HISTORY OF THE OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS CHAPTER II THE DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD 18 SEPTEMBER 1947 - 1 JULY 1951 SECTION 2 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP84-00499R000700120001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 129
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 16, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 1, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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CHAPTER II
SECTION 2
ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION
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HISTORY OF THE OFFICE OF COMMICATIONS
CHAPTER II
THE DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD
18 September 1947 - 1 July 1951
SECTION 2
ORGANIZATION AND ADM NISTRATION
Group 1
Excluded from Automatic
Downgrading and
I selassif tcatton
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HISTORY OF TIM OFFICE OF CON ,UNICATIOI+
THE 1VLOP AL PERIOD
SECTION 2
O# tNIEATION AND A# INIFTBATION
Table of Contents
A. RAL. . . . . . .. . .
B. OPC ESTABLISHED. .
C. E iNIEATION STUDIES AND i"E;V&mpmT-191+8-1951. . 10
1. tleneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2. Recommendations of
Pao Number
Establishment of the Office of Co nunteations. . 24
. 25
. 25
2. Consolidated OSO/OPC Communications T/O. . . . 31
z. I. GIST I Cs . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 3+4
1. Supply and Warehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2. Equipment Stockpiles . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 38
COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1. Security Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2. Electric Cipher Machines . . . . . . . . . . .. . 42
3. Radio )tonitortng Project . . . . . . . . . .. . . 43
4. Physical Security Inspections . . . . . . . . . . 44
5. Cryptographic Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
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Cezeral . . . . . . .
Pale Number
... 51
2. intelligence Dlissemination Network.
3. De a.rtment of Defense . . . . . . .
1. S CIAL ZQUIP T STAFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TO
TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
. IC ICAL i7URMLLO E. . . . . a . . . . a ? r r . T5
2. FAD Within 080. . . . . . . . . . . a . . . e
3. FAD Within OPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 81
1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
BZSWCH AND s FMW. . . . . . . i .
t ICATIONS REGULATIONS. . . .
APPODIX 2-A
A IX 2-B
APPIZ 2- C
. . 88
Coumzsmtcations Chiefs and Deputy Chiefs
CIA Regulatto
Report on Communication
Cor unteattone
Central Intel
genre Agency
AFWIX 2-D
APPENDIX 2-B
APPENDIX 2-F
$xtracte from CIA Regulation
Merorand= of Agreement on Supply Procedures
CIA Regulation Nz~ Bequests for Crypto-
graphte Staff Coamunieattons
CIA Regulation No
Cryptocommiuntcattons at Field Stations
Cryptographic Links
2
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APPS ZX 2-I Circuitry and Routing Data
APiD 2..J Assessment of 1Requirements and Procedures
for Oper*ttons Support
APPENDIX 2=1C S. O Procedure Guide F--] (Revised),
Special Equipment
APPENDIX 2-L Status of Research and Development Projects
(Three Parts)
APPENDIX 2.M Descriptions of Clandestine Countcattons
Autpet
APPENDIX 2-0 OSO i gulatton No
comunications
Basic Pt] icy, Field
SIX 2-P 080 Regulation No signment of C muni
cations Personnel to Clandestine Operations
AFFMIX 2-Q
dun rat tone
Inter-Station
Bibliography
!PRIX 2-S Index of Persons
APPENDIX 2-T Geographical Index
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.History of the Office of Co unic$ttone
The Developmental, Period
Section 2
organteatIon and Administration
A. G L
The activation of CIA resulted in no immediate change
in the Organizational posttton of c untcattona support
The Co unteattons Division continued to operate
in the Office Of Special Operations (080), an element under
inistration and Services (W), which in may 19+8 vss desig_
rotted Administration and Services up. Reepon bilities vetre
as established at the time of CIG General Order No. 3 of
aAne 1947, and encompassed the provision of c unicatt0ns
all counts of CIA.
As of 18 September 19 7s
re Chief and Deputy Chief, Comunicyat
mvisaton, respectively,
and Services, and
stant Director for Special Operstiona.
t
coaiprieed of six components
Office of the Chief
Signal Center
Signal Security Section
search and S ngineertng Section
operations section
Signal Property Control Section
Cnmuni cat ions
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A listing of Communications Chiefs and Deputy Chiefs
during the period 18 September 1917 to 1 July 1951 is presented
as Appendix 2-A.
on 1 January 1949) the Communications Division was placed
under the direct supervision of the Office of the Assistant
Director for Special Operations (ADSO). 'j/ This was a result
of General Order No. 11 which abolished the Administration and
Services Group, 050, within which Communications was located.
Two changes in incumbents of the ADSO position took place about
this time.
Acting ADSO
effective 27 December 1918 and
was designated
was announced as ADSO on 13 March 191+9. The next
change in ADSO occurred 15 February 1951 when
relieved
In September 191+9, CIA adopted the vertical organization
structure prescribed for the Federal Government. This changed
the title of Communications Division elements from Section to
Branch. As of March 1950, the Communications Branches and the
Incumbent Chiefs were as f',11ows:
operations Branch
Security Branch
(Formerly Signal Security)
Engineering Branch
2
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Training Branch
Signal Center
A Facilities Information Unit had been added to the Operations
Branch. This group was responsible for maintaining information
on world-wide electrical communications facilities of all types
and for preparing reports as requested. Liaison was established
with personnel in other agencies and with commercial concerns as
sources for obtaining needed data. The information was available
on request to personnel within the Communications Division, as
well as, to personnel of other Agency Offices, and served as a
guiding factor in planning of both overt and covert operations.
There were no other significant organizational changes with the
Communications Division during 1950.
A new Section within the Communications Division was
established effective 20 January 1951, the Communications Mail
and Files Section, under the Administrative Staff. 2/ The new
Section was responsible for the receipt and distribution of
cables, pouches, correspondence, publications, and other communi-
cations; their recording, correlation, control; and the main-
tenance of correspondence files.
Following a period of organization studies, which are
discussed later, Communications was changed from a Division to
an Office status. Effective 1 July 1951, the Office of Communications
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(OC) was established under the Deputy Director, Plans and
in a position comparable with the Office of Special operations,
Office of Policy Coordination, and Office of Operations.
The title of the Communications Chief was changed to Assistant
Director for Communications.
Upon the establishment of the Office of Communications
the following organization was effective:
Assistant Director for
Communications
Policy and Planning Staff
Supplementary Activities
Staff
Administrative Staff
Engineering Division
Operations Division
Security Division
Signal Oenter
The former Mail and Files Section became Communications "Registry"
remaining under the Administrative Staff. The Training Branch
beecrame an element of the Operations Division. To enable the
continued effective handling of communications matters within
OBt , of the Office of Communications was detailed
as Liaison Communications Officer with 000 Be was carried on
the Oc personnel rolls, but had desk space in O80 so that he
could expeditiously advise on communications problems as they
arose.
4
DENTIAL
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OPC EKABLIBIED
The office of Poltcy Coordination () was established
eff'ecrtive 1 September 1948 (General Order Na. 10, dated
2T Auguat 1.91.8). Mr. Frank G. Wisner w designated Assistant
} rector for Policy Coordination (ADPC). OPC superseded the
Mures Group, which had been in operation within
090 sin
As the rcev organization developed, there was an increasing
need for G. focal point within OPC for channeling communications
ratters. In early 1949, was brought
into OPC on a contract baste to handle Communications.
joined OPC in July 1949 as Assistant to
Upon the departure of shortly there
after,
gnat Officer, OPC. Also during the
formative days, who had been Chief, Com-
munications Division, 8St7, was employed by OPC as a Co untca-
trans consultant.
not on duty regularly in
't+hington, but attended meetings and conferences as required.
The Sill Of'f'ieer was a staff position within OPC, actual
lem ntation of communications support rematntn with the
Communications Division, 080. Iaitiallyr, OPC Communications
'has under the Executive for Administration and Support, with
duties performed by a "Mief, Couniration$.' Y Subsequently,
5
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C 0 N F I7 BNT IATo
the communications function came under the Operations
Division within an Operations Special Staff. The term,
Signal Officer, was used at this time. An OPC reorganization
in 1950 established a Staff II with an Operations Support
Branch and a Communications Support Officer. / A later
reorganization to 1951 placed the communications function
under an Operational Support Branch, Operations Division,
Plans and Operations Staff. !.! The responsibilities of the
OPC Communications Officer were as follows:
a. Assisting in the formulation, development,
coordination, and implementation of communications
techniques for all elements of OPC.
b. Coordinating communications support
activities between the Communications Division,
OSO, and the various Staffs and Divisions of OPC.
c. Assisting OPC Staffs and Divisions in
determining requirements of OPC in communications
equipment, personnel, training, and facilities.
d. Assisting OPC Staffs and Divisions in
determining feasibility of projects and operations
in the proposal stage.
e. Representing OPC on the Joint O84/CPC
Communications Board.
6
f+ f 4 N S' T 7) r 'N *P T A T.
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continued as Signal/Communications
Officer throughout the time period covered in this' Chapter.
Special Assistant to the Chief, Com-
munications Division, 030, served OPC as Communications Officer
for a short period durtng absence in Europe on
y duty (My-June 1951)-
In connection with 0PC's program of psychological war-
fare, there was need for expert advice in the specialized field
of radio broadcasts. In addition, it was considered desirable
to provide increased assistance to the Communications Division,
080, in the development of the world-wide communications plan
as it concerned OPC. To meet these requirements,
former C8 Chief for Europe, was employed as a con-
sultant to the Chief, Communications Division. / He was
ailed to OPC with the specific assignment of assisting OPC
in the planning and implementation of the OPC Communications
program and assisting the Chief, Communications Division, in
communications matters pertaining to the special type operations
which OPC was responsible.
,employed.
was made available
where he was regularly
reported in the consultant capacity in October
1950 and served for about three months.
A discussion of communications support for OPC Divisions
was contained in a memorandum of 5 December 1950 from the
7
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While dealing directly
with matters, it comprised a baste statement of the
communt tions support relationship between OPC and 050. ~Iq
Staff II, confirmed that in accordance with OPPC
lations, the OPC Communications Officer (11/SA/CM) was reaponsi
ble for assisting the Foreign Divisions in obtaining adequate
and proper communications support of all projects requiring
such support. Be outlined the following pertinent points:
a,. The responsibility for proper implementation
of requested communications support wage that of the
Communications Division, Cam. This included the
scheduling and provision of equipment, scheduling and
provision of communications training and instructors,
and the provision of adequate communications planning
to support all OPC projects. This responsibility of
ztions Division could be discharged on
when requirements were forwarded by OPC.
b. It was the responsibility of the OPC Com-
munications Officer to advise and assist 4?C Foreign
D viaton$ in determining, evaxlu ting, and stating
their communications requirements, and to advise and
assist the Com iuntcetions Division, 0S0, in interpreting
the requirements.
1 8
25X1
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c. The timely solution of communications
problems arising from OPC projects could be insured
only by the Chtef, Communications Division, and then
only when sufficient information and times were avail-
able for the solution to be devised and implemented.
d. The staff capacity of the Communications
Officeof OPC did not allow designation as case officer
on Foreign Division projects, but that Office could
properly serve as technical consultant to project
case officers in order that they might discharge their
responsibilities on communications support problems.
efficiently and effectively.
e. The OPC Communications Officer would continue
to conduct liaison between (and other Foreign
Divisions) and the Communications Division, OSO, and
render every other service possible.
From the outset of OPC?s establishment, difficulties
mmuntcattons support were encountered because of inadequate
coordination between the originators of operational projects
and Communications personnel while projects were in the plan-
ntng stages. Failure of the operational planners to make known
their requirements to the OPC Communications Officer in the early
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stages resulted in communications needs often reaching the
Communications Division after projects were approved and
prior to any consideration of the feasibility of meeting
the requirements or the established deadlines. Steps were
taken in February 1951. to correct this deficiency. 'tie
requirement was then established for every CPC project
presentation which called for communications support to
include a communications annex prepared by the case officer
with the assistance of the OPO Communications Officer and
the Communications Division, 080. The ADFC, in announcing
the new procedures, stated that no projects would be approved
unless a communications annex was attached to the project
outline at the time it was submitted for approval. The
annex was to describe the communications problems involved,
recommendations on the personnel, equipment, and facilities
ry, and a statement on availability, cost, and time
factors. 11. The new requirements corrected the previous con-
.Wd
fusion in communications coordination and provided a basis for
intelligent planning within the Communications Division in
anticipation of project approval.
C. ORCANI ATIQN STUDIES AND DEVEI D! WL - 191+8-1951
1. Alral
In July 191+8, the DCI directed that a study bee made of
the existing CIA organization with the objectives of minimizing
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O N F I D E N T I A L
duplication and providing the beat method and means for
administrative Support of the Agency. 12/ One recommends-
tion stemming from this study was a proposal by the Executive
for Administration and Management (A&M) that complete admin-
istrative support for all of CTA be centralized under MM, to
include the transfer of Communications as a Branch of A&M. 13/
The proposal to centralize support was opposed by the
ADSO. It was his view that it would be most unwise to separate
the administrative support for covert operations from the con-
trol of those who directed operations. 1/ His position was
that covert operations and their administrative support should
continue under the direct control of the Director (ASST), and
that with two covert offices functioning it would be advisable
have them coordinated by a staff officer with a few assistants
who would issue instructions only in the name of the Director.
He further proposed that the existing Adminstratton and Services
Unit of 060 become the Unit to support the two covert offices
under the direction of the operational staff officer of the
Director.
During this same period, the Chief of the Communications
Division made strong recommendations that this Division remain
an integral part of OSO. 15/ His presentation, which was approved
by the DCI on 10 September 1943, follows:
11
C O N F I D E N T I A L
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"Under the present organtzation, the
Communications Division is under the Chief of
Administration and Services, ?S0. It provides
services to FBIB, Services Branch, A&M, Contacts
Branch, and to OPC, and to such other elements
in CIA as directed by ADSO.
"Ia addition to performing these duties,
the Communications Division is an integral part
of OSO, and approximately 90 percent of its
activities have to do with Special Operations.
Its present position in South Building to already
dangerously separated and removed from operations.
Further separation would seriously jeopardize the
operations of both the Communications Division and
the operating branches.
"The functions of the Communications Division
make it an integral operational part of the Special
gyrations of 080 and consist of devising ciphers,
cryptographic procedures, signal plans, equipment
design, and providing equipment, cipher training
and communications training. All of these func-
tions are done both for the daily routine operations
and for the clandestine operations requiring intimate
knowledge by the personnel of the Communications
Division of all planning and details of operations,
including actual acquaintanceship with the personnel
involved, including agents. Communications personnel
are involved in actual 080 operations of all degrees
o security while still, remaining assigned to and
responsible to the Chief of the Communications Division.
t'T Communications Division is the most dangerous
security point in all CIA, especially with respect to
OSO operations since details of all operations must
be centralized in the Communications Division and
where both true names and pseudonyms of all personnel,
agent or otherwise, must be available and if not made
available, can readily or eventually be determined.
12
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To provide efficient communications to the
operating branches, Communications must be included
in the planning of operations, the procedures to be
used, and the discussions of proposed plans. These
are at present and must be a continuing day-to-day
practice and go far beyond the limits of liaison.
