BOOKLETS ON SOVIET DC TRANSMISSION LINES AND THE LENINGRAD SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE FOR DIRECT CURRENT RESEARCH

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A039800220001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 40
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 30, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 22, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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INFORMATION. -R,EP,0,RT,
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
S.-E?C-R-E-T
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Booklets on Soviet DC 'transmission
sines and the Leningrad Scientific
Institute for Direct Current Research
DATE DISTR.
Z
NO. PAGES
22 May 1958
REFERENCES RD
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
"The'Experimental-Industrial 20C-KV DC Transmission System,
Kashira--Moscow" (in Russian )e The booklet shows diagrams
of the inverter and converter stations in use on,this line,
gives details of the cable structure, describes the various
types of rectifiers in used as well as methods of grid control
regulation, and discusses various maintenance and operating
problems.
25X1
25X1
co "The Leningrad Scientific Institute for Direct Current Research"
(in Russian). It describes the work of the Institute in connec-
tion with various pending projects including the design of the
industrial high-tension DC transmission line from the Stalingrad
Hydroelectric Station to the Donets Basin, described as being a
500-kilometer system with a capacity of 800 Kv and 750 Mw.
Additional details are given about the Kashira--Moscow line,
described as the principal experimental base of the Institute,
The booklet also discusses high-power rectifiers being developed
at the Institute. Pictures of experimental high-power transformers, of
a 4r,3..million-volt impulse generator, and of other high-power
equipment complete the volume.
2. The attachments may be considered as classified FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
when separated from the present covering report...
STATE X ARMY X NAVY X AIR X FBI
(Note: Washington distribution indicated by "X"; Field distribution by "#".)
0
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` .r?1Vi~~
\~~ ~`~ Al
CONFERENCE INTERNATIONALE DE GRANDS
i RESEAUX ELECTRIQUES I HAUTE TENSION
115, BOULEVARD HAUSSMAN,PARIS
SESSION 1956, 30 MAI - 9 JtJIN
THE EXPERIMENTAL-INDUSTRIAL.
200 Kv D-C TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM KASHIRA-MOSCO`'V.
This paper gives chaSUMMARY
of an experimental
200 kV d-c transmission system KASHIRA - MOSCOW
/raving a capacity 30,00 kW,- it was commissioned in 1950.
The length of the line is 112 kilometers and its rated
voltage is 200 W. Energy is transmitted for industrial pur-
poses. It is an additional connection between 'the Kashira
State District Power Station and the Moscow Power System.
It is the main experimental line for investigating problems
of high voltage d-c transmission.
The general scheme of power transmission, the cable line,
convertor stations, mercury-arc rectifiers, grid controls, regu-
lation and protection are described.
The paper gives also some data on maintenance and prin-
cipal faults interfering with normal operation of transmission
system.
In conclusion brief results are given for 5 years of exploi-
tation of the transmission line during which 670 million kWh
were transmitt ed.
Power development in the USSR and the necessity of utiliza-
tion of water power resources remote from the centers of distribu-
tion put forward the problem of transmission large quantities of
power over long distances.
The use of high-voltage direct-current for a long-distance trans-
mission is stimulated by the great possibilities offered by this
system, and its fundamental advantages as compared to alternat-
ing current transmission.
FOR OFFICIAL USL L1 SLY .
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There is no problem of stability limitations for the line loads
and for the long-distance transmission in d-c svstcmr.
The interconnection of several power systerus by d-c transmis-
sion makes unnecessary their synchronization and thus results iii
reliability of the whole interconnected system. Direct current has
also other advantages such as the possibility of using either over-
lines
head line or underground cables. The high-voltage (-c overhead
are considerably more economic than a-c overhead lines of the same
transmitting capacity. The design of d-c underground cables can
be realised in a simpler and more economic way than that of
a-c cables. This offers great possibilities in development of extra-
high-voltage d-c cable lines. The d-c power transmission possesses
it number of operating advantages due to the possibility of a high-
speed grid control of mercury-arc rectifiers.
