U.S. HEADS OFF THE HIJACKERS: HOW THE OPERATION UNFOLDED

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP88B00443R000301230003-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 51
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 11, 2009
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: October 12, 1985
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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STAT
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ARTICLEAPE
NEW YORK TIMES
ON PAGE fr I 12 October 1985
As, the President ordered the inter-
U.S. Heads Off the Hijackers: czkvhat':ifiratat:saillial=stirn
unusually high quality of intelligence
How the Operation Unfolded
By FRANCIS X. CLINES
nodal co Ms Now York Time
WASHINGTON, Oct. 11 ? Shortly
after woo Thursday, Eastera daylight pings directed at United Statescitizens
time, President Reagan conferred in a in
private office at a cake factory near " vr?did this all by
our
unnal"..'"
CNC**, and, after weighing die risks, Mr. ajn and rather Prendir. His
decided to try to intercept an Egyptian advimerVconcinTed, exultantly describ-
civilian jet with United States fighter ing the seizure of the terrorists as a ein-
aircraft. guiar success for American
InteUI-
Mr. Reagan was told that Weill- Pace and military Plannen4 and as
race experts expected that the plane tribute to the President's quiet deci-
would soon be fly' siveness.ng from Cairo with
the four hijackers of the Italian cruise At tbe President's skis in Minnie
ship Achille Laura, and the President monitoring the word from adr? was
decided to try and force them away his national security adviser. Robert C.
from a safe haven and into a court of McFarlane' a saft4Pakan madiat vet-
justice. His order was racing through eran who said today that Mr- Reagan
Pentagon channels by 1:30 P.M. had expressed "very prudent regard"
The bold plan for an airborne opera- for the risks and had several times
tion to sews some initiative from inter- asked "what If' questions as he went
national terrorists was conceived and over nnal details of the plan during a
presented to the President early Thurs. break on his tour
of the Sara Lee Kite&
day morning, according to White ens cake fantorY In Deerfield, 111.
House officiali. "It never reached the point where
the risks exceeded the potential gains,"
No Hint of the Operadon Mr. McFarlane said.
After he gave initial approval ,by
midday in Illinois, F-14 fighter planes
were scrambled from the American
aircraft carrier Saratoga and were
flying in place over the Mediterranean
at 2:13 P.M. Eastern time ? it was al-
ready evening in Europe ? to await his
final order.
At 4:37 P.M., as he returned to Wash-
ington on Air Force One after his visit
to the Chicago area, the President re-
ceived confirmation that the Egyptian
plane had taken off 22 minutes earlier,
and he issued his final instruction to
have the armed fighters carry out the
Interception plan.
Mr. Reagan gave no hint of the risky
operation as he traveled from Wash.
ington to Chicago on Thursday morning
for a speech on tax reform. He told
jokes to Representatives Henry J.
Hyde and Lynn Martin, Republicans of
Illinois, as they flew west aboard Air
Force One.
But the attractiveness of the plan al-
ready was clear to him, according to
aides, and he summarized that today In
explaining his decision to proceed de-
spite the attendant risks.
"Here was a clear-cut case where we
could lay our hands on the terrorists,"
he said, after five years of frustration
over a series of bombinp and kidnap-
Memory of Failed Medal
But as the time approached for the
President's final order, various offi-
cials knew of the operation and could
appreoia. te the risks, recalling the
failed attempt by President Jimmy
Carter to use military force to rescue
the hostages in Iran in 1960.
"Thosefoar people will be brought to
justice," a cryptic but unusually confi-
dent Senator Dave Durenberger', Re.
publican of Minnesota, told reporters
Thursday at 4 P.M., shortly after he
was briefed about the plan.
"Qr whoever is still living at the time
they can be brought to justice," Mr.
Durenberger, chairman of the Senate
Select Committee on Intelligence,
radde since the plan was still
fraY d, from certain success.
When the cruise ship hijacking began
on Monday, the Administration put into
effect standing plans to have a military
assault force prepare for a possible
boarding action. But Weftmthy was
the earliest opportunity for the night-
time raid ? too late to capture the ter-
rorists, who had by then surrendered to
Egyptian authorities and been prom-
ised safe passage from Cairo.
While the boarding raid was a known
option of the Administration's anti-
terrorist contingency plans, the idea of
Intercepting the Egyptian airliner was
not. Even as he was ordering the inter-
ception plan, the President was telling
a Chicago crowd of his "gorge" of frus-
tration at the incident, in iblch an in-
valid passenger from New York report-
edly was shot in the head by the terror-
ists and thrown overboard.
. -
GI& e
. not e a . te, a.
Administration officials hinted there
might have been sources who had the
Egyptian plane, a Boeing 737, under
visual surveillance as the takeoff was
awaited.
In contrast to the joke-telling session
on the trip to Chicago, Mr. Reagan did
not visit his guests on the return trip
aboard Air Force One, after he had
issued his initial order and details were
being received about the scrambling of
the F-14's. "He was quieter, less ebul-
lient," a Presidential aide recalled
the flight back to Washington.
The aircraft that took oft from the
Saratoga included four F-14 fighters
that had rehearsed their close-winged
approach to the civilian jetliner, as
well as three additional F-14's, an E-2C
radar intelligence plane, and tanker
planes to refuel the force during its
hours of action. It we, being closely
tracked by a team of Administration
officials working in the Situation Room
In the White House basement under the
direction of Mr. McFariane'S deputy,
Vice Mm. John M. Poindexter.
The Saratoga had been cruising at
night near the Peloponnesus when the
President's initial order arrived
had to come about into the wind for
aircraft launch. In formation above
Mediterranean, the planes were or-
dered to operate "in total darkness, in
total silence," according to Navy Sec-
retary John F. Lehman Jr.
After waiting more than three hours,
the planes, aided by extensive radar
formation, spotted the Egyptian 737
visually at 5:30 P.M. Eastern time at
34.25 degrees north latitude and 25
grass east longitude. This was 80 miles
south of Crete.
They trailed it without
themselves, and the jetliner gave no
dication that it was aware of the sur-
veillance, according to Pentagon offi-
cials.
Order to Intercept Is Given
The F-14 force monitored radio
transmissions as the jetliner sought
and was denied permission to land at
Tunis, then Athens. Finally, the order
was passed to the fighters to turn on
their running lights and confront the
jetliner by radio and shepherd it to the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
base at Sigonella in Sicily.
One crucial question that Adminis-
tration officials would not answer
definitively today was whether
planes had been prepared to fire on the
jetliner if the order were resisted.
"That's for them to go to bed ev
night wondering," Mr. Reagan said
day, speaking of the incident as a les-
son for any potential future terrorists.
The jetliner and its escort landed at,
the Sicllx base at 6:45 P.M. Eastern-1
time. It fres instantly surrounded by
troops from the base, which is near the
city of Catania.
CantMed
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A period of confusion followed involv-
ing American and Italian officials, ac-
cording to Administration officials.
Heavy air cover could be seen, with
planes circling the field, according to
one officer on duty at the time, and
from time to time the jetliner was
towed from one point to another, as if to
protect against potentially unfriendly
interlopers.
Shortly after 11 P.M. Thursday in
Washington, the White House con-
firmed the mission and said it had
achieved the President's goal: to see
the terrorists brought to custody in or-
der to face charges for the hijacking of
the cruise ship.
Larry Speakes, the President's
spokesman, summarized the mission
and Mr. Reagan's role in it. "He ap-
proved the escalation of it as events
warranted," Mr. Spes kes said. "It was
Just the right apphLation of U.S.
force."
?meg mi=1;=;milmen
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NEW YORK TIMES
11 October 1985
ARTICLE APPEARED - ?
ON PAGE I -70c
OFFICIALS SAY C.I.A.
DID NOT TELL F.B.I.
? OF SPY CASE MOVES
The following-chiell is based on re
porting by Stephen Engelberg and Joel
Brinkley and was written by Mr. Brink-
ley.
SWAIN to The New Yak Thom
WASHINGTON, Oct. 10 ? The Cen-
tralintelligpoce Agency failed to notify
the Federal Bureau of Investigation
after it learned more than a year ago
that Edward L. Howard was considee.
ing becoming a Soviet spy, Govern-
ment officials said today. .
According to court records, Mr. How-
? *rd told two agency employees in Sep-
tember 1984 that he was thinking of dis-
dosing classified information to the
Soviet Union.
Soviet. Defector Was the Key
? The bureau has sole respcosibility
for domestic espionage hrveatigations
and, under Federal law, the intelli-
gence agency and all other Govern-
ment agencies are supposed to report
suspected espionage to the F.B.I. It is
illegal for the C.I.A. or any other Fed-
eral agency to carry out surveillance or
othec actions within the United States
to stop potential vim.
Mr. Howard, 33 years old, a former
Intelligence agency officer who is now
a fugitive, has been charged with espio-
? nage, accused of giving Soviet officials
details of American intelligence opera-
tions in Moscow. Federal officials have
called the disclosures serious and dam. -
aging. .
'Bad Mistake,' Senator Says
Federal officials said the C.I.A. told
the F.B.I. nothing about Mr. Howard
until after the bureau began an investi-
gation this fall based on information
from a Soviet defector, Windy Yur-
chenko, who had been a senior official
of the K.G.B., the Soviet in
agency,
The bureau began surveillance of
Mr. Howard last month, but be slipped
out of his home at night and is believed
to have fled the country.
Senator Patrick J. Leahy, the Ver- I
mont Democrat who is vice chairman
of the Select Committee on Intelli-
gence, said today: "If the C.I.A. did not
give the F.B.I. adequate information
about this person, that's a bad mistake.
It shows very, very serious problems
within the C.I.A."
In tile last few weeks the C.I.A.
transferred the thief of its office of so
curity, William Kotapish, to a new job
ata level of equivalent seniority, but an
official said the move had been planned
"for some time" and was not related to
the Howard case.
Mr. Howard worked for the agency ,
from 1981 to 1963. Hewes told of dust,
fled American intelligence operations
In Moscow because the agency was
planning to assign him there, officials
have said.
According to a criminal complaint on
file in Federal District Court in, Albu-
querque, N.M., Mr. Howard 'told two
current employees of the intelligence
agency a year ago last month that be
had "spent hours in the vicinity of the
Soviet Embassy trying to decide
whether to enter the embassy and dis-
close classified information.".
An F.B.I. affidavit says the conver-
sation was held Sept. 24, 1964. Four
' days before that. the Government cow
tends, Mr. Howard gave his .infornia-
don to Soviet officials in St. Anton, Aus-
tria.
CLIKI-Lriajesmal
said t a atrhat
con-
versation "action was taken" within
the agency "and it seemed to be rea-
sonar!** action at the time." He would
not say what the action was, although
an official said the m*.y kept in con-
tact with Mr. Howard after his conver-
sation with the two C.I.A. operatives.
Mr. Howard lived in New Mexico at the
time.
; 'A Few Blatant Cases'
The Senate and House intelligence
committees are investigating the han-
dling of the Howard case. A key issue in
the study, committee members said,
, will be how the C.I.A. and other agen-
cies deal with employees who leave
Government service with detailed,
classified knowledge about sensitive
Another: element of the investiga-
tions will be several recent espionage
cases in which Government officials
. failed to heed warning signs that a cur-
rent or former employee was planning
to spy or was spying, committee mem-
bers said.
"We've had a few blatant cases
where we just didn't follow through,
even with alarm bells going off," said
Representative Dave McCurdy, Demo-
crat of Oklahoma, chairman of the
House committee's Subcommittee on
Oversight and Evaluaton.
In the Howard case, a senior F.B.I.
official said We. Howard's conversa-
tion with the two C.I.A. officers would
have been sufficient to warrant an in-
vestigation.
"Anytime we get information that
someone has considered such an act,
we would take some action," said Phil-
lip A. Parker, deputy assistant director
of the bureau's intelligence division.
I An intelligence official said the
I C.I.A.'s decision to handle the matter
Internally rather than report it to the
F.B.I. was "a judgment call," adding,
"If you reported every fantasy that
people have, you'd have everyone
under surveillance."
Law Bars C.I.A. Moves in U.S.
The C.I.A would not say whether it
undertook any form of inquiry after
Mr. Howard told the tWo C.I.A. em-
ployees he had considered becoming a
Soviet spy. But Federal .law and a
Presidential executive order prohibit
the agency from taking any steps in-
side the United States to investigate
possible cases of espionage.
Mr. Howard was one of tens of thou-
sands of people who retire from Gov-
ernment or industry each year after
holding positions that gave them ac-
cess to classified materials. More than
4.3 Wilier people in government and
Industry associated with government
now have clearances to use classified
Information.
Asked what procedures the Central
Intelligence Agency uses to monitor
former employees who have imcrwl-
edge of classified programs, Mr. Laud-
er, the agency spokesman. said: "We
haven't got, any procedures. Once a
person leaves here, he is John Q. Citk
zen, just like you and me. We don't
keep a string on them. It's strictly an
F.B.I. ngatter. "
DIM Durenberger, the Minnesota
Republican who is chairman of the Sea,
ate Intelligence Committee, said his
panel would also examine the problem
presented by military officers who re-
tire with lmowledge of classified ma-
Most people with security clearances
work for the Pentagon. At the Defense
Department, L. Britt Snider, director
of counterintellxience and security
policy, said: "We don't have any juris-
diction of any kind over former em-
ployees, whether or not they had clear-
ance'. It's strictly the F.B.I."
At the F.B.I., Mr. Parker said, "We
are not concerned about Americans
who have had clearances. We don't
look at these people unless we detect en
Individual involved in espionage."
Ex-Intelligence Chief's Moves
Senator Leahy said: "I don't think
anyone expects the F.B.I. to maintain
surveillance on the several hundred
thousand people who leave the Govern-
ment each year with security cleat-
ances. But there are a certain number
of people in extremely sensitive posi-
tions, a handful of them, that we ought
to do more with."
Mr. Leahy said Mr. Howard "cer-
lainly would have been one of those"
because he held highly sensitive infor-
mation and was being dismissedfolloW-
ing a polygraph examination that indi-
cated drug use and petty thievery, at,-
cording, to Federal officials.
Continued
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tIN.
When Adm. Stansfield M. Turn*
was Director of Central Intelligence in
the Carter Administration, he diX-
missed, transferred or forced to retire
nearly 200 C.I.A. officers who hels:
highly sensitive positions.
In an interview this week, he se.14:1
that others in the agency had warned.
him that "we ran the risk of some 'of
them selling their information' to the
other side." He said he had disagreed
when it was suggested that some
should be given other jobs, and Pr*
ceeded with his original plans. - ?
But he said of Mr. Howard: "1 dosi't
think my rule should be totally rigid. if
this guy had just been briefed, I'd AY
let's stick him in the DOMilliCall Repub.
, lic or someplace like that for a couple
of years, until the Information isn't
. .
valuable anymore,"
Senator Leahy said: "We may new"
some sort of turkey farm for some of
these former employees. Make then
translate cables or something like that
for a couple of years."
Admiral Turner said he thought
C.I.A. officers ought to be req T.0
agree when they are hired that "fox
three years or so after they leave, they,
will be subject to the same rules of in.
I trusion as applied when they were In
I government. Make them come back fon
random polygraph examinations. Tbg
would give them one more ins to
worry about before they turn.' v :
A q.I.A. official said "it's concei, ,v4
able" that that idea would work, aid.
ing that finding solutions to the prop?
lem "is certainly something we'is
thinking about now.
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LEVEL 1 - 3 OF 41 STORIES
Proprietary to the United Press International 1985
October 11, 1985, Friday, BC cycle
SECTION: Regional News
DISTRIBUTION: Minnesota
LENGTH: 128 words
DATELINE: FAIRMONT, Minn.
KEYWORD: Durenberger
BODy:
Sen. David Durenberger, R-Minn., said today the capture of the
Palestinian sea pirates by the United States shows the Reagan administration
Policy toward terrorism is working.
Durenberger, the chairman the Senate Intelligence Committee, said the
capacity of the United States to work counter terrorism and counter intelligence
"Is much stronger than the country's political mistakes."
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WASHINGTON TIMES
9 October 1985
Probe set
by Senate
on agent
who fled
By Bill Gertz
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
The Senate Intelligence Commit-
tee yesterday launched an investiga-
tion into the case of former CIA
operative Edward Howard, a sus-
pected Soviet agent who disap-
peared two weeks ago and is
believed to have fled the United
States.
"The apparent defection of for-
mer CIA employee Edward Howard
raises serious questions about man-
agement, personnel and security
procedures at the Central Intelli-
gence Agency and the FBI," Intel-
ligence Committee chairman Dave
Durenberger, Minnesota Republi-
can, and vice chairman Patrick
Leahy, Vermont Democrat, said in a
statement.
Howard two weeks ago eluded an
FBI surveillance net around his
house outside Santa Fe, N.M. An
arrest warrant was issued by the
FBI last Wednesday charging How-
ard with passing U.S. defense
secrets to a foreign power, believed
to be the Soviet Union.
Howard reportedly met with offi-
cials of the Soviet KGB intelligence
service in Vienna last year and is
suspected of selling secret CIA
operational data to the KGB.
The staff inquiry will examine the
agency's decision to hire Howard,
his assignment and activities in the
CIA, his dismissal and his actions
from the time he left the agency in
June 1983 until his disappearance in
New Mexico Sept. 21, the statement
said.
A committee spokesman said the
probe was limited to the Howard
case and would not examine another
reported case of a former CIA
employee suspected of spying for
the Soviets.
Both Howard and the unidentified
former CIA official are believed to
have been identified as Soviet agents
by former senior KGB official Vitaly
Yuchenko, who defected in Rome
Aug. 1.
The committee leaders said the
investigation was ordered under the
authority of the Intelligence Com-
mittee's oversight function and
would not "prejudge" the case or
jeopardize the FBI investigation into
the suspected espionage activities of
the two former CIA operations offi-
cers.
Intelligence sources said How-
ard, who was convicted of
aggravated battery last year follow-
ing a shooting incident in New
Mexico, was fired by the CIA in June
1983 after it was alleged he had used
illegal drugs and stolen agency
funds.
He reportedly turned to the Sovi-
ets with details of CIA operations as
a means of taking revenge against
the CIA and is believed to have
helped the Soviets uncover a Mos-
cow agent who worked for the CIA.
An FBI affidavit said Howard left
behind a note in New Mexico that
hinted that he planned to turn over
CIA secrets to the Soviets during his
flight. Officials believe Howard may
have fled to Europe or Mexico.
Intelligence Committee
spokesman Dave Holiday said the
investigation would begin immedi-
ately and might lead to hearings.
He said the inquiry grew out of
questions about how Howard was
hired by the CIA in the first place.
Mr. Holiday also said the commit-
tee had completed a staff report on
reorganizing the U.S. intelligence
community's counterspying cap-
abilities and would hold closed hear-
ings on the subject this month.
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LEVEL 1 - 5 OF 28 STORIES
Proprietary to the United Press International 1985
October 9, 1965, Wednesday, PM cycle
SECTION: Washington News
LENGTH: 289 words
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
KEYWORD= Cia
BODY:
Intelligence committees of the Senate and House, expressing concern about
procedures at the CIA and FBI, have begun inquiries about a former agent who may
have provided secret Information to the Soviets.
The probe was launched following the disappearance of Edward Howard, who was
forced to resign from the CIA In 1983, and who recently disappeared.
Howard was Identified as a Soviet agent by Vitaly Yurchenko, a senior KGB
official who recently defected to the West, reports said. Officials say Howard
Proprietary to the United Press International, October 9, 1985
may have fled to the Soviet Union after he was questioned by the FBI last month.
A statement issued by Sens. David Durenberger, R-Minn., and Patrick
Leahy, D-Vt., chairman and vice chairman of the Senate intelligence committee,
said the apparent defection "raises serious questions about management,
personnel and security procedures" at the CIA and the FBI.
They said the committee was "Initiating an inquiry into the circumstances of
the hiring of Mr. Howard, his assignments while an employee of the CIA, his
activities while an employee, the reasons for and manner of his separation from
the agency, and, In so far as they can be determined, hls actions and those of
the appropriate agencies from the time of his separation until his
disappearance."
"We will listen to anything, anyone in or out of government has to tell us
relative to this incident," Durenberger and Leahy said.
Rep. Dave McCurdy, D-Okla., chairman of the House intelligence subcommittee
on oversight and investigation, said earlier this week his panel also was
looking into the case.
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The Associated Press, October 8, 1985
SECTION: Washington Dateline
LENGTH: 295 words
HEADLINE: Senate Panel Probes CIA Security Breach
DATELINE: WASHINGTON
gEYWORD: CIA-Defector
BODY:
The Senate Intelligence Committee today launched an inquiry into the CIA's
handling of a former employee who allegedly passed information to the Soviet
Union.