Communications has data on the normal and clandestine
operations in all areas which is concentrated in no
other place to such an extent. The fact that the
Communications Division must have this information
makes it imperative that Communications be under
the control of that section dealing with clandestine
operations for the safety of the personnel involved
and the national security. This information cannot
be denied to the Communications Division as an agent's
information is useless unless he can transmit it to
the proper authorities which in time of political
stress requires the use of clandestine radio com-
munications. Clandestine radio communications will
not produce results unless signal plans and cipher
plans have been previously provided to work to a
given radio base, which Lase must be controlled by
the same group of people that controls the agent.
"It is, therefore, strongly recommended that
the Communications Division remain an integral part
of the Office of Special Operations."
The move of the Communications Division's Washington
Headquarters from South Building to `V, Building was being
planned about the time of the controversial organizational
discussions. The PXSO in his comments to the Deputy Director,
CIA, concerning the relocation considered it essential that
the Communications Division be kept together in one location,
and if OSO moved, all of the Communications Division should
be moved to the same place at the same time. 16The possibility
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of dividing the Communications Division elements or physically
separating them further from the rest of OSO was seriously
opposed. It was pointed out that Operations required close
working relationships between Operations Sections of 0S0 and
the Communications Division and between elements of the Division
itself. Operations and operational planning were a joint pro-
cedure involving the Cipher Control, Operations, Engineering,
and Supply Sections of the, Communi cat tons Division with the
respective desks of 080 Operations, consisting of day-to-day
conferences and close working contacts. Division of the Signal
Center into two separated installations was objectionable from
the standpoints of requiring more personnel, making control more
difficult, and increasing the chances of traffic delay and com-
promise.
The Assistant Director for the new Office of Policy Coordi-
nation agreed that splitting up communications facilities would
entail the risk of transmission delays and security compromise.
He considered the relationship of OPC to the Communications Division
would be substantially the same as that of OSO, and in any move,
it was necessary for OPC to be located physically near the Signal
Center, 17/
The basic proposal for the centralization of administrative
support-was approved and announced by CIA General Order No. 11,
14 September 1948. L8/ This Order removed administrative support
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functions from 080 and realigned them under an Executive
for Administration. It abolished the 080 Administration
and Services Group, including its Personnel Division,
Special Funds Division, and Transportation and Supply
Division. Effective 1 January 1949, the title, "Executive
Administration", was changed to "Executive, CIV and
this official assumed central control of all CIA admi.nistra-
ttve support functions end direct responsibility for overall
coordination of CIA administration and operations (CIA General
Order No. 12, 30 December 1948). In line with the DCI'e
earlier approval for the Communications Division to remain
within 080, it was not included in the changes. However,
with the abolishment of the 080's Administration and 5ervicei
Group, within which Communications was located, the Communi-
cations Division on 1 January 1949 was placed under the direct
supervision of the Office of the A DSO.
The DCI'a decision that the Conmiunicattone Division would
remain within OSO stopped further immediate efforts to trans-
fer its organizational location. However, a proposal to place
Communications under the overall CIA Administration Office
again arose in late 1950. Throughout 1950 and 1951 and pa.rtt
cularly in early 1951, considerable attention was being given
to studies of CIA's organizational structure. Coordination
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of 0130 and OPC activities were among subject
Consideration of the proper position for
eoumnications within CIA c in for much discussion.
,elation
dated 1 November 1950 (Appendix
2wB) defined the Office of Special Operations as the Agency
solely responsible, except for certain monitoring services
carried out by the sign Broadcast Inform tin Division (BID),
for establishing, operating, and maintaining all radio and to
type ctxmcuntcatton s facilities that were the property of or
under the control of CIA, and for negotiating in behalf of CIA
wtth other U. S. Government agencies and privately owned
pantes for the use of their comnunicsttona facilities.
CIk Regulation E:::::::wwhich established the organization
ettone of CIA and its components, was issued on 1 December 1950
and distributed for eomnatate. This Regulation placed the Office
of Communications under the Deputy Director for Administration.
The ADS took exception to this on the basis that he considered
it neither desirable nor operationally sound. 12/ He made the
following case for retaining the Communications Division within
"Careful consideration has been given to the
fact that portions of the Communications Division
are not purely operational, e.g., the Signal Center,
,1 it ring, Training and Security Branches. How.
"or; control of Communications is considered to be
essential to the effective conduct of secret
intelligence operations that only the most compelling
3.6
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"The most sensitive and vital espionage and
counterespionage operations of 080 require a close
and intimate integration with the Communications
Division which affords that Division, of necessity,
detailed knowledge concerning operations. In addi-
tion, the C iunicettons Division is guided and con-
trolled by 080 in matters involving special materials
operationally procured exclusively by 480 and super-
vised by Staff E/0SO. The security factor which
results from both of the above facts requires that
the Communications Division rem in an integral part
of 080. An additional factor making this necessary
is the 030 responsibility for the security and counter-
espionage protection, as well as other support, of
communications activities overseas. Actually, in many
080 field installations communications duties are per-
formed by 0S0 personnel who have other primary CSO
responsibilities and upon reassignment would not be
assigned to the Communications Division.
"The removal of the Communications Division
from 080 could not but impair the security, effi-
ciency and success of the secret intelligence
mission."
A study within the Communications Division itself of the
proposed teguulationresulted in certain recommendations
by the Division Chief. 24 His proposals placed Communications
in position as a fourth Office under a Deputy Director, Opera-
tions, but recommended the title, "Chief, Communications" rather
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than "Assistant Director." It was proposed also that a
staff communications officer, with suitable assistants, be
assigned to each Assistant Director (OSO, 0PC000) to assure
that communications requirements peculiar to each operating
office would be effectively presented and provided for. The
Chief, Communications Division made the following points
relative to his recommendations: 21
a. Communications was an "operating" rather
than "administrative" type support, but must support
both operations and administration. The officer
responsible for this support should be a part of
the operating structure of the Agency and should be
able to present his requirements and advice direct to
the officer responsible for the overall success of
Agency operations.
b. The provision of communications support for
several different offices whose requirements were often
at variance required official liaison and correspondence
channels which were not involved in the execution of
policies peculiar to any one office. Offices supported
should be in a position to control their own require-
ments and assure that they were met to the extent of
Agency capacity, but should not be involved in the
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control of administration and technical operations
required to meet their communications nee
c. The education, experience, and personality
qualifications of individuals making up the commune-
cations organization 'were different from those suited
for other positions in the covert or overt offices of
the Agency. The training, rotation, and promotion
policies to assure the best communtcattons personnel
should be separate from those of any one CIA office,
mmuntcattone personnel should not be required to
compete with personnel of any particular office either
esstonally or numerically (percentages of promotion
quotas, etc.).
d. The title "thief, Communications," vas recom
mended regardless of the location of the Co aunications
Office within the Agency organization. This was based
on common usage throughout the Government in indicating
the senior individual in a Department or Agency' a com-
munications organization and was intended to place the
head of CIA Conmiunicattons on an equal beets. A possible
intention to compromise or appease other elements was
evident in the statement of the Chief, Communications
n, that a title such as Chief, Communications,
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"also serves to subordinate somewhat communications
to the operational offices it serves, as 'Assistant
Director' is generally considered senior to any chief."
CIA egulation was reissued 19 January 1951. This
designated the Office of Special Operations (OSO) as one of
three offices under the Deputy Director (Plans), the others
being the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) and the Office
of Operations (00). Coimunications remained as an OSO element,
at a level comparable with the Training Division (TRD), Budget
and Liaison Control (PLC), and the Operational Aids Division
(OAD).
2. Hecommendatians
About this same time, at the request of the DCI,
made a study to determine (1)
the place that communications should be given in the overall
Agency organization, and (2) the duties performed by Communi-
cations, Including consideration of whether these duties should
be expanded. report to the DCI included the
following recommendations:
a. That the Division of Communications be
given the title of Office of Communications in
order that its Head may have the necessary prestige
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to act on a co-equal status with officers charged
with similar duties in the Navy, Air Force, Army,
and other Government departments.
b. That the Office of Communications be
retained under the Deputy Director (Plans).
c. That the Office of Communications be
given a co-equal status with that of the Office
of Special Operations, office of Policy Qoordt-
nation.. and Office of Operations.
d. That the Head of the Office of Coommunt-
cations be given the title of Assistant Director
for Communications.
e. That the responsibilities of the Office.
of Communications, particularly with respect to
research and development and policy liaison, be
arged in scope so as to correspond in general
with that of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer
of the Army.
The complete
sport is presented as Appendix 2-C.
not complete agreement with
conclusions. In particular, while the ADPC agreed that
Communications should be retained in the iY /P's area of
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jurisdiction, he felt that the Communications Officer's
exact title and final organizational location was dependent
on ultimate decisions as to how OPC, 080, and 00 were to be
re closely integrated.. 22 Under the existing organization,
it was the ADPC' s opinion that to raise the Communications
Officer to the level of Assistant Director would negate the
idea that communications must serve operations. He pointed
out that a joint study on integration of 080 and OPC had recom-
mended that the Communications Division be placed an the area
division level, with the head of the division also serving as
the senior technical advisor to DD/? on communications matters.
The ADPC concurred i recommendation to enlarge
the scope of the communications element, but indicated that the
object should be to serve the specific requirements of CIA and
its components,, which did not necessarily correspond to the
requirements of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army. In
the ADPC recommended that the Communications Division
be temporarily placed at a point within CIA which would make
certain that it would serve operating requirements and would
not bean independent or autonomous activity within the Agency.
further organizational changes occurred, he considered it
appropriate for the Chief, Communications Division to report
to the DD/p. In the event 080 and OPC (and 00) were merged,
P2
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he then considered that the Chief, Communications Division
should report to the CZief of the new, combined Office.
The ADSO concurred in the principle of co-equal status
of the Office of Communications with that of other offices. 2
He stressed, however, that Communtcattons served the other
offices entirely across the board more than any other office,
and that controls and staff assistance then available to the
Deputy Director (Plana) were insufficient to properly coordt-
note a large number of co-equal offices. In view of the fact
that several inter-related organizational studies, including
one on reorganization of the covert agencies of the CIA, were
then in progress, the ADSO recommended that the subject of the
position of Communications be considered in conjunction with
these studies.
Another viewpoint was expressed by the Deputy Director
(Administration). 24 He stated that communications was an
Agency function and that a proposal would be made to the
Director that all coniuntcstions be consolidated under an
Assistant Director for Conununtcetions. Although he saw no
current objection to the proposal that the new Assistant
Director be under the operational control of the DD/P, he made
the point that communications was more properly an administrative
function, in support of orstin offices rather than a strictly
operating function.
2'A
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Additional ideas relating to the communications
organization were presented to the Deputy Director of
0entral Intelligence b Executive
Assistant to the lD/P. 25 His comments reflected the view
that communications effort was performed for the benefit of
all offices and, as such, this work should not be under the
control of a. single office. He suggested further that the.
Foreign Broadcast Information Branch be transferred from 00
to the Office of Oomuntcetions. Arguments for this were
that a significant part of FBIB'a activities had to do with
communications matters and its product was of general interest
various agencies of the Government, was perormned by CIA
under the "common concern" principle, but had little to do
with the Offices under Y/P.
3. Utablishment of the Office Of Communications
The ICI's eventual decision as to the organizational
on of t;nmxmmunications followed closely the original recom-
mendations of The suggestion relative to the
annexation of FBIB was not accepted. As of 1 July 1951, the
Communications Division was separated from OSO and was estab-
lished as the Office of Communications.
was designated Acting Director for Cnunicattons, reporting
21+
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to the Deputy Director, Plans. This action was further
formalized in 1 July 1951 changes to CIA Regulation
Appendix 2-1) contains pertinent extracts from this Regulation,
showing the position of Communications under DD/P, the orgent-
Batton of the Office of Communications, and a statement of
the Mission and Functions of the Assistant Director for Com-
munications.
D. PERSONNEL
1. General
The difficulty in obtaining sufficient numbers of personnel
was a continuing drawback to the development of communications
facilities at a rate matching the rapidly increasing operational
requirements. The disparity between personnel and workload had
reached such serious proportions in early 1949 that certain
changes and deletions in the communications operational program
recommended (Section 1, Personnel vs. Workload). The problem
at the, time was not so much a lack of adequate personnel comple-
ment as it was an excessive number of job vacancies.
A proposal had been made in the Fall of 19+7 that communi-
cations recruiting teams be sent to certain cities within the
United States to attempt the procurement of radio technicians. 26
This stemii d mostly from difficulties being encountered in manning;
stations of the Middle East Radio Network. By 1949 and continuing
25
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into 1950, an organized recruiting effort was developed,
with co ntcettons representatives assigned specifically
to recruiting duties and conducting recruiting trips to
cities throughout the States. This recruiting prograii,
although bringing in sizable numbers of recrutte, was not
a cure-all. In fact, the critical personnel ehortsees con-
tinued throughout the developmental period.
The adverse effects on communications support of the
continuing difficulties in procuring personnel were repeatedly
pointed out by the Chief, Communications Division.
rtember 1950 he reported to the AO that the point was
being reached where the Division would be unable to continue
to meet its commitments and responsibilities overseas, and
expressed the fear
OSO and OPC operations, then in pro-
06
f tmpletnentation as well as others about to be activated,
could not be supported unless the procurement and processing
at personnel were accelerated. 27 Although the existing
Communications overseas TIC appeared adequate, less then
.7 percent of the authorized personnel were actually on duty
stations. This T/C comprised 297 personnel divided
between ZUCA, 73; ASCA, 9o; mra, 84; N , 28; and SEACA, 22.
The personnel status as of mid-June 1951 while showing
some improvement, continued to be unsatisfactory and at that
26
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time the Chief, Co muntcattone Division, made the following
cents and recormrAend:zttoas. 2$
;,' a lack of personnel in the C nicattons
Division, particularly in tratntnC pools and over-
seas has reached such serious proportions that it
app?ara doubtful 'whether present commitments can
be met and communications activities vital to the
support of the operations of the Central. Intelli-
gence Agency properly carried out. The authorized
'3'/0'a established for the support of communications
activities of this Ancy have not been adequately
file, since m ! assignment here nearly two years
ego, and records indicate the same situation has
existed since the organization of the Agency in
1947.
"An a result of the chronic personnel shortages
in this Division, sound personnel rotation and train-
ing prorraras designed to build a strong cadre of com-
munications officers experienced in intelligence oooi.
muntcattons have suffered considerably. Morale ha
been adversely affected by the uncertainty of the
length of assignments due to lack of replacements;
operations have been hampered and in some cases
adversely affected. Me ray worthwhile programs and
projects have been corked out only to fail of imple-
mentation or lose their effectiveness because suet-
3onnel were not available in sufficient
o prosecute and support .hem.
"After careful consideration of the entire
problem and lengthy discussions with my staff,
is ray opinion that the underlying cause of the
present difficulties to lack of the assignment of
a sufficiently high priority to the procurement and
processing of Coruntcattons personnel..... In view
of the 780 existing vacancies in the Corn nuntcattons
Division T/O, it does not appear to that sufficient
,a beir. expended to provide the required per-
onneel support for the Communications Division.