The grid control scheme is also applied for regulation of the
amount of energy delivered and effects its direction. I t provides ext ra-
high-speed protection, automatic reclosing and thus increases
transmission reliability. In case of breakdown of one of the d-c ca-
bles there is always a possibility of using the earth for the return
circuit, i. e. to carry on the transmission operation with sliglit-
lr? decreased load instead of complete shut-down. D-c inter-
connection does not involve increase in the amount of short-cir-
cuit currents and thus can be used in a simpler and more economic:
way as compared to a-c system, which necessitates additional and,
in a-number of cases, quite complicated requirements for equip-
ment to effect interconnection of systems. The comparatively
high costs and complications of terminal convertor stations
make it advantageous to construct d-c transmission lines
for long distance when the economy obtained in their con-
struction expenditure would prevail over the increase in costs
of terminal convertor stations. Where the transmission has to take
place over wide expanses of water, the use of d-c submarine cable
nt as well as the use of cable for the short distances
di
i
s expe
e
such as c1-c interconnection lines for transmission systems that are
not synchronized.
At present the intermediate switching stations are not employed
for d-c transmission lines due to lack of suitable design of d-c
circuit breakers.
In connection with practical realization of new super power trans-
mission systems that began in the USSR and the interconnection
of power systems in the European part of the Soviet Union,'the
calculations of separate high-voltage d-c transmission lines of Large
capacity for long-distance transmission are carried out at present. .
According to 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union directions. the 6th five-year plan of the national econornyr
davelopnrenrt in the USSR during 1956 to 1960 provides for the
construction of d-c power transmission fine to interconnect the
Stalingrad hydro-electric plant with the Donbass and the South
Power Systems.
The construction of power transmission line Stalingrad-
Donbass presents real perspectives of utilization of vast Siberian
water power resources in one united electrical system.
In order to enable extensive experimental investigations and
the study of various converting schemes. as well as the performance
of rectifiers and other equipment under particular working con-
olitions, and also to gain the exploitation experience and provide
training for the staff, the experimental-industrial d-c transmission
was put into operation in 1950. The transmission capacity of the
line is 30,000 kW at rated voltage of 200 W.
High-voltage d-c transmission Kashira-Moscow is the main
experimental base for the Scientific Research Institute of Direct
(Airrents.
This experimental transmission is used as well for industrial
power supply and represents itself as an additional interconnection
between the Kashira Power Plant and the Moscow Power System
(Mosenergo) high-voltage network. The total of 600 million kWh
was delivered since the experimental-industrial line Kashira-
.Moscow is in operation.
211
The experimental plant for high-voltage d-c transmission con-
sists of two stations: the sending or converting station at Kashira,
and the receiving or inverting station at Moscow. The above men-
t ioned stations are interconnected with two si ngle core underground
cables run for a distance of 112 kin. The conversion of alternating
current into 200 kV direct current takes place at the convertor sta-
tion, the alternating current being supplied from the bus-bars of
Kashira Power Plant at a voltage of 110 kV. The direct current at
200 kV is conducted by the cable line through a distance of 112 kill
to the inertor.statioil at Moscow where it undergoes the inversion
into a-c and then is conveyed through the station bus-bars into
110 kV network of Moscow Power System.
The principal scheme shown in fig. I represents the transnris-
sion line on which- research work was carried out during the pe-
riod of 1951 to 1955. The convertors are realized according to three-
phase bridge scheme. Each station consists of similar basic ele-
ments such as main and auxiliary transformers, mercury-arc rec-
tifiers and line reactors. Main transformer is represented by a
group of three single-phase three-winding transformers of the total
capacity 36,000 kVa, combined as to form a single unit. The rated
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CONVERTOR STAT)ONIIrASNIRA)
8 '018
F. 1. ctor; 4 - Scheme
1 - rectifier; 2 - main transformer; 3 - line re
circuit d breaker;
oscillations; 7 - reactor; 8 - d-c instrument current transformer; 9 - d-c in.
d-c cable
mission Kashira--'toscav.
5-voltage divider; 6-damping circuit for suppression of sonic frequency
strument potential transformer; 10- lightning arrester; 11 - air gap; 12 -
200 kV.
CONVERTOR .WATION(KASH/RA)
(3}
I - rectifier; -2 - main transformer; 3 - line'
reactor; tor; Al - cir uitscb eaker;
lations; 7 - reactor; 8 -d-c instrument current transformer; 9 - d-c instrument
- 4 -
invertor station with two bridges.
5 - voltage divider; 6 - damping circuit for supression of sonic frequency oscil-
potential transformer;10-lightning arrester; 11 -air gap; 12-d-c cable 200 kV.