"The committee feels that the apparent defection of former CIA employee
Edward Howard raises serious questions about management, personnel and security
procedures at the Central Intelligence Agency and the federal Bureau of
Investigation," said Sens. David Durenberger, R-Minn., the chairman, and
Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., the vice chairman.
The Associated Press, October 8, 1985
According to government sources, Howard, 33, was identified by a high-level
Soviet defector as having sold sensitive information on U.S. intelligence
gathering In the Soviet Union to the KGB. Howard, who was forced to resign from
the CIA in 1983 after failing a polygraph exam, is believed to have fled the
United States while under FBI surveillance.
In a statement released by the intelligence committee, Durenberger and Leahy
said the review would focus on:
The circumstances of Howard's hiring.
His assignments while a CIA employee.
The reason and manner of his dismissal from the agency.
His actions after leaving the CIA in 1983.
"We are not prejudging any aspect of the case and intend to do nothing to
Jeopardize or prejudge either the ongoing investigation or any subsequent
adjudication that may follow," the two senators said.
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ARTICLE AMAKD
ON PAGE iq -
WASHINGTON POST
5 October 1985
Affidavit Says Ex-CIA Agent
Met High-Level KGB Officers
By Patrick E. Tyler
%Minato. Pom Staff Writer
Fugitive former CIA officer Ed-
ward Lee Howard met with senior
Soviet intelligence officers a year
ago in Austria and agreed to pro-
vide them with classified inform
.-
tion about sources and methods of
U.S. intelligence operatives, ac-
cording to an FBI affidavit based on
information from a high-level Soviet
defector.
The affidavit, unsealed yesterday
in Albuquerque, said Howard re-
ceived an undisclosed amount of
money, and it provides the first de-
tails about his alleged spying activ-
ity.
Howard, fired from his Central
Intelligence Agency post in the
clandestine service in June 1983, is
believed to have fled the country
Sept. 21, the day after FBI agents
confronted him with allegations of
spying for the Soviets.
He eluded FBI surveillance of his
home outside Sante Fe, and an ar-
rest warrant charging him with es-
pionage was issued Sept. 23.
CBS News, quoting unnamed
sources, reported last night that,
based on information given to the
Soviets by Howard,- a "high-lever
Soviet official was executed. No
time or place was mentioned in the
CBS report.
CBS said that the executed offi-
cial had provided information to
U.S. intelligence and that several
other persons providing the United
States with Soviet intelligence in-
EDWARD LEE HOWARD
... believed to have fled the country
formation have not been heard
from.
Neither the CIA nor Sen. David
F. Durenberger (R-Minn.), chair-
man of the Senate Select Commit-
tee on Intelligence, would comment
on the CBS report.
The Albuquerque affidavit said
Howard met with two current CIA
employes on Sept. 24, 1984, also in
Austria, and told them that he had
considered providing information to
the Soviets after the CIA fired him.
Howard told the CIA officials
that, in October 1983, he "spent
hours in the vicinity of the Soviet
Embassy [in Washington] trying to
decide whether to enter the embas-
sy and disclose classified informa-
tion." He told the two that he de-
cided against entering.
After meeting with the two,
Howard met clandestinely with the
high-level KGB officials and made
his espionage pact, according to the
affidavit. Last July, Howard re-
turned to Europe, met again with
Soviet intelligence officials and sold
additional information, the affidavit
said, citing as its authority a con-
fidential informant interviewed by
the FBI a week ago Thursday.
The document also said Howard
apparently alluded to espionage ac-
tivity in his resignation letter to his
boss ?at the Legislative Finance
Committee of New Mexico's state
Legislature when he wrote: "Well,
, I'm going, and maybe I'll give them
what they think I already gave
them.'
Before Howard fled his home in
Santa Fe, he left a note for his wife,
Mary, instructing her to "sell the
house, Jeep, etc. and move [in] with,
one of our parents and be happy."
He asked his wife to tell their 2-
year-old son goodbye, adding, "I
think of him and you each day until I
die.'
The FBI said its affidavit was
based largely on "a confidential
source with intimate knowledge of
Soviet intelligence matters."
A Senate intelligence panel
spokesman said it is safe to assume
that the confidential source is Vitaly
Yurchenko, whom U.S. officials
have identified as one of the most
senior officers of the Soviet Com-
mittee for State Security, common-
ly referred to as the KGB.
Yurchenko defected to the West
in early August and is undergoing
debriefing by CIA officials at an un-
disclosed location near Washington.
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NEW YORK TIMES
AR'TICLE APPEAREI
ON PAGE i, 4 October 1985
Suspect Is Believed to Have Told Soviet of U.S.
Spying in Moscow
By STEPHEN ENGELBERG
Special to The Nem York Times
WASHINGTON, Oct. 3? Edward
Howard, a former Central Intelligence
? Agency officer, is believed to have
given the Soviet Union significant Se-
cret information about the methods the
United States uses to gather intelli-
gence in Moscow, Congressional
' sources said tonight.
The sources said Mr. Howard, who is
being sought, had been trained in the
secret techniques as he was prepared
? to be sent to Moscow as an operational
? officer for the C.I.A.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation
has said Mr. Howard, who is 33 years
old, served in the C.I.A. from January
1981 to June 1983, One official said to-
day that he left the agency after failing
to pass a routine polygraph, or lie-de-
- tector, test and had not served in Mos-
cow.
The official would not characterize
the type of problem found by the poly-
graph but indicated that it apparently
was not related to espionage. Another
official said a test result suggesting es-
pionage by an employee would have
started a a wide-ranging criminal in-
vestigation.
Senator Expresses Concern
CBS News tonight quoted Senator
Dave Durenberger, chairman of the Se-
lect Committee on Intelligence, as say-
ing that the security breach caused by
Mr. Howard could be as "serious as
anything this country has seen in the
past. Mr. Durenberger said that the
I suspect might have provided details of
how .he United States got sensitive in-
formaiion from the Soviet Union.
The intelligence committee has been
briefed on the potential damage said to
have been caused by Mr. Howard. Offi-
cials say he is one of two American in-
telligence officers identified as Soviet
recruits by a Soviet defector, Vitaly,
Yurchenko, a senior member of the
K.G.B., the Soviet intelligence agency.
Government officials said today that
the second suspect had been identified
in the course of investigating the defec-
tor's statements.
National Security Role Hinted
The officials would not say what
agency of the Government had em-
ployed the second suspect. although
one intelligence source indicated it was
the National Security Agency, which
deals with this nation's most secret
codes and communications.
One intelligence source said the sec-
ond suspect had access to details about
secret United States electronic and
satellite surveillance of communica-
tions. "Let's just say 'ne was part of the
intelligence community," that source
said.
The C.I.A. refused to say whether it
had ever employed the individual in
question.
Officials have said Mr. Howard fled
the country sometime on the weekend
of Sept. 21, ehortly after his friends and
co-workers had been questioned by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Mr. Yurchenko is being questioned at
an undisclosed location in the United
States.
Only Americans Under Scrutiny
One official said Mr. Howard and the
second former intelligence employee
were the only Americans under investi-
gation as a result of information pro-
vided by Mr. Yurchenko, who defected
to the West in July while he was in
Italy.
Officials said Mr. Howard worked in
the clandestine service of the C.I.A. He
was charged on Sept. 23 with conspir-
ing to provide national defense infor-
mation to a foreign power.
Officials have said Mr. Howard
eluded the Federal authorities and fled
his home in Santa Fe, N.M. He had
been employed by the New Mexico
Legislature since 1983 as an economic
analyst.
An intelligence source said Mr. How-
ard, "a disgruntled employee," ap-
proached the Russians with an offer to
provide secret information. Various of-
ficials offered conflicting accounts on
whether Mr. Howard began working
with Soviet intelligence agents before
or after he left the C.I.A.
Denial by State Department
A Reagan Administration official
said Mr. Howard left the agency after
he was assigned to a post in Moscow.
The State Department, denying pub-
lished reports, said today that Mr.
Howard had never served in the Amer-
ican Embassy in Moscow. The Agencyl
for International Development, which,
administers foreign aid abroad, hired
him as an intern in Washington in Sep-
tember 1976. He was later assigned to
Peru as an assistant project develop-
ment officer and resigned from the
agency in March 1979.
In mid-August, the Italian press pub-
lished brief articles reporting that Mr.
Yurchenko had disappeared and that
inquiries were being made by the.
Soviet Embassy. But it was not until
Aug., 30 that the Milan newspaper Cor-
riere Della Sera reported that he was a
defector.
One former C.I.A. officer said it
would be unusual to assign an inexperi-
enced officer like Mr. Howard to Mos-
cow, one of the agency's most demand-
ing posts. But he added that that Mr.
Howard's supposed role as a member
of the State Department might have
been more convincing to the Russians
because he had not served in jobs usu-
ally associated with the Central Intelli-
gence Agency. A Congressional source
said Mr. Howard he held an "opera-
tional" job in the intelligence agency.
The former C.I.A. officer said this
would mean that Mr. Howard had been
responsible for coordinating informa-
tion-gathering clandestinely. He would
thus have access, the former officer
went on, to a limited number of names t
of agents as well as the location of other
sources of information such as elec-
tronic listening posts ? but an agent in
an operational job would not know
about the networks of agents run by
others in similar posts.
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WASHINGTON POST
4 October 1985
Ex-CIA Agent Suspected of Spying
Seemed Unexceptional to Associates
Young New Mexico Economist Lived Quietly, Conventionally
By T.R. Reid
Washiseso Past SUN Writer
SANTE FE, N.M., Oct.3?To
friends and colleagues here, Ed-
ward Lee Howard seemed a stan-
dard Santa Fe-style yuppie: a re-
pected $32,000-a-year economic
analyst with the state government
ixho commuted in a bright red Jeep
to his brown adobe house in a mid-
dle-income development south of
, tom.
Neighbors said he was a dutiful
? husband to his wife, Mary, a dental
assistant in Santa Fe, and a devoted
father to his 2-year-old son.
He enjoyed flying radio-con-
trolled model aircraft and target-
shooting at a local gun club?hardly
remarkable pastimes for a young
, professional in the Southwest.
"He did good work," said Steven
; Arias, clerk of the New Mexico
Legislature, where Howard was
employed as a natural-resources
economist with the Legislative Fi-
nance Committee.
He did good work through the
afternoon of Sept. 20, when he
briefed legislators at a budget-anal-
ysis meeting in the state capitol,
then slipped quietly away and van-
ished.
In Washington today, a Senate
staff official described Howard as a
low-level officer in the CIA's clan-
destine service who was fired by
-de agency in 1983 for undisclosed
reasons and apparently took sen-
sitive material with him, perhaps to
sell it to Soviet intelligence agents.
David Holliday of the Senate Se-
lect Committee on Intelligence also
said that, based on briefings re-
ceived by the panel, he "would not
discourage" speculation that high-
level Soviet intelligence defector
Vitaly Yurchenko had identified
Howard as a spy. ?
Yurchenko, a former Tanking
member of the KGB who defected
two months ago, is being debriefed
by the Central Intelligence Agency
at an undisclosed location near
Washington.
Holliday said he could not identify
what Howard may have taken when
he left the agency. But a warrant
used here to search Howard's home
and car indicated that federal offi-
cials were seeking coding materials,
transmitting and recording equip-
ment, and business cards carrying
microdots.
A second former CIA employe is
reportedly under surveillance as a
possible Soviet agent, apparently
also based on information from Yur-
chenko, a federal official said today
in Washington.
Two days after. Howard slipped
away, a passenger listed as "Ed-
ward Howard" took an American
Airlines flight from Albuquerque to
Dallas. The next morning, Sept. 23,
the Federal Bureau of Investigation
issued an arrest warrant for the
fugitive analyst but, by then, he was
gone.
News that this quiet, generally
mild-mannered young economist
might have been a U.S. agent work-
ing for the KGB stunned and elec-
trified his coworkers here. Equally
surprised, evidently, was Howard's
wife.
Philip Baca, Howard's boss in the
state government, said he came
into his office on the night of Sept.
22 and found a letter of resignation
from Howard. In it, Howard asked
coworkers to clean out his desk and
said he hoped "some day to be able
to explain this to you and the rest of
the staff."
Baca said he immediately called
Howard's home and reached Mary
Howard. He said she expressed as-
tonishment that her husband had
quit his job and seemed to have no
idea of his whereabouts.
Federal officials here declined to
discuss how long they had been
watching Howard and why he was
able to leave Santa Fe before an
arrest warrant was issued.
Coworkers and neighbors said
FBI agents were in Santa Fe asking
questions about Howard in the days
before he fled. They said he must
have known this by the day he left
work early and disappeared.
Federal law enforcement officials
say Howard fled Sept._ 21. He was
able to escape, a federal official in
Washington said, because the FBI
maintained a limited surveillance
until an arrest warrant was issued.
Federal agents have staked out
Howard's home and begun 'trailing
his wife on her daily commute from
home to the orthodontist's office
where she works.
Howard was born in Alamagordo,
N.M., in 1951, son of a career Air
Force sergeant. The family moved
frequently during his boyhood, and
he acquired a proficiency in Spanish
and German.
After graduating from the Uni-
versity of Texas in 1972, he spent
most of the next four years with the
Peace Corps in South America and
the United States. From 1976 to
1979, he worked in Peru for the
Agency for International Develop-
ment, according to the State De-
partment.
After earning a master's degree
in business administration from
American University, he went to
work for the CIA, where he was
employed from 1981 until spring
1983.
Seid
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In June 1983, he moved to Santa
Fe. His coworkers said they did not
know what prompted the move.
He applied for a job as an analyst
with the state Legislative Finance
Committee, a joint budget-planning
body serving both chambers of the
legislature. He told his bosses that
he had been employed by the State
Department but left State because
he and his wife did not want to ac-
cept an imminent posting to Mos-
cow.
It is fairly common for CIA co-
vert operatives to work under dip-
lomatic cover for the State Depart-
ment.
As an analyst in the Capitol build-
ing here, Howard seemed to co-
workers to be a solid, serious young
man.
The only stain on his record here
came in February 1984 when he
was arrested for brandishing a .44-
cal. pistol at three men in down-
town Santa Fe. He told police that
he had been distraught after a fam-
ily argument and had too many
drinks at a bar. In a plea bargain, he
pleaded guilty to an assault charge
and was sentenced to probation.
As part of the bargain, Howard
obtained letters of support from
several government officials here
and in Washington. All described
him as a reliable, serious individual.
"He is a dedicated, honest and
truthful individual," wrote then-
state Sen. Frank Papen, chairman
of the committee for which Howard
worked.
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ARTICLE
ON PAGEiilk
WASHINGTON POST
13 September 1985
Windfall Seen for Western
encies
Soviet Defector Might Expose KGB Identities and Operations
By Don Oberdorfer
Washington Post Stsff Writer
The defection of the chief of So-
viet KGB intelligence in Britain
could provide valuable assistance to
counterspies in the United States
and other countries by revealing
Soviet techniques and possibly
agents in many countries, according
to Sen. David r. Durenberger (K-
Minn.), chairman of the Senate Se-
lect Committee on Intelligence.
Durenberger, briefed about 10
days ago on the defection of Oleg A.
Gordievski, the KGB chief in the.
Soviet Embassy in London, called it
"a very good thing" for the West.
Deskiite a report from Denmark
indicating that Gordievski may have
been a double agent since the
1970s, Durenberger said his infor-
mation is that the defector has "no
past relationship" with western in-
telligence.
The motive for the defection, ac-
cording to the senator, was de-
scribed by U.S. officials as the at-
traction of "Western values." Gor-
dievski "got tired: he couldn't live
the facade any more," Durenberger
said.-
A variety of Western intelligence
_gencies, including those ot the
United States, may obtain valuable
information on KGB operational
methods and possibly identities of
other espionage agents from the
senior defector, according to Du-
renberger.
?77?mer Cenatral Intelligence
Agency director Stansfield Turner
'called the development "a very nice
coup for British intelligence."
He added, "It should do a great
deal to dampen spying against
Great Britain" because of the like-
lihood "it could disrupt the whole
system" there. "We can assume
they [British authorities] have the
names of traitors there. Some
might be Americans," Turner said.
Benefits for the United States
from the defection include the pos-
sibility that "it could help us under-
stand techniques" used in Soviet
espionage, especially if the latest
sophisticated methods are in use in
Britain, he said.
It is also possible, he said, that
Gordievski could provide informa-
tion on "vulnerabilities," including
personal weaknesses, of KGB
agents with whom he had worked in
other countries.
But Turner said that, due ta
"compartmentalization" of informaZ
tion practiced by Soviet and other;
intelligence agencies, it is unlikely
that Gordievski would have current
information on Soviet espionage ac-
tivities outside of his field of direct
responsibility. ?
Even "small pieces of the puzzle"
can prove to be valuable when fitted
into information already known or
suspected, Turner said.
Ray Cline, a former CIA deputy
director and former head of the
State Department Bureau of Intel-
ligence and Research, called the de-
fection "a great break" for the west
and "one of the rare breakdowns in
the elaborate Soviet system of in-
ternational espionage in democratic
countries."
"Most people don't realize how
valuable it is when we get a defec-
tion like this . . . . He can tell you
things about how the system works
that confirm other data and re-
search and analysis" which are done
without certain knowledge, Cline
said.
According to a State Department
report issued last January, at least
230 Soviet nationals were expelled
in 1981-84 for "inappropriate ac-
tivities," mostly spying, from coun-
tries around the world.
One of the largest expulsions was
of 47 Soviet diplomats, journalists
and others from France in 1983.
But the British seem to have set the
record for espionage expulsions in
1971 when 90 Soviet citizens were
expelled and 15 others prevented
from returning to Britain after de-
fection of a KGB official in London.
A State Department official said
it is unlikely that the new develop-
ments will affect "the fall agenda" of
East-West arms talks and summit
meetings.
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ARTICLE
ON PAGE
WASHINGTON POST
6 September 1985
2 Senators Briefed on Contra Links
By Charles R. Babcock
Washington Post Staff Wnter
* Leaders of the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence said yes-
terday that national security affairs
adviser Robert C. McFarlane as-
sured them that members of his
staff did not violate a congressional
ban by giving military and fund-rais-
ing advice to Nicaraguan insur-
gents.
ov. s. Dvid F. Durenberger (12-
Minn.) and Patricc I. Leahy" (D-Vt.),
sitter an hour-loni briefing by
McFarlanet told
President Reagan ha
White House staff _? y with
the so-called Boland gmegdmegt
cutting off Central Intelligence
Apncy aid to the insurgents.
Contacts between White House
officials and the insurgents, known
as contras, were limited to "what
they felt was a normal moralization
effort, if you will, to keep up the
spirits of the opposition," Durenber-
ger said.
This included "encouraging them
to take their case to a broader pub-
lic, to travel more, to make
speeches," he said.
But the senators said they will
look further into press reports that
Lt. Col. Oliver North of the Nation-
al Security Council staff also ad-
vised insurgent leaders on military
tactics and steered contributors to
them. A key fund-raiser for the con-
tras, retired Army major general
John K. Singlaub, has said he fre-
quently talked to North about his
fundraising efforts.
Leahy said he and Durenberger
told McFarlane they would consider
fund solicitation by an NSC official a
violation of the letter and spirit of
SY JAMES K.W. ATHERTON?THE WASHINGTON POST
Sens. Durenberger and Leahy tell news conference about McFarlane meeting.
the congressional ban. McFarlane
assured them North had done noth-
ing beyond directing callers to the
public offices of the contras.
"You can say that Bud McFarlane
told us the truth as he understands
it," Durenberger said. "I can't be
100 percent confident that that's all
that really went on. . . . We're con-
tinuing an inquiry."
'The senators also said they want
to know more about the future re-
lationship between the NSC and
CIA and the contras now that Con-
gress has approved $27 million in
humanitarian aid for the troops
fighting the Sandinista government
9f Nicaragua.
"We're not satisfied we know the
ground rules under which the CIA
will operate" whenever the ban
ends. Durenberger said.
"We need to know what are the
rules the CIA's going to live by. Are
they going to go out there talking to
the Singlaubs and so forth, and if so
under what circumstances?" he
added. "And what is the role of the
NSC going to be?"
Durenberger said the Senate
committee was starting out. "a little
more suspicious than maybe we
ought to be, but appropriately so
because at various places in the ad-
ministration, policy has been imple-
mented on an individual basis rather
than on some kind of institutional
basis."
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ARTICLE APPMD
ON PAGE
NEW YORK TIMES
6 September 1985
McFarlane Denies Illegal Ties to Contras
By JONATHAN .FUERBRINGER
Special to The New Vett Time
WASHINGTON, Sept. 5? President
Reagan's nationaliecurity adviser told
the leaders of the Senate intelligence
committee today that no one on the Na-
tional Security Council had violated the
law by assisting anti-Government
rebels in Nicaragua.