27
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"I rec rul that consideration be given to
aria or more of the following proposals :
(a) A task force be organized in
the personnel office consisting of a s
ficient numi er of procurement officers
aud assistants to assure the complete
covera,ge of all schools and colleges in
the United States particularly state
universities and small colleges as well
an technical institutes and schools of
a similar type.
('b) That general information be
meft available to prospective employees
as to the type of work and opportunities
to be expected together with a true picture
of the interesting as well as difficult
aspects of CIA communications as a career.
(c) That publicity be given to the
opportunities afforded Communications per-
sonnel in the Central Intelli ence Agency
and a series of articles be published in
periodicals likely to be read by students
glamorizing the work of the intelligence
cotmunicator. Consideration should be
given to discreet advertising..... I
think if properly handled, the mention
of the Central Intelligence Agency would
be of advantage. If after proper considers
ti= this were considered too undesirable,
the possibility of the State Department
sponsoring such advertising should be
e xplorsd .
d) That contractual azrange*nta be
v~ with leading radio schools providing
for pouresent, holding, and training of
c-;, icati.s personnel for the Central
Ix teUteence Agency. This proposal has
been made before but has not been imple-
mented."
28
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Ta.tning Branch was authorized to
establish Contact with various commercial radio schools with
to ascertaining their capabilities and possibly develop-
ing a pilot procram with one or more. 29 faring 1951, Pre-
liminary contacts were made with the
graphy, and the Technical Bepresentative Division of the
This effort had only moderate sauce
to be effective in January
1952, and involving; the training of a limited number of students.
had been used as
early as 1919 as a source of radio operators and technicians
ugh a program of interviewing and selectine graduates, The
security hazards in dealing with private institutions were high-
lighted in 1950, when this school mailed some 800 letters to
former graduates, openly identifying
with CIA employment opportunities, as
as referring to thte fact that large numbers of graduates
had been hired by CIA in the pest. Upon representations to the
President of the school, these practices were discontinued, but
any damage had already been accoripliahed. 12
cruiting efforts included the use of advertise-
ments in AT, official or:an of the national arateur radio
29
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the American Radio Relay League, and
publicizing of CTA employment opportunities
of the Naval Reserve. f The M channel proved success
active duty Naval personnel who mere
leave the service also provdd to be a valuable
of n1anp er .
ng sufficient numbers of personnel actually
oned previously, the principal difficulty
on duty. T/O' a in general were gradually increased as
c icattons support requirements Baer, but although
approved r/O'a existed they were subject to the a
x*nt of "ceilings" or supertanpoeed levels above which T,
could not be filled. The ratio of people on the job to
those in tretni ; or to other phases of processing for
delayer in
never satisfactory as T/O's increased. Long
tvattvna in gettinC people "on the job." An
and in completing security clearances
e ple of the time tarn in the procesatng procedure is
reflected in a list of pending personnel prepared in March
vq. There were a personnel for whom processing had
Agw-
been requested by Coutn:icettone. Twenty-five percent of
these requests had been made at least six months earlier,
with several approachtn0 one year's delay.
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A comparison of T/Q's and actua
approximate start and end of the developantal period
JLO (Tn.c uc ig .r ases) (P~ercen o (@
194 -? July 1951) folly :
Auguat 1947 2T3
l tuber 1947 402
March 1951 807
1951
1*
eparate lists (T/Os) of cou r3unications personnel to
256
655
775
Atecal Year 1952 T/0-
2. ga!olidated CPC Communicati.orxs T O
As the communications support requtremente for both OPC
onttnued to grow, it yes found impractical to
serve 060 and OPC abroad. Following a series of conferences
in rhich representatives of Management., Budcet and Liaison.
,tal iployeea Division, CPC, Staff B (Operations)
and the Cbrsiuntcettons Division participated, a consolidated
OSO/OPC Overseas P/O for the Coumiuni ca t ions Division was
developed in November 1949. This totaled 291 positions, dis-
tr~buted as follows.
iatie Com mnicattons Activity (ASCA)
244 (90%)
462 (57%)
(43%)
88
28
Baropean Coma un cat ores v y kwunj T3
Meddle East Corumznicationa Activity (MCA) 80
Southeast Asia Communications Activity (ACA.) 22
subsequently changed to North Atlantic Co
tvity (NATCA)
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A supplest nt&ryr list of 46 communications personnel was
as T/0's of Foreign Divisions, min,
tel: of 33T positions for communications per-
sonnel Overseas, Incorporated in this total re 133
which: had beet set up earlier by OPC for communications
ted T/0 was approved by Al 0 and
by
29 November l99.
In a 23 November 190 memorandum o
OPC, the Executive Officer, {,
an T/O exceeded the 000 budgetary pro-
or personnel for the current fiscal year by approxi-
000,0. The AD 'as reply, / is quoted in part
indicative of the support provided by 080 and of the
placed by OPC on conw,aicatlona facilities`
"Wring the pest fifteen wontY 0PC has been
placing an increasingly heavy burden upon the Con-
muntcetions Division of 0190. I wish to express
tpprectation for the services and facilities that
nce have received in planning our opera-
provided as well as the cooperation and
r'0PC activities not only demand pensive
c nications services in normal times, but require
oiler atonal facilities to handle emergency situations
in any quarter of the world. This is ;ocularly
tupo Cant since the Departments of State and Defense
are ae ?tng upon OPC to perform certain urgency
functions in the event of outbreak of hostilities.
2
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fear these requirements, CPC, wt
he Communications Division, placed eon-.
pproximately $2,000,000 of equipment
during Fiscal Year 19+9 and set about recruiting
a substantial number of communications personnel.
As this program progressed it became increasingly
obvious that it would be necessary for reasons
of technical efficiency and operational security
to maintain the highest degree of coordination
between the communications activities and opera-
tions of Cos and OPC.
cent activities and future plans
reflected in reference memorandum provide further
proof of the desirability of affecting this coordi-
nation as soon as possible. In. developtng these
plans OPC representatives explained that the corn
nicatirsns requirements were so essential that
the implementation of these plane should only be
limited by our ability to recruit and train the
staff and build the bases. If this requires a
million dollars more than has been allocated to
OMWnications Division, it is essential that
funds be provided even though it may Mean
imitation of substantive activities that we;
_
contemplated when the budget estimates were sub-
mitted. 'or that reason, OPC is willing to with-
draw such funds as may be necessary from other
activities and, with the permission of the
Director,, earmark them for communications use.
fl In the third p reGraph of reference memo-
randum it was requested that this Office confirm
that the consolidated T/O will fulftfl the needs
of OPC for the balance of the present fiscal year.
It is impossible to make such a statement because
this "f/O is merely a plan on the drawing
i does not provide facilities in being.
, however, willing to certify that such a
T/O does not exceed our requirements that the
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n to place communications personnel
tively under 080 resulted in the transfer to
080 of all corn unicatione slots appearing on the T/o' is
of OP4 Inches, and all communications personnel employed
against such slots were transferred to 080. The term,
flao unicattone personnel," referred to those who had full
tip communications duties. Personnel whose duties were
divided, that
retary-code clerks, remained on the
OPC Branch T/01 a
LOGIMICS
1. OuWz,and Warehousing
of June 1947 Supply and Warehousing within 000 was a
function of the Transportation and Supply Division (T SD).
Dtviston included a Warehouse gectton. Within the Communica-
t.aton, supply operations were controlled by a Signal
property Control Section, which in December 1947 had a T/0 of
eeu personnel. At that time the consolidation of the
mountesttons warehouse at
general CIA supply warehouse operated at
by the Service Branch had been approved. ;6
utzications Division to move its entire stock of signal
equipment fro and this move was well under
way in April 193+8. 37. Coincident with the relocation, it was
34
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proposed that the C unicationa 8tg l Property Control
and that this function be placed
ek Control gait, which was formerly the
Warehouse Section. This action was approved on
28/
A further change in supply arr*ngents occurred in
icy 1948 when it was decided that 080 would operate a ware-
houee separate and apart from the general wsa*houae of the
ce Branch. Movement of all 080 property from
new 050 facility w scheduled to
co 3nc on 1. July 1948, and the A18f) requested additional
poeitiona for his Transportation and Supply Division.
,on was overtaken by CIA General Order No. 11 of
mber 1948, the provision of which included the
by the Services Officer, CIA.
if the Transportation
and Supp f t ti ct tons of 000. The move to the I Ware-
ntly did not take place.
# r the organtzattonal changes effected by
Order No. 11, 060 wee no longer directly responsible for
coammications warehousing. Nevertheless, its interest was
tone for all of Gam., and a communications inventory
c ount, as it had basic respoxisibility for providing com
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n excess of $1,000,000 s involved. The
tcations Division r -ined chereed .Ttth the reetponst-
nt, but un r the row or a:teatton s in the untenable
y for providing ctmunicationc services and electronics
position of having this r"por 3tbtltty without sny
authority in the physical handling of the tertal. The Chief
C0iunications Division in expressing these view, tndt
that the C-j=unicat4.a za DtvtetOn, should control. the supply
maintenance of this delicate equipment. jl
factor confronting OSO concerned its Signal
l
y Accountable Officer. This Officer yes per o ally,
nctally accountable for all stgssal (Conmumtcation5
rehouses; yet, he had no physt cSl control or dirty
terial. The ,A' requested that the responsibilities
storace. or the pe onnel-handling of the bulk
:table officer be define by directive, includiz
revtstttoning and control of all property.
The Acting Director of Csutrs l lntellitence ii 2icated that defini-
tion of responstbilttiee and establish ant Of cedures for
tm nicattons supply and uarehoustng would be trorked Out. :
At this some time, the incumbent 05 Signal Property
Buz table Officer wets to be transferred. Eta relief set forth
.29
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In actions that should accomplished prior to his
tng the duties of accountable officer. itil
included clarttication of such ratters as a r arend
receipt for material and a procedure requiring subsequent
s by the Foaponstble Officer(s) having physical
possession of the equipn nt and authorization over personnel
handling materiel; chain of command for the accountable
officer; and an outline of duties and basic procedures to
be followed in the various functions of supply requtattton,
stock control, storage and issue, and procurement. The
ecuttve Director, CIA, pr:
the requested chain of
c d informati, , but indicated that the other matters
vooulf the responsibilities of the new Serv
established by General Order No,
was developing and coordinating appropriate plans and pro-
csdures for the integration of a CIA overall supply reaponet-
bltty. 4.
subs uent conferences were held between 080 C untea-
tione) representatives and the
s Officer, C
procures to be followed by the Services Office-and by the
Cntcations Division in handling signal property were
established by i rsndum of Agreement dated 11 January l9149,
(Appendix 2-1). The effect of the a eensent was to relieve
37
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Communications Division of erect warehouse responsibil
no other previously held function and to add
certatn duties not previously assigned. The Chief,
Division requested the establishment of a section
out the functions and responstbtlittee assigned by
Division conetatinc of a limited number of personnel
ant. A Supply Section was subsequently
reestablished in the forrmuntcattons Division.
ut co unicsttores equipment was
occupying much of the attention of the Joint 0&O/OPC Gommunt-
cations :Board to early 1950. Studies were directed at methods
and procedures for the establishment of stockpiles and stock
!A vela) procurement and requisition procedures, issuance con-
priorities,
general regulation to insure avail-
ability equipmerrt an needed. jtk/ First steps were an inventory
of equipment on hand and surveys by board members of their opera-
tional needs so that procurement could be planned.
t ckpiles
38
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e 19
stock levels of afvnt radio equipments to be matntcined both
25X1
I
25X1
decision eras reached that the t/OPC
Ziaard wa d be responsible for establishing
the field and for assip to pri
to projects involy tng the: issuance of such equipment. This
action was for :tzed by S. 0. Directive
es C Degulatt Appendix 2-N) and by 0?C
6 July 1950.
is mw responsibility, the Joint
on 27 Jane 1950, after consultation with responsible
d the stock levels to be established
25X1
25X1
ned throu out the world. 8 The to do
pzec aut i,
to support current operations, co auntcattons
would be transferred
25X1
I
25X1
195
stole stockpile locations. in la
as a
it was decided that, except for material.
accomplished in early 1951. 49/
had been selected as the location indicated pre
aad replaces
on f+, ]Base Station Development and
tern Mediterranean
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The following figures show the world-wide agent rad
route indicates material processed for shipment or actually
sent but not received at its overseas location and equipment an
order from the manufacturer. Descriptions of the specific equip-
ments will be found in Appendixes 2-L and 2-H.
The stockpile program vas not limited to agent equint.
tions equipment items also were stocked,
includin; a strategic reserve of "packaged radio statt;;ns'i and
mobile stations. The packaged stations were complete radio
ttons assembled for irradiate shipment and stored at strategic
locations. As of October 1950, packaged stations had been pro-
vided for emergency use 50 In
addition to meet requirements for other areas, units were being,
held in the Washington warehouse. A number of the latter
`' packages" were earmarked for possible use in ttn America
at-ton 3, Overseas Activities, Central and South America).
Stockpilin at
n early 1951 took
the form of a complete mobile radio base station.
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under 'icy in y 1951 for establishment of communications
equipment
rations. Although g rate quantities of equi ntp
both conventional and agent, were maintained at major base
stational it was considered prudent to plan to aunt exist-
ing stocks and create new stockpiles in other areas.
P. +C INICATIO S $ ' , TY
1et,3
tion to existing facilities, studies
at a number of additional atreteg
hods, tools, procedures, controls,..: and
he security of CTA communtcettons and impie-
ants actions were the responsibilities of
ity Branch. This included diverse and
performed by an organization containing the
ice of the Chief
Ito I lopmeat Section
er ) th a and Procedures Section
Protective Section
Cryptomateriel Support Section
A continuing and intensified world crisis situation in late
and early 1951 and the related increase in communications
direct effect on the support responsibilities
of the Security Branch, As a step to cope frith the increasing
s, a program was activated to convert, wherever
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poestbie, from hand to machine ciphers. The establishment
of a protective monitoring program for the Agency's radio
networks a another high priority project. A third urgent
requirement yes a co unteations security inspection
determine the adequacy of security in the Field.
2. Eectrtc Cipher ) cbtnee
In January 1951, the Iirector, Armed Forces Security
Agency waas. requested to authorize appropriate military security
agencies to issue suitable electric cipher machines to .".IA
for use at its bey stations The volume of encrypted traffic
stations had tncre:aased to the extent that
ographic systems were no longer adequate. In the
Zed program for conversion from manual to machine
trio cipher machines were available at the high-volume stations.
The machines (SI '/TRADt N) were made available as requested,
.yetea wee started. This involved large-scale development,
systems, keys and keying meateriaal,
as veil as planning and preparation of new cover methods and
proced
the volume was expected to increase to
ceptable delays would occur unless elee-
r with instructional documents for field use.
uction of machine ciphers van further complicated by
LD
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informal indication that the Armed Forces might not be ab
to continue offering their facilities and services for pro-
ducing cryaterials for CIA in event of an all-out war.