-5-
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voltage of two main windings being 110 kV for a-c system side, and
170 kV for d-c station side. There are three mercury-arc recti-
fiers connected in series to each arm of the bridge.
The series connection of rectifiers makes the plant reliable in
case of occasional arc-backs, since the remaining rectifiers are
able to withstand the full voltage at the disturbance occurring
in one of them. The voltage dividers are connected in parallel
to the line of series connected rectifiers to provide equal distri-
bution of voltage among the rectifiers. The suppression of voltage
pulsationsof sound frequency is introduced in theconvertor scheme.
These pulsations may appear subsequent to the rectifier are
rise b
:
tw
th
....
e
een
... ... ... . .
e poles due to certain transient
processes.
The reactors of a low inductive capacity are connected in pa-
rallel to each circuit of rectifiers on the anode and cathode sides
to provide damping effect against high frequency oscillations at
the ignition of rectifier and to suppress radio frequency oscilla-
t ions.
At the convertor station the reactors connected to each line
pole are used to reduce d-c ripple and to limit transient and fault
currents which take place due to discharge of cable line capacity.
The protection against internal surges is accomplished by means
of the air gaps and lightning arresters connected in parallel with
transformer and reactor windings. The connection and disconnection
of d-c transmission to a-c network is carried out at terminal sta-
tions by means of the 110 kV circuit breakers.
Facilities are provided to take the load and voltage off d-c line
as well as for regulation of power delivered by means of a grid
control.
It is possible to operate the transmission line according to
symmetrical scheme, i. e. at the potential of 200 kV between the
poles and 100 kV to ground, as well as by the scheme with one of
the poles earthed, or by the scheme where the earth is used for the IV\
return conductor. The potential to ground in case of the two lat-
ter schemes is 200 kV. An experimental d-c overhead line was con-
structed along the cable line for the purposes of investigation and
study. This line is supplied from a-c 110 kV three-phase supply
through terminals arranged specially at the convertor station.
The d-c experimental transmission serves for investigation of
various convertor schemes, particularly for transmission perfor-
mance at the cascade connection of two bridges with one recti-
fier on each arm of the bridge as represented in fig. 2.
The potential of each bridge is 100 kV and the pole insulation
level to ground is 200 kV. Shunting rectifiers are connected between
the poles of each bridge to provide adequate protection against
faults and to enable the normal operation of the main rectifiers as
well as for quick recovery subsequent to fault clearing.
The scheme provides voltage division between the rectifiers,
the necessity of which arises due to certain transient processes of
the transmission operation. Besides the above mentioned principal
schemes the experimental plant investigations are carried out with
connection off reother ctifiersatotTthei bridge schemes
arm, such
or series rco nection.
of two or four rectifiers, etc.
Transmission is carried out by means of two single core d-c
underground cables 200 kV
Th
.
e cross-sectional area of d-c cable
aluminium conductor is 150 mm'. The conductor is surrounded by
the inwsulation which consists of I I to 12 mm thick layer of thin
paper ound on the aluminium core and impregnated with heavy
oil. The lead sheath is placed over the paper and the outside is served
with steel armouring. Core to ground capacity of the cable for
1 km in length is about 0
25
.
ntcf
and the active resistance is about
0.18 ohms. There are four different
types of cable employed for the
line construction.
The cross-section of a cable,
as manufactured by the Moscow
Cable Works is shown in fig. 3.
Both cables. for the line and
return circuits are laid in one
common trench at a depth of 1.2
in (or 1.5 in at the populated
districts). The distance between
Z the centers of the cables being
250 nun.
The communicating paper
insulated cable is laid above the
power cables in the same trench
at a depth of about 0.9 m. The
submarine cable is used at cros-
sings the rivers. The construc-
tion of this cable is about the
same with the exception that
a more thick sheath and contin.
uous armouring of round wires
are used. The two switching points
Fig. I 200 VCIX 150 Cross-section of Moscow Cable
Works.
! - aluminium conductor; 2 - paper
insulation 11.3 mm thick impregnat.
ed with oil-colophony compound;
3- metallized paper screen; 4-lead
sheath; 5 - polivinylchloride tape;
6 - rubber-cloth tape: 7 - steel
wire armouring; 8-layer of cable yarn.