But the chairman and deputy chair-
man of the committee said they still
had serious concerns about the coun-
cil's involvement and were not fully
satisfied with the Administration ex-
planation. The two Senators would not
say, however, that the Administration
had violated the law.
The chairman, Senator Dave Dunn.
burger, Republican of Minnesota, said
he saw no need now for hearings on the
matter. The chairman of the House in-
telligence committee has scheduled
hearings to begin Sept. 17.
Senator Durenburger and Senator
Patrick J. Leahy. Democrat of Ver-
mont and the deputy chairman of the
Senate committee, both said Robert C.
McFarlane, the national security ad-
viser, had agreed with them that any
effort to solicit or help raise private
funds for the Nicaraguan rebels would
violate the so-called Boland amend-
ment, which prohibited such activity.
'You Can't Be Satisfied'
"So we came away from the meeting
feeling that from Bud McFarlane we're
geting what he believes to be the situa-
tion with regard to his staff," Mr.
Durenberger said. "Are we satisfied
that this sort of concludes the matter
and that no one was in any way inv-
loved in directing the effort? No, you
can't be satisfied.
"You can be satisfied with Bud
McFarlane telling you the truth as be
perceives it," he added. "But you can't
be satisfied that you know all the fac-
tors,"
Administration officials have ac-
knowledged that a ranking member of
the National Security Canaan, Lieut.
Col. Oliver L. North, helped raise pri-
vate funds for the rebels and had been
involved in some rebel activities dur-
ing the time the Boland amendment
was in effect.
An Administration official who is
familiar with Colonel North's activities
said in a recent interview that the colo-
nel had never on his own solicited
money for the rebels. But when people
asked him about helping them, as hap-
pened often, he would tell then where
they might want to go and with whom
they should talk. Another official said
Colonel North had made many
speeches and given briefings on the
rebels and would, when asked, tell peo-
ple how they could help them.
" When asked in a separate interview
about an official's giving speeches and
uttering advice on how to help the
, rebels when asked, Mr. Durenberger
; said that if this was a "pattern" it
would be a solicitation and would vio-
late the law. "I would be really both-
ered by that," he said.
But the committee chairmen said
that in the hourlong meeting with Mr.
McFarlane, the security adviser did
not give the impression that Colonel
North had followed such a pattern.
"An isolated phone call here and
there," Mr. Durenberger said, "that's
the sort of impression I got from'
McFarlane that was going. on."
Then he added, referring to ColOpel
North and his speeches, "I didn't get
the sense that he told McFarlane that's
what he was doing."
"I'm satisfied that Mr. McFarlane
told us what he had been told," Mr.
Leahy said. "I am also satisfied that if
theTlaw has been broken either in spirit
or in fact, it will come out."
The chairman of the House intelli-
ence committee Representative Lee
: ? o)o I 0,.1 I
Wednesda that Colonel North
t MTISIL471.77:711171E13.-,?? -
IP -4 I 7.17: or s travels on
Boland amendment's prohibition an
the expenditure of funds bran intelli-
gene a: ? directl OT
?trala MUM slat). tAti_o. .11 it -..%
operations" o the rebels in Nicaragua.
Since the first reports of Colonel
North's activities, the President and
senior Administration officials have
said that Colonel North neither broke
the laiv nor violated the spirit of the
law. ?
The Boland amemdment, which was
approved last fall, was effective for fis-
cal year 1985, which ends Sept. 30.
There is some doubt if it is still in effect
because Congress has approved and
the President has signed a bill for $27
I million of nonmilitary aid to the rebels.
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WASHINGTON TIMES
6 September 1985
ARTICLE APPEARED
DNM 7A
Senate panel drops NSC Contra role inqufry
By Thomas D Brandt
ME WASHINGTON TIMES
" 'Avo leaders of the Senate Intel-
ligence Committee yesterday said
trey haven't been told everything
about the National Security Coun-
cil's involvement in aiding groups
seeking to overthrow the Nicara-
guan government, but they won't
pursue the matter further.
Sen. David F. Durenberger,
R-Minn., chairman of the panel, said
he was convinced after meeting with
National SeCurity Advisor Robert C.
McFarlane at the White House that
he was "telling the truth as he sees
it."
"Are we satisfied this concludes
the matter, that no one was involved
in directing this matter? No, we can't
be satisfied," Mr. Durenberger said.
Mr. Durenberger and Sen. Patrick
S. Leahy, D-Vt., the ranking Demo-
crat on the committee, said they
were uncertain if all the facts are
known about the role of U. Col. Oli-
ver North, who is on the NSC staff,
though they plan no further action
on the issue.
A main accomplishment of the
meeting, according to Mr. Leahy,
was that they and the White House
now "all understand what the
ground rules are" on assisting pri-
vate groups.
The House and Senate intelli-
gence committees are responsible
for oversight of the CIA and other
government agencies involved in
intelligence gathering and covert
9ctisns. The allegations against Mr.
Nor?fh?were that he violated a law
prohibiting any "direct or indirect
aid" to the rebels.
Mr Durenberger said his panel
will begin a review of what
guidelines should be applied in the
future since Congress has approved
$27 million in non-lethal assistance
for the rebels and the restrictions in
the Boland Amendment will expire
Sept. 30.
Mr. Durenberger said he expects
to hear soon from CIA Director Wil-
Win Casey on what the CIA plans to
4-0 in Nicaragua after expiration or
the Boland Amtpdment, which
applies to U.S. intelligence agencies.
The United States should not sup-
ply direct tactical assistance or
intelligence to the rebels, Mr. Duren-
berger said, bet should provide aid
only to the unified political arms of
the rebel factions.
The House intelligence panel
plans to review the allegations about
Mr. North while the House Foreign
Affairs subcommittee on the West-
ern Hemisphere plans a hearing.
Yesterday's meeting with the Sen-
ate Intelligence Committee leaders
was requested by Mr McFarlane,
according to the committee, but also
came after the lobbying group Com-
mon Cause asked the panel to inves-
tigate press accounts that Mr. North
had helped private groups in the
United States raise funds for the reb-
els, and also provided them with
military advice.
An intelligence committee press
release quoted Mr. McFarlane as
saying that, "No NSC staff member
either personally assisted the resis-
tance or solicited outside assistance
on their behalf. At no time did any-
one act as a go-between or focal point
for such aid."
The next paragraph said, "Never-
theless, the senators [Durenberger
and Leahy) stated that they continue
to have concern about the potential
for the NSC to fill the gap when Con-
gress had prohibited a different
branch of government from a spe-
cific activity"
? The press accounts of Mr. North's
activities involving private groups
raising funds for the rebels, known
as "Contras" or counterrevolution-
aries, alleged that his activities may
have violated the Boland
Amendment, which bans "direct or
indirect" U.S. support.
The amendment, added to the fis-
cal 1985 authorization bill for the
Ot et'
WIRD
? -
cies take effect until Oct_i,
1984 and officially expires Sept. 30.
"You can certainly ao your best to
keep I up) the morale of our friends
? the Nicaraguan opposition ? until
we can change the position of the
Congress," Mr. Durenberger said in
explaining the administration's posi-
tion.
He added that Col. North "did not
deny responding to phone calls
(from people who) would call and
say, 'I'd like to. . . help these guys out,
and he would say, in effect, 'You know
who they are, but we can't tell you
what to do."
This summer, Congress continued
a ban on lethal military aid to the
Nicaraguan rebels but approved $27
million in nonlethal aid and egreed
to permit the CIA to share intelli-
gence information with the rebels.
Prior to the latest appropriation,
the United States provided more
than $80 million to the rebels who
are operating out of bases in Hondu-
ras and Costa Rica.
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ASSOCIATED PRESS
5 September 1985 ALE ONLY
NICARAGUA-WHITE HOUSE
BY ROBERT PARRY
WASHINGTON
President Reagan's national security adviser Thursday assured two key
senators that White House officials neither gave military advice to Nicaraguan
rebels nor solicited private aid after last year's congressional ban on "direct
or indirect" U.S. support.
Sens. Dave Durenberger, R-Minn., Senate Intelligence Committee chairman, and
Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., the panel's vice chairman, said they received that
assurance from national security adviser Robert McFarlane during a one-hour
meeting.
McFarlane was responding to published reports that Lt. Col. Oliver North, a
staff aide to Reagan's National Security Council, had helped the Nicaraguan
rebels raise money from outside sources and provided some military advice.
In a statement, the two senators quoted McFarlane as saying: "No MSC staff
member either personally assisted the (Nicaraguan) resistance or solicited
outside assistance on their behalf.
"At no time did anyone act as a go-between or focal point for such aid," they
quoted him as saying.
Durenberger and Leahy, however, said the intelligence committee would conduct
a review of the issue and voiced "concern about the potential for the NSC to
fill the gap when Congress had prohibited a different branch of government from
a specific activity."
The House Intelligence Committee and a subcommittee of the House Foreign
Affairs Committee are also conducting reviews.
The Associated Press reported last June that White House officials, including
North, advised private groups that were trying in the spring of 1984 to set up
fund-raising efforts to support the rebels fighting to oust Nicaragua's leftist
government.
Howevera. the strict ban against "direct or indirect" aid to the rebels from
the CIA or other U.S. agencies involved in intelligence did not take effect
until Oct. 1, 1984 and officially expires on Sept. 30.
Other published reports have claimed that North has been involved in some
rebel activities and assisted in some private fund raising, but administration
officials have consistently denied any violation of the congressional ban.
Durenberger and Leahy said McFarlane agreed that the congressional ban would
have applied to the NSC staff. But the NSC adviser said Reagan had specifically
directed the White House staff to comply with the prohibition, the senators
said.
"We were assured there was no intent to circumvent restrictions Congress
placed on aid to the Nicaraguan resistance," the senators said.
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Durenberger added that McFarlane had said that "neither he nor anyone else
had in any way initiated the collecting of funds, the collecting of arms or had
helped to channel any of these things in any specific direction."
But Durenberger said North did maintain contacts with Americans who wished to
assist the rebels and with the rebels themselves.
"You can certainly do your best to keep (up) the morale of our friends the
Nicaraguan opposition-until we can change the position of the Congress," the
senator said, explainig the administration's position.
Durenberger said North "did not deny responding to phone calls (from people
who) would call and say, 'I'd like to ... help these guys out, and he would say,
In effect, 'You know who they are, but we can't tell you what to do."'
This summer, Congress continued a ban on lethal military aid to the
Ilicaraguan rebels but approved $27 million in non-lethal aid and agreed to
permit the CIA to share intelligence information with the rebels.
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ARTICLE At:E_+fED
ON PAGE
WASHINGTON TIMES
? 23 August 1985
U.S. wants no dust
on Geneva talks
By Dave Doubrava
THE NMSMINGTON TIMES
The administration said yester-
day it hopes the Soviet Union's use of
chemical agents against U.S. diplo-
matic personnel won't scuttle the
November summit meeting or rou-
tine U.S.-Soviet bilateral relations.
ft denied Soviet charges that the
disclosure that the Soviets have used
potentially dangerous chemical sub-
stances to track American diplo-
mats was timed to fuel "a
propaganda war before the summit."
White House spokesman Larry
Speakes, in California with the vaca-
tioning president, said the Soviet
charges are "not true."
"Our first objective is to stop the
Soviets from using this chemical
_inst U.S. personnel. We expect it
will stop," he said.
The Soviet Union yesterday called
the disclosures "absurd allegations'
intended to sabotage upcoming high-
level U.S.-Soviet talks.
In a protest note to the State
Department, published yesterday lh
the official Soviet news agency 'Pass,
the Soviet Union denied ever using
such substances and called the accu-
sations "totally unacceptable."
The administration stuck by its
charges.
"Everything we said [Wednesday]
is perfectly true," State Department
deputy spokesman Charles E. Red-
man said. "The evidence is there.
Everything we described, hap-
pened."
The department charged it has
evidence a powder was used by the
KGB to dust doorknobs and other
objects to trace movements and con-
tacts of American diplomats and pri-
vate citizens based in Moscow.
The powder was described as a
mutagen. potentially capable of
causing cancer, although that has yet
to be proven by medical tests.
Mr. Redman said that, to his
knowledge, no other foreign govern-
ments have notified the United
States that they have found similar
substances used against their per-
sonnel.
Mr. Redman and White House
spokesman Larry Speakes have said
that because of the matter's serious-
ness, it likely would be raised by
President Reagan and Secretary of
State George P Shultz when they
meet their Soviet counterparts in
Washington and Geneva this fall.
But Mr. Redman suggested yes-
terday that because of the impor-
tance of the superpower summit
meeting and regular bilateral talks,
the chemical tracking case should
not be allowed to sour East-West
relations.
He noted that Agriculture Secre-
tary John Block, with White House
approval, will leave today for Mos-
cow for scheduled talks on grain
sales.
" We have sought to increase mutu-
ally beneficial cooperation with the
Soviets in a number of areas," he
said. "Those contacts, that ?
cooperation, is important. We sim-
ply hope the Soviets won't jeopar-
dize that cooperation."
Mr. Redman faced stiff
questioning from reporters on the
disclosure's timing. Asked whether
he was denying it was intended to
counter an expected Soviet propa-
ganda blitz before the Nov. 23 sum-
mit meeting in Geneva between
President Reagan and Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev, Mr. Redman
said, "I am, categorically"
"The timing of the whole thing
was driven by the humanitarian
health concern for our personnel in
Moscow:' he said.
In a formal protest note from the
Soviet Embassy in Washington to the
State Department, the Soviets said
they deny "the absurd inventions
that some chemical agents are used
on the staff of U.S. agencies in the
U.S.S.R."
"It is outrageous that the
American side has decided it is pos-
sible to use such a gross falsehood,
which pursues ends far removed
from the interests of improving rela-
tions," the note said.
The note denied that Soviet
authorities were using, or had ever
used, chemicals to track American
diplomats in Moscow.
Several key legislators, mean-
while. called for retaliation__ either
closing the US. Embassy in Moscow
or exbeAling Soviet diplomats and
intelligence agents from this coun-
ta
Sen. David Durenberger. R-Minn.
chairman of the Senate Intelligence
Committee, called the U.S. protest an
"insufficient expreasian of the seri-
ousness with winch the Americap
people view this direct and official
Soviet attack on our ci ? !ri.s."
lfe called for i?Jion of all
Soviet citizens " td with
."
3-1. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., said the
administration should immediately
implement legislation to reduce the
Soviet diplomatic contingent here
"even if it means the State Depart-
ment has to expel some KGB agents
who are masquerading as Russian
diplomats."
Sen. Strom Thurmond, R-S.C.,
said, "I would go so far as to say if
they are going to put chemicals on
our people over there, subject them
to cancer, that we close the embassy
entirely if necessary"
He called the action inhuman and
barbarous, and said he will raise the
issue with Mr. Gorbachev when he
and seven other senators visit Mos-
cow at the end of the month.
Malcolm Toon, a former U.S.
ambassador to the Soviet Union,
today called Mr. Thurmond's sugges-
tion to close the embassy "totally
irresponsible."
"I think no matter how badly the
Soviets misbehave and no matter
how much distaste we have for their
leadership... we've got to maintain
a relationship with Moscow," Mr.
lbon said in an interview on the NBC
"lbday" show.
Rep. Dave McCurdy, D-Okla.,
chairman of the House Intelligence
Committee's subcommittee on over-
sight, said, "This is one more exam-
ple of Soviet paranoia and
harassment of American diplomats.
It is time for the United States to
re-evaluate its attitude toward
Soviet citizens in the United States."
Conunued
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Rep. James A. Courter. R-N.J.,
asked the president yesterday to
order Mr. Shultz to stop hiring Soviet
citizens to work in U.S. diplomatic
posts in the Soviet Union.
"Protection of our personnel is
impossible to achieve ... when we
employ over 200 Soviet citizens as
service and maintenance employees
in our Moscow embassy and the Len-
ingrad consulate," Mr. Courter said
in a letter to the president.
The congressman noted that an
amendment to the State Department
authorization bill he sponsored
would have barred hiring of Soviet
citizens in such jobs. The
amendment passed the House, but
was dropped from the bill in a con-
ference committee.
"I respectfully suggest that you
direct the Secretary of State to stop
the employment of Soviets in our
diplomatic posts within one year."
Mr Courter told the president. "This
may not solve the entire problem,
but it is clearly impossible to solve it
without taking this necessary step."
The State Department had no
comment on the calls for action
against the Soviets.
2.
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A7771.; C4PPEAIE1j NEW YORK TIMES 23 August 1985
ON PAGE otik 71
U.S. Asserts Its Protest
Is Not Aimed At Talks
By STEPHEN ENGELEERG
WASHINGTON, Aug. 22 ? The
United States said today that its protest
over the &mist Union's purported use
of a possibly hanudous chemical to
deck the movements of Americans lb
Moscow was not intended to "gab?.
tap" the summit meeting scheduled in
November between Presided Reagan
aitumallkhail S. Gorbachrv.
they made the accusation on
WednonleY, United States officials
said there is a poesibility that the
chemical could came cancer. The sub-
stenos is nitripbenyipentadienal, a lit-
tle-Mown substance also referred to as
NPPD.
Roman Administration officials as-
serted today that the accusation about
the yellow powder was not deliberately
timed to coincide with the ace.
mast this week of American plans to
test an anti-satellite weapon.
The Soviet Union, according to the
Soviet pr agency Tess, handed the
State Department a protest that dis-
missed the charges se a ploy to further
undermine United States-Soviet Tele-
thons.
Pire lined to Proceed'
Charles Redman, a State Depart-
ment spokesman. said "there is abso-
lutely no United States attempt in any
way to sabotage prospects for the
Geneva meeting."
"We intend to proceed with that
meeting," be said. "We intend to ad-
dress the serious and far-nsaching
Issues that exist between us and the
Soviet Union."
The Soviet Union denied that it had
used chemical agents on the staff of
American agencies in the Soviet Union.
It said the charge had been made as
parrot a plan for "poisoning the &anom-
ie Mations between our coun-
State Department official
United States would be moa-
t? assure that use of the powder
been discontinued. The official said
t was unclear Mather the substance
d been used in Leningrad as well as
cecow. He said American diplomats
both cities had bean briefed on its
ble dangers.
? ,Spedal to The NeurYat nose
'Orehestriabir Is railed
A State Department official who re-
the accusations today said there
link between the dming of the
announomments this weet
things were proceeding along
different tracks at the same
"be said. "There's a sensitivity
t the Admitdstration is putting as
boxing gloves when that isn't the
Were not really capable of fa-
des something like this."
The media of statements. on Soviet
began Monday in a speech by
C. McFarlane, the President's
security adviser, to civic
In Santa Barbara, Calif. He
the Soviet Union's argonaut,
arms control a "masterpiece of
" and said warmer relationa
not be possible without major
In Moscow's policies.
The next day, the United States said
would proceed with the first Amer.
teat of an end-satellite weapon
an 'object in space, a move to
ch the Soviet Union objects.
- Pretest ea Powder
1??
Wednesday, the Reagan Adminis-
said it was protesting the use of
"In strongest terms." and
described the substance as one that hs
been found to cause genetic change
and that therefore might be capable $
causing cancer.
Today Mr. Redman reasserted th
charge that the Russians have bee
using the substance, saying: "The ev
dance is there. We have absolutely n
doubts in our minds that what we hay
described as happening has been hat
pining."
But he said that "mutually benefi
cial" cooperation between the United
States and Soviet Union was continuing
and noted that John Block, the Agricul-
ture Secretary, will leave Friday for a
one-week trip to the Soviet Union. A
spokesman for Mr. Block said the trip
will involve talks about grain sales.
Malcolm Toon, the American Am-
bassador to the Soviet Union from 1976
to 1979, said today that during his ten-
ure he had not been told of the use of the
powder.
Senator David Durenberger, a
Minnesota Republican who is chair-
man of the Senate Intethgence Com-
mittee, said Wednesday that the United
States has !mown of the powder since
leni but bed only recently learned of
the possible health hazards from It.
Mr. Toon said that American offi-
cials had promised while he was Am-
baseador that, he would be notified if
there were any change in the "environ-
ment" surroundinn the embassy. ,
During his tenure, he said, the Soviet
Union bathed the American Embassy
in microwaves in an apparent attempt
to eavesdrop on carnirsations.
"I felt strongly that as Ambessador,
I had to know everything that was
going on," he said. "If this was going
on and they didn't tell me, then I'm
pretty mad about it."
A former official of the Central Intel-
ligence Agency, George Carver, said
that the Russians' use of the powder
could have helped them track meetings
of Americans with dissidents or agents.
But be said that in the late 1970's, the
powder was considered of less concern
than the microwave radiation.
"When a guy's beating you over the
bead with a shovel, you haven't got
time to worry about being stuck with a
needle," he said.
Dissidents Cited
Mr. Carver said the use of the pow-
der could have reduced the number of
people the Russians needed to maintain
surveillance over American personnel
in Russia.
"We have a lot of evidence of har-
rassing of dissidents," he said, adding
that "It could well be some of them
were packed off because of evidence
they had engaged in meetings with
Americans they had been told to stay
away from."
Lite this afternoon. the American
Foreign Service Association, the labor
union that represents career Foreign
Service employees in the State Depart-
ment and the Agency for International
Development, sent a letter to the State
Department asking that the hardship
pay for those serving in Moscow and
Leningrad be raised to the highest level
available.
Diplomats in Leningrad and Moscow
presently receive a hardship-pay sup-
plenient equivalent to 20 percent of
their normal pay. The supplement can
be be as high as 25 percent.
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ARTICLE
APPEAREQA INIR
ON PAGE ___
NEW YORK TIMES
22 August 1985
11.31 ASSERTS SOVIET rrnsst1172:1""ng"07ttuaeby ?Mcialitixi=latt 4711:82
been discovered. will' an alarm wee
IS USING CHEMICAL; tbel ai s dale na:ri2:2411:11:11: IP174(
TO MONITOR ALIENS
Sy SHIRLEY CHRISTIAN
Spiabal le The Ns, Yost Than
WASHINGTON, AI., 21 ? The
United States accused the Soviet vow
today of Aping a myeterises powdery
substance as an aid In traddng the
movements of Americans mad possibly
other foreigners in Maaarat. ?
"We have prodded the practice in
stringed term and dummied that it
be terminated isoneedately." a State
Officials said the United Rates was
more concerned about a possible health
risk from the substance than about
plows@ questions.
hdermaden Is U.S. Is Classified -
A State Department spokes...Charies Redman, raised the possibthty
that the chemical inlet have the
potential to cause cancer. He said one
agent, apparently developed by the
Russians for traddng purposes. was ?
mutagen known as nitropineyipsnta-
dismal. A mutagen is ? substance that is
known to cause genetic damage. !RA
The chemical is so little known that X
does not appear in standard chemical
reference books. Interviews with
chemists disclosed that nearly every-
thing !mown about the substance in the
United States was secret. [Nip AS.]
In Moscow, the 300 American neap
dents were informed about the situa-
tion in unusual briefings at the red-
dance of the United States Am
dor. were tolirffat
plairder was
the Soviet internal security aping, aq
keep track of the movements of for.
Avers. [Page Al.]
U.S. Dow of Pelidw Sim U/74
berVallig2118altWall.the
chairmen of the Intentional Connnit-
tin sadluaimuammoLmw=the Rued= tracked
either by 11,t tamales off their
dodos or by lthithet them sank*
traviolet light, making them
He said des United &Ms bed known
of the powder MKS 19711 bid did int
know of its potentiel health dangers
until recently.
"When we had the scientific concha-
aims in hand." he said. "We had to tell
the embassy staff."
ousiy examined since the United States
Embassy had been aware or them fir
several years.
Officials said it was "entirely possi-
ble" that President Reagan would
raise the issue when hs meets with MI-
khail S. Gorbachev in Geneva on Nov. I
19-30. 1
In Santa Barbara. Calif., the White
House spokesman, Larry Speakes, !
"We will certainly discuss, in various
-,forums. the serious dangers to therein-'
vtionship caused by the actions of the
*Soviet military and security services,
'which seem to act as if they were under
no control by the political authorities." '
He said President Reagan was In.
,formed of the situation on Monday and
.bad directed the American response.
? The American accusation is the la-
? test in a series of pointed gestures to.
ward the Soviet Union this week. On
f Monday, the White House said the
Soviet Union was hampering arms con-
Iral talks, and the following day, the
United States announced that it would
proceed with a test of an anti-satellite
weapon against an object in space.
Not Necessarily a Carcinogen
. In the State Department, Mr Red-
. man, in discussing the possibility that,
. the chemical tracking agent could
,cause cancer, said "mutagens can be,
abut are not always, carcinogens in
human beings."
He added that the United States had
no proof that the substance is absorbed
into the blood. Extensive testing will be
necessary, he said, to determine
? whether it poses a cancer threat or any
other kind of health hazard. He said no
one had fallen ill as a result of expo-
'sure, which he described as very low
A special task force under the Na-
tional Institutes of Health and the Envi-
, romnental Protection Agency will go to
'Moscow and conduct an investigation.
'Mr. Redman said.
? Use of Substance Described
? An Administration official who de-
clined to be identified said the sub-
stance was believed to have been de-
posited in places that embassy person-
nel frequently touch. "on your car seat,
steering wheel, door knobs, literally
? anywhere."
"The embassy employee comes in
contact with it," he coatinued. "It is a
very persistent agent so that it does not
disappear from him wherever he hap-
-pens to have touched it He then, in
theory, transfers this substance to any-
thing he may come in contact with."
The official would not say how the
Russians traced the deposits left by the
substances, saying that he could not
talk about the "operational aspect."
"We have known of the general use
or existence of such sorts of chemical
_tracking agencies since the 1970's," he
said. "Their use, however, was very
. sporadic, infrequent, to the best that
we could determine. In fact, we be-
lieved that the Soviets had terminated
? using such agents, even in these limited
amounts that we had detected, in 1982.
We simply did not detect any use be-
tween I92 and the resurgence of more
widespread appearances in the spring
and summer of this year."
Potential Harm Found is 111114
Last year, a laboratory test known as
the Ames Test found that the substance
might be harmful, he said,, and this
spring and summer the United States
found evidence that its use was more
widespread than previously thought.
He said the United States regularly
"runs all kinds of tests for various
kinds of activities which may be
mounted against us."
The United States has found during
various periods since 1978 that the
Soviet Union has beamed microwave
signals at the American Embassy in
Moscow Officials said it was for the
purpose of activating bugging devices
inside the nine-story building or to in-
terfere with the United States' own sur-
veillance devices on the roof. The last
such use of microwaves was reported
in late 1983 by Ambassador Arthur A.
Hartman.
The official who discussed the track-
ing substance said a study on micro-
waves conducted at Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity in the 1970's had concluded that
the "level of signals did not ?resent a
health hazard." He said the State De-
partment believed the microwaves
were no longer being used.
The official said the United States did
not use tracking substances to monitor
the movements of foreigners, but he
did not rule out the use of nonchemical
agents to track criminal activities.
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ARTICLE APPEARED
ON PAGE
Soviets Said
To Imperil
Diplomats
'Potentially Harmful'
Tracking Chemical
Used, U.S. Charges
By Don Oberdorfer
Washington Post Staff Wnter
The United States charged yes-
terday that Soviet secret police
have employed "potentially harm-
ful" chemical dust to track the
movements and contacts of U.S.
diplomats in Moscow and Lenin-
grad, and demanded that the prac-
tice be stopped.
The surprise disclosure, in White
House and State Department news
briefings and U.S. Embassy ses-
sions in Moscow for diplomats.
their families and other Americans
who might have been exposed,
brought to the fore a new, bizarre
and emotion-laden problem in U.S.-
Soviet relations just three months
before the scheduled summit meet-
ing of President Reagan and Soviet
leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
Official sources said the chemical
dust?said to be odorless, colorless
and with no visible residue when
properly sprayed?was placed on
steering wheels of diplomatic cars
and other places where U.S. atta-
ches would come into contact with
it. The diplomats unknowingly
would then leave tiny amounts of
the long-lasting chemical on the
hands, clothing or possessions of
Soviet citizens with whom they
met?telltale traces that could be
identified by the KGB, or secret
police.
A few reports of use of such
"tracking chemicals"?fewer than
10 in a decade?are said to have
been in the files of the U.S. Enibas-
sy in Moscow before 1982, when
their use was believed to have been
stopped. No announcement of these
"very sporadic" incidents was made,
officials said.
WASHINGTON POST
22 August 1985
Two new elements brought the
problem to high level of concern,
according to State Department ac-
counts.
One was the result of a biological
screening test applied in a U.S. lab-
oratory for the first time last year
to samples of the obscure com-
pound. The Ames test, named for a
professor at the University of Cal-
ifornia at Berkeley, determined that
the most extensively used tradcing
chemical, which the State Depart-
ment Wcntified as NPPD, produced
mutations in genes. Substances that
cause such mutations can, but do
, not always, cause cancers, the de-
partment said.
Additional "extensive testing will
be necessary to determine whether
NPPD and other compounds used
by the Soviets pose a threat to
health, as well as to determine the
extent of the embassy community's
exposure to these chemicals," the
department's announcement said.
"Any danger is far from proved,"
Dr. Charles Brodine of the State
Department told Americans in Mos-
cow at an embassy briefing last
night, according to Washington
Post correspondent Celestine Boh-
len. Brodine added that initial tests.
"all argue that the level of risk is
fairly low."
The other new element was in-
formation that Soviet use of the
tracking chemicals had resumed
this spring and summer on a "much
more widespread basis," a depart-
ment official said. Official sources
said an incident in which an appar-
ent "overdose" of the chemical left a
highly visible powder, which was
noticed by a U.S. aide, alerted of-
ficials to the extensiveness of the
problem.
Tracking chemicals were also
used once by the Soviets in the
United States, said a State Depart-
ment official, who would give no
details.
Following heavy press question-
ing about the timing of the an-
nouncement, the third U.S. state-
ment this week likely to bring a
harsh reaction from Moscow, a
State Department official said that
"only in the last several weeks" had
the internal investigation produced
"conclusive" results about use of the
tracking chemicals.
A U.S. plan for diplomatic action,
for approval in a detailed paper
Monday, officials said.
The department said the United
States "protested the practice in
the strongest terms" in diplomatic
exchanges with the Soviet Union
here Monday and in Moscow early
Tuesday, "and demanded that it be
terminated immediately."
There was no immediate com-
ment from the Soviet Union, whose
press organs continued to give
heavy play to attacks on the White
House announcement Tuesday of
an impending U.S. antisatellite test
against a target in space.
In Santa Barbara, Calif., White
House spokesman Larry Speakes
said it is "entirely possible' that
Reagan will raise the chemical-dust
issue when he meets with Gorba-
chev in Geneva Nov. 19 and 20.
"We will certainly discuss in var-
ious quarters the serious danger to
the [U.S.-Soviet] relationship
caused by the actions of the Soviet
military and security services,
which seem to act as if they are
under no control by the political
authorities," Speakes said.
It is "entirely possible" that
tracking chemicals were used
against U.S. diplomats without the
knowledge of Soviet political lead-
ers, Speakes said. He added,
though, that "whatever the KGB
has done, certainly the political
leadership is responsible for the
conduct of their security services."
Members of Congress who were
reached for comment called for
strong U.S. action.
The chairman and vice chairman
of the Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence, Sens. David F. Duren-
berger (R-Minn.) and Patrick J.
Leahy (D-Vt.), called in separate
statements for expulsion of KGB
agents under diplomatic cover from
the United States. Durenberger,
who described himself as "still mad"
24 hours after being informed of
the U.S. charges, said he had rec-
ommended that all KGB agents or
suspected agents be expelled within
48 hours.
internal briefings and public an- Staff writers David Hoffman and
nouncements was drawn up Friday Joanne Omang contributed to this
and presented to President Reagan report.
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ON PAGE
U.S. klieges
KGB lice of
By.Grery SWAN ?
Nearer Ilkohilinen Nam
WASKINGTON ? The KGB haser
years used a chemical tracking agent
to monitor the movements of U.S.,
diplomats in the Soviet Mos, ADA
the . cliendad has the prnaldpl
caul* lanais mutation and Foible
cum the State Department said
yesterday.
State Department spokesman
Char
have.
con
which he said might have been
picked up from doorknobs. slenring
wheels or seats dusted with the sub-
stance.
Soviet intelligence agents could
learn who had had contact with U.S.
Embassy employees by testing people
for traces of the chemical, which
could be nmed along in a hand-
shake, said another State Depart-
ment spokesman, who asked not to
be identified.
Over the last several years, U.S.
agents have occasionally detected
the tracking chemical, known as ni-
tro phenyl pentadiene aldehyde, or
NPPD, but its use greatly increased
this spring and summer, according
to the spokesman. He said recent
biological tests showed that NPPD is
a ?mutagen, which means it can in-
crease the occurrence of mutation in
offspring. Some mutagens cause can-
cer in humans.
"The United States deplores the
Soviet Union's use of chemical sub-
stances against its diplomatic repre-
sentatives in the U.S.S.R.," Redman
told reporters. "We have protested
the practice in the strongest terms
and demanded that its Use be termi-
nated immediately."
In California, where President Rea-
gan is on vacation. Whits House
spokesman Larry Speaks@ said yester-
day that Reagan might raise the is-
sue at his summit meeting with So-
viet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev in
November, or at a preliminary meet-
ing with Soviet Foreign Minister
Eduard A. Shevardnadze in Septem-
ber. ?
PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER
22 August 1985
? Spokes added that while it is poM-
ble that the KGB conducted in.
chemical surveillance without the
knowledge of Kremlin leaders,
'whatever the 1CGD nes donecer-
tainly the political leadership of the
Soviet Union is responsible for the
conduct of its security services."
Speaxes denied that yeeterders
disclosure was calculated to under-
United States as the t su-
perpower portray at the Geneva arms talks.
The chairman of the Senate intelli-
gence committee, Sen. David Duren-
"41suspewctehovilanninet that an
saws
lied from the
II and he-
? men dignity or our aipiomatic
? fteresadvIsc 118 MK In a pro.
Ttrowriturmond (R..
the Senate's president pro tea and
chairman of the Judiciary Commit-
tee, said the U.S. Embeasy in Moscow
should be shut down if necessary.
"I would go so far as to say if they
are going to put chemicals on our
people over there, subject them to
cancer, that we close the embassy
entirely, if necessary," Thurmond
said. "It's inhuman, it's barbarous,
it's unreal and in my opinion a step
Americans cannot accept under any
circumstances."
The controversy injected a sudden
note of drama yesterday into the
relatively placid summer existence
of the American community in Moe-
_
cow.
In the course of the day, every
embassy staffer as well as all Amen-
can correspondents and business
representatives in the Soviet capital
were contacted and told to come
with their spouses to Speso House,
the ambassadorial residence, for
what turned out to be briefings on
the potential hazard Of NPPD.
? While stressing that nothing defin-
itive could be said until further
study is done, the officials conduct-
ing the briefings sought to minimize
? the health risk. Even if carcinogenic,
they said, the substance was being
used in relatively small amounts and
appeared to break down into some-
thing less harmful when absorbed
through the skin.
? "There is certainly no immediate
cause for alarm." Richard E. Combs
Jr., the American charge d'affaires
In Moscow, said at the briefing for
non-embassy personneL
- `One correspondent's wife asked
whether the risk was such that she
should consider leaving Moscow
with her young child. Dr. Charles
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Brodine, an official with the State
Department's Office of Medical Serv-
ices, told her that "based on what I
know, if I were living in Moscow
right now and I had a wife and chil-
dren, I would not have great con-
cern."
Combs said the embassy did not
know at this point how widely NPPD
had been used and whether news
correspondents, who also attract con
siderable KGB attention, also were
targets.
He said a task force of specialists
from the National Institutes of
Health and the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency is due to arrive in
Moscow in about 10 days to do de-
tailed research into the matter.
The only advice Combs or Brodine
had for those who might have con-
tact with NPPD was to wash with
alcohol as well as soap.
Combs said the State Department
had known about Soviet use of NPPD
for years but became increasingly
concerned in recent months that the
substance was being used far more
widely than before.
But he acknowledged that he first
learned of the problem in a late-
night phone call last weekend. Bro-
dine said that he, too, only learned of
NPPD over the weekend.and that he
needed a twoday crash course to
prepare for the briefings.
In Washington, a State Department
spokesman said the chemical had
been detected in Moscow, Leningrad
and once in the United States at a
location he did not disclose. He said
the chemical was formulated specifi-
cally for surveillance, and had no
other known purpose.
Rep. Daniel A. Mica (D., Fla.), a
member of the HOUSE intelligence
committee, said yesterday that the
committee was briefed last year on a
'chemical with properties similiar to
those attributed to NPPD. He said
that chemical was visible under in-
frared light and would not wash off
in normal bathing-
Redman said some of the U.S. test-
ing, in which animals will be ex-
posed to the chemical, could take
years to complete.
This is not the first time the United
States has protested Soviet surveil-
lance of its personnel in Moscow. In
1983 the U.S. government said the
Soviets were beaming low-level mi-
crowave signals at the embassy that,
according to press accounts, could
Interfere or intercept embassy com-
munications.
The transmissions stopped after
the protest, and a Johns Hopkins
University medical study concluded
that the signals were not harmful.
Inquirer staff writer Donald Kini;a-
man in Moscow contributed to this ?
-?
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011"!1F.
LOS ANGELES TIMES
22 August 1985
Soviets Accused of
Chemical Spying
U.S. Says Potentially Dangerous Dust
Is Used to Determine Envoys' Contacts
By NORMAN 10EMPSTER, Times Staff Writer
WASHINGTON?The U.S. government accused the Soviet secret police
Wednesday of planting a potentially cancer-causing chemical dust on
American diplomats in Moscow to help track their movements and
discover their contacts among Soviet citizens.
State Department spokesman The prime targets for the chant-
Charles Redman said the United cal espionage apparently are Soviet
States "protested the practice in dissidents and other who meet
the strongest terms" to Soviet clandestinely with US. diplomats.
authorities, describing it as a bla- The Soviet secret police, known as
tent violation of diplomatic practice the KGB, presumably could consid-
and a potential danger to the health er the presence of the chernic,a1 on
of US. personnel. the person or property of a Soviet
In Santa Barbara, White House citizen to be evidence of a secret
spokesman Larry Speakes said that contact with a U.S. diplomat. Those
"it's entirely possible" President found to bear traces of the chemi-
Reagan will raise the issue when he cal, which experts said could be
meets Soviet leader Mikhail S. fluorescent, could then be interro-
Gorbachev in Geneva in Novem- gated.
bet. But Speakes said the meeting
should not be disrupted as a result
of the incidents.
Nevertheless, the dispute cer-
tainly will chill the atmosphere of
the meeting, the first between a
U.S. President and a Soviet Com-
munist Party general secretary
since President Jimmy Carter met
President Leonid I. Brezhnev in
Vienna in 1979. Speakes said that
Reagan was informed of the inci-
dents Monday.
laeroaoad Usage
The Soviets have used chemical
tracking techniques at least since
the mid-1970s in Moscow and else-
where, including at least one inci-
dent in the United States, a State
Department official said. He said
Washington decided to protest the
practice now, instead of 10 years
ago, because the use of the chemi-
cal was increased sharply this
spring. ?
U.S. officials said they first
learned of the potential health risks
of the chemical, identified as nitro-
phenylpentadiene. or NPPD, with-
in the last few weeks.
Dissidoata Clatekoll
The State Department would not
say how suspects are chosen to be
examined for traces of the chemi-
cal. However, observers here said
all dissidents taken into custody for
whatever reason might be routine-
ly checked for its presence.
The State Department official
said that the chemical is dusted on
doorknobs, auto steering wheels
and other places U.S. diplomats are
likely to touch. Once a person is
contaminated with the chemical, it
is difficult to remove completely,
he added, and KGB chemical tests
can detect very small amounts of
the substance.
The official said Washington
"assumes" that the chemical also
has been used against private
American citizens, including jour-
nalists, and against other Western
diplomats. However, proof has
Coatieu
been obta - ? use against
U.S. Em ?
He sal.
concern
implicat.
about th
he made it clear that Washington
decided to go - only after
learning of the aspects.
Presumably, the States kept
quiet at first to letting the
KGB know what ited States
knew about the hnique.
The off speculate
on why t chemi-
cal's use c d Gorbach-
ev's selection as top Soviet leader
and added that the timing of
Wednesday's announcement was
not related to the November sum-
mit.
Not a Co
States is
e political
racking and
lth risks. But
*
La
Spe " ed that
the U. neuncenient was not
part of eal*Wfalijohz counterat-
tack againstEl-soiriet prepaganda,
blitz before the summit.
The usual relaxation of tensions
that precedes summits had been
notably missing even before the
chemical dusting case broke be-
cause of a dispute over testing of
anti-satellite and nuclear weapons.
The Soviets called for a moratori -
urn on testing but the Reagan
Administration refused, arguing
that the Soviets were ahead in both
areas. The United States an-
nounced new anti-satellite and nu-
clear tests this week.
Speakes also said that Wednes-
day's announcement was not timed
to detract from the announcement
of the coming anti-satellite weapon
test. "No connection whatsoever."
he declared. "You're reading more
into it than exists. We simply, once
we got the facts in hand, felt that it
was important that we proceed
with protecting our personnel and
fsoifold
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informing them of the exposure."
Redman said that NPPD "has
been determined through biologi-
cal testing" to cause mutations, or
genetic changes. Chemicals that
cause mutations in any organism
often?but not always?cause can-
cer in humans. Redman said exten-
sive tests, possibly lasting years,
would be necessary to determine if
the chemical is a carcinogen.
Could Cause Cancer
The State Department official
said that NPPD is a "designer"
chemical produced by the KGB
especially for its use as a tracking
agent. He added that there were no
available testing data until U.S.
scientists duplicated the agent to
provide enough of it to be tested.
In Moscow, on Wednesday a
State Department doctor briefed
American Embassy staff members
and U.S. citizens on the potential
hazards of the chemical.
Although Congress is in recess,
key lawmakers reacted angrily to
the Soviet activity.
Sen. Strom Thurmond (R-S.C.),
the Senate's senior Republican
member. said: "I would go so far as
to say if they are going to put
chemicals on our people over there,
subject them to cancer, that we
close the embassy entirely if nec-
essary. It's inhuman, it's barbarous,
it's unreal."
Soviet Expulsions Urged
And Sen. David Durenberger
( R- Minn. ), chairman of the Senate
Intelligence Committee, urged ex-
pulsion from the United States of
all Soviet citizens "affiliated with
intelligence."
"It is a step too far in the
point-counterpoint between intel-
ligence and counterintelligence ac-
tivity," Durenberger said. "It re-
flects a cynical disregard of
acceptable civilized behavior."
Sen. Patrick Leahy ( D- Vt. ), the
Intelligence Committee's vice
chairman, called the Soviet use of
the chemical "outrageous and to-
tally unacceptable." He urged the
State Department to retaliate by
"expelling some KGB agents who
are masquerading as Russian diplo-
mats."
Soviet 'Spy Dust' Called
a Simple Compound
From a Times Staff Writer
WASHINGTON?The Soviet
"spy dust" used to track American
diplomats may sound like material
from a James Bond movie, but the
compound identified as nitrophen-
ylpentadiene, or NPPD, actually is
so simple that "you could have
undergraduates prepare it in a high
school lab," one national expert on
such substances said Wednesday.
Nicholas J. Turro, an organic
photochemist at Columbia Univer-
sity in New York City, said the
chemical is a straightforward vari-
ant of retenal, an organic chemical
involved in human vision, with a
chain of five carbon atoms attached
to one end. The substance is very
likely fluorescent, Turro said, and
it almost certainly is a solid at room
temperature.
The carbon atoms also probably
make the chemical stick to fat
molecules in the skin, said Turro
and Robert Michaels, a scientist
with the Natural Resources De-
fense Council in New York.
"The same proteins that latch on
to retenal to make it important in
vision could react with this. . . to
make it stick to you," Turro said.
"You could put it on the bottom of
someone's shoe, and as they walk
around they'd leave a little bit of it.
It's like Hansel and Gretel, but
instead of throwing around bread
crumbs. you throw around this
chemical."
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WASHINGTON TIMES
.8 August 1985
CIA and oversight groups
reaching amicable terms
The third in an occasional series on con-
gressional oversight of intelligence activities.
By Bill Gertz
THE VASHINGTON TIMES
Cooperation has improved between con-
gressional oversight committees and the
Central Intelligence Agency after a period of
"tenuous relations" with CIA Director Wil-
liam Casey over the issue of covert CIA sup-
port for Nicaraguan resistance forces.
Following press disclosures in the spring
of 1982 about CIA-supported operations, the
House of Representatives passed legislation
prohibiting support for anyone trying to over-
throw the Sandinista regime. Later disclo-
sures caused congressional support for the
operations to evaporate.
Then, earlier this year Congress approved
a $27 million non-military aid package, but
the CIA and Pentagon were barred from dis-
tributing the funds to the rebels.
Sen. Dave Durenberger, R-Minn., chairman
of the Senate Select Committee on Intelli-
gence, said the Nicaragua episode from
roughly 1981 to 1984 disrupted a long period
of improved relations between Congress and
the CIA. Beginning in 1981, trust between the
Senate oversight committee and the CIA
soured after the disclosures about Nicara-
guan covert operations.
"That period of time was unfortunately
characterized by the sort of tenuous relation-
ship between the DCI [Director of Central
Intelligence] and the Congress of the United
States," Mr Durenberger said in an interview
in his Senate office.
He said the problem was that "Bill [Casey]
was charged with running an overt, covert
action and there was no way he could make a
success of it."
"He treated us like we didn't know what
were doing and we treated him like he didn't
know what he was doing ? it was not very
good oversight," he added.
Sen. Durenberger characterized Senate
oversight of the CIA during the early 1980s as
"bring us your findings, covert action, your
budget and when you get in hot water we're
gonna have you in here and beat up on you,"
he said during a recent interview in his Senate
office.
Since then, Mr. Casey and Sen. Durenber-
ger have come to terms. After a series of
conversations "about [Mr. Casey's] attitude,
more than anything else, toward the process"
of oversight, the Senate committee chairman
feels a renewed "trust relationship" has been
established.
Rep. Lee Hamilton, D-Ind., Sen. Durenber-
ger's counterpart on the House Permanent
Select Committee on Intelligence, also agrees
relations have improved since the public rev-
elations of the Nicaraguan operations which
he described as atypical of oversight.
Mr. Hamilton said the CIA failed to inform
the House committee of "a number of things,"
but did not charge the agency with "bad faith"
or of trying to deceive the panel because its
members have a responsibility to "ask the
right questions."
"If we don't ask the right questions, we
don't get the right answers," he said.
He also believes the problem surrounding
poor relations with the CIA over the Nicara-
guan case was "attitudinal."
"The thing that frustrated the Nicaraguan
problem so greatly was that we kept getting
information from the media that we had not
had from the Central Intelligence Agency"
Rep. Hamilton said, recalling the rocky
period of 1983 and 1984.
After checking news reports with the CIA,
the agency would confirm details of the leaks
to the House committee, he said.
"So," Rep. Hamilton said, "there developed
a pattern of distrust, or a lack of confidence
that they were in fact reporting to us all sig-
nificant intelligence information."
The CIA's role in supporting rebels who
planted mines in Nicaraguan harbors was a
case in point, he said.
Under current US. law, the CIA is required
to inform the two intelligence committees
about all significant intelligence activity.
Problems in the Nicaraguan affair arose over
what was considered significant.
"Does the mining of a harbor constitute a
significant intelligence activity? Does the
publication of a manual which runs contrary
to American policy constitute it? It does in my
view ? maybe it doesn't in somebody else's,"
Mr. Hamilton said.
Sen. Durenberger also mentioned the min-
ing of the Nicaragua's harbors as one problem
that caused partisan divisions on the nor-
mally non-partisan committee.
"There are no politics on this committee,
except when nobody is told we are going to
mine harbors," the senator said. "Then its
every senator for himself."
The key to effective oversight is to develop
a confident relationship between the CIA and
Congress on the flow of information between
the two entities, Mr. Hamilton said. Congress,
for its part needs to back off the idea that
everything the CIA does is "nefarious," while
tY
the agency must overcome its reluctance to
report to Congress unless arms are twisted,
he contended.
Rep. Hamilton dispelled the notion that Mr.
Casey created a "personality problem"
blocking effective congressional oversight, as
other congressmen have charged.
"I personally have a good relationship with
Bill Casey and I think he has tried to keep the
committee and me well informed:' Mr. Ham-
ilton said.
Herb Romerstein, a House Intelligence
Committee staff member during the contro-
versy over Nicaraguan covert aid, said the
leaks about Nicaragua resulted in "consider-
able bad blood" between congressional over-
sight staff members and CIA officers.
One example is provided by Mr.
Romerstein in a forthcoming paper on intelli-
gence oversight. He writes that in 1983 the
New York Times, quoting an unnamed Demo-
crat on the House Intelligence Committee,
falsely reported the CIA planned to march on
the Nicaraguan capital and overthrow the
Sandinista regime. The plot was allegedly
revealed by Mr. Casey in a secret briefing.
The Times reporter corrected the story a
day later saying the revelation did not come
out of a briefing, but was mentioned by Mr.
Casey as he left a briefing.
"This version was also false," Mr Romer-
stein states. "This writer left the room behind
Mr Casey and no such conversation took
place," he writes in the forthcoming book
"Intelligence Requirements for the 1980s:
Intelligence and Policy"
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ON PAGE
WASHINGTON TIMES
30 July 1985
Hill oversight of intelligence
shifts focus to effectiveness
This article is the second in an
occasional series on intelligence
oversight.
By Bill Gertz
IMMIMINGTON TIMES
In 1978, a team of intelligence
experts with the President's Foreign
Intelligence Advisory Board com-
peted with the CIA in analyzing
Soviet strategic capabilities. They
came to the startling conclusion that
the CIA had been underestimating
Soviet nuclear capabilities for a dec-
ade.
Angelo Codevilla, an intelligence
expert with the Senate Select Com-
mittee on Intelligence until this year,
said the committee's 1978 report on
the competitive analysis, produced
by the Subcommittee on Collection,
Production and Quality, marked the
beginning of a new period of con-
gressional oversight.
He believes the findings of this
so-called "A Tharn-B learn" report
were an important first step in
reorienting the congressional over-
sight process. Instead of attempting
to uncover alleged abuses or place
restrictions on intelligence-
gathering activities, the oversight
committees began to examine the
quality of U.S. intelligence.
Mr. Codevilla said in a recent
interview that the findings of the
president's "B-learn" showed that
intelligence quality must be
checked. He compared the question-
ing of CIA estimates by outside
experts with the congressional
efforts to curb alleged abuses of the
CIA in the mid-1970s.
"The greatest abuse that could
ever have been perpetrated on the
American people is to have them
wake up 10 years after an event that
profoundly affects their likelihood of
staying alive and find that they
missed it," Mr. Codevilla said of the
B-Tham findings of Soviet strategic
capabilities.
Mr. Codevilla and other present
and former intelligence oversight
experts remain divided on how best
to improve U.S. intelligence cap-
abilities.
But interviews with congres-
sional intelligence experts reveal
that a fundamental shift in emphasis
has taken place in the last 10 years
that has led to modest improvements
in American intelligence cap-
abilities.
Where congressional committees
once sought to "legislate virtue" ?
as one former intelligence official
described oversight ? today's intel-
ligence committee chairmen have
begun to concentrate on improving
the effectiveness of intelligence col-
lection and anlaysis. In other words,
instead of placing curbs on intelli-
gence agencies, Congress today is
more concerned with cost effective-
ness.
Sen. Dave Durenberger, R-Minn.,
believes the solution to getting the
taxpayers' money's worth out of the
untold billions of dollars spent each
year on intelligence is to establish a
long-range strategy for the intelli-
gFice community
A member of the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence since
1979, Sen. Durenberger was
appointed chairman earlier this
year. He does not agree with the pre-
vailing philosophy of past years,
which he characterized by the sim-
ple formula of telling the intelli-
gence community "make sure you
don't screw up."
"I think the best way to do over-
sight is to agree with the executive
branch (onl what intelligence is all
about, and (say) this is our long-
range plan to build the world's best
intelligence organization," Sen.
Durenberger said in a recent inter-
view.
Last week Sen. Durenberger's
Intelligence Committee held closed-
door hearings on what he refers to as
long-range intelligence strategy. He
hopes the hearings will lead the
administration to target goals,
objectives and resource investment
for a 10-year or longer intelligence
policy.
lb improve intelligence oversight,
Sen. Durenberger wants to prevent
"shifting resources every time the
political panic button gets hit [and]
you shift billions of dollars in com-
mitment from one part of the world
to the other part of the world. That's
ridiculous," he said.
On the House side, Rep. Lee Ham-
ilton, D-Ind., sees intelligence over-
sight as the only mechanism
available outside the executive
branch to check the administration's
use of an enormous intelligence
bureaucracy which churns out vast
quantities of data.
Rep. Hamilton, chairman of the
House Permanent Select Committee
on Intelligence, does not view the
oversight process as a means of cor-
recting abuses. His prescription for
improving intelligence is to
strengthen the analysis and collec-
tion components of intelligence and
to do away with military and para-
military covert operations.
"I look upon it as a means of try-
ing to -improve the intelliKence
product and to provide the executive
branch with another set of opinions,
if you will, about intelligence oper-
ations," Mr. Hamilton said in an
interview.
Mr. Hamilton believes one of the
"major questions" of oversight is
cost effectiveness. He is not satis-
fied that the intelligence community
has performed the best possible job
for the amount invested.
"We are spending a very large
amount of money, on intelligence,
[and] it is not just a question of are
you getting the intelligence, but are
you getting it to the right people at
the right time?" Mr. Hamilton said.
"That's really the critical point. It
doesn't matter how much mass of
intelligence data you produce. The
key thing is the analysis of that data
and getting it to the policymakers or
decision-makers at the right times
so that it's timely, in terms of the
decision-making process.
"I think we in the intelligence
committees and in the intelligence
community have to spend an awful
lot more time on the question of cost
effectiveness," he said.
Regarding public perceptions of
intelligence oversight, Mr. Hamilton
said that "the media often mistakes
oversight for oversight of covert
action."
"Oversight is much broader than
that and, if you look at the intelli-
gence budget, only a very, very small
portion of it goes for covert action ?
very small," he said.
ramlW
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2
The media, he said, tends to view
all covert action as miltary and para-
military operations, but "that repre-
sents a very small Part of covert
action."
"I'm talking about ... genuine
intelligence work, as apart from
covert actions, which really are not
intelligence in the strictest sense,"
Mr. Hamilton said.
"If I were present at the creation,
? in [former Secretary of State Dean]
Acheson's phrase, I'm not really
sure where I would put covert
actions," Mr. Hamilton said.
He feels "uneasy" that covert
actions are conducted by the CIA,
"but I'd be uneasy if they were con-
ducted by the Defense Department.
I don't know where you put them."
A widely respected intelligence
expert, Mr. Codevilla believes the
efforts of Sen. Malcolm Wallop,
R-Wyo., along with Sen. Daniel P
Moynihan, D-N.Y., and others on the
intelligence committees, succeeded
in initiating some reforms of the
agencies' analytical methods and
counterintelligence controls.
"They developed an entirely dif-
ferent approach, based on the
empirical proposition that the
United States does not have a surfeit
of intelligence," Mr. Codevilla said in
an interview. "We have a variety of
shortfalls, and any reforms should
meet these shortfalls," he said.
Mr Codevilla said the congres-
sional and press "attack" on U.S.
intelligence agencies during the
mid-1970s grew out of internecine
bureaucratic conflict within the
intelligence community on resource
allocation. What was portrayed as a
fight over civil liberties was really a
struggle between proponents of
. detente and cold warriors over the
agencies' reliance on technical sys-
tems ? as opposed to human agents
? for collecting and analyzing data.
"We built up our entire arsenal of
technical intelligence wholely mind-
less that they are not working
against nature, but against human
beings:' Mr. Codevilla said.
Mr. Codevilla described the con-
flict within the intelligence agencies
over the integrity of technical intel-
ligence as the "primary issue" divid-
ing factions competing for
resources.
"It has less than zero to do with
civil liberties," Mr. Codevilla said.
As result of the intelligence com-
munity conflict, vast numbers of the
most experienced Central Intelli-
gence Agency personnel left the
agency through voluntary and
forced retirements in what Mr.
Codevilla described as a purge of
"old boys."
"This transformation of
American intelligence occurred
between '74 and roughly '78 during
which time an estimated three-
quarters of all supergrades in the
CIA turned over ? a huge turnover,"
Mr. Codevilla said.
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APT!' F
?
WASHINGTON TIMES
25 July 1985
'Leaky' oversight committees
frustrate foreign policy efforts
This is the first of several articles
on intelligence oversight.
By Bill Gertz
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
In late 1981, President Reagan
authorized covert assistance to the
resistance forces in Nicaragua.
Within months, the particulars
leaked to US. newspapers, and a
covert operation became overt.
Congressional support evap-
orated. The Marxist Sandinista gov-
ernment in Managua suddenly was
awash in sentiments of solace and
goodwill from America and the
West.
The propaganda dividends are
only just now diminishing.
The leaks surrounding the Nica-
ragua operation caused "serious
divisiveness" between the CIA and
the congressional oversight commit-
tees, disrupting a period of relative
harmony that followed the anti-
intelligence hysteria of the
mid-1970s.
Gary Schmitt, who was minority
staff director for the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence until this
year, says the Nicaragua leak illus-
trates the difficulty of conducting
covert operations without a clear
national consensus of what the
nation wants its foreign policy to
accomplish.
In particular, Mr. Schmitt sees the
Nicaragua case as one example
where the congressional oversight
of intelligence played a major role in
influencing the conduct of foreign
affairs.
In essence, "only non-
controversial findings remain
covert," says Mr. Schmitt in a
forthcoming paper on intelligence
oversight.
Once public, whether disclosed
by the White House or the Congress,
congressional support for covert
operations inevitably unravels.
Under congressional rules, con-
gressmen cannot discuss intelli-
gence matters and are thus left to
posture against leaked operations as
a means of defense.
The president's freedom to
maneuver with a variety of "special
activities" ? beyond diplomacy but
short of sending in the Marines ? is
thus more limited.
Covert operations that have been
blown by leaks include the Nicara-
gua operation, support for Afghan
rebels through Egypt and China
after 1979, support for political par-
ties in El Salvador, support for Cam-
bodian rebels after 1980, support of
anti-Qaddafi forces in Libya and
Chad, and support for anti-Khomeini
exiles.
Mr. Schmitt, a former aide to Sen.
Daniel P Moynihan, D-N.Y., says that
congressional oversight has, on the
whole, been "uneven," and driven by
events rather than policy and par-
tisan.
Recently, Sen. Patrick Leahy of
Vermont, the Democratic vice chair-
man of the Senate Intelligence Com-
mittee, announced that Democrats
on the panel would conduct an inde-
pendent investigation of stories of a
CIA counter-terrorist training pro-
gram in Lebanon among five other
CIA operations.
The Leahy announcment was
made the day The Washington Post
published a report from Lebanon
linking the CIA to a "runaway mis-
sion" by a Lebanese counter-
terrorist unit that had bombed a
building in a Beirut suburb. (The
House Intelligence Committee later
absolved the CIA of any links to ter-
rorism in Lebanon.)
A short time later, Sen. Leahy,
after accusing the CIA of not fully
informing Congress of its Lebanon
program ? his suspicions presum-
ably encouraged by the erroneous
story in The Post ? backed away
from what had taken on the appear-
ance of an investigation motivated
by partisan politics.
Sen. David Durenberger, R-Minn.,
the chairman of the Senate Intelli-
gence Committee, says the problem
of partisanship in the oversight pro-
cess only occurs "when covert .
action becomes overt."
"Pat fLeahy I had a camera in
front of him and he had to say some-
thing," Sen. Durenberger said in an
interview of the vice-chairman's
idea for a Democratic investigation.
"He feels strongly about counter-
terrorism, so he said it, and he
backed off because he was in a little
bit over his head."
Mr. Schmitt notes that the anti-
intelligence hysteria of the '60s was
the inevitable result of a breakdown
in the post-World War II foreign
policy consensus ? a consensus dis-
solved by the frustrations and disap-
pointments of the Vietnam War and
the public disgust with government
institutions in the wake of
Watergate.
Many analysts trace the begin-
ning of modern intelligence over-
sight to late December 1974.
In a series of front page articles
in that month, The New York Times
reported that the CIA had engaged
in a "huge" domestic intelligence
program in violation of CIA reg-
ulations against conducting busi-
ness inside the United States.
The articles, citing "well-place
government sources," touched off a
firestorm of congressional investi-
gations. Eight days after the first
article appeared, President Gerald
Ford signed into law the Hughes-
Ryan Amendment, restricting the
CIA from conducting any operations
without presidential approval ?
eliminating the reliable intellin-
gence technique of "plausible
denial." The intelligence agencies
could no longer conduct covert oper-
ations that, if unsuccessful, would be
denied, leaving the president out of
it.
In addition, the law required the
CIA to report to "all appropriate
committees"? eventually eight leg-
islative bodies. The law all but
eliminated covert action operations
through unauthorized press disclo-
sures.
Besides the foreign affairs, armed
services and defense appropriations
subcommittees of both houses,
which excercised what Mr. Schmitt
called "de minimus" oversight since
1947, the intelligence agencies
would also report to the newly cre-
ated intelligence oversight commit-
tees, headed by Rep. Otis Pike and
Sen. Frank Church, respectively.
Continued
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2
The Church and Pike committees,
formed in January of 1975, spent a
year and half investigating the CIA
and found evidence of domestic sur-
veillance operations of individuals
tied to foreign powers, assassination
plans (notably against Fidel Castro
and Africa's Patrice Lumumba),
mail intercepts from suspected for-
eign agents, plans to infiltrate
groups with foreign ties, and efforts
to topple foreign governments.
Sen. Church's widely reported
remark that the CIA was "a rogue
elephant" set the tone for congres-
sional oversight. In 1976 the Church
Committee became the Senate
Select Committee on Intelligence,
with Sen. Church as chairman, and a
year later the Pike Committee
became the House Permanent
Select Committee on Intelligence.
Roy Godson, a professor of gov-
ernment at Georgetown University
and an expert on intelligence issues,
called the oversight of the mid-1970s
the anti-intelligence "hysteria
period" and described the Church
committee "incredibly biased."
No intelligence service in the
world has ever been subject to that
kind of investigation, Mr. Godson
said in an interview. "It had a crazy
thesis ? that covert action controls
the whole of the intelligence com-
munity"
Mr. Schmitt describes the concept
that a representative body such as
Congress would attempt to reflect
and refine public opinion on intel-
ligence as "revolutionary"
"In fact this arrangement was not
only revolutionary in the United
States but the rest of the world as
well; no other legislature had ever
created such an entity" as congres-
sional Oversight Committee, Mr.
Schmitt said..
It wasn't until 1980 that the Intel-
ligence Oversight Act reduced to
two the number of committees the
intelligence agencies were required
to tell of their operations.
But the lack of consensus on for-
eign policy ? and subsequently on
intelligence policy ? has left the
oversight system "susceptible to
sudden and sometimes disabling
shocks," Mr Schmitt says.
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ASSOCIATED PRESs
13 July 1985
WEINBERGER, SET'IATE PANEL DISCUSS UNIFIED U.S. INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY
BY TIM Al-TERM
WASHINGTON
Defense Secretar Cas ar Weinber er met Thursda with the Senate Intelli ence
Committee to discuss eve opmen o a urn ie. I. . pa icy regar ing w a e
called the much maligned but vital business of intelli ence gathering.
After a 90-minute session behind closed doors Weinberger called the meeting
constructive and useful.
He added that "intelligence frequently has been considered to be the kind of
an unmentionable topic that somehow is a dirty business.
"Unfortunately, in the world in which we live it is a vital business,"
Weinberger said, "vital to our survival."
Committee chairman David Durenberger, R-Minn., said Thursday was the first
time the panel had met with a defense secretary in its nine-year history.
One subject that did not come up was the current Navy spy case, in which four
men have been charged with passing military secrets to the Soviet Union.
Weinberger has described the case as causing serious damage to U.S. national
security.
Durenberger said the Walker case deliberately was not discussed. He said it
would be addressed later as part of a separate review of counter-intelligence
efforts aimed at blocking Soviet efforts to recruit U.S. spies.
Durenberger has pressed the panel to come up with an overall intelligence
strategy Which would end disputes among the various intelligence agencies,
including the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency,
and the National Security Agency.
"A long-range strategy would have pinpointed the difficulties that we
inherited in Central America," said Durenberger. "The shortfalls that we have
experienced in our intelligence abilities in this vital section of the world
might not have occurred in the first place or might have been anticipated and
planned for."
Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., the panel's vice-chairman, said there had been "a
great deal of concern expressed" by congressmen in recent years about "the
quality of our intelligence (and) how we plan."
The meeting came a day after the Democratic-controlled House reversed itself
and voted to renew aid to U.S-backed Contras fighting the leftist Nicaraguan
government.
Undersecretary of State Michael Armacost also met with the panel, out his
testimony was interrupted by a vote on the Senate floor and will continue at a
later time.
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ii-VMObecHAIMAN
paxPirCK LEAHY vERMONT vICE CHAIRAIAN
Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence STAT
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
JUNE 13, 1985
WILLIAM v ROTH JP DELAWARE LLOYD BENTSEN TEXAS
WILLIAM S COHEN. MAINE SAM NUNN GEORGIA
rwomAs F sAGLrr000 TAissovar
(AKIN HATCH. UTAH
FRANK muKKowsKi ALASKA ERFFEST F HOLLINGS SOUTH CAROLINA
ARLEN SPECTER PENNSYLVANIA DAVID L BOREN OKLAHOMA
CHIC HECHT NEVADA BILL BRADLEY NEW JER$EY
MITCH McCONNELL KENTUCKY
ROBERT ofxt KANSAS EX OFFICIO
ROBERT C BYRD WEST VIRGINIA EX OFFICIO
BERNARD F McMAHON STAFF oimFerni
Senate Intelligence Committee
Hearings on National Intelligence Strategy
Senator Dave Durenberger (R-Minn.), Chairman, Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence, said today that had a long range national strategy for intelli-
gence been in place at the proper time, past upheavals in the intelligence
community could have been avoided. "If the true objectives of covert action
had been thought through and articulated, the misunderstandings that have
developed over this activity could have been avoided", Durenberger said.
"Regionally, a long range strategy would have pinpointed the difficulties
that we inherited in Central America. The shortfalls that we have experienced
in our intelligence abilities in this vital section of the world might not
have occurred in the first place or might have been anticipated and planned
for," Durenberger continued.
Durenberger also expressed concern that the lack of a long range national
strategy could give rise to future difficulties. "Correctly handling the
problems of terrorism, narcotics interdiction, and verification of future
arms control agreements demands a well thought out, long range strategy if
intelligence gaps are to be avoided and policy makers are to have the adequate
and timely information their decisions require", Durenberger said.
Durenberger's comment was contained in an opening statement delivered
at a meeting of the Intelligence Committee which marked the beginning of a
series of hearings by that committee designed to establish a national
intelligence strategy.
Durenberger went on to say that he believes the intelligence community
itself will be far better able to make its case to a skeptical public and
their representatives if it begins to articulate its plans in terms of an
overall strategy, explicitly noting the relevance of plans and operations to
national policy.
"At a time when the resources we can devote to national security are
being increasingly strained, and the potential requirements of policy appear
to grow every day, the Congress and the public must have confidence that our
overall security policy is based on a sense of priorities envisioned,"
Durenberger said.
Durenberger said it was not possible to know today what conclusions the
committee may reach at the end of these hearings. "We may find that the
intelligence community is considering, and considering well, the kinds of
questions about future investments that we begin to explore today,"
Durenberger said.
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071:13
111.04..M
Anti-Terror
Projects Face
Two Inquiries
Hill Actions Follow
Beirut Bo-mb Report
By Charles IL Babcock' r
? ? ? and Bob Woodward
Washington Past Staff Writers
The chairmen of both the Senate
and House intelligence committees
said yesterday that they will exam-
ine the Reagan administration's
counterterrorism program follow-
ing reports that CIA-trained Leb-
anese personnel instigated on their
own a car bombing. in Beirut that
killed at least 80 people.
A CentiiE? Intelligence
covert supoebeeration was? can-
celed after the Reagan administra%.
tion learned thiethe Lebanese had..
hired others tO.,liem5 the residence
of a suspected terrorist leader, The t:
Washington Post reported Sunday. ? -
Rep. Lee H Hamilton: (D-Ind.),-
chairman of the House Permanent
Select Committee. on Intelligence,
said in a telephone interview that:
he started asking questions last
week after a reporter contacted -
him about the CIA's connection to
the March 8 car bombing. "I asked''
for a report on these matters and I
expect to receive a full report," he
?
said. "When you have units you do
not control, obviously risks arise."...
Sen. David F. Durenberger (R-
Minn.), chairman of- the Senate
lect Committee on Intelligence, said
in a statement yesterday that the
counterterrorism issue is high on
his committee'ragenda. - -
"The.. committee already' has
plans to take a detailed look 'at the
intelligence community's policy and
action on counterterrorism," Du-
renberger said: He indicated that
that study "will occur out of the
limelight,* and onlY after the corn-
WASHINGTON POST
14 May 1985
mittee finishes its review of intel-
ligence budget matters.
"Effective oversight of the intel-
ligence agencies: is possible only
when the committee operates qui-
etly, in a unified manner and in re-
sponse to its own agenda?an agen-
da that is nonet by ?The Washing-
ton Post or ani'cititer news organ-
ization:* he said:1?-"",`_. . ?
Sen. Patriclefteally (D-Vt.), the
committee's chairman; said '
Sunday that Cotimuttee Democrats '
have started their inquiry into the
CIA's counterterrorism program,
the bombing incident and several
other CIA operat,ions; which he de-
clined to identify.
.
? White House :spokesman Larry
Speakes said yesterday: "That's our,.
' policy, of not commenting on any
alleged intelligence matter; We
_ point out that we do not undertake
any activities?have not?that are
inconsistent with .the law and 'we
meet our obligafions under the law ?
to report to Congress." . '?
U.S. embassies were reported to.
be On alert for feal:af anti-U.S. ac-
tivity. ,
? Administration'iiiin ces have
e
phasized that the CIA had no direct
connection with the March 8 bomb-
ing, and that when the Lebanese
went off on their own, the counter-
terrorist, support program was
ended. The CIA issued a statement
yesterday saying that the agency',
"never conducted any training of
Lebanese security forces related to
the events described" in the story
and that the CIA "had no foreknowl-
edge of the Lebanese counterter-
rorist action -mentioned" in the
news account. The statement added
that the agency. -"scrupulously ob-
serves the requirements to keep all
the congressional oversight com-
mittees appropriately informed.":..:
Islamic Jihad, 'a shadowy group
that is believed to be an umbrella
for radical Shiite MOslem terrorists
based mostly in Lebanon, has issued
statements claiming that it has con-
ducted two attacks to avenge the
March 8 car bombing, one against a
restaurant near Madrid frequented
by U.S. servicemen. The explosion-,
killed 18 Spaniards and injured 15
Americans, one seriously. The oth-
er attack is believed by some secu-
rity experts to have been a blast on
::...
March 29 in a Paris movie theater
that was holding a Jewish film fes-
tival, injuring 18.
Several congressional sources
have questioned whether the new
heads of the intelligence commit-
tees had been fully briefed on the
counterterrorism, program and its
cancellation.
Leahy said Sunday he wanted to
look at several CIA programs he did
not feel fully informed about to pre-
vent a recurrence of last year's con-
troversy over the mining of harbors
in Nicaragua.
Meanwhile, . Reps...,; Patricia
Schroeder (D-Colo.) and Don Ed-
wards (D-Calif.); members of the
House Judiciary Committee, which
has jurisdiction over terrorism is-
sues, introduced a resolution yes-
, terday that would require the CIA
to provide the House with "docu-
ments and factual information"
about. covert support for counter-
r terrorist units in the Middle East. ,
i???=',. Edwards said,- . "The use of
proxies to avoid executive order
prohibitions against . assassinations
, is fraught with problems. . . , Such
groups are inherently uncontr011a-.
ble. With a license to kill from the
United, States government, they
L serve only to escalate the problems
of international terrorism and .
ther tarnish our reputation abroad.",
Hamilton said that he also was
concerned about whether the CIA's
reported role in the car-bombing
incident violated the ban that pre-
.vents the U.S._ government from
either direct or indirect involve-
ment in assassinations; and Whether
the agency lost control of the sit-:
uation by training foreigners' to
? make the preemptive strikes.
-"These are major points that have
to be looked at," he said.
In Beirut, a cabinet minister said
- he doubted that Lebanon would or-
der an investigation into the re-
ported car bombing. Education and
Labor Minister Selim Hoss said the
report will "soon be ignored" be-
cause the truth about the attempted,
assassination is not likely to come
out.."We all know that such explo-
sions are arranged by foreign ser-
vices . . . because catastrophes
benefit those who have an interest
at stake," he said on Beirut radio.
,
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WASHINGTON POST
13 May 198S
ARTICLI APPEARS)
ON pLGE.A.:1____
Sen. Leahy Is Probing
Some CIA Operations
Counter-Terrorism Program Scrutinize
The plan was rescinded after i
members of the unit hired others to
set off, without CIA approval, a car
bomb that killed more than 80 per-
sons on March 8, the sources said.
The target, a suspected terrorist
leader, escaped unharmed.
? "Things have fallen between the
cracks," Leahy said. "I do not want
my side to get caught on a Ni-
caraguan-mining type problem.
? A CIA operation to plant mines in
harbors in Nicaragua caused con-
troversy last year because several
members of the intelligence over-
sight committees claimed CIA Di-
rector William J. Casey had not told ?
them enough about the operation.
Leahy said he -feels Casey and
By Bob Woodward
and Charles R. Babcock
Wasionoton Post Staff Writers
Sen. Patrick J.- Leahy (D-Vt.),
vice chairman of the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence, said
yesterday that he has begun an in-
dependent inquiry into a half-dozen
CIA operations, including a counter-
terrorism program that was can-
celed after an unauthorized car-
bomb' blast last March killed More'.
than 80 persons in Beirut. - .
? Leahy said he' wanti to know
more about several sensitive oper-
ations and seeks more details on -
others about: which ' he; feels; the '
committee' wasn't fully informed. E
"We're. - gong
i. . other agency officials are willing to
L seven operations:lin.;:our: answer the committee's questions
said. ? ' .;-' ? about any matter. But he said?noth-
' ing is volunteered if the questions'
are not framed exactly right.
Leahy said he told other commit-
tee Democrats last week that the
? .
' Leahy said he did not know of the'-
counter-terrorism plan in Lebanon, -
but when asked about it last month, --
he Made inquiries "and found. out"
about it on my own," He refused tO inquiry is needed because when he
give ftirther details. ; _ ' became vice chairman in January,
By law . and by agreement: ;with.: ,
i he found that he did not know suf-
the Reagan: administration,- the ? ficient details of some of the CIA's .
.,. chairmen and vice chaix:r.nen_of the__ most secret and potentially contro-
Senate and House intellige_nce_coi:_
- ? - - 1 versial operations.
mitteei are to be informed of all co- -
He declined to identify the other
vert CIA activities. An administra-
tion source insisted that the corn- *,. operations. . .
mittees had been fully informed, , Leahy said he told the Democrats
both orally and in writing, of all co- -, he is committing his staff to the in-
vert or otherwise sensitive opera- quiry and might ask them also to
tion s.4..-. ' ' - ...-- ',-..".:' ;". .. ,,,, . ' provide staff assistance. The corn-
..
1 The Washington Post reported mittee assigns staff Members to
yesterday that President Reagan dividual senators.
approved the plan late last year di-. [.. Sen. Sam Nunn (D-Ga.) said yes-
recting the Central Intelligence ?:terday that he was not able to at-
Agency to train foreign teams to 'tend Leahy's meeting of Democrat;
' make preemptive strikes against H ic committee members, held last
terrorists. Thursday.
No staff members were present,
Nunn said. He added that he would
, have no comment about Leahy's
' plan or The Post story.
Leah Y said he has good relations
with the Senate intelligence com-
mittee chairman, David F. Duren-
berger (R-Minn.), but feels it is nec-
essary to proceed with his own in-
quiry.
Another committee source said,
however, that Leahy and Durenber-
ger have basic disagreements about
the use of staff resources and the
direction of the committee.
Durenberger could not be
reached for comment yesterday.
But he said in a recent interview
that he hopes the committee will
not have to spend much of its time
dealing with controversial CIA op,
erations.
He said he wants to shift the
oversight role "from putting out fire
to fire prevention."
Durenberger said that, in -the
pia,' about 90 percent of the com-
mittee's time has. been spent on in-
telligence controversies and that he
hopes to reduce that significantly.
Administration spokesmen cone-
tinued to decline to comment on
The Post story. ,
Secretary of State George P,
Shultz, in- Israel yesterday,- said of
the story: "I haven't seen The
Washington Post today. I do have a
very strong view about terrorism,
as is well-known. I also have the
view that at this stage, actions will
speak a lot louder than words, so I
don't have anything to say about it."
Shultz, who has made strong pub-
lic statements about taking action
against terrorists, said later that he
has decided, for the time being, not
to comment on the general subject
of 'terrorism. While Shultz, was in
Jerusalem,. several terrorist bombs
exploded there and one was de-
fused.
.
- Robert : Sims, _ deputy White
House press secretary,' told United
Press International, "We never dis-
cuss intelligence matters." But -.he
added that The Post story con:
tained."a lot of speculation...
imbued
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Sources have said Reagan or-
dered that only the chairmen and
vice chairmen of the intelligence
committees be notified of several
covert operations undertaken late,
last year, including the antiterrorist,
training program in Lebanon.'
There is some question whether alV
the details filtered down when Du- ?
renberger and Leahy assumed lead-
ership of the Senate committee in
January. -
I-
I Staff writer Don Oberdorfer ,
contributed to this report.
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Arr", Fr7rA
I 1 ? . . F.*
ro(
.4..
ED
WASHINGTON TIMES
16 April 1985
Hill panel seeks to pull plug on
Sovi*.et spies. Mr. Reatanirer,eed1 45 Nationalwhic which
Securityes est
By Ted Agres
THE WASmINGTON TIMES
The Senate Intelligence Committee is
attempting to fine out how to unplug the
Soviet "vacuum cleaner" to protect U.S.
scientific and technological secrets, the
head of the Panel says.
Sen. David Durenberger, R-Minn.,
chairman of the Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence, told The Washington
Times inan interview that one study will
seek to evaluate security issues involving
information transmission in the United
States.
"We are sensitive to the fact that they
[the Soviets] may have a greater cap-
ability [to eavesdrop] than we give them
credit for In terms of how we commu-
nicate," Mr. Durenberger explained.
The Soviets, he said, use the "vacuum
cleaner" approach to collect U.S. secrets.
Mr. Durenberger's comments follow
closely a Realm, administration
announcement ftt it was planning to
eouip hundreds of thousands of govern-
ment offices with new. bug-Proof
"secure" terephones to counter elec-
tronic espionage.
Last month, the National Security
Agency, which is responsible for, among
other things, keeping U.S. government
communications secure, announced that
three U.S. firms had been chosen to build
7 the new generation computerized
scrambler telephones.
The three firms, RCA, AT&T and
Motorola. reportedly will share a $44 mil-
lion grant to develop the new phones.
NSA said the new phones could be
placed in up to half a million government
and government contractor offices
- within five years. The scramblers, which
will be about the size of a standard multi-
.
, f? line office telephone, are expected to cost
t- about $2,000 each.
Government officials have said that
U.S. secrets and sensitive information
are being siphoned off by other govern-
ments, especially the Soviet Union. If an
eavesdropper should intercept a conver-
sation between two secure telephones, he
will hear only a scrambled signal.
The situation with Soviet espionage
has become so critical that last October ?
President Reagan authorized the forma-
tion of a Cabinet-level group to attempt to
counter it.
Decision 4
lished a Systems Security Steering
Group to evaluate the problem and seek
solutions. Members of the SSSG include
tile secretaries of State. Treasury and
Defense. the attorney general. director of
tile Office of Management and Budget,
and director of Central Intelligence.
An unclassified version of NSDD 145
released afterward stated that, "the com-
promise of fU.S-.) information. especially
to hostile intelligence services, does seri-
ous damage to the United States and its
national security interests."
"A comprehensive and coordinated
approach must be taken to protect the
government's telecommunications and
automated information systems against
i current and anticipated threats," the
directive stated.
"This approach must include
mechanisms for formulating policy, for
overseeing systems security resources
programs and for coordinating and
executing technical activities!!
The Cabinet-level steering group will
oversee activities of a newly created,'
high-level Information Systems Security
Committee, which is to focus on tele-
.' - ?
Phone and computer security as two top
priorities.
Later today, Senate investigators will
hold hearings on the government's ability
to conduct background security investi-
gations for personnel cleared to handle
sensitive information.
The Senate Permanent Subcommittee
on Investigations will look into the prob-
lems that have arisen. Sen. Sam Nunn,
D-Ga., a member of the panel, was quoted
as saying, "the government is already
plainly incapable of adequately investi-
gating and reinvestigating all persons
seeking security clearances."
He added that the more than 4 million
Americans who have security clearances
are potential targets for the Soviet KGB.
The potential for electronic
eavesdropping was highlighted recently
when it was revealed that the Soviets had
hidden bugs in about a dozen IBM type-
writers in the US. Embassy in Moscow
The tiny devices apparently detected
the striking of 'individual keys and
transmitted signals to antennas hidden in
the building's walls, where the informa-
tion was relayed to Soviet receivers.
A knowledgeable intelligence source
in Washington told The Times that the
incident highlights a horrible lack of
?
security at the embassy. But, the source
added, the information that was compro-
mised was not among the most sensitive
that the embassy deals with.
High-level information is handled in
special rooms designed to keep signals
from leaking out, the source said. This
technology of electronic containment is
called "Tempest," and it involves placing
copper shielding around typewriters,
computer terminals or otherwise insulat-
ing the room.
Intelligence experts say that every
communications device radiates weak
electrical interference that can be picked
up by sensitive electronic instruments
called spectrum analyzers.
The interference patterns can be
stripped away by computer to reveal the
content of the message being handled,
they say.
The NSA, which is based at Fort
Meade, Md., about halfway between Bal-
timore and Washington. is trying to insu-
late its main operations building from
electronic espionage.
Late last month. the agency told a
House subcommittee it was seeking
812.7 million to "Tempest-proof- its head-
quarters with an "electromagnetic enve-
lope" to prevent spying.
In his interview with The Times, Mr.
Durenberger also stated that the Senate
Intelligence Committee will do a "long-
term assessment of technology and,
within that, a sense of technology secu-
rity"
He said that some technology is inher-
ently costlier in terms of. security risks
than other technology. He said that those
factors haven't previously entered into
the committee's long-range budget pro-
cess.
"This obviously has some political
judgment. lb have a so-called security
factor is important," he said.
The Minnesota senator also said that a
similar StliCv will be conducted regaro-
ing human intelligence. or "hummt" as it
is called.
Were going to try to figure out why
we are so weak in so many areas of
humint," he said.
"We already know that we don't help
the intelligences' community tnini: longs-
range in that regard: we don't educate
and help them plan five years before
there might be a proolem. or 10 years
efore they are ever needed." he said.
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UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL
14 May 1985
CIA DENIES INVOLVEMENT IN UNIT THAT RAN AMOK
By ELIOT BRENNER
WASHINGTON
The CIA says it did not train a Lebanese squad that reportedly hired
people to rig a car bomb in Beirut that killed mare than 80 people in March, but
House members are asking for a review of the matter.
In a cautiously phrased statement, the spy agency Monday denied it trained
special Lebanese "security forces" to work in counterterrorism, as was
reported in The Washington Post Sunday and The New York Times Monday.
At the State Department, sources said U.S. diplomatic outposts have been
warned to "be careful" about possible terrorist attacks because of the report,
which said President Reagan had authorized a specific response to terrorist acts
against the United States.
The CIA's statement also rejected allegations that it had not briefed
colgressional oversight committees on the connection with the Lebanese group.
Dave Durenberger, R-Minn., chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee,
said Monday his panel "already has plans to take a detailed look at the
intelligence community's policy and action on counterterrorism" when it
finishes with the fiscal 1986 intelligence authorization.
Reps. Patricia Schroeder, fl-Cola., and Don Edwards, D-Calif., asked the House
to order the CIA to inform the chamber about the training and support of
covert terrorist units so the legality of such operations can be determined.
"What in the world are we doing using tax dollars to finance hit squads in
the Middle East?" asked Schroeder.
Schroeder and Edwards are members of the House Judiciary subcommittee with
jurisdiction over terrorism issues.
Rep. Sam Stratton, D-N.Y., said the allegations show, "What we were doing in
that instance was to provide a form of retaliation and I think most of the
citizens of the United States would feel that we should have retaliated."
But, "To suggest this is somehow OK for the Moslems and not for the
Americans seems to be a tragic simplification," Stratton said.
The CIA's statement said it "never conducted any training of Lebanese
security forces related to the events described" and it "had no foreknowledge
of the Lebanese counterterrorist action mentioned in the article."
The newspaper reports said a March 8 car bombing in the Lebanese capital that
killed more than 80 people and wounded hundreds of others was carried out by
people hired by a Lebanese counterterrorism unit that had been working with the
CIA.
Catinued
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The Post reported the bombing was directed at a militant Shiite Moslem leader
who is "believed to be behind terrorist attacks on U.S. installations."
The Post quoted sources as saying that after the mission, "immediate steps
were taken" by the CIA and the administration "to cancel the entire covert
operation."
The bombing's apparent target, Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, Shiite leader of
the Party of God, escaped unharmed. U.S. intelligence reports have linked
Fadlallah's group to attacks on U.S. Marines in Beirut in which more than 241
have been killed.
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.10?? rari?se".'
..7..P.11.011,141pg
CHICAGO TRIBUNE
1 February 1985
Open CIA panels
to public: Senator
It's not all secret, he says
By James O'Shea
Chicago Tribune
WASHINGTON?The new
chairman of the supersecret Se-
nate Intelligence Committee
said Wednesday that he was
confident the committee could -
hold a few public hearings to
help "sow the seeds" of public
understanding of the spy busi-
ness.
"Clearly, intelligence must
operate with the greatest de-
gree of secrecy possible to pre-
serve the secrecy of sources
,and methods," said Sen. David
Durenberger [R., Minn.) after
his first meeting as chairman of
the panel that rides herd on the
Central Intelligence Agency's
budget.
"But there are some aspects ,
of the process which might
usefully be discussed a bit more
openly," he said. "I am confi-
dent that, if handled with dis-
cretion and with an absolute
commitment to avoid making
comment simply for the sake of
comment, a few : public
meetings of this committee.
could' help sow the seeds.needed-
for the growth of long-term pub-
lic understanding."
The committee deals with
many sensitive subjects, and
Durenberger didn't specify'
what areas he would like to deal
with in public hearings.
But in a separate statement,.
Sen. Patrick Leahy [D.,?,Vt.),
the new vice chairman of the
committee, said during the next
year the committee would deal
with issues ranging_ from the,:
CIA's well-publicized "covert
'war" s in Nicaragua to such
supersensitive areas as the-ade-
quacy of procedures to verify
Soviet compliance with arms-
control agreements.
"We will be expected to make
a judgment for the Senate and
ultimately for the entire govern-
ment on the verifiability of--arry
arms agreement. We _cannot-
just wait until the President
presents a treaty for ratifica-
tion. The committee must fol-
low the evolution of proposals at
every step of the way, iniectiog
its views at the time so the
President can take them into
account," Leahy said.
The committee has held pub-
lic hearings in the past but only
on legislation that it was,-
seeking, a committee source.
said. It has not held hearings on..
intelligence matters, the source,
said, and he didn't understand:
what intelligence issues Duren-,.
berger referred to in his .
statement. "No matter what,"..
he said, "classified information
is classified information and:
can't be disclosed in public."
One issue that is expected to -
be aired in public is any admin-,,
istration request for funds to aid z
the Nicaraguan contras?about2,
12,000 to 15,000 rebels trying to;
topple the leftist Sandinista gov-
ernment in Managua.'
Both Durenberger and Leahy
indicated after an organization-
al meeting that the committee..
would try to dump the issue of **I
Nicaragua, into the laps of;
others.'
In an interview, Durenberger !
said that so much has already*
been made public about the::
CIA's aid to the contras that the-.,
"covert.. war" is no longer a
secret. He said its status makes '
it a proper subject for foreign,1
policy, which could place they,
issue before the Senate Foreigni-'
Relations Committee.
Leahy, too", said that Nicara-T
gua no longer "fits into the:.
normal mode" of the
Intelli-
gence Committee. "It has:
become a major foreign policy,,
issue for the Senate and the
whole country," said Leahy, an,
opponent of aid to the rebels.
Both Durenberger and Leahy ,
said the Intelligence Com- f,
mittee's first order of business?
would be to deal with the ad?,
ministration's intelligence bud-
get.
`.1
But Leahy said he and other
Democrats on the committee
are interested in several other ,
areas, such as terrorism, the
hardships or dangers faced by
intelligence agents and
problems with special opera- C
tions, such as the Green Berets. '
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I AFP.F.,ARED
NEWSWEEK
2 6 28 January 1985.
Confronting Congress
Reagan's new team faces a fresh congressional lineup.
For much of its first term, the Reagan
administration provided a textbook lesson in
congressional relations. Now?at a critical
juncture for several major initiatives?the
Reagan team will consist largely of new faces
orold faces in new places. And Congress itself
will have a different cast Some House and
Senate veterans will assume new responsibil-
ities at the helms of the key committees that
will confront such complex issues as deficit
reduction, tax reform, de- _ _
fense spending and "covert"
operations in Nicaragua.
Among the new leaders:
Sen. David Durenberger The Minnesota
Republican, now chairman of the Senate
Select Committee on Intelligence, is soft-
spoken, reflective and cautious. The outgo-
ing chairman, Arizona Sen. Barry Gold-
water, is brash, outspoken and caustic. So
the most immediate change with Duren-
berger at the helm will be stylistic. "Duren-
berger will do what he doss quietly," says
one Intelligence Committee staffer.
What he will actually do is far more open
to question. On the first major issue con-
fronting his committee?the administra-
tion proposal for continued aid to rebels
opposing the Sandinista government in Nic-
aragua?Durenberger's record provides
few clues. Even he concedes that "it looks
like I've been on all sides of this thing." And
in fact he has, opposing the covert operation
at first, but reversing himself in September
1983 to vote for the aid. Disclosure last year
that the CIA had been involved in mining
Nicaraguan harbors angered him: "Indis-
criminate use of mining gives people around
the world the opportunity to say Ronald
Reagan is crazy," he said. The House has
repeatedly rejected additional funds for the
contras, and Durenberger appears ready to
buck the White House, too. The aid, he says,
is "helping to destroy the [congresiional]
oversight process" by undermining public
confidence in covert operations.
At the very least, Durenberger intends to
scrutinize CIA activities. He is no fan of
William Casey, having described the CIA
director in a recent Minneapolis Star Trib-
une interview as a "2 on a scale of 19." Still,
Durenberger says he has no intention of
taking on Casey directly by seeking his resig-
nation. "I told [Casey] I didn't hire him," he
said. "I wasn't going to try to get him fired."
Durenberger is anxious to concentrate on
what he considers Intelligence's prime task:
establishing control over U.S. intelligence
activities. He is not enthusiastic about pro-
posals that his committee investi-
gate matters such as alleged atroc-
ities by the contras in Nicaragua
or reports that U.S. aid to rebels
in Afghanistan is being misappro-
priated. "The headline business . . .
is not my idea of what the committee
ought to be," Durenberger told The
Washington Post. "If we spend the
next two years investigating Af-
ghanistan and the contras, we aren't
going to get the job done that we are
expected to do."
EXCERPTED
C.
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WASHINGTON TIMES
17 ,January 1935
Taren ierger iacks
alit a ai
By Thomas D. Brandt
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
Sen. David Durenberger, the new chairman of the
Senate Intelligsnce Committee who has criticized the '
rSZUL2gram of covert aid to the rebelsfightingto over-
throw the Marxist government of Nicaragua_ said ves-
jerday that the United States should hely the rebels
migy.
Sen. Durenberger told The Washington Times in an
interview that the Nicaraguan government is preparing
an offensive this year to wipe out the Contra rebels.
Regardless of the outcome of that effort, however, Sen.
Durenberger agrees with the Reagan administration
that it is in the U.S. national interest to continue pressur-
ing the Nicaraguans.
His disagreement with the White House is over the
negative effects of CIA covert operations that now are
well-known.
While Mr. Durenberger's view supports U.S. goals in
that region, it could shift the debate in Congress away
from covert operations and toward ways to press for
democratic reforms in other nations.
The new chairman ? a Republican from Minnesota
? said he is eliminating all subcommittees, taking over
all staff hiring, and taking the panel "back to basics"
because nine of the 15 members are new this year.
In Central America, however, he wants a greater U.S.
investment in intelligence gathering to make up for years
of neglect but a shift from "covert" to "overt" methods
to achieve policy goals.
"I expect that someplace during the course of '85 that
the Sandinistas ? I mean they're already gearing up ?
will gear up to try to get rid of the FDN," he said. FDN
is the Spanish acronym for the Nicaraguan Democratic
Force, the main body of anti-Sandinista rebels.
"I expect that there will be some kind of an effort to
try to move the FDN out:' he added, citing as one exam-
ple the acquisition by the Sandinistas of Soviet heli-
copter gunships.
When asked to compare his support for overt aid to his
moosition to the Reagan administration's covert aid to
the Contras, he said, "I just said don't use the CIA to do
it. I'm all for supporting the Contras ... overtly.
"That's where we come up against the problem of how
would you do it?" He said one problem is that under
international law open support for a military operation
can be tantamount to a declaration of war.
Mr. Durenberger said he had no dollar amount in mind
and that it was not his Position to recommend details for
an overt program. But at one point, he referred to the
effect of U.S. military maneuvers in Honduras.
However, the CIA efforts have poisoned U.S. domestic
support for Reagan administration programs in Nicara-
gua, the senator said. The CIA program also stiffened
anti-U.S. sentiment among Nicaraguans and weakened
the standing of moderates in the Sandinista government
competing for power with the Marxists, he added.
He said that U.S. pressure was necessary to push the
Nicaraguans into negotiations and democratic liberal-
ization and that he would support an overt program with
that goal even if the FDN were out of the picture.
Mr. Durenberger, who met privately this week with,
the Reagan administration's special envoy to Nicaragua,
Harry Shlaudeman, said he did not know if the White
kofise planned to change its strategy in Conaress_and
ksk for an overt aid Program due ttl_reaistalla
resumption of covert aid.
"That, I wish I knew. I don't know," the senator said. I
Last year, Congress voted a freeze on funds for the
Contras, pending additional votes early this year, with
many observers on Capitol Hill believing the measure
has little chance of clearing the Democratic-controlled
House in particular.
lupte Mr. Durenberger, the new chairman of the House
Intelligence Committee. Rep. Lee Hamilton, D-Ind., is
critical of the covert CIA program
against Nicaragua that started in
1981.
Sen. Durenberger said that
whether the administration uses
covert or overt pressure should be
decided on the floor of the Senate
and that he does not want to "politi-
cize" his committee with hearings
seeking to build a record against
covert aid.
Even if there were not a Sandin-
ista push against the Contras, the
senator added, "I would support it
[an open aid program] just to sup-
port the negotiations... I think they
[the Sandinistas] still worry a lot
about us.
"Even eliminating ? if they were
successful in eliminating the FDN ?
it wouldn't relieve all their worries.
Every time you move 3,000 [U.S.]
Army National Guardsmen into
Honduras, it will worry them sick.
You always have some negotiating
power there, but you need enough to
push them into realistic negoti-
ations, to deal with us or with the
Contadora."
The Contadora is a regional peace
negotiation, led by Panama, Mexico,
Venezuela and Columbia, that has
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sought accords for removing foreign I
military forces from the region, I
securing the sanctity of national
borders and stopping the flow of
arms across borders.
"Every time something goes
wrong down there, whether it's
Teddy Kennedy and his atrocity line,
or whatever it is. the American pub-
lic confuses the policy with the CIA,"
Sen. Durenberger said.
Although there are bilateral nego-
tiations between Sandinista officials
and Mr. Shlaudeman and efforts on t
the Contadora process, "the front
page news is something about
atrocities, or something about man-
uals," he said.
Some senators have called for
hearings on allegations of atrocities
committed by the FDN within Nica-
ragua. Another controversy erupted
in Congress last fall over a CIA-
produced manual fOr the Contras
/hat some observers claimedadvo-
cated political assassinations.
Because of the anti-U.S. senti-
ment built up over the CIA
operations, Mr. Durenberger said
the moderates in the Sandinista hier-
archy "aren't calling the shots any-
more. When it comes down to
deciding who goes to the meetings
and who gets to sign off on the pro-
posal, or whatever it is, the Borge-
Arce kind of faction is the strong
one."
He was referring to ibmas Borge
Martinez, minister of the interior,
and Bayardo Arce,,a member of the
Sandinista directorate, both viewed
as Marxist-Leninist hardliners.
"All they needed was to put an
Uncle Sam mask on their problems
and they confused the people
enough," Sen. Durenberger said.
Photo by Richard Kozak The Washington Times
Intelligence Committee Chairman David Durenberger
2
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nr.r- r: 77721a
".1 7.? -3L')
WASHINGTON POST
18 January 1985
Panel Chairman to Fight Contra Aid
Rep. Hamilton Backs Leadership on Covert Program
By Charles R. Babcock
Washington Post SUN Writer
. Rep. Lee H. Hamilton (D-Ind.), in
his first public statement as new
Olairman of the House Permanent
Select Committee on intelligence,
said yesterday he will stick with the
House Democratic leadership's ef-
fort to block covert CIA aid from
anti-Sandinista rebels in Nicaragua.
He said in an interview that he
will schedule a series of closed
hearings on the Nicaraguan covert
aid program, including an inquiry
into reports that the Central Intel-
ligence Agency is channeling aid to
:the rebels through third countries,
such as Honduras, El Salvador and
Israel.
Rep. Joseph P. Addabbo (D-
N.Y.), chairman .of the House de-
fense appropriations subcommittee,
wrote Secretary of State George P.
Shultz last week that such action
would be "a rather devious contra-
vention of the law." Hamilton said
he didn't know if the reports were
true.
The hearings on Nicaragua also
will cover alleged atrocities by the
Nicaraguan "contras," reports that
U.S. military equipment is being
transferred by the CIA to Afghan-
istan, and the possibility that the
CIA evaded congressional spending
limits, he said.
"If they want to come back and
make a fight, there'll be a fight,"
Hamilton said of Reagan adminis-
tration plans to continue to push for
$14 million in additional funding for
the contras. Congress cut off the
aid last year. If the administration
asks for twice as much money,
Hamilton said: "I'd oppose it, maybe
doubly hard."
The 20-year House veteran said
he had heard reports that House
Speaker Thomas P. (Tip) O'Neill Jr.
(D-Mass.) was asking Democrats
interested in serving on the com-
mittee to promise to oppose the
Nicaraguan covert aid. Eight of the
14 committee members are being
replaced, and about 100 members
are said to be interested.
Sen. David F. Durenberger (R-
Minn.), new chairman of the Senate
Select Committee on Intelligence,
has announced that he opposes con-
tinuation of the covert aid program
in Nicaragua.
Durenberger has suggested that
he would support some form of
overt assistance to the rebels as a
way of keeping pressure on the San-
dinistas.
Hamilton said yesterday that he
is willing to listen to administration
proposals for alternatives to the
covert aid program.
"I think the covert action type
you have in Nicaragua, a paramil-
itary action, diverts the entire in-
telligence community so that it is
not able to perform as well its func-
tion of intelligence analysis," Ham-
ilton said. "It becomes a divisive
matter. The top leadership of the
CIA diverts a disproportionate
amount of time to covert action,
and intelligence-gathering suffers."
Hamilton said his agenda for the
committee also includes an exam-
ination of the nation's ability to ver-
ify any arms control agreement
with the Soviet Union, including
President Reagan's "Star Wars" 1
space-defense proposal.
Hamilton said he will work to re- '
pair the strained relations between
the CIA and Congress, damaged
last year by revelations of the agen-
cy's mining of Nicaraguan harbors
and preparation of "assassination"
manuals for the guerrillas.
While saying he has "a good re-
lationship" with CIA Director Wil-
liam J. Casey, Hamilton added that
the job should be filled with an in-
telligence professional rather than a '
political appointee. When asked
whether he would tell President
Reagan that he should replace
Casey, Hamilton said, "I don't want
to comment on that."
He refused to comment on a
Washington Post report that the
CIA's secret aid to insurgents in
Afghanistan has become the largest ,
item in its covert aid budget. But he
said he plans to have the committee
review all the CIA's covert action
programs.
In a related matter, Paul Rei-
chler, an attorney representing Nic-
aragua in its World Court case
against the United States, said in an
interview that an independent
probe has obtained 200 signed af-
fidavits from Nicaraguan victims or
witnesses of human rights abuses
by the contras.
Reichler said the affidavits are "a
devastating indictment not only of
the contras but of U.S. policy there"
and will be used to bolster Nicara-
gua's suit seeking a World Court
order against the contra program.
Staff writer Joanne Omang
contributed to this report.
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ARTICLE APPEARED
ON PAGEAL-n2L.
WASHINGTON PuST
i2 January 198D
Chairman Aims to Make
Panel More Professional
Probe of Atrocity Charges May Come Later
He has repeatedly made clear his
opposition to the Sandinista govern-
ment, suggesting last monththat
the administration consider ways to
apply military pressure juan overt
manner. Several members of Con-
gress have said they may propose
withdrawing diplomatic recognition
from Nicaragua and passing a law to
permit open backing for the resis-
tance forces.
"You have to draft a policy that
implements U.S. law," Durenberger
said. "If the administration doesn't
give us any alternative to the CIA
program, there will be serious prob-
lems."
Law prohibits the United States
from seeking the overthrow, of any
government with which it maintains
diplomatic relations, and ?bans
spending to overthrow the govern-
ment of Nicaragua.
Durenberger said that, contrary
to rumor, he expects to retain most
of the intelligence committee's staff
and to permit each one to be the
"designee" of a committee member.
But he said some of the nine new
senators will have to accept staff
aides as their designees, because ,
"the staff is going to be much more ;
professional and much less honed
by the members than it has been."
He said he will expect staff mem-
bers to labor for the committee 90
percent of their time and keep their -
senators informed on current issues '
the other 10 percent, devoting no
time to speechwriting, casework or
floor statements not related to in-
telligence activities. ?
He also said he opposes a pending I
recommendation from a select com-
mittee on Senate reorganization to
consolidate the House and Senate
intelligence committees.
By Joanne Omang
Washington Post Staff Wnter
Investigations into charges that
Nicaraguan rebels commit atroci-
ties or that U.S. aid to rebels in Af-
ghanistan is vanishing might come
"later on," but the new Senate in-
telligence committee will have sev-
eral other things to do first, Chair-
man David F. Durenberger (R-
Minn.) said yesterday.
Tops on his priority list is "pro-
fessionalizing" the committee's nine
new members and the staff so as to
take them out of the newspapers
and away from rehashing past mis-
takes, and to put them into control-
ling future acts of the intelligence
community, Durenberger said.
"If we spend the next two years
investigating Afghanistan and the
'contras' [in Nicaragua] we aren't
going to get .the job done that we
are expected to do," Durenberger
said in an interview. "These are on
the list of things we'll explore later
on . . . but the idea that all of us
will be in the headline business
overturning wrong is not my idea of
what the committee ought to be."
Sen. Patrick J. Leahy (D-Vt.), the
panel's vice chairman, called last
month for a probe of charges that
rebels who have been fighting Nic-
aragua's leftist Sandinista govern-
ment with U.S. aid for three years
have engaged in murder, rape, tor-
ture and other atrocities against
Nicaraguan civilians.
Sen. Gordon J. Humphrey (R-
N.H.) has set up an ad hoc task
force of senators and House mem-
bers to evaluate the way U.S. policy
in Afghanistan is being imple-
mented. Humphrey has expressed
.concern about reports that as much
as 90 percent of covert U.S. aid to
rebels fighting the Soviet occupa-
tion of Afghanistan disappears be-
.fore it reaches the guerrillas. An
aide said Humphrey had hoped that
either the intelligence or Foreign
Relations committees would look
into those reports.
He said as much as $400 million
may be involved. "Since the com-
mittees are reluctant, we will do it
through the task force," the aide '
said. Hearings are planned later this
month.
Durenberger said he is hopeful
that other intelligence committee
Republicans will support his oppo-
sition to .renewed Central .Intelli-
gence Agency aid to the Nicaraguan
"contras." "The program is helping
to destroy the [congressional] over-
sight process" by undermining pub-
lic confidence in the legitimacy of
covert operations, he said. "As long
as that little poison remains, we're
going to have troubles."
However, Durenberger added,
probing the rebels' behavior is an-
other matters "I'm not real anxious
to spend a lot of time being conned
by a lot of Nicaragua propagandists"
charging rebel atrocities "when I
can't get at the human-rights vio-
lations by the Sandinistas," he said.
Durenberger added that docu-
menting atrocities probably would
be possible but would chart no new
waters. "I deplore it, but I predicted
it. three years ago when this pro-
gram started," he said.
. He acknowledged that Reagan
administration officials have asked
for alternative proposals for pres-
suring the Sandinistas to make po-
litical concessions. "I said to [for-
mer national security affairs adviser
William P.] Clark three years ago I
wasn't hired to come up with the
ideas?that's your responsibility,"
Durenberger said.
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"You wouldn't consider a joint
ethics committee. That's like intel-
ligence?they're both superspecial-
ly nonpartisan; you bend over back-
wards to take politics out," he said.
Durenberger was quoted in a re-
cent interview with the Minneapolis
Star and Tribune as saying that CIA
Director William J. Casey is a "2 on
a scale of 10." But the chairman
said yesterday he would not ask for
,Casey's resignation.
"Nope. I told him I didn't hire him
and I wasn't going to try to get him
fired," Durenberger said.
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fl,RTIcL31,4r
/
WASHINGTON TIMES
10 January 1985
Senate intelligence panel a hurdle
in move to aid Nicaraguan rebels
By Thomas D Brandt
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
The Republican-controlled Sen-
ate Intelligence Committee is draw-
ing fire from conservatives who say
it is a center of resistance to the Rea-
gan administration's final push for
congressional approval of aid for the
rebels fighting Nicaragua's Marxist
government.
Conservative sources in Congress
have told The Washington Times that
under Sen. David Durenberger of
Minnesota, the Republican
chairman, and Sen. Patrick Leahy of
Vermont, the Democratic vice
chairman, they expect the intelli-
gence committee to reorganize itself
and also schedule hearings that will
work against the president's pro-
gram in Central America.
The growing power over foreign
affairs, and most recently affairs in
Central America, has so raised the
profile of the committee, once a con-
gressional backwater that most
members avoided because its
mostly secret work had no home
state impact, that 15 Republicans
and 22 Democrats are said to have
asked to be put on it this year.
Conservative sources point to a
number of developments that
weaken their voice on the critical
panel. Majority Leader Robert Dole,
R-Kan., turned down the request of
Sen. Malcolm Wallop, R-Wyo., and
others who wanted a waiver of the
panel's eight-year membership rule
so they could continue to serve.
A broad new study of Senate rules
last month recommended such a
waiver so the panel would not lose so
much expertise at one time; nine of
its 15 members are departing this
year.
Mr. Durenberger opposed that
'waiver which, had it been granted,
would also have applied to Sen. John ,
Chafee, R-R.I., who by seniority j
would have then assumed the '
chairmanship instead of Mr. Duren-
berger.
Both Mr. Durenberger and Mr.
tegAll.Y.-12WrilkiZZLIIICSS,Laa
Intelligence Agency's covert sup-
port for the "Contras," the rebels
fighting the Sandinista government
of Nicaragua.
(This is also the view held by Rep.
Lee Hamilton, D-Ind., the new
chairman of the House Intelligence
Committee.)
The intelligence committees over-
see all U.S. intelligence operations,
including the CIA, which has been
supporting the Contras since 1981.
Sometime after March 1 both houses
will vote whether to contine that
funding, which ran out last Septem-
ber. This vote is the focus of White
House lobbying.
Administration figures are said to
be preparing a report describing a
Nicaraguan arms buildup and the
nation's ties with Cuba and the
Soviet Union as part of the adminis-
tratien effort to persuade Congress
that Nicaragua is reducing civil
liberties and becoming a growing
threat to its neighbors.
Over the last two years the Senate
panel has switched from support for
the Contras to hostility because of a
growing belief that the Contra pur-
pose now exceeds U.S. policy objec-
tives.
A committee summary of its work
in 1984, released this week, was
highly critical of the CIA and said its
"inadequate management and
supervision" of the Contras contri-
buted to the loss of support in Con-
gress for the program.
For his Dart. Sen, Durenberger
has said he wants to continue pres-
sure on the Sandinista government,
but he svas CIA support for the Con-
tras erodes rather than enhances
Central American support of U.S.
, policy there.
Over the last few days, some con-
servatives say, prospects have
dimmed for Mr. Reagan's policies.
Mr. Wallop believed he had Mr.
Dole's commitment to the waiver
that would have kept him on the com-
mittee, and when he did not get it he
wrote an angry letter to the leader.
On the Senate floor last Thursday,
Mr. Dole told Mr. Wallop it was diffi-
cult to get an exception for him
because work was under way on
eliminating most exceptions.
"Sen. Wallop was greatly upset
over the means by which he was
removed from the committee while
being assured that such was not the
case'," said one Republican senator
who spoke only on the grounds that
he not be identified.
Mr. Wallop has said he was par-
ticularly concerned that the corn-
mittee was listening more and more
to the CIA establishment that tends
to favor technical information col-
lection, while Mr. Wallop has called
-for more agents, with better protec-
tion, in world trouble spots.
Other changes under consider-
ation by Mr. Durenberger are
equally vexing to conservatives, who
support the Reagan administration's
view that the Contras are crucial in
putting the military pressure on the
Sandinistas to force them to move
toward democracy.
Though no decisions have been
made, according to a spokesman for
Mr. Durenberger, he may eliminate
the "designee system" whereby
each committee member could
appoint his or her own person to the
committee's staff, which currently
numbers about 41.
Instead, the chairman may
appoint a professional staffer to each
of the areas under the committee's
jurisdiction ? one for Nicaragua,
another for arms control, terrorism
and so forth ? according to an aide
to the new chairman.
Though Mr. Durenberger has
asked for the ritual letter of resigna-
tion from everyone on the staff, most
will not be accepted and the
chairman "does not envision a house
cleaning," according to his office.
However, conservatives see an
anti-Reagan design because the pro- ,
posed changes would consolidate
power over staff under Mr. Duren-
berger and would make it more dif-
ficult for the new conservatives
coming on the panel ? such as
Republican Sens. Orrin Hatch of
Utah, Chic Hecht of Arizona and
freshman Mitch McConnell of Ken-
tucky ? to place men of women of
their own choosing on the staff.
However, some staff holdovers
have already left, including staff
director Robert Simmons and
Angelo Codevilla, who was Sen. Wal
lop's designee but by some accounts
also the most effective and most
forceful advocate of President Rea-
gan's Central American policy.
On Thesday, Mr. Codevilla was told
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to have his desk cleaned out by 5
p.m.. he said. Another source on the
committee said it appeared that Mr.
Codevilla was removed quickly and
with no notice so he could not appeal
the decision to other conservatives
on the committee.
If a staff member leaves the com-
mittee, he must obtain a new secu-
rity clearance, which requires about
60 days time.
"The real point is what Durenber-
ger is doing in taking control of the
committee is turning it into a batter-
ing ram against the president's poli-
cies, primarily in Central America,"
according to a committee source
who is familiar with the maneuver-
ing over the changes.
Conservatives see their declining
influence on the budget for the CA
as another example of the erosion of
ffieir power on the committee.
Budget review of the CIA and
other agencies in the intelligence
community is a major responsibility
of the committee, and this process is
usually where the panel performs
most of its "oversight" responsibil-
While Durenberger spokesman
said only that budget procedures are
under review, several conservative
sources say they believe he may
eliminate the budget subcommittee
so additional budget authority can
be consolidated under the chaiman's
office.
And, finally, conservative sources
said they expect Mr. Durenberger to
hold hearings early this year to
investigate charges of atrocities
committed by the Contras. If these
allegations are proved to public sat-
isfaction, they say, the administra-
tion's policy will be further
undermined.
Mr. Durenberger's office said that
no hearings are scheduled.
Roger Fontaine contributed to this
article.
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ARTICLE APPEARED
IA FLU IA.
By Steve Berg -
Staff Correspondent
MINNEAPOLIS STAR AND TRIBUNE (1g)
16 December 1984
-
Durenberger claims
CIA is in disarray,
lacks public trust
- Washington, DS...
? The Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) is "disintegrating" because the
Reagan administration insists that
the agency continue to run a secret
war in Nicaragua that is not secret.
Sen. Dave Durenberger, R-Minn.,
:aid last week.
CIA Director William Casey "has no
idea that his agency is going down
the tubes," said Durenberger, who,
unless he is out-maneuvered by? a
curious mix of his fellow'senators;
will inherit the chairmanship of the.
Senate's Select.Committee on Intelli-*.
gence when Congressnonvenes next
month. He would be the first Minne-
sotan to head a full congressional
committee in 10 years.
Durenberger's unflattering assess-
ment refers more to poor morale
within the spy agency than to its
effectiveness, he said. The CIA's visi-
ble hand in running the Contra fight-
ers in Nicaragua has created "seri-
ous morale problems" in an agency
designed to operate under cover,
Durenberger said.
Only Casey, and perhaps his top dep-
,uty on covert action, are in favor of ;
the CIA continuing to play a lead
role in Nicaragua, he said. "The re-
sponsible people in the agency don't
want anything to do with it"
The senator also warned that public
trust in the CIA and other intelli-
gence agencies is beginning to erode,
, as it did in the mid 1970s after CIA
figures became embroiled in Water-
,
? gate, and after congressional investi-
gators uncovered CIA plots to. assn.-
F sinate world Jeaders.;7;
. ? 7 . .!
We're getting dose to a crisis:,:
trusting Ronald Reagan and his al
ministration in how they use (th
'CIA)," he said, citing the Lebano
bombings, the harbor minings in.Nic
aragua, and the issuance of a manua
to Contras that suggested that gov?
ernment figures be "neutralized."
?
Durenberger blamed conservative
. politicians ? including President
Reagan's national security advisers
? for forcing the CIA Into the day-
light in Nicaragua, thereby jeopar-
dizing its morale and, to a lesser
? extent,. its effectiveness. The politi-
cizing of the CIA began when Rea-
gan took office and "thelright wing ;
began undermining the entire intelli-
gence process," he said.
Durenberger avoided criticizing;
Reagan directly. He agrees with
Reagan's general policy that a Marx-
ist regime in Nicaragua is intoler-
able, but he disagrees with the CIA's
role there.
;"I don't expect Itonald Reagan to go I
' to bed every night trying to figure
this out. That's why he has advisers
that should have been designing
some alternative," he said.
Troubles within the CIA have spilled
'over into Congress, 'Durenberger
said. Oversight ? the process by
which the secretive intelligence
agencies are made accountable to
the public ? has "broken down" into
political bickering and is -dead in I
the water," Durenberger said. "We
started going after each others'
? throats ... now, we don't do any-
thing."
' Durenberger's -remarks, in an inter-
view, followed by two weeks his an-
nouncement that be would oppose
more money for the covert war in
Nicaragua. That announcement was
meant to warn the administration
that it cannot again approach Con-
gress seeking to "sell a disintegrating
agency" as a vehicle for either con-
taining or overthrowing the Sandinis-
tas, he said.
Instead, the administration must de-
vise a more creative policy ? per-
haps above-board military aid or a
concerted military effort by other
Central American countries.
He -invites such an alternative, he
said, one that would return the CIA
to its primary function of covert in-
telligence gathering. So far, the ad-
ministration seems not to understandj
that Congress will not continue to
pay for a CIA-led war, he said.
- ?
If he becomes chairman, DurenbeN
ger said, be and his two closest allies'
on the committee ? Seas: _Bill Co-
hen, R-Maine, and Pat Leahy, D-Vt.
? will set out to "get (the CIA and
the committee) out Of politics and
back to overseeing the quality of the-
production and analysis, of intelli-
gence." . _ . ? '
Before he can take -on- the secret
world of the CIA, however, be must
survive another clandestine and in-
triguing struggle, this orie :with col-
leagues in the privacy of the Senate.
For complexity, its plot may be wor-
thy of the best spy literature, the
kind in which events:. are seldom-
what they seem.. '
? 4
In John LeCarre'S 'famous novel,
"Smiley's People," for'example, an
aging snoop reminds the hero, "It's
not a shooting -war any more,
George. It's grey. Half-angels fight-
ing half-devils. No one knows where
the lines are.".
. .
? 4
In the oblique parlance of intelli-
gence, 'Durenberger is searching for
the lines these days. "It's a mess,"
said a Durenbeiger aide. "No one
knows what's going oti-for sure."
To begin with, there's a Senate rule.
To ensure that senators don't get too
chummy with the CIA, five of the 15
members of the intelligence commit- ,
tee must rotate off the panel every
two years. Moreover, no senator can
serve more: than eight CORSeCtItive
years.
The rotation:: has ?never been en-7
forced. But, since the committee is
now .eight years old, the question
arises whether.to enforce the eight-
year service limit. Enforcing it
would push many of seasoned mem-
bers oft the panel at a time when,
arguably, the intelligence communi-
ty is poised on the edge of a crisis in
public confidence.
Continued
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? ?.- - -
If the rule is enforced, Durenberger,
as the senior remaining Republican,'
rises to the chair. U it is not, Seal
John Chafee, R-R.I., becomes- chair-I
man..
?
'Although a liberarRePublican, Cha-
fee has been friendlier toward the
CIA's efforts in Nicaragua. He wants'
a permanent committee or, at least,
an extension of the eight-year Hifi%
Rob Simmons, the, eonunittee's.staff
.director, Ls. a Chalet any. He agrees
'that inexperienced new members
'would be a ' Mistake. -The 7rotation
rule "will -.degrade: the '..oversight
IRFoeess," he sai517
'Durenberger- said 'b - vrill* -replace ,
'Simmons if he assumes the chair."-t.;"
,? ? .
rrd pitPoSal
1)dayle, R-Ind., to dump the current'
_committee and form a joint intelli-;
_gence committee with the House,4;"'
sin all this, Durenberger and Chalet.
each have unlikely allies. Some of
the Senate's most conservative mem.-
hers may back Durenberger because:
they want seats that would open uP",
on the committee. Entrenched mem;
bars, notably Sen. Daniel, P. Moyni-
han of New York, the ranking Demo- '
crat, may back Chalet.
If the matter goes to the Senate
-floor, Durenberger may have to rely
:on Democratic votes; thus, perhaps,
his hard-line .stand against the Rea-
gan. administration's use of the CIA.
Last week the Democratic caucus
supported the rule.:_-
` -'? ? "' 'r*
may not get that far, however.
Incoming Majority :Leader Robert
Dole may simply decide whether to
:keep the rule and, thus, who will be
chairman. Both Durenberger and
rChafee backed .him for leader. So
far, Dole has not tipped his hand.
- ?
Neither has the administration,
which has given Durenberger no
clue as to whether. because-of -his
criticism, it will., oppose his: irspira-
LticTs-
_ ? .
Although ultra-conservatives. within
the administration Oppose him, oth-
ers may have concluded that the CIA
*.war in Nicaragua is a -dead horse."
. Durenberger said, adding that he
, doubts the administration will play a
strong role in the matter:' ?
"I suspect it has already been decid-
ed by realities," Durenberger ,said.
"We've got more important things to
argue about." -; -t ?-
-
? T kr ? *f.:77.- ?
Dole promised nothing in ex-
change, for his 'support for majority
1eader,; Durenberger said, but he
"clearly left me-with the impression
pat he was more inclined to let the
!ruleaperate." -
If Durenberger does-take charge of
..the committee, he proposes to install
a "more professional" staff and to
steep new memberiin a more schol-
arly approachto.the historic, 'cultur-
al 'and religious biagrounds-of the
!regions most closely watched-.
!He' that : be ? Can "work
/Around" the; ankno.sitysthat has de-
.veloped between many, senators and
'Cliey. Sin.' Harry -Goldwater;
;Ariz.; the*.outgoing:Ichairman,-twice
F izalled for 'Casers resignation.' And
!Durenberger called Casey a "two on
; a scale of 10." _
[? ? ? .?? .
Said Allan Goodman, a foreign at-
fairs specialist at Georgetown Uni-
lyersity, "Oversight is as good as the
personal 'relationship between the
(-committee and the director of C.en-,
tral Intelligence.."
-On other agenda Iteins Durenberger'ald I
?????
? --
?
. ,
He favore'preemptive strikes:
against terrorists based on informa-
tion supplied by US. and allied intel-
ligence agencies, CIA agents, howev-
',Or, should not be the killers, he said.
Secretary oiState'George Shultz has
recently proposed such preemptive:
strips. The agencies are on a thin
line, hoping not to!be "pushed over
Into being a Messed (the Israeli in-.
telligence agency); where they are
actually going out to do the killings
In advance," Durenberger said.
They 'don't want to be the killers
.-
They don't want to get dragged into;
that old stuff again. Their job is inte172
ligence gathering." he said.
In many regions, the Untied Stittei!
may have to rely on shared inteW-!;
gence and a multinational anti-ter-
rorist strike force, he said.:The. CIA
may lack the "talent" to penetrate
terrorist groups headquartered in.
the Bekaa ? valley of Lebanon, for
ezample. 1"They, are...much like the
Mafia and it's hard to penetrate that
kind of a 'family,'-' ? be said. 4
He favors retribution against ter-
rorists after their attacks, either by
American or allied agents.- - ? -
Referring to the hijackers who re-
cently diverted a Kuwaiti plane to
Iran, he said, "They ought to know
that the minute-they-Itici-off the
airplane, they're marked people.
Even if they make it off-in Iran, that
they may not live out the year, that
somebody's going to get them. They
*now that with the Israelis. But not
the Americans. Every one of those
Idiots (terrorists) has ? got to know
that they don't have4C:1icense -to
kill," he said. _ ??
? .
' It's clear that the:United -States ;is
strong in its electronic surveillance
of the Soviet Union but needs to
'place much more emphasis on: old-,
lashliMed 'humlin7..eipio in the
Third World. he saidi...to?-;?-?",'
That ne'S unsiirairMither.tbinsist1
ghar,ilie CIA -retracijta'airialysia
rof-
the attempted asia'ssiiiitticin of. pope..
!John Paul. In light4ifiLieeent *evi- '
;cience- that the Soir1a(13nion -may
have been involved'_;11.:;the'plot;:soma.
:Observers havebeeoMe alarmed that,
the CIA was quidclOgfee with the
Soviet KGB that It liadaio part in the
'attempt;
? That although he lavniti(poliiical
solution in Nicaragua,': those hopes
seem to be dimming ? and. military
.action by surroundinith?countries
against the Sandinistiti may be inev-
jtablet:...-. .;
' -* ? , ? - :
"El Salvador; . Honduras, ',Panama,
?Costa Rica and Guatemala-cannot
live with a Cuba Stick' in their
midst," he said. "Anclit's a question,
:of time and meitai-'bifore. they do,
something about
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