To be prepared for such a contingency, the Communications
ucing its own eryptomateriale (one-time pads, keying
ity Branch had to make plans to assume responsibility
by the Army Security Agency before it, in ti
testing of cryptographic systems, devices, and procedures for
use by CIA.
early CFA years included the SIFT (also ce
nd
the SIC, `2 In y of Z9, arrangements were made to
convert the cryptographic circuits operating between CIA and
the I*partment of State from SIB to SIMft as the latter
(nd keying tapes). Continuing technical
ded by the Armed Forces Security Agency, and
devices used in the Washington area in the
rre efficient for handling the increasing
?io snttoring Project
A program of monitoring and traffic analysis of CIA red
circuits was established to determine the extent of intelligence
could be derived by the enemy from CIA communications)
either by deductive or inductive analysis. The first monitoring
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April
To determine the nature of the transmission security
of the net and steps necessary for improvement, and to formulate
the procedures for future operations of the Fadto
t. The importance of the program became immediately
ap rent as numerous operating discrepancies were observed. A
These monitoring exercises henceforth because a regular function
of the Protective Section, Connmuntcationa Security Branch, and
served well in tightening the security of CIA. reto operations.
Securit;; Ins cttons
ties was a responsibility of the Security
1951. The objective of this pilot project
monitoring ject covered the Middle last radio Network.
The establishment of physical security standards for com-
in the Latin American Sadto Network in
Branch. Samples of the item involved are contained in a list
ations for the Washington Signal Cater"
142 Included were such things as -sures
to prevent viewing the Signal Center through windows; provision
ventilation; blackout curtains; iron grilles; removal
of signs identifying the activity, such as "Message Center" or
Center"; establishment of controls for visitors; and
emergency evacuation and destruct t on plans.
By direction of the Aim, the Chief, Cormatuntcattoi
Division established a world-wide field station coxnmunic attons
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inspection program. Security dicers from the
eattous Security Branch visited tteld Stations to
is practices at the individual stations. These
cal security of CIA officea and to revtev
gram des
pure that the arrangements for handling CTA traffic in
roc, the security accorded the storm of CtA
c Atom ter#al, and the security of conditt for the pe
cryptographic York were satisfactory at the
5.
Soeurity
funattons of the Comunt
tcattons. The Security Breach was responsible
the establishment and control of crypto-
esteblie nt and deactivation of all cxypto phtc
11 gZ
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Est active aecurtty tasks during the develop-
stations for both 080 and OPC. This use
mental pertod as many new stations were activated, cord
channels chanced, and some stations deactivated. Crypto-
graphic control wa.s a baste requirement for an comnunice-
lions, regardless of the mode of message transmission.
S. 0. Procedure Guide
dated 8 June l919 set
the procedures for requesting cryptographic stmt
c xzunications. This was superseded by 090 igulatton
(Appendix 2-F), .rhich prescribed procedures to be
of owed when requests for cryptographic staff communica-
tions were submitted to the Communications Division. Pro-
issuing crypt ogre clearances were established
Letiox-~ dated 1 November 1950, and the Com-
M=testtons Division was designated as the control Office
such clearances . special procedures were developed for
spondence on crypto raphic and technical com-
of an com .antcattons personnel in preparing and
municettons matters. f To insure adequate controls in
handling dispatches relating to cryptographic tatters,
comuntcatto officer or cozmnunicstor at each field station
was authorized to eo=mntcate directly with the Qitef, CO MU='L-
cations. Division. Dispatches relating to such matters were
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captioned " YWOW. IC" and received sensitive handling.
Included to these dispatches was information relattnC to
cr7pto systems, equt nt and materiel, communications
security matters, trenafer and destruction of cryptographic
material., reports on ery-ptogrsphtc traffic vo .um, routing
data, time delays,, and related information covering the
crypto phic handling of traffic. Similar dtr ct communi-
cations .th the Chief, Communications Division, was authorized
for technical communications Correspondence dealtrt , with clan-
destine signal plans and related a ications matters including,
radio and other transmission subjects. Policy governing crypto-
c unieattons for those field establishments which were perm nen
staffed by both 080 and (WC representatives employing similar
abitahed by
required
(Append
registered cryptographic material be a commissioned officer.
The Chief, Oo unicattons Division, a Naval Officer, was custodian
His wide responsibilities roe c unications chief,
including extended T absences from his office, made it diffi-
cult for him to exercise direct control of the functions of
vin g, distributing, and accounting for rejtstered crypto-
rial. No other co=tsetoned officer was attached
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to the Comnanicattone Division, and the position of
untcatians, was to be eventually ctviltantzed. To
revolve the problem, the DCI obtained authority from the
Director, Armed Forces Security Agency, to appoint a civilian
to serve as cryptographic custodian. Z801
The provision of emergency cryptographic communications
between Washington and field stations was an integral part o
the cryptographic responsibility of the Cormunicattorie Division.
In November l91T, action was being taken to provide all 0SC
substations with an emergency crypto link direct to Washington. f
This link was for activation in the event normal co anications
cut off between the base station and Washington or if a
grave emergency arose at the substation which necessitated
direct communications with Washington.
A further step in emergency readiness was the storm of
reserve supplies of cryptographic material at strategic locations
throughout the world. This project,
only cipher storage, not radio operattons or signal plans. Ct?
was established as a safe area for the storage of
reserve ciphers and signal and cryptographic plans for each
active clandestine project for which the European Communications
was responsible. This was to
ate the necessity for rushing reserve copies from
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Headquarters to the new base of operations in the event
th should become neutralized operationally.
In mid-1950, cipher materials for the Headquarters Signal
Center Disaster Fla were pouched to all stations. 61
The opposite ends of these pads were prepared. for storage in
25X1 3R spoattory. Plan assured con-
tinuous cryptographic communications with all stations even if
material on hand in the Headquarters location ("T;' Building)
were destroyed by fire or other disaster. Emergency cipher
material later was stored in the Interim CIA Vital Documents
25X1
25X1
25X1
Repository
an Emergency Signal Center at
material was moved to that location
On I December 1949, there were
25X1 in operatton,~radio andu cryptographic. These totals remained
essentially unchanged through 1950. As of 1 March 1911, the total
of OSO and OPC staff field stations having cryptographic communi-
25X1
25X1
25X1
I
25X1
25X1
In addttton,l Contact Division stations
and FBIS stations had cryptographic communications. With
activation of the SFACA net, the total number of staff radio links
had increased t~-7 The 1 July 1951 activation of the Office of
Communications found cryptographic communications links at
and OPC stations andl IPBIS stations. There was no change in
Contacts coverage.
1, n
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aeion of classified moss
es over facilities
employed by 'BII/ 'BIS did not start until 1949- Discussions
tiv+e to a procedure for trextssmttttne classified material
facilities had been held in 191T. These were based
on the fact that the cousolida 4ed list of X318 monitoring tar-
ransmissioxt of this list in the clear gave definite
r U. S. intelligence agencies' interests. Haver,
to the Deputy, DCI early in November 1947, FBI3
vas instructed to continue to transmit weekly targets in the
clear over norm l P IM channels and to use facilities of the
no Division for transmission of other classified
This subject was aeatn broached by the Assistant Director
for operations (00) to September 1918. He pointed out to the
messages by FM field bureaus, due primarily to the
existing procedures caused delays in the receipt of
of proximity of the field bureau to the closest point of
traffic reception. Be stated that operational efficiency could
be improved by reductn ; the time of transmission betweemt Washington
and field bureaus and again requested that procedures be developed
for the transmission of classified messages over FEB facilities.
Communications Division outlined the steps necessary
to meet F='s desires, and the proposals were approved by the DCI
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A their o m cryptographic links as of 1 July 1951.
r 191+3. As indicated above, /FBIB
Appendix 2-fl presents three diagrams shooing cryptographic
links as of June 1950 to For ]bat areas;, primary European
ttonsa
G. MBM AND CIRCUTrEY
1.
Uniform instructions and information on the preparation,
)rooessi., and haling of cables for the use and guidance of
T. Subsequently, cable procedures were modified
:de(Besrieed) rescinding an earlier instruction
and OPC Personnel were issued on 2 My. 1950 as S. 0.
and refUwd and eventually issued as
and OP
a/
Basic policies governing the establishment
lateral cable co*mmunicati;ous between CIA field stat
described in Corzluntcations Division Order
he at,sff coz uunicattons cover links serving the two
it cable corrur=Icattons between field stations could
etattana# requests for such communications vere restricted to
situations where the hazard was justified by the operational con,-
ventetnce provided by direct lateral links. Prior to activation
of a lateral cable cornn unicutions link between two field stations,
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the Chief of the Uead.quertera Foreign Division or Area
off destring the link vas required to document the nature
and scope of the requtrerient. The Chief, Conmuatcattons
then initiated a study leading to deters
stbtlity and extent the lateral communications could
be provided consistent with the preservation of communication
If x eCessar condtttons were net, and the approval of
appropriate Assistant Director obtained, steps to activate
link were taken-
S. S. 0. Procedure Gut
ng
EAevtsed) stipulated the
the destruction of cables;
.-The destruction of cables is the responst
bility or each Offtt e, Staff , or Division. In
car to comply with existing security regulations
vverning the destruction of classified documents,
those cables destroyed will be itemized to duplicate
and one copy of the certification of destruction sent
he Signal Center for permanent file. This item-
.
tetion, the year inwhich the cable was d:ts-
nd the distribution copy n=bOr.=
problems resulting from following these
vftv discussed: by the Chief, Staff B.
rtes made by
miffs A, B, and C of the time required to list and destroy
cables as scifted indicated that thirty seconds of an
ployeefs time was req tied for each copy. The Cor untcattons
Division estimated that an average ofaass wits
copies were dtstrtbuted to 080 at Headquarters daily. An average
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at copies of each
course of a year
At 'thirty` seconds each,. destruction of
full time of five employees.
an example of the burden, on an individual office, Staff B's
of destruction of cables for one mouth was a
list. Arent for the procedure on security
grams vas offset by the fact that lists of destroyed cables
received in the St al Center were not checked a. tnst lists
of cables originally distributed, a task beyond the manpower
capabilities of the Signal Center; and even if they had been
checked and all copies accounted for, the information contained
in the cables could have been transmitted illegally or copies
Som units of 000 were c palled by workload considers-
postpone compliance indefinitely, and the Chief, Staff
B, cor cl}~ded that it wen fund+ m&ntally unsound to maintain regale
that could not be foiled.
At the request ,f the Joint 9SOf OPC Corr= n.ic$tione lard,
the Co nuntcettons Division made a study of the contested
destruction procedures, which, incidentally, had been apprc
origtne:t,r by the Board, 050, and OPC. It was concluded that the
existing destruction procedure wan cumb+ rso e, time-cons
y, and that tt was virtually impossible to effect destruc-
tion in accordance with the prescribed procedure. LT/ No Agency
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optea of the cables
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ted placing distribution copies of cables to
the category of registered documents; yet, the destruction
procedure followed the same pattern as that used for destruc-
tion of registered docun nts. In addition, it was further
concluded that the loss of a cable had no cryptographic secure
implications. 1-rtsed procedures were adopted and published
in OSO Re ton~1 November 1950 as f albs
"16ch Office is responsible for the secure
retention and/or destruction of distribution copies
of cables received. Offices may destroy copies of
cables 'whenever convenient and in accordance with
their own internal Office procedures."
Pursuant to agreement: of the Joint CSO OPC Coistrrurntcat o
the Signal Center was relieved of the responsibility and
accountability for cable copies that had been or would later be
distributed by the Signal Center to any recipient.
Canter continued to obtain receipts for all cables diet
e Signal
and maintained a per anent record of such distribution, This
incident relating, to cable destruction regulations provides a
lesson in the pitfalls of over-ambitious security controls.
An example of cooperation between CIA offices in ' eeptng
c morii occurred at the outset of the Korean conflict.
While capable of coptn with sporadic traffic increases,
Headquarters Signal Center was hard put to handle the inn
resulting fro the outbreak of hostilities. The gate
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ntcations Division, requested that those personnel in
the OOD r`aretgn Divisions and Staffs who had cryptographic
or trainirl be merle available during the emer-
gency period on a part-ti or overtime basis to seasist in
the Signal tenter. The nau a of twenty-eight 4S4 personnel
were provided to the Communications Division, and these
individuals were available for overtire service in the Signal
easy.
,umea provide one measure nt of conmuxnteations
activity. While available statistics for the early A years
are sketchy,, a a*u ltn; of traffic volumes is possible. 1' re-
se tattve totals of traffic processed by the Washington Signal
ter during the pertod 1948 to 1951. refl*et the upward trend
workload:
on. C TA
( eager )
rkedIncrease Attributed to Xor
ever psresent problem of tnatritaininG a balance between
and workload is reflected in a "Trafffie-Nrsos l
as of July 1951. This shy that although
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 25X1
25X1
25X1
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Next 2 Page(s) In Document Denied
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Diseentnat ton l tworrs
t V *s decided that a five-Va.
n (ID) cryptographic r twort should be established
to link the {antral ?aa' ll.i ence Agency with the intelligence
partrae tto of Ar , Navy, Air Force, and
ious
dtatrtbu
tton of irelizt-
a for making expedttt
y
~
~y}b SJ
on Reports to cambera , intellige.,
In Juae of 1918 a wire circuit was
nter and tl Dctor of Intel
Dwpartu*llt of the Ar t, Pentagon Baildtz . J-61
ID network never developed to the extent ortginau y
circuits to the Departments of Navy and Air ?arcs
d. Initially, the Department of State also
chose not to join the network, as it felt Chet existing faci-
lities were adequate.
However, in Sum 1950 at the urging
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of the Army, the Dees Orient of State (Orri
and Inteilieence) yea finally tied into the system. VB/
Distribution of the dissemination reports to the Navy and
Air Force were accomplished through the Department of the
Arrry Cryptogimphic Center.
As time passed, the Department of State a little use
of the special circuit and eventually reverted to the exclusive
use of the regular CIA.-State tie-lines for receiving the dieeermt-
ttons. This left the Army as the only participant in the
orit,ine network concept. Army use wee later curtailed, although
both the Departments of State e Army circuits remained in being;
tely, steps xrere taken
with the ID netimek..
all circuits connected
In addition to t:1 ID circuits, various other specia
re cede through the ;ears to s
ell,iience inforratiour, Of pa iculer note w a chi;
pher teletype circuit established in early 1951 b weep the
Washington Signal Oen'ter ("L?' Building) and the Office of the
trawion Building) to expedite the dissemination of
rtteulerly "hot" reports and other urgent traftt
umlaernt of Defense
,,LL:- dependent on the military sex
icationc support, particularly between Washington and
nts. Good working relationhipe existed 'with
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tton was generally satisfactory; h.
vied piecemeal and no definite egree.nt
iat for support in tins of war. Accordingly, in July 1950
ne taken to request firm a r eruents by the military
continuation during wart
21/
he Depart -,ent of Defense, the Joint Co
ttee (J= C) of the Joint Chiefs of
Agency responsible far coordination of military teiee
end. for liaison with other Qoverne
eer 1950, formal liaison between JC" C and CIA,
port then
eatabltshed whereby CIA' a overall requirerx n
for military traffic handling support were submitted to the JCC
for coordination and approval. These submissions were revised from
year to year and included both peacetime and wartime circuit and
traffic vole requirerents. All Agency needs were tue
in the p aentattone tncludinp, FBID war-time c utre ente. Upon
acceptance by the JCiC, the submissions became definite c tt n
by the military for nil and warttn support.