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are constructed on the cable line, by means of which cross-
connections of cables are accomplished to effect the discon-
nection of the faulty section of a cable. The electrode instal-
lations at rectifier and invertor stations are designed for trans-
mission d-c operating current with return through the earth to a
distance of 67 kni (i. e. between rectifying station and the switching
point). Routine tests and measurements are carried out by means
of a stationary kenotron installation 500 kV, 20 milliamperes
located at invertor station together with insulation punching
device and the impulse generator for localization of cable faults.
The routine tests are carried out with d-c voltage 350 kV of
negative polarity, the duration of test is equal to '.0 min.
CONVERTOR STATIONS'
The main transformers, line reactors, current and potential
instrument transformers (d-c and a-c) as well as disconnecting
switches and cable bushings are installed at the open part of the
station.
The general view of this station is shown in fig. 4: The main
single-phase transformers are of a three-winding type, 12,000 kVa
per phase. The rated voltage of the two principal windings is as
follows: the a-c side 110 kV, and the d-c station side' 170 kV.
The third low capacity winding is of the order6 to 10 kV. Thiswind-
ing is arranged as a stand-by for auxiliaries. The voltage regula-
tion is carried out by steps within the range of ? 4X2.5 per cent.
This is effected by means of a tap-changing on 110 kV side of the
winding. The design of windings is suitable for either star or
delta connections without any interference with the coefficient
Fig. 5. Invertor outdoor station.
Main transformer (left), current transformer (front view).
Fig. 4. General view of outdoor station.
= g -
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of transformation setting. The natural circulation of oil (and
-fans) provides sufficient oil cooling. Total weight of one phase
equipment is equal to 84.5 tons. The inductivity of line reactors
at rated transmission current of 150 amps is about 5 henries. The
reactors are designed for d-c voltage of 200 kV relative to ground.
The general view of the reactor is shown in fig. 5.
The row of mercury-arc rectifiers is located indoors (fig. 6).
Besides rectifiers this part of station accomodates the following:
grid-control installation, auxiliary transformers (fig. 7), control
panel, switchgear for auxiliaries, oil cooling installation, work-
shops for rectifier repair and facilities for their tests after repair,
laboratory, etc.
Fig. 7. Rectifier and auxiliary equipment.
I - rectifier; 2 - control cubicle; 3- voltage divider condenser; 4 -
active resistance of voltage divider; 5 - high frequency damping
reactor; 6- insulating transformer.
Various modifications of single-anode
metallic tank mercury-arc rectifiers are
l
emp
oyed for conversion purposes at this
transmission line. The principal data of
these rectifiers are as follows: maximum
current 150 A, inverse voltage 120 to
130 kV (maximunl),arc drop-about 35 V
and cos ~=0.996.
Cross-section of one of the recti-
fiers is shown in fig. 8.
The cathode spot once formed by
ignition is further kept on by excitation
anodes. The pumping system consists
of two pumps, one of which is contin-
uously in operation in order to provide
Vacuum in the rectifier tank which is set
to be 10-? mm of mercury column. The
other pump of preliminary rarefaction
is switched on periodically. Mercury-arc
rectifiers and continuously operating
mercury vapour diffussion pumps are
provided with system of forced cooling
by circulating transformer oil at a tem-
perature rig of 14 to l8'C.
The insulation level of mercury-arc
rectifiers withstands 200 kV to ground.
This consists of two stages of insulation:
the first stage withstands 100 kV to ground
and is provided for the intermediate
Fig. 8. Schematic drawing of mercury-arc rectifier.
1 - anode; 2-cathode; 3-grids; 4-excitation
anodes; 5 - deionizing grid; 6 - igniter; 7 -
screens-, 8-shade; 9 - cathode cap; 10 - anode
insulator.
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potential platform used for installation of rectifiers. When the
transmission operation is arranged according to the scheme as
shown in fig. 1, the platform is electrically connected to the neu-
tral point of 170 kV windings of the transformer bank. However, the
arrangement of transmission for operation by the scheme as shown
in fig. 2, requires the above mentioned connection to be arranged
with the middle point of converting circuit.
Fig. 9. The equivalent scheme for tests.
The intermediate potential platform is used for installation
of mercury-arc rectifiers. Each rectifier is mounted on its indivi-
dual stand at the insulation level of 100 kV to intermediate plat-
form.
In order to enable normal operating performance the rectifier
is fitted with a number of auxiliary equipment devices; such as
ignition, excitation, grid control, anode heating elements,'etc.
The supply for rectifier auxiliary equipment as well as for con-
trol circuits is carried out through control cubicle located in front
of the rectifier at the cathode potential.
The communicating, controlling and measuring apparatus,
indicators and signal devices are arranged in the control cubicle.
The rectifier auxiliaries are operated from the control plat-
form (which is at the ground potential) by means of insulating rods,
the insulating capacity of which is 200 kV. The supply of 380 V
for auxiliaries as well as impulse voltage for rectifier grid control
devices is conveyed into control cubicle through the insulating trans-
I
formers. Each mercury-arc rectifier is equipped with individual
10 kV insulating transformer, the insulation level of which being
100 kV. The transformer is made with four groups of windings
which are not interconnected magnetically.
The transformer to feed the rectifier auxiliaries and the grid
control is installed on the intermediate potential platform next
to the rectifier.
Fig. 10. High power rectifier (left) for long-distance transmission line.
The voltage for rectifier auxiliaries is supplied to the insulating
transformer through distributing pane? board (located on inter-
mediate potential platform) from sectional 200 kVa insulating
transformer installed at the ground potential, the insulation being
100 kV.
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The invertor station accommodates special workshops equipped
for repair and subsequent tests of rectifiers. such as current test
stand, the equivalent circuit installation (fig. 9) and powerful
high tension testing stand. Since 1955 various types of mercury-
arc rectifiers designed for high-voltage, long-distance (1-c trans-
mission are undergoing performance tests at this station (fig.
10).
In order to provide normal operating performances of rmercury-
arc rectifiers at the convertor and invertor stations, their ignition
is to take place in a certain sequence.
Each rectifier is ignited once in a period at the moment when
its grid is subjected to an impulse of positive polarity. Phase dis-
placements of the grid impulses result in corresponding change of
d-c voltage output on the bus-bars of convertor station and con-
sequently effect the change in magnitude of transmission current.
The discontinuance of the grid impulse supply to all rectifiers
results in a rapid decrease of current to zero d-c output, which is
equivalent to shut down of the transmission. The above advantages
of grid control are widely used for automatic voltage regulation as
well as for high-speed protection purposes. The impulses of a suffi-
ciently great magnitude as supplied from the grid control instal-
lation, are delivered on to the rectifier grids through the insulating
transformers. The impulses supplied to each rectifier are of the or-
der of 350 V.
The scheme of impulse control is shown in fig. 11. Current
adjusting and compounding installations located correspondingly
at rectifier and invertor stations are employed for automatic con-
irol of transmission.
The current controlling device maintains a steady value of cur-
rent set for the transmission line against variations of a-c voltage
at the receiving and transmitting stations.
The compounding device is arranged as to keep the value of grid
delay angle set for rectifiers constant, in order to prevent fai-
lureof rectifying action and to obtain stability in operation of the
invertor at a minimum loss of reactive power. With the phase
angle of 15 electrical degrees the invertor will use about 0.5 kVa
of reactive power per each kilowatt of active power output.
The combined action of current adjusting and the compounding
devices has proved itself to be of considerable value due to its
ability for quick automatic voltage recovery subsequent to clear-
ing the fault at the disturbances and transient processes of short
1-3
duration which are interfering with normal operation of rectifiers
at the invertor station.
The protection against back-fires in the rectifier, differential
protection of invertor unit and the protection against short-circuit
faults on d-c line may as well be referred to the principal protective
devices.
Fig. 11. Grid control circuit.
F - phase shifter; S -source of primary impulses;
A - primary impulse amplifier; SA - supply to
amplifier; IT - intermediate insulating transformer;
T - insulating transformer; GC - grid control
circuit; Ito 6 groups of rectifiers.
All the above mentioned protective devices initiate the cor-
responding action through the rectifier grid control, for instance:
discontinuance of impulse supply. i.e. equivalent to switching off
the rectifier for 0.06 to 0.5 sec. and reclosing it after clearing the
fault, which implies reclosing the transmission line.
Besides the above mentioned special grid protective devices
there are ordinary protective relay settings provided to initiate
the action of circuit breakers on a-c side.
A special automatic device acting on the grid control of inver-
tor is of so-called acatching-ups device type, as it locates the faulty
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group of rectifiers failing to ignite and brings into operation
another group in order to prevent upsetting of the convertor.
The skeleton scheme of grid control, regulation and grid protec-
tion is shown in fig. 12.
The investigations and tests that were carried out on experi-
mental-industrial d-c transmission line Kashira-Moscow success-
fully demonstrated the practical possibilities offered by this system
and indicated data - and schemes for calculations of industrial
high-voltage long-distance d-c transmission lines.
.MAINTENANCE AND PRINCIPAL FAULTS INTERFERING
WITII NORMAL OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Before being put into operation mercury-arc rectifiers were
subjected to high voltage arc training tests at a special stand
installed at the station in Moscow. The operation of transmission
at the beginning was carried out at a reduced voltage, namely 100 kV.
The stability of the transmission was very poor even at this volt-
age. The continuance of line operation without interruptions was
counted by few hours only. The transmission start for operation
was very troublesome. The occurrence of arc-drops, ignition fai-
lures, arc-flashes over the anode insulators and over the insulation
of rectifier auxiliary equipment, breakdowns in the secondary
commutation circuits of auxiliary control cubicles installed at
the rectifier potential and the appearance of strong radio-inter-
ference, were the common faults at this early stage of operation.
After certain measures were undertaken for improvement of the
above mentioned defects and particularly with regard to circuit
insulation of auxiliary control cubicle and its protection, the
transmission was set for operating voltage of 200 kV in the middle
of 1951.
The transfer of transmission from 100 kV to full operating volt-
age of 200 kV gave rise to a number of additional irregularities
which were previously not noticeable. To such defects may be refer-
red: rectifier back-firings, grid faults of the invertor, voltage
surges involving arc-flashes across air gaps, as well as over
the rectifier insulators and other equipment. The effect of radio-
interference increased considerably.
The current and voltage oscillographic registrations taken at va-
rious points of the circuit during transient processes and the distur-
bances interfering with the normal transmission line performance
and at its starting, have shown the presence of oscillations of sonic
frequency. These oscillations and voltage surges were causing
high magnitude overvoltages upon the individual transmission
elements including rectifiers.
2_3ax. 1294.
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The overvoltages have reached the value above 400 kV; as re-
gistered on three series-connected rectifiers, and 500 kV between
the poles.
The cscillogram (fig. 13) shows overvoltages originated by the
oscillations of sonic frequency as registered on the convertor ter-
minals and on the bank of rectifiers when transmission is switched
on to charged cable line. Thisoscillogram was taken prior to instal-
lation of damping devices for the line reactors.
inspection in good working condition, this is mainly clue to the
grid protection system of instantaneous action.
Fig. 14 shows the typical oscillograln of current in the wind-
ings of transformer during arc-back process when rectifier grid
protection is in use.
The amplitude of current surges depends on the phase of the
arc-back appearance and in case the instantaneous action of grid
protection employed, the currents are not capable to exceed the
value beyond the limits of an ordinary short-circuit current for the
transformer.
In our case the maximum value of current was about 10 times
the rated current of the transformer.
Back-firing, as a rule, results in disconnection of the transneis-
sion, yet it was established by experience that quick reopening of
rectifier grids (within the fraction of a second) following the inter-
ruption, ensures automatic reclosing of transmission for operation.
Ignition faults and excitation extinguishing on separate recti-
fiers cause simultaneous voltage decrease at the invertor terminals
and the intermittent decrease of current in the transmission,
within the time depending on the duration of the disturbance.
The ignition faults of long duration or excitation extinguish-
ing result in the decrease of transmission current to zero value and
cause the appearance of intermittent pulsating currents. The above
involved considerable voltage surges upon the elements of conver-
tor scheme and particularly upon rectifiers until some measures
had been undertaken to improve damping.
The effects of ignition faults and excitation arc-drop were
considerably worse in case of invertor rectifiers and resulted as a
rule in invertor eupsettings due to disturbances set to the normal
commutation of currents.
Depending on the type and origin of disturbance the invertor
upsetting neay be single-phase or double-phase.
In the former case it is caused by a short-circuit through
series-connected rectifiers between both arms of the bridge in one
phase. In the latter case-due to short-circuit through the rectifiers
of different phases and the transformer windings of these two
phases.
Fig. 15 shows the osci llograne of current surges at one-phase
invertor upsetting.
It may be seen from the above oscillograni that the amplitude of
current surges through the line and the rectifiers exceed 3 times the
value of nominal current. The form of oscillations is determined
by the line capacity as well as by the inductivity of line reactors.
At the invertor arc-through involving the three series connected
rectifiers, the disturbance process is carried out in the similar way
as in case of ignit:.ti fault, etc.
2* - 19 -
Fig. 13. Oscil logram of surges
at transmission switching on
to overcharged cable line.
U-convertor terminal voltage
(between poles): Ua-anode-
cathode voltage, on a group
of rectifiers.
The principal and most important faults interfering with the
normal performance of transmission were the following: arc-backs in
the rectifier, ignition faults on rectifiers at both stations, grid faults
and arc flashes across protective gaps as well as over anode insu-
lators of the rectifier.
Fig. 14.Oscillogram of a simul-
taneous arc-back on a group of
rectifiers with a grid blocking
device employed.
I - control impulses; 2 - phase
currents in transformer windings;
3 -same as in 2, but at the
arc-back occurrence.
Arc-backs on three series connected rectifier units of the rec-
tifier station lead to consequent short-circuitting of two main
transformer windings and the rectifier groups.
The introduction of grid protection system of instant action
restricted the path for the arc-back occurences with the result that
the current flow was limited for a half period duration of system's
frequency.
The transformer which was subjected to a great number of arc-
backs during the period of 3,5 years of operation was found at the
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The special protective equipment enables to prevent the inver-
tor upsetting and to restore it to normal operation after distur-
bances of a short duration.
Fig. 16 shows the oscillogram of the'processes occurring during
the one-phase invertor upsetting caused by ignition fault on one
group of rectifiers with the consequent clearing of fault to restore
the normal commutation of invertor.
Fig. 16. Oscillogram of the
process during invertor single-
phase upsetting with the con-
sequent fault clearing and re-
storation to normal communi-
cation.
I-grid impulses: 2-invertor
terminal voltage; 3-currents
in main transformer windings;
4- inverted current (surges
are caused by operating cha-
racteristics of instrumentCIT);
5-cable line voltage.
Fig. 15. Oscillogrant of invertor
single-phase upsetting at ignition
fault of long duration in a
group of rectifiers.
I-invertor terminal voltage; 2-
grid impulses; 3 - phase cur-
rents in transformer windings;
4 -inverted current (surges are
caused by operating characteris-
tics of instrument CJT); 5-cable
line voltage.
-- ------ ---------- -
3
4
\\'hen the protective device fails to restore normal commu-
tation, the transmission is switched off by means of a grid control
device.
The arc-flash over the anode insulators or sparking across the
protective gaps in case of invertor series connected rectifiers, are
similar to the effect of the arc-through in the rectifiers connected
in one arm of a bridge, while the arc-through in case of the convertor
rectifiers is similar. to the arc-back effect.
The analysis of the cases interfering with the normal perfor-
mance was carried out on the base of exploitation experience with
the assistance of automatic oscillogram registration, as well as by
means of laboratory investigations and the study of artificially
created disturbances in the transmission operation.
2
The analysis proved that the main source of the above men-
tioned disturbances are the defects in certain mercury-arc recti-
fiers performance.
At the early stages of transmission operation, i. e. before the
improvement of damping devices the above mentioned rectifier
faults were intensified byovervoltagesdue to circuit instability and.
resulted in frequent breakdowns and sparking over disturbances.
EXPLOITATION BRIEFS OF EXPERINENTAI?INDUSTRIAL
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Over 600 million kWh of power were delivered by the expe-
rimental-industrial d-c transmission line during 5 years of its
operation. The maintenance and reconstruction iwork have
greatly improved the reliability of the line.
8
Sao
I
40
s
Fig. 17. Schedule of automatic and forced trans- -
mission disconnections during the years of line
operation (1951-1955). The number of disconnec-
tions in 1951 is taken for 100 per ,cent.
I - total number of disconnections; 2 - discon-
nections due to faults on rectifiers and auxiliary
equipment.
In spite of the absence of spare mercury arc-rectifier groups
employed at each station, and the conditions prