literature appears to
support (b) as being the most possible use of psi phenomena
during the time frame of this study. Again from Ostrander and
Schroeder who" cite Oliver Caldwell, an expert on Soviet affairs
and past-acting commissioner for International Education in HEW,
as follows:
"I am amazed at the skepticism and sometimes hostility
which I encounter when I try to tell Americans about
some of the experimentation which is taking place in
the USSR in parapsychology and related fields. I find
this strange because there is available documentation
in translation which substantiates most of the things
I saw in the USSR. I am really disturbed, because if
the United States does not make a serious effort to
move forward on this new frontier, in another ten
years it may be too late."
4. (U) In closing this section on parapsychology a quote from
astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell, Jr. is appropriate (131).
"Extrasensory perception is not a matter of belief.
There is a great deal of serious scientific work
being done in it, and it has been established over
the last thirty years that it is a matter of proba-
bility, and the probabilities have been established
beyond chance. I think it is an important work. I
happen to be curious about it, and thus have been pur-
suing it for many years. This happened to be an
opportunity (Apollo 14 lunar mission) to do another
little step - a piece in the scientific puzzle of
what man's all about."
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.MENTAL SUGGESTION AND CONTROLLED BEHAVIOR
SECTION I - HYPNOSIS
PART A The Use of Hypnosis in Medicine - USSR
1. (U) In the latter half of the nineteenth century, many French
and German researchers began to use hypnosis as a therapeutic aid
and to study the way in which it worked. In the Soviet Union,
pioneer work in hypnosis was undertaken by V. Danilyevski, A. Tokarski,
and V. Bekhterev (see Part II, Section IV).
2. (U) V. Danilyevski discovered that the major characteristics
shown by man in a state of hypnosis, such as lower sensitivity,
"wax-like" flexibility of muscles and joints, and suppressed
movements, were also typical of animals in a similar state. This
led him to assert that hypnosis in man was identical in nature
to hypnosis in animals. A. Tokarski proved that hypnosis and
suggestion, like other psychical phenomena were determined entirely
by the influence of the environment on man. He wholeheartedly
supported the view that hypnosis was an effective treatment for
a wide variety of disorders. V. Bekhterev applied hypnosis widely
for treatment. He maintained that verbal suggestion played a
big role in developing a state of hypnotic sleep; physical stimuli
merely facilitated the achievement of this state. I. Pavlov advanced
a scientifically based theory of the nature of hypnosis and its
potential use as a method of treatment. In 1935 he described
hypnosis as "the standard method in the physiological struggl'
against the pathogenic agent." Pavlov's school gave experimental
support to the view that hypnosis was a specific variety of sleep,
long before that view had been arrived at empirically. This
view had already been advanced in the last century by most doctors
and scientists who were concerned with the theory of hypnosis
and its application to therapeutic practice. On the basis of
experiments on animals and later on humans, the phasic suppression
theory developed into a firm physiological foundation for under-
standing hypnosis and suggestion and the way in which they work.
The theory held that hypnotic sleep is a transitional stage between
wakefulness and sleep and that there is an active "watch" point
in the cerebral cortex of both hemispheres (rapport).
3. (U) The three generally recognized stages of hypnosis are
sleepiness, hypotaxia, and somnambulism or, respectively, light,
-medium and deep hypnosis. At the first stage of hypnosis, the