Another type agreemernt with the military concerned the
maintenance by the Arran of teletypewriter and associated equipment
used by CIA in the continental United States.
dated 1 Juuly 1950. 83/
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eoza zunicattone pa sonnet and the emergency
ereted by the Horean Was necessitated steps to accelerate the
clearance and tra.ining,of communications personnel.
Valuable time was bets C-, lost as the result of delays incident
to obtaining full security clearence 3 . To offset the
nt and the time personnel could be placed in training,
the Chief,. Corm nicuttons Division,
n the fall of 1950# pro-
posed that during the time prospective employees were under-
going investigation they be granted provisional clearances and
enrolled in unclassified basic co tntcattons training. His
proposal was for the establishment of a Baste Communications
Course for such personnel to operate under a. special training
section in the Communicattoia Branch. 34/ Instruction was to
tnclude International ibree Code, radio theory, practical tab-
oratory work, basic operating procedures, elementary cryptogphy,
and touch ty rriting, all materiels used to be unclassified.
During the time students were in training, approximately 18
full security clearances would be completed, after which graduates
the basic course would enter the Advanced Communications Courses
processed for oversees assignments.
October 1950 the DCI approved the proposals for
training provisionally cleared personnel. This approval covered
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the establishment of a Basic and Intermediate Cormnicattons
T~mtning Schaal for approximately 140 students. The problem
nding adequate space for this special program toot', a
uitous turn with the establishment of the Ancy' 1s
ned that suitable space and facilities could be pro-
I
25X1
25X1
25X1
Ue
ion headquartero
request to
he basic traaintnt
was approved.
ntcations training p
not only
expedited training and overseas assignment of personnel, but
also provided= with an interim, live activity during
the period it fulfilled its primary mission as a standby caner-
gency relocation headquarters.
Detailed rer utrer nts for factltttee to accommodate 100
nts and an instructor staff of 15 were developed. 87/
25X1
25X1
Plans called for a site for the training facilities
for certain phases of tnetruc-
ion and constructing a new building for the teletype and pow
equipment maintenance course. Penovatton of
oxide classroom;, offices and recreational facilities and can-
n Of a c:rm intcattons shop building for teletype and
poser generator instruction, and to include a room equipped for
net operations were tnclzuded in a contract
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'eadt ees measures. Work on these
arted to Mwi 1951. 8a3
and construction were expected
to five months. The urgency of the training
program could not accept this delay.
to provide the training at
eo pletton of the
it vas decided therefore
facilities. The
tortes en elaeeroome, but these
pending
con.
designed
A crash program was undertaken to remodel
the facilities to provide adequate floor spy. The class-
roo building was rewired to carry the increased electrical
and library facilities were located in
the dormitory building. /
June 1951, sufficient readying of facilities had been
accomplished to permit activation of the training program, and
gust, 48 students had been enrolled in
the comuntcations courses. Subjects covered included baste
supplies, pltf"ters, transmitters, receivers,
antennas, teletype maintenance, end associated cryptographic
devices. Practice nets for radio operator training were eatab-
fished, to addition to work in the regular radio code rooms.
June, fifteen students were enrolled in the first radio
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The communications training continued I luntil
October 1951 whon the
paces were completed.
Chief Instructor, Auxiliary
Training Section of the Co untcattons Trainin4 Branch, w
transferred 23 February 1951 as C". nunicattons Officer-
ft.. Charge. 22/ ~ was responsible for all cormuu itca-.
ttons activity including developnt and supervision of
the training program, operation. of the &kergency St :nel Center
and coordination of plans for remodeling and new construction
as it related to communications requirements.
co.antcattons activity was subsequently designated, Training
Section No. 2 of the Cotlmt ntcattons Training Branch. The
purposes of tdenttfytn;; common
of the Auxiliary Training Section
had preceded
cox unicsttons acttvtty. In April 1951, he received permanent
era as Tratntng Offteer of the Teletype Maintenance Course,
ently asst;ned as Chief, Training
Section No. 2. 90/ To assist in readying the facility, three
radio trainees from Washington were assigned on a 30-day TIYY
end one employee of the Washing on St l Center also
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was assigned an T . As of 28 June, the tratntn staff was
of the C,h of a Supervisor/Tretntng Officer, ! dto
; two Training Officers, ft di,:);
sting Officers, Teletype and Piourer Unit *tntenance.
i untcattons Training was the subject of 000 Regulation
or enr ll nt, and the scope of tratni ?
Thin covered qualifications for
Is. There were three general types of courses offered 1.)y
cottons Trairtr Branch: Cry
e, I dto Cor -
muntttans, and Special. The Special Courses were deal
prepare personnel for unusual communications and surveillance
orations, not included in the other curricula. Cryptographic
tratninZ prepared staff personnel to perform or assist with
duties at a staff cover station. ? aubcourses
staff cryptographic course. One was the standard
:ourae to fully qualify the trainee for cryptographic duty. The
a briefing course to qualify a student to assist
cryptographic duties under supervision and in an emergency to
ographic duties with the help of written instructions.
A clandestine cryptographic course was given for personnel to
in clandestine cryptographic activities. This train--
.eed a basic course to train students to Follow written
specific clandestine operation and a second
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rpecia ly designed to train in all expects
cryptographic duties to be performed in a given operation.
andard radio cotnnuntcations course covered those phases
of radio oon auntcaattorua activities peculiar to CIA and included
training in Internet tonal Morse Code, minor maintenance of
radio equipment used in the operation concerned, basic radio
theory, and com unicattone procedures. A radio familiarization
o conducted.
the Co iunications Training Branch uim
d into four sections and a Headquarters staff: 89/
Chief, Training Branch
Deputy Chief
iltar^y Training
section Chief Instructor
Covert Training
Section
*Cryptographic
Training Section Chief Instructor
Radio Training Section Chief Instructor
The Cryptographic Section was formerly the Cipher and Security
Instruction Unit, known in the Field as the Cryptographic Tratning
School.
ntng Sections we:
in Washington.
ning Section operated in a ehouees. During 1949
and 1950, personnel enrolled in cryptographic training averaged
about 60 per month. This compared with from 20 to 40 per mo
Cryptographic,, and Wto
the second f .oor of
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94T and 1943. The !die Training Section had an
f approximately 50 per month in 1949 and 1950,
and the Auxi tart' Tratutng Section was providing training up
15 per month. Prior to the transfer of eleetrontca our-
nee responsibility to QAD, this type of instruction was
wean.
sintrj; Section was responsible for providing
tnications training to covert persomiel. BefOre
1951, students were ""stn letonsI or tesm's of two. This required
segregated training. areas and stringent security precautions to
prevent breaches of both cites and personnel. Durinr- 1951,
emphasis shifted to group instruction, Frith teams of five to
eight students trained as a class. This permitted more efficient
use of instructors. During the first half of 1951, twenty-three
evert students received training in such subjects as radio.. WT,
cryptography, and in isolated cases, surveillance techniques. 92/
tcations Division also assisted the C Training
in its paramilitary training program by detail of instructors to
and to a facility in
Washington, D. C., for presentation of communications subjects.
This support consisted of providing, several times during 1950
1951, training of up to 50 hours in radio familiarization,
and eonmiuntcaations security. Included was pup
training for OPC covert staff officers preparin ; to conduct
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about mid-1951, plena were being made far an expanded para..
advent of the
vver by the Auxiliary Tratntng Section
raining Drop-am to be activated in 1952 at a new
oc ettoL
to varies overseas locations. At
~eulted
f the Communt+caWions Training Branch. JV
ype and cryptographic machine maintenance and a=t1tary p wer
e uipmew
curricula, as we
of the dto Training Course. Thus the
on functions were divided betveen
Y Section ceased to exist as such, and the radio Train_
The reorganization of the Training Winch also elimt
iadto raining Section. The new organization was based on the
of students rather then upon
A new Training Section No. 1
provided
c stfied training in the fields of cryptogrftpfy, teletype
operating, and a radio equtpnt course, p1
'mining section No. rovtded training
nter
ling and tfleo3:-y tratntug required by spectftc students.
to radio theory
trig. A third Section, the Covert Training
d unchauged.
equip.
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S `4L EQUI>T STAFF
The Special Equtp rit Staff (S'm), under the Chief of
perettona, OSO, was created by S. 0. mrectiv_of
6 June 1947. Its prtr ary responsibility was to determine
utr e xenta for techntcal devices and special
equipment and to present such needs to the Cover and Docu-
mentation Dtytston (CDD) and the Communtcatton$ I tvtstan so
hey could provide them. The specific charte
was established in Section III of Directty
essence, was the Matson and communication channel between
dtyteioris and the C ntcations and Corer and
ntation Divisions for trarsmttttn ; requtre: nts.
Appendix 2-J is
assessment of the rec uiretnenta and
procedures for operations support prepared by the Chief of
Operations on 24 November 1947 based on experience under the
concepts. It was found that there no provision for
numerous specialized support functions essential to future
field operations. Weaknesses existed in the preparation of
equipment for the field and in the availability of technicians
to assist field personnel in the details of installation or
application. Several changes in supply procedure were a
found necessar; for Sly to function properly as the control
point for Operations in all matters of operational equipment.
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The three areas of operations support functions were
Communications
The organizations with primary responsibilt
the necessary support were the Communications Division, the
rid Documentation Division (CDD), and the Transportation
and Supply Division (TSD), all of which operated under the
Chief of Administration and Services (CAB). The Operations'
Training Staff (TRS) had corollary support functtonss, for
functions related only to supply matters.
Operations support functions were divided on the bests
of electrical and non-electrical equipment. The Communications
Division handled all electrical and electronic smatters; CID
handled all non-electrical aspects. Specifically, the mmunt-
cations Division was responsible for the electrical and cipher
functions of cosimuntcatione and for the electrical functions
once and observation.
The Chief of Operations' study also covered the development
Inventory of Specialized Equipment and Operational. Aids
and the establishment of stockpiles of special equipment. The
items in the stockpile were to be kept by the unit most relevant
their use; for ezenple, the Cos muntcattone Division would have
the electrical and electronic equipment, such as radios, parts,
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supplies, and electrical surveillance devices.
a new procedure for handling supply requests
from the field. Existing practice was for requests from the
field to be routed to TWO plating that unit in a position of
overall coordinator of action, while its baste function was
supply and preparation for delivery. The proposed proced
field requests would be routed to the appropriate
Foreign Branch for action and approval. if approved, all
requests covering special equipment would be passed to SM.
Based on data from the Foreign Division, would then formulate
ppropriate spectftcat
the Division (3, G,unca
beat able to fulfill the requirements.
etabltshed the supply
procedures proposed above., at the s time describing the
overall responsibilities en-dl functions of S. (Appendix 2-K).
In late 1948, was involved in an internal dispute
between CM, Foreign Division T, and the OSO Station at
concernir a requirement for an
The result was a r eco ndet ton in January 1949
by the Acting ADSO that SES be abolished. / This was followed
in birch 1949 by a recorrm ndation by
' cuttve Officer to the D CI, that be eliminated and its
functions assumed by the Cover and Documentation Division or
tions Division, as appropriate. At this
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Captain Ford recounted the circumstances aurrouandi
tncident. r The Chief of Operations
memorandum of 13 April 193 to the
stated that SS had made an honest effort
to do its job, but pointed out that if the technical branches
did nothing with the recommendatiozas of SES, which were based
d by the field stations, then the whole pro-
cedure would become pure theory and
i ras in fact impotent
ucttve. Be concluded by recommending that
liquidated and that requests for equipment be routed from
the ope tang divisions direct to the technical divigione;
that requirements for training be handled direct between the
foreign branches, technical divisions, and the training staff;
'a staff establish priorities on equipment reques
ompile 060 operational requirements for technical support,
ekte radio stay behind planntng, and . co rdinate research
acts.
y 1949, the Chief, Special Equipment Staff reviewed
status of technical support to 080 field operations and
dat;ions on the organization of technical support
functions. His principal recommendation was for the esteb-
Itebment of a Technical Support Staff, under a Technical Support
Officer reporting direct to the 0. The proposals included
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the Liquidation of the Cover and Documentation
ti.ty? and the transfer of its person
iities to the new Stcff the transfer from the Conznuntc
n. of the responstbtltty for electrical surveillance and
other nor-cou n t .ttons activities; organtzation of an Opera-
Office within the Technical Support Sts:.f PBralle2 to
the Operettons Office of the Communications Division, to assist
eel Support Officer in itateon with the reign Branches
and in coordinating a field technical sup rt Vi m,
t of Technical import Staff tiers ele nts3
transfer to the new staff of responstbtlity and tactlitte*
all technical inatructton end research then died an within
the Training Staff (TES). He proposed further that the Co-
==i ttons Division be redeat ted as the C unicattons
a C ntcations Officer (the existing Chief, Com-
rtth direct to the AIZO.
specific documentation is found pin-potnttn the
abolishment oft but It apparently ceased to exist as such
upon the went of the 080 reorganization as set forth in 080
I October 1949. tinder this Directive,
formerly aastgned to COPS were reassigned among
of Operations (COPS) was eliminated and
Staffs (Operational), B Plans), C (Special Intelligence)
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D (Counterintelligence). SM wa no lonfmr included
in the CCt) organizational structure. Operational Aids
ntatton Division (CM), but the re designation consisted
for the Cover and
(om) appeared as an element reporttnE direct to
chant to title.
The demise of is further confirmed in OSO 1egulatton
f 1 November 1950, which assigned to CA]) the reaponat
biltties for ectal Equipment previously handled by ice. 22/
the a - tton of the OPC Ream-ch and
t into 0AD/050 in June 1951, flAD be
Assistance and Development Office). 104 Sow
about September 1951,, the MAO title was replaced
by ?SS (Technical Services Staff)..
Despite the specific recommendations of the Chief of
xelattni to operational support require isuts in the
urvetUOnce field (Appendix 2-J), little progress was made in
d to with the problem. As late as the Sir of 949, there
uston, or possibly lethargy, in actively
grips with surveillance getters. No office had
all equipment and operational responsibility for surveillance
effort. The engineering; group of the Communications Division
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ed responsibility, for solvit all problems
throughout the Agency, which were described as "electrical,"
zed from the development and planning of base radio
through various kinds of communications devices,
including recorders and other electronic aide to be used in
surveillance work. The Chief, Communications I?tviston, stated
at the time that this responsibility for such electrical/electronics
matters had been. tacit and not at the direction of any responsi-
ble officer other than the Cowmunications Chief. I:#31It is
( p
that on 24 November l9I7, the grief of Operat
x 2-J), had specified that existing responsibility for
tions ratters and the electrical aspects
surveillance and observation rested w-tth the Coruntcattons
Division. also de reference to the fact that the Coruna-
cations Division had a develo ente laboratory. It appears,
therefore, that the fact that the Co uuntcations Division was
cad in the pursuit of electrical./electronic equipment prob-
1,, including surveillance matters,
recognized fac
whether or not such activity may have been by default of
by specific directive of higher authority.
Confusion in operational responsibility also was alai-Tod
by the Chief, C imuntcstiorns Division, citing the fact that
Inspection and Security came into the picture in the continental
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U. S. and SES or other offices when foreign opportunities
presented themselves. Be :e several recommend ation?i, one
at which waa that the exact responsibilities of the Communt-
sston in electronics surveillance, both developmental
and operational, be defined.
canttve Officer to commenting to the A DSO,
stated his belief that the responsibilities of the Comant-
catians Dtvtetox in electronic survetllence , e and had been
settled as falling, within the communications charter, but
that it appeared that the Communication, Division had not
he charter as being clear-cut enough to warrant "any
really constructive effort on their part." 102/
Apparently as an outgrowth of the existing controversy,
icattons Division was, on 19 September 1949, spect_
responsibility for surveillance activities which
This action was rescinded
on 18 January 1950 when responsibility for all surveillance acti-
vities was
080. 104/
d to the Operational Aids Division (a
The assint of the surveillance function to CAD
he Chief, Con untcattonaa Division, lt} ! A
in suggesting; the transfer was that, the
fundamental mission of the Co=unteattons Division was the
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provision and
ords
tng of rapid coi mu tcattons. The obtatntnC
versatiorss and discussions electrically was
considered in no sense pertinent to raped communications, and
the only connection that surveillance had with the Comuntca-
tions Division was said to be the fact that electronic recording
devices used vacuum tubes and wares in their make-up.
The transfer of the surveillance function to CAD did not
relieve the Cnuntcations Division of all responsibility in
surveillance matters. Pending adequate facilities and personnel
within OA4), it was agreed between the Chief, Communications
Division, and the Chief, CAD,
a. All phases of surveillance training of
Co=untcetions personnel would continue to be
handled by the Communications Division until OAS)
was fully organized and staffed to undertake such
training. The training of foreign breneh and agent
personnel would continue as a responsibility of CAD
as was then the practice,
b. Surveillance training at overseas posts
would continue to be given by communications per-
sonnel until such time as the OAD TjO allowed for
the assignrlent of surveillance personnel overseas.
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evelopment of electronics:
equipment for surveillance purposes would be con-
ducted by the tneertrig Branch of the Cm untca.-
Rtartan. One engineer would be detailed to
QAD full time for this purpose and would have full
use of all, facilities of the Engineering Branch.
d. E ontrol of existing stocks and additional
Procurement of surveillance materiel was the responst-
btltty of t.
a. Testing of electronics surveillances. gear,
both when received for stock and prior to packing
for shipment, would continue to be carried out by
the I pectton and Teattng Unit of the Engineering
bench, i untcatior Division..
f. OAD would budget for development, procurement,
other activities in connection with electronics
oe in the next fiscal year.
notified that the surveillance
renaferred to DASD, but that communications
personnel in the field mould continue to assist in the tnetaile-
tton and maintenance of electronic surveillance equipment under
the staff supervision of at Headquarters. 1061 In this cane-
neetion, all stations were requested to submit a complete
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t ntory of surveillance equipment in their possession
Qd to count on it$ adequacy and reliability.
T split responsibility.. OAD/Comuntcations, resulted
problems between the Electronics
SurvetUan
:Branch of QAD and the Engineering Branch of
ton. The follwing actions, approved
by the I.00 in August 1954, ire designed to resolve the Jiff
by king surveillance functions
a.
tunics engineer,~ms to be trans..
n OAD: ld
nch, ?A, where he would assume
the position of thief for all surveillance acti-
vttttea.
b. an voul.d immediately asp full responsi-
bility for the requisitioning and actual testing of
11 surveillance equipment.
e. Prior to I September 1950, all property
accounts and inventories of property then utilized
by the Surveillance Branch would be transferred from
t o .unto do za to DAB, such transfer of accountability
to include all property recognizable as surveillance
equipment, to include testing equipment.
So
t? n A T ' ' T Tt V W' T & T.
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Y v li i - Y V- A - is i
d? Two rooms in Tempo -j "V' Butidin
would be provided for the Electronics Surveillance
Branch within three months. In the interim, the
Surveillance Branch would remain at its existing
location within the Communications Inch space
K. TOSWCH AND DML P) #t1
1.
The Agency organization provided no office with overall
responsibility for Research and Development ( ) as a function.
Thus it was in the early- CIA days that offices having interest
and need to purvue actual research and development did so
individually.
The Office of Research and Evaluation, later renamed
Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE), periiaps cam closest to
basic charter in the Rid? field; but, its interest was
primarily to the collection of information and compilation of
data, As originally or ;antzed in the CIG era, basic functions
ORE, exercised thrrou;h its Technical and Scientific Branch,
ded the determination of technical and scientific develop-
ments as might effect the national security of the United States.
One duty was to maintain close liaison with Government research
and development activities in the fields of teehnolo and
science.
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The Research and Development Board (RDB) of the
National Military Establishment was activated on 30 September
1947. Its predecessor had been the Joint Research and Develop-
swat Board (JBDB) of the Army and Navy. Close cooperation had
been established between CIA and the JRDB, and the Scientific
Branch of ORE was the Office having major cognizance in JAB
matters. With the formation of the new RDB, the Chief, Scientific
Branch, ORE, was designated the principal CIA liaison between CIA
and R11B, with responsibility to arrange and coordinate the working
relationships of offices of CIA with appropriate divisions, com-
mittees, or individuals of B. In that connection, the Communi-
cations Division, 080, requested an observer on IMB subpenele and
panels relating to communications equipment and electronic com-
ponents. 10$
Later, reorganization established within CIA an Office of
Scientific Intelligence (OSI), and the task of providing scientific
and technical estimates, etc., to such organizations as 11 then
became the responsibility of OSI. CIA Regulation of
19 January 1951 reflects that ORE had become ORB (Office of
Research and Reports), and its mission specifically excluded
scientific intelligence.
2. R&D Within 080
O80 procedures covering research and development were
defined on 1 April 1948. 109/ SE'S was established as the Office
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ry cognizance in l matters. All research and
projects were to be cleared through SES. Any
ideas for research and development were to be considered by
practicability (in consultation with Communications
Division and/or Cover and Documentation Division), and (2) for
operational need (in consultation with COPS, the Foreign Branch
Chiefs, and other operational elements as appropriate). If recom-
mended for action, a formal 1I&R project was prepared by SE S,
forwarded to COPS for approval and hence to CAS for coordination
final authorization.
Furls approved for each project were allotted to the
technical division responsible; for electrical tteme, Communica-
tions Division; for nor-electrical equipment, C&t1. The responsi-
bility of these Divisions included preparation of specifications,
technical direction of vork by outside contractors, and testing
of new equipment. 05 represented Operations to ascertain that
specifications met operational requirements, to check progress
on developments, and on final testing of equipment prior to com--
ion of the project.
Within the Communications Divtston, responsibilities in the
R&D field were carried out by the Engineering Branch. Appendix
2.L contains three summaries of the status of R&D projects at
various points in time: April 1949; February 1950; and January
1951. Some actual research and development work was done in the
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engineering laboratories of the Communications Division, b
the major portion was handled under contracts with electronic
proje
urin concerns. The most sensitive
requiring an intinste knowledge of the Agency's opera-
tions were accomplished to a maximum extent within the Conuni..
cations Division laboratories.
Detailed descriptions of the principal clandestine-type
communications equipment in use or under development during
this period of history (MR,-1, i -i, M -5j M-6. AN-M-4)
are contained in Appendix 2-M.
The project of first priority in early 1951 was the Fs-6
miniature agent radio transmitter-receiver. The background on
laments and delays in the availability of the w-6
were questioned.
The X-6 was conceived as a postwar refined version of
the 088 Model TR-1 clandestine radio equipment. It was recog-
nised early that replacement equipment with equal or superior
operating characteristics to the TR-1 must be provided as stocks
of the TR-1 were becoming depleted. However, the "Stay-beh#nd?
on being planned and mounted in 1948 required quite
different radio equipment which would be waterproof and capable
opnent of this equipment was recounted by the Chief, C=~-
attonas Division. 112 Impatience was being shown by the
ed burial under a wide range of conditions The HS-1
AL
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for this need, and it became an overrtdtng
along with urgent requirements for unconventional
(F systems. These projects largely absorbed the
city of the t unicatiuns Electronic Development Section
until I April 1950. Development of the 05-6 proceeded on a
priority basis from that date,
I laboratory models,
pis, and specifications were completed in September 1950.
bftan,while.. pressure for the ff3..6 vas increasing, and the
ed that action be taken to provide earliest avail-
ability of this ne v equipment. lkximum effort w ale for the
of an tneeri /P uctton contract, and by October
1950, ar ements were under way with ---] There
followed a series of avatlabiltty estimates, starting with April
1951 And vanci to Icy and June: but further production delays
Loped and no deliveries had been made by July. At least
Foreign Division had firmly scheduled one agent and tentatively-
scheduled two other agent* for dispatch in mid-July on the basis
of expected availability of the M-6 resulting in confusion and
undefined effect on operational plans. This experience was well
described at the time by of the
ttons Division, Administrative Staff, as an example of the "fallacy
Rh optimism." If the circumstances contain additional
3seona, they must be complete realism in estimates of equipment
production times and plans of the ultimate user, the operations
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red by the fact that the beat laid
PIAM and the most honest intentions are subject to Jnevtt&bIe
production delays.
ent of the Lorean War posed a possible threat to
tnnued development and production of communications equip-
nt peculiar to the needs of the Agency. It was realized that
event of general mobilization the Xttona1 Security
Board ( M M ) would impose material and production con..
contztng that additional contacts with NM would be
y during any period that such controls were in effect,
development
n in July 1950 to initiate discussions vrtth
to obviate any later obstacles to the continued
nt of vital CI equipment. 11
3, M Within OPC
.y 19i49, OPC research and development responsibility
the Chief Pasearch and Develop ant Staff. His
a. 'o serve as the top level technical advisor
on scientific matters to all elements of OPC;
b. To advice and assist the Office in the
development (including procurement of sufficient
roduction units for appraisal and test),
c. Formulation and establishment of ply,
tees and operations requtrtnn scientific efforts
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p or arrange for the development
of the necessea- operational: devices and equipment to
support the activities of OPC.
Desch. 1951, the Chief, Administration and Logistics,
OPC, reviewed the orb a.ntzat ton for research and development
levels and made certain recondat tons. 113/
At that time the F &D functions in OPC were performed by an
Branch,, an element of the Administration and Logistics Staff.
This Branch was responsible for the evaluation and coordination
of an research and development requirements of the OPC Operating
Divisions, for the determination of functional charaotertsttcs
inherent in such requirements; and for the initiation of action,
through the CIA Procurement Office, to satisfy them. In addition,
the ; Branch of OPC had exercised, on behalf of CZU, the responst-
bility of providing liaison in technical matters between CIA and
outside agencies engaged in research and development Including
otis inspection, surveillance and technical direction
services. As offices other than OPC were engaged in R&D activities
(notably the Communicattons. Division, O SO,, and the Operational
Aide Division, +080), the need was expressed for an R&D Staff at
CTA level. It was concluded:
A stall 3 Staff should be continued in
effect in OPC, in OAD, and to the Comn3unieattone
Division of OSO for the evaluation and coordination
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of MD requirements of the Operating Divisions;
for the determination of functional chnaterieti
inherent to such requirements; and for the initiation
n to satisfy the
b. An Staff should be established at the
CIA level to provide for the general supervision and
control of Agency-wide R&D activities -wtthin CIA
Act ton eras later taken in June 1951 to combine the
operational. Aids Division of OSO and the Research and Develop-
ment element of OPC into the operational Aids Division under
the Deputy Director, Plans. 114 The new combined organization
yr t given the title,, "Materiel Assistance and Development Office,
IOC tater, the designation Technical Services Staff (TSS)
XAMO.
r ?AIICATIOUS 1ULATIONS
The increasing need to define poltctea and procedures for
various cot,ntcattons functions resulted to the issue of a series
of Communications 1egulations. This requtrenient was based not
only on good management considerations, but also on the necessity
to provide for uniformity in communications techniques throughout
the Agency, as the Communications Division served all CIA elements.
This was particularly true in the case of OPC and its extensive
overseas operations-
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practice in c iunications matters of
joint concern to 080 and OPC for each Office to issue its
Own series of regulations* These were almost word-f o - rd
n retrospect, the practice may be cited as an
duplication of administrative effort.
The new regulations, which started to appear in 1950,
sometimes updated and superseded earlier instructions
S. 0. Procedure Guides) or formalized miscellaneous memoranda.
Such earlier issuances to most cases had been made without
coordination between 090 and OPC. The new regulation series
had the merit of joint development and complete coordination,
through the mechanics of the Joint 000/OPC Communtce
tions Board.
requiring special attention was the procurement
of agent radio equipment. An untenable situation
teats axis DtviSton:, as it had to be equal
the to both -,nd OPC, but no Luidelines as to priorities
of p t use ment or issuance ext:sted. There was inevitable dupli-
cation in requisitions and + onfuaton as to issuance of equipment
in the field. Unnecessary competition between 000 and OPC per-
onnel for existing Stocks was the result. Duplication of stocks
also resulted, and sometimes equipment Mould sit unused for long
labia for other use and accomplishing nothing except
possibly prrvtdtng, satisfaction and comfort to the Office having
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ton. This inefficient situation was eventual]
d by as t tent to the Joint OSO/OPC Communications
f the responsibility for establishing stock levels of
scent radio equipments and for assigning priorities
involving issuance of aZent radio equipment.
initially formalized about June 1950 as S. 0. Directive
which was subeequent1y replaced by 080 gulatton.
KAppend tic
comparable OPC 1gu1ation was No of 6 July 1950.
A second area requiring clarification of policy concerned
on of staff eom=n;icattons for 030 and OPC. The
bject of equal facilities to support the staff cryptographic
need of both 0) and C?C was presented to the Joint tsWopC
tcottons Board by the Chief, Communications Divtston, with
proposals for appropriate regulation. / The question requiring
resolution was whether or not the Comuntcation s Division could
provide prtvacy of communications for each Office at all field
stations where permanently, asst d representatives from both
were establtah No
problem existed at stations where the volume of traffic warranted
sstgr nt of a full tins Commications Technicten, who estab-
lished a CIA signal center which performed all cryptographic
functions for both o `f .cee. A problems did exist at stations
.nne did not justify a full time Communications
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:tan, At these stations, cryptographic respronsibilittes
Irj intelligence personnel who were desisted
C unto tors,' Dependent on the size of the station, the
` u etc ator might be the 0,80 station chief , or in mat cases,
his secretary. If OPC established a representative
at a station of this ty , actual privacy of communications
was not afforded,, as an employee of the other office did the
encrypting and decrypttne; furthermore, it was possible for the
burdened by serving as code clerk for
both 080 and OPC. It was, however, decided by the Board that
Communicator at stations not having a full t Communica-
tions Technician vould, in fact, serve both offices including
ion and decryption. The final agreement reached between
000 and OPC is reflected in 030 Field I, gulatton
1 April 1951 (Appendix 2..G). The comparable OPC Field ?egulstion
was of 30 aril 1951.
A third major definition of policy and procedure concerned
the administration and operation of field corm ntcattons installs.
ttone and the relationship of Communications ;Division field per-
el to other CIA field personnel. This was set fortis. in 080
3n of I MY 1951, (Appendix 2-0). This Regulation
defined the categories of overseas comtnunicettoz activities and
installations and delineated responsibility for the administrative,
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technical, security, and policy control functions of those
cote untcattont activities. OPC Regulation
1951 covered this came subject.
There ere numerous other communications re
d in the 1950.1951 period.
he following:
subjects of special interest
a. Basic Cable Procedures ll
Tilts Regulation vas for the guidance of OSO
and OPC personnel in the preparation and handling
of cables and established a standard procedure for
goal centers. The instructions had been approved
by the joint O)/OPC Communicettona Board, and
changes in procedures mere subject to the recomaenda-
tion of the Board.
b. Aeei nt of Comanicattons Personnel to
ans
ei.r' 22=1
This ReZruletton established policy relative to
availability and assignment of Communications
personnel to operations of a clandest
where such personnel would be in jeopardy of
apprehension and tnterroation. (Appendix 2-P).
C. 2MLto2:a2htc Clearances 1.17/
This Regulation established procedures for
issuing cryptoaphtc clearances and designated
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the Comnuntcattons Divteton as the control office
for all cx rpto clearences.
c1. lnt r- ation C,n m ntcattons
This re uletton prescribed procedures for
controlling contact between .field stettons and
between personnel of field stations by whatever
means tnaludtri cable. (Appendix 2-Q).
014
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 C O N F I D E N T I A L
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CC TJNTCA `1_1 CRIE
18 September 1947 - 3: July 1951
18 asmber 1947 - 18 Y 1949
r 1949 .. 7 June 1949
7 SOPteml
3.94.9 - 7 September 1949
22 August 19?9
1949 - 10 September 1951
M=S V*MCOXONS
OEM
1$ September 1947 - I July 1951
18 Septe r 1947 - November 1947
November 1947 - December L9#8
19 - 7 JJA 1949
I ju" 1949 . O obey 1950
j=lu4eB 2 Ault .. 7 September 1.
1950 . September 1951
C 0 N F I D B .N T I A L
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Next 4 Page(s) In Document Denied
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 C0.< F I:iil,a T I 1L
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APPMDIX 2- C
13 March 1951
Director of Central xe:?te11.tgence
Report or. Comnunteattons - Central
Intelligence Agency
.. In conformity with your request, I have made as
study of the com zun.tcattons of the Central Intelligence Agency
for the purpose of determtntngt
(a) The place that this activity should be
given in over-all organization of the Central Intell-
gence Agency.
(b) The duties that the organization nov has
and ether these duties should be expanded in scope
(particularly c.rtth respect to such items as research
and development).
2. As a result of this study, it is recommended:
(a) That the M vision of Cormuuntcattons be
the title of Office of Cotauntcattox in order that its
head may have the necessary prestige to act on a coequal
status with officers charged with suit duties in the
Xgvy, Air ore vs and other Ovmrwent depart to
(b) That the 4 ttee of Communteatims retained
under the Deputy Director (Pla.
(e) That the O tee of Comwntoattona
co equal statue with that of the `tae o
tions, Office o2 Policy ftordtn tton,, and Ott
bons.
(d) That the head Of the O M00 or Ot tto
given the title of Assistant Sato tar pmt :
ttons?.
That the reeponetht litiee of the. Q't ce of
t ,tt , Darticularly with respect to research
an velop nt and policy liaison, ' X004 in 00 :
pond in eral with that or the ice
of the Chief' Sige 1. Officer of the "Arqr (oft %a osare
No, 2 for details)
CONE IDENT IAL
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3.
rea$ona supporting these recd ndettons
In VZelosvre No. I.
P
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1. The 'ollowtne are the governin ; considerations on
'which the reco ndations contained in the paper to vhtch this
is an enclosure were t ea:
A. The present and expendin importance of
co untcations for the Central Intelligence Agency
(eventually resulting, in a world-vide con nuntcetio
system). This consideration dictates that tie indivi-
dual responsible for the Coiam.unicattons be given such
a p that he will have the prestige to deal on an
equal status with the representatives of other govern-
mental agencies in connection vtth:
(1) Priorities for:
Chaff el (frequency) si nus
for international c:xntuitcattans purposes.
(b) Equipment research, procuarent
and production,
chntcel personnel
(2) l presentation at international Telecom,
mun.tcatione Confexencee.
B. In reco ndtng that the Office of Co=mt..
cations be retained under the Deputy Director (Plane),
rather than beta? set up as a separate office directly
under the Director of the Central Intellt nce Agency
or assigned tinder the Deputy Director (Administration),
the followtnng considerations ;orerned:
The operational and administrative
details of the Office of Coniunicatians should
be so placed as not to render it necessary for
the Director of Control Intelligence to be encum-
bered with such matters.
(2) Since the operating offices of the Agency
for which the Deputy Director (Plans) is responsible
are so dependent upon communications for the success-
ful prosecution of their missions, it seems essential
that this activity be placed under his control. The
practicability of placing the Office of C untcattons
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under the Deputy Director (Administration) was
given most serious study, but considered undesir-
able because of the controlling necessity for
operational rather than administrative control.
It is realized that in the Army the commun.t-
cattone section is set up under an administrative
agency, such as the Director of Logistics. How-
ever, an analysis of conditions indicates that the
volume of research and development, procurement and
distribution carried on by the Signal Corps for the
entire Army and for the Air Force and Navy dictated
that logistics control should have priority in contra-
distinction to operational control. In the Central
Intelligence Agency operational requirements, partt-
cularly at this stage of the development of the Agency,
are of primary importance rather than the supply
requirements.
(3) For similar reasons the research and develop-
ment activities connected with communications and elec-
tronics warfare have been included in the Office of
Communications under the Deputy Director (Plans). The
assigning of this responsibility to the Office of Corn-
muntcattons to directly parallel to the assignment of
such responsibilities to the Chief Signal Officer of
the Army as an operational agency having to do with all
matters affecting communications and the related elec-
tronics. These activities, of course, will be carried
out in close cooperative relationship with the "Office
of Scientific Intelligence" and "Office of Current
Intelligence."
(1+) In recommending that the Office of Comtmint..
cations be given co-equal status with the Office of
Special Operations, the Office of Policy Coordination,
and the Office of Operations under the Deputy Director
(Plans) the following considerations governed:
(aa) The above stated considerations
with respect to raising the prestige of the
Office of Communications.
(b) The fact that Communications serve
the Central Intelligence Agency as a whole
(and on a world-wide basis).
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(c) The fact that arrangements
contemplated will adequately meet the
requirements of the covert activities of
the Office of Special Operations and the
Office of Palley Coordination in a satis-
factory manner without the necessity for
subordinating the Office of Communications
to either of these offices.
The desirability of the Office of
Communications being able to deal directly with
other offices of the Central Intelligence Agency
that it serves and, other departments of the
Government without having to go through
intermediaries, particularly ones whose scope is
relatively limited, is also a reason for raising
the status of the Office of Communicattons to
quality with that of the other offices in the
Deputy Director (Mans).
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Ef OF I:o iiBTLITIEB
OFFICE OF {X3MOMMIOM
e recommended that the scope of the duties of
f Communications be enlarged as hereafter indi
2. The Assistant Director, Office of Communications,
be authorized to represent with or without membership, as
nay be appropriate, the Central intelligence Agency on corm
icattons and electronics matters before the fo owing
agencies:
Production Agency
tl Security Resources Board
Board
e National Science Foundation
Tbo pea xch and Development Board, Department
of See
The Telecouunteatione Coordinating Coivnittee
The Interdepartment 1 esdio Advisory Committee
The State Department (Office of Operating Facilities
s Technical Division)
The International Tel+e unicatione Conferences
Civil and Mi"l.itary s unicattone Besmirch,
mve'iopment and ! nufacturing Industries and
organizations
The d Forces Security Agency
Others as Appropriate
c=m ended that the Office of C Muni-
given responstbtlity for research and
in close coordination with the Office of
ientif'i c Intei ligence) in the co>mssunicati and electronics
field, particularly with respect to:
(a) its own communications services and
sible hostile counter-measures with respect
thereto.
(b) The coumni cations facilities and agencies
of foreign governnents.
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advisory responsibility in connection
with cor uzit*ttons intelligence (in close coope
tion with the Office of Current Intelligence),
aular1r with respect to the scope of the field covered
and, the adequacy of the existing stns. Also research
and deevelo;pment in the field of communications tmtellt-
genre and communications security.
L It in further recommended that the Office of
Communications be authorised to confer directly with all
her Oentral Intelligence Agency offices on matters directly
ed with its mission, policy matters to be submitted to
y Director (Plans) for approval before action is taken
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CONFIDE ivTIAL APPEANDiX2-D
DEPUTY DIRE CTOR (PLANS)
Extracts from CIA Regulation
Deputy Director
(Plans)
1
Covert
Training
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D 7 R E C 0 R
T
A S S- S A H
Office of Communications
?oli cy and
Pin, fining
Staff
Engineering
Division
Supplementary
Activities
Staff
Operations
Division
Registry
Administrative
Staff
Security
Division
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CONFIDENTIAL
tt^
me md el
*$GIST'*X? DIRECTOR PON C414
upxa the s tty
i"bid it' of the Omtral I Ut, a Ar
I I CAP 101A
C. 'vtst*u sad zeds or cnti*ttons prot.,
tic at the emeepte atad ppolictee
da td tai W ig rd these pe t,eea witb +r e
aeawity ; ax,
to amt faarth as its aria Chet; prow.. b#
t ttma eu .vet amcessery to the
of the v cuu missic* s of the
Cast , Irate 1i ge e AVmqf.
tion of policies and
into *W denml2pment
gaaes? facilittes, and
equtpm t espeetally
o the needs of the Ag r.
L Lists= with other Government agencies = e:
Cations aaW eleetrcntes matte", mad f partict..
partim iu aarad pa maim of tachntm1 support for
negattstt with offtcta is of taretgn
e a erasing testtone
A. Go iauuicg a xp3.m etton aW eva1ufttton, of ZSCU
fr+ au Wknoom tea, including Bateau,
relative to the ciao of his mist.
t l review of C testt:
btl tine PIsm for the racy and the
preparation of icattane Anne s to overall
Agency n btltzaetton as required.
3
CONFIDENTIAL
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1 July 1951
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CONFIDINTIAL
th ids to
id Ofteum is the art.
g all c*mwmtc?a?.
the c=at ant
4
C 0 K F I D I W T I A L I July 19'
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AP IDIX 2-g
U January 1949
Ni + RMU OF AST
Rust t to memo. dum date: 29 X lWoember 191$, stated
by Captain 'Walter C< ?ore, U.S.N.., ftsoutive rector, the
following procedures will be followed by the vtoes Office
E Oo m untcativne Division, Kam,, in handling at l property.
X. Acco .rztble Officer and A
Accountability reeorda wtU be + tab tahed
and will be maintained in the ;torte and Issue
Caton, Supply Uivtsion, Services ? tttc . It is
understood Communications X vteton, 050, will
establish a memoranda record. of stock on hand and
will post to this record from requietttons? as they
are reoetved. Nov ever, a copy axe debit an4
credit vouchera posted to the record of the account-
able officer wall, be torwer d to Commaications
Division, OSO, for information.
2. ktggp4 ui nat
pata1;o f and Nomeuclat u
The Servtoea orrice.. in eao ,ttoa with the
gtneering Se ton,, ~ttcat sins .Baton +G
will view all existing et . of qua nt on hand
estab1teh aomplete ond eaccumto n nelatr of
M. A signal equt awt mba t wing
tot x ousnolature will be d. The
L% itn will tp t plete
umber,.
i0 *1 equt nt-t i o wili be- issued
ttem 'numbers wart;
9 c e win dtet bte ty om
w thin that t as.. XOVU4 ` ' CM4Io
wt . not oc taixt li Ga c rt ? w r . qui
it to [eoodt t vtston, 4,
re and ?ditrbute euh a Itt as they deem
C0 NB I D Z N T IA L
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ock AM!, - Stack Leveis
gry~i 1YYIIIYIt is the responsibility of the Cmantcat
Division, 0000 to designate those items which they
moire to be stocked, giving complete nomenclature
and establishing maximum and mintmum quantities for
all its to be carried in stock. The addition and/
elimination of items to be wed in stock will
be on the reco n atton or approval of the Com unt-
ti.one Division, 000- The ree r .ttons of Co aunt-
cattons Division, 0w?, in this regard will be made by
randur to the Services Officer, Cam.
ommunicattons Division, tom,}, will initiate all
requisitions for communications supplies and equip-
ms qut by overseas activities of 030 and by
the Consmicattons Division, TM. requisitions for
stock item will be forwarded directly to the Storage
and Issue 8ectton, Roselyn, Virginia, and requisitions
for purchase from vouchered funds will be forwarded to
the Chief, Supply Diviet;m, Services Office. VAquisi-
tio for supplies or equipment to be procured from
hered funds wall be forwarded to the Services
C3.A, with such approvals as are required by
regulations. Technical specifications
o be procured under contract and those for
tat contracts will be prepared by C aunt
one Division, 080, and submitted together with appro-
priate requisition. r4quietttons for sill supplies
or ui nt submitted by CIA activities other than
050, received by the Supply Division, to be isss
either from stock or to be procured from open Mrket
or contract, purchase, will be foxed to the Chief,
Cominicatious Division, 050, for cl:~ordination and
approval.. The same procedure will be followed by
the Deputy Services Officer, Covert Winch, upon the
r eipt of requisitions from covert activities other
000. equtsittone for supplies or equipment for
pl ntshment of signal stock items will be pre-
by the Accountable Officer, approved by the
Chief, atom and Issue Section, and will indicate
2
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stock item number, nomenclature, quantity to
fixed, memimum and minimum quantities as
sotablished by the Communications Dtvtsston, ODD,
quantity on order, and monthly rate of consumption
for each item to be replenished. Such requisitions
will be forwarded to the Chief.. Communications
Division; 030, Attentions Supply Officer,, Col unt-
tttons Division, for approval. Requisitions which
approved will be forwarded to the Chief p Supply
eu Sts Eton. In any case where the Supply
Otftc*r, Co untcsttons Dtviaton, desires any,
eha to be me on the items requisitioned,
be will forirard his recommendations to the Servtces
offt?:e r, Cam, by a memorandum, together with the
requteitton concerned. Requisitions for items
from stock required by Communications Division,
OSO, Washington or vicinity, will be Prepared by
the Supply Officrer, Communications Division, once
each day and delivery will be made by the Storage
and Issue Section on the following day. Requests
for issuance of supplies and equipment required
for an unforeseen emergency viii be mad* on an
in3'or l baste, subject to the receipt of a corm
firming requisition. In these instances, temporary
receipts will be obta
an8 Insect i on
Wires eerirww~
Ivtcea Office will be responsible for
reteivtr of all sift equipment, and representa-
tives of tie Inapectton and Testing Sesction, Com-
teatione Dtvviaton, 080, will be responsible for
technical inspection of signal equipment- Services
office representatives will, not forward receiving
copies of purchase order or other document to the
Judget Office until the signature of the Conics-
ttoria Division Inspector has been obtained on the
Storage end Issue file copy of the procure nt docu-
Mnt. Inspection end testing will be made at the
location at which the property is to be stored. Sup-
plies or eguipmmt found by the Spector not meeting
sptec test tons) or damaged in ships nt will be made
the subject of a written memorandum by the Inspector
to the Chief, Storage and Issue Section, indicating
in sufficient detail the extent of failure to moot
specifications end/or dema .
I
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gual supplies and equipment ?t
D ct ion. - Caro ,i nta r
inspected and tested by representatives of
the Ipection and 2'estin $ectton, -
s i s ivtston, 400, prior to packi
crating, and the spec-tor will by appropriate
me*ns tndt cite those items wht cis bays been
Uwpect.ed and/or tested and will approve for
:di rt. ` Storage and Issue Section will
not make shipment of any item which have not
boom inspected and tested prior to shipment.
Illepreseutativea off' the Inspeetion and Tooting
Be*tion, 000, %All supervise and approve
method of kin and actual packing of all
technical equipment of a fragile nature, and
vLlI indicate by appropriate means tt oee items
in h ahtpment Which vftv supervised as to
*ktng and vftv approved. pot-eibtlity f r
cy of packing will be mutual.
on - Beck Order
hone of items requtsttton where
requisitioned are depleted and request
Comm t ti3na Divtston, that the item
on will, by telephone, notify the Supply
Lgnal $upplies tlntt, Stox'age and issue
is not in stock, the accountable o."fioer
now roqutettton for n.e; items where subotttutions
Tn Addition, the accountable officer
gltes Unit, will forte "out-of-stock
m radum" to the Supply Officer, Communications
Division, 00, and will indicate thereon those
its and quantities of such items which a
be filled from stock. Carbon copies of ''Iout-of-
ock duns' will remain on, rile in the
Stoma and Issue Section. The "out-of-stock
ndum" will always be used in these instances
and will serve a confirmation of telephone
notice as indicated above-
4
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R.Witza :qaizent' and lies
g ml supplies or equipment will be
9?
creel surplus by the Storage and Issue
$watt=., Supply Division, without the Dior
'written ap l of the Supply Officer, C --
muntcattona mvisio-n, 080.
ttea :
lh order to facilitate and
tt pectton, packing,, crattn ,
signal equipment and supplies,
priority system is established
all procurement, thous ing,
h respect to such shipments:
t rang activities of Services Offioe
a. toit - This priority vtil be
&W7.'L*d to all Shipments In which pro-
eure zxt and shiprnents must be aec -
pitahed within: a period of 30 days or
1*09. If the perm of ttme is less,
the i apply Officer, Cowu ntcattons
Ziiviai:on, 080, will indtcate on all
re utt ttt e, to aftition tD the
priority, the deadline date and place
from which shipment is to be made.
b. A ~torit - This priority will apply to
be shipments on 'which p cur nt and
shipment mist be completed within a, period
of ys.
ch must be made within
shipments of a routtna nature, on which
there is no ur ncy deadl,it*, no priority will
be u d, although procurement and shunt will be
x0ft at the earliest possible date
request for carte shipment, also- indicate the date
the prtortty oa all requieitto apples to the cargo
Cation .'viei z, 080, will, in addition to indicating
mint? priority, the Supply Offtoer, C tunt-
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on which shipment will be made, the location
if necessary, and will coordinate with the
Transportation Division, Covert Branch, the
date of avatl,abtlity of shipping space. In
the event a shipment is cancelled, the Services
Office will be notified by memorandum of the
cancellation which will indicate disposition
of equipment originally procured for the ship-
ment.
Me?; ca. on.s v t 8 an,
Yv cei Officer
y 3jr--Ma" Officer
ji-r-viee"fitcer
r
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 r O N F I D 1 ; N T I A L
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24+ November 1947
T ECf. Requirements and Procedures for Operations Support
CM
COPS
SEES has been activated to coordinate all matters of
equipment and technical operations support essential to the
vor1 of the foreign Branches in the field. Its activation has
permttted an aesessment of the operations support functions that
will be required for future field activities.
A survey of the facilities and resources of Commnuntcations,
, and TSD has sho that there is now no provision for numerous
specialized support functions that will become inc +astn ly essential
to future field operattorrs -- both in the preparation of equipment
for field and in the availability of expert technicians to assist
field personnel in the details of installation or application. In
ddition, several, changes in supply procure are necessary for SZ9
to function properly as the control point for Operations on all
matters of opemtional equipment.
1. q xativas SutpPp
Cphere
son-electrical
b. Burv+eiil jew and Observation
Elec+ic.al
CONFIDENT IAL
The following is a tabulation of tired oper{
f=c' ions, and their present et tUst
b
-W aPi
Coitton8
uicattons
c00= cattone: re
facilities available
to camouflage equipment
for clandesttue field use.
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e. C?p tional Weapons
Installations
Cont .)
No facilities for expertn nta_
tion or training; adequate test
ama re utred? Old O equip-
m nt in storage should be sorted
and usable items salvaged .
At present operations support functions are divided on the
Division handles all electrical and electronic matters; C&D has
responsibility for all non-electrical. Cowuntcatt3ne has, in
cipher section and a develonts laboratory. The work of the
DtvtstQ in the field is directed by an operations Section which
is also prepared to control the supply of technicians and special-
iied electrical equipment to meet field operation specifications
for clandestine radio eircuits or surveillance operations.
} is equipped to carry out its document reproduction
activities and related research and photographic work. It also
has a secret writing section. However, the only other operations
4
f
3
.ne o
,
pig functions for which it is now,equipped are in the
through contracts with outside aencies or private firms-
' Chun LCStat one nor C&D have prow i.aton to make expert
ith
e
JAW A
technical personnel available to go to the field on short notice
for specific equi.pnt problems.
It would be of great adventa to have parallel organizational
structures for Countcattous and CO. Close cooperation and inter-
change of facilities between the two Divisions are essential since
lafty"4r Alva?',- functions are closely interrelated: thus a major sur-
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organizational structures would also facilitate
a of expert techntctasnis a aavetlaable to go to the field
a skilled in as ara&nny support functions, both elec-
non-electrical, an possible. In addition, the task
I.inatton of support functions with the field work of the
inches by Operations, that is, through rte, will be
re direct and effective.
For electrical mattalrs, it appears that the present
organization of Co auzztcaattone Division is in a good position
NIL-
riouas r~on-eleetrtoaal~functions not at present provided for,
her, cal for an enter ement of the resources of C&D Division.
in fact, it a p p e a r s particularly that a major review of a orrant
Operations Section, similar to that in COMMLmications Division,
should be considered.
it is the responsibility of CAS to provide the full scope
of necessary functions, and the adequate and secure facilities
they require, it to requested that a program be prepared to net
the foUvvtng Operations requ.trsanentae.
!etabltlhment of Facilities for:
Flaming of all problems of surveillance
tion, both positive and counter, both
and non-electrical, including selection
and Preparation of proper equipment, based on
critical data supplied by ; procedures for
Pooling the resources of C 3 and Co untcetions
where problems entail the work of both Division
through the creett n of parallel or nt ttors
structures for the two Divisions.
gentraltxatton of control of all photo-
graphic supplies and equipment; stockpiling; testing
prior to delivery to field, aupervteton of issue to
assure proper equipment for epeetficaattona control
to assure presence of all needed accessories at point
of Liao .
1.
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(itt) Available to field test, in the
U. S.0 pilot models of new equipment or research
and development., or check equipment for TSD prior
to shipment to the field.
(iv) Responsible for metntenance and use
of Test Area (see below).
(v) Assignments for field or training
duties to be cleared by Operations through .SES
according to operational priorities.
(vi) While in Washington to work integrally
with Communications and C&D Divisions, under the
immediate direction of the respective Operations
Sections; while in the field to be under the con-
trol of the respective Foreign Branch.
) Approxistely 12 technicians will be
.. _ required, both new men recruited from the outside
according to standards and procedures of Communi-
cations and MD,, and including certain experienced
I at present with CommuntcsttonS, TIM or
The 3-man t' F -2 project group would
suitable nucleus.
(b) Additional facilities, particularly the
O mouflags functions (see (1) (e) above) to support the
work of the expert field technicians.
3) !stablteh giant of a Test Area for the work of the
ctnity
i
.
art technicians. A private house in the neesr v
e
ial ex
il
of Washington is reconsnded, to be used for soc
,. t?+4.,n, with et uiriment , nerfection of techniques in its
o
and secure training for selected agent Or o sat on
n conjunction with Communications anu
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2. gAglits to Procedures
r of ts ctal ut nt
2 to responsible for the control of thae use of
all special equipment in field operational activities.
"Special Zquipment" includes materiel relevant to the
operational support functions listed above, and, speci-
fically, all ttems tneluded on the SES Inventory of
Specialized Equipment and Operational Aide.
The first edition of the Inventory, I/1, is aachedaalealr
for completion shortly. Classified TOP SEC M, it will be
shown only to Foreign Branch chiefs or their chief operations
officers,. to inform, them of the extent and variety of equip-
ment available and the progress of research and developtnent.
OPOD will determine the extent of distribution of the
inventory, Revisions of 1/1 will be prepared periodically
'fie Inventory lists type of equipment available and
the quantity on hand. Information to compile these figures
will be supplted periodically by Coa unicatione, and
TODO a aaccordtng to a procedure to be developed. Based on
these figures, specific procurement objectives on individual
items will be c =piled by Sl ? in line with requirements
fated through DOPP.
Stock p'El.inE of qutprnent
procure nt Objectives based on the Inventory will
for the establishment of stockpiles of special equip..
_
ment. Time far -here has been no centralized 080 program of
equipment stockpiling. Such a pro''ra rs has several advantages:
(I) It will assure the immediate availability
of items when needed, particularly of items other-
difficult to procure on short notice.
(2) It will serve to protect; the security of
sensitive its, both to protect claaasstftcation and
to prevent w authorized use by other agencies.
The item themselves should be kept by the unit most
relevant to their use:
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(1) Electrical and electronic equi,
radios, parts, recorders, supplies
surveillance devices
. ... .... + . Coa auntcati
(3) Standard items of equipment for issue
on approved requisition, purchasable an the open
domestic market or stocked in C supply; items
not asubject to special handling for security or
either stoci directly or
red in CIA supply, earmarked for
c. pltea Guested from the Field
Bequests for equipment from the field (poach or
a b }axe at present generally routed to T with an tnfor-
mation copy to the Foreign Branch concerned. This obliges
TOD to undertake the full task of coordination instead of
purs1 r its basic function of supply and preparation for
delivery. It also places a eecurt ty burden on TSD to pro.-
ct pseudonyr and cover addresses on pouch correspondence.
ore significant., hover, is the fact that directing the
to another division (E or Coumuntcetione) would in
nstances in the past have produced more rapid and
salts. The fallowing procedure to reco mended.
(1) ftquesta from the field should be routed
he a proprtate Foreign Branch for action and
(2) It approved, all requests covering special
equipment should be passed to M. Based on t
data from the Foreign. Branch concerned, wt
0
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formulate appropriate epecifteations for the
division (tom, Communtcattons, or TSD) best
able to fulfill the requirement, and will
follow through to assure prompt delivery.
(a) Similarly, all requests covering
normal items of supply not special equipment
should be passed directly to TSD.
(4) All barter items vill continue to be
treated according to Operational Bulletin=
(5) In case of doubt as to category of
equipment, requests should be passed to OPSO.
(6) TM is unable to obtain equipment
requested of it in a reasonable period of time
due to unavatlabtltty of equipment, SM3 should
be notified to ascertain if alternate equipment
more readily tlable co'xld not effectively be
substituted to fill the request.
It is requested that a program to meet these requirements
be prepared for early implementation.
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 C 0 N F T D F N T r A i..
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22 June 1948
S. O. I ROaDUM CU'T.ME ~ (Revised)
SPECIAL EQUI E T
1. The Special Equipment Staff designated to S. Q..
Directive No. 18 is the eLaff advisor on special equipment
and techniques pertaintrz ; thereto, and is the channel to
Administration & Services Group (CAS) to schedule the actt-
vt.ty of Co=unjoationo (CCD), Cover & Docurnentation (CM),
and Transportation & Supply (TSD) Divisions on operational
equipment problem. As such, it is respanaible for:
a. Coordinating the use of technical devices
and operation aids by the Foreign Branches.
b. Determiutng future requtremente for technical
devices and operational aide.
a. Ascertaining the effectiveness and suttabtltty
of e:qutpant in use on field operations.
d. Prapertng for more highly specialized activities
in the future under a long-range progrof rese ah and
development.
2L* e nit' OUR3
a. tsi Eui nt in general c0VOM the ch
nt cai Operational dovUeo =d aids used in "PtOU080
and 00unte spiouage operation or in IM curt
thereof.
b. CQ trai, :e p Q_ al .: qui gme refe" to i to nc
dest to y , txn cs anl' Us th t4 ntcSt 4'v'-
stone of Co, tch (I) are covered by a OfturttY c ett
ft tton, cry (2) require special to ntqu.66 or ,ouf v.
Specific + er ce mist be et'ttained from ; Prt` to the
not of etch items in ope ttona: ( p Vph 5 below).
t..nxui* n refers to all items of special
equipment other than controlled Equtp ut,
d. Stavdaxd' Butt comprise 611 its Of auppl, r
(ex t apect r equ ~ pmen under the res naib tty of ' 81,
for which procedur have been promulgated and which are
not here considered.
CONFIDENTIAL
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The Foreign Branches will instruct the field that
requests for spacial equipment must include full information
on the problem which the equipment is to meet or the purpose
for which it is to be used. Supply procedures have been
revised accordingly:
a. All requests for supplies or equipment
from the field by pouch or cable will be routed to
the responsible Forei Branch for action.
'onixrolled or "Open," with M.
requests for items of special equipment,
If it approves, the Foreign Branch will
c. S will coordinate considerations of policy,
relative priority, and security with all concerned and
will forward the operational requirement to the tech-
nical divisions, under an Reference Number, which
will constitute the code designation for the equipment
problem. Any subsequent changes in operational plans
will be cleared through SIB by the Foreign Branch.
d. When the technical divisions have determined
the specific items of equipment, they will send an
itemized list to TSD for the preparation of necessary
requisition forms, for the assignment of a cargo number
and for the records of TSD as to the equipment issued
to the project, station, or area concerned. TSD will
coordinate the procurement of all, required equipment.
e. will Iep informed of progress by the tech-
ical divisions and TO, and will supply necessary follow.
4. SZS will ascertain the use to which special equipment has
been put in the field, and its effectiveness and shortcomings?
the information and guidance of the technical divisions.
5. Controlled Equipment will be used only for the specific
operation or purpose for which released. SES will, through con-
tact with Foreign Blanches, keep advised of the disposition of
each item or component. Controlled BSqutpaent issued for one
ton will not be used for any other operation or purpose
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6. Personnel to tie field should be eucoura ed to
any ideas for special equipment that mould be of
operational value,. S180 natiess of any n 1 equipment in
use by other a nctee. Such data will be routed to SES for
fe)r rd ng to the technical division concern d.
7. S. 0. r, duce Outde l dated 26 January
and~ are resetnded.
FM THE ASSISTANT DI1MCIOR FOR Sk1 'AL 01
Lary
a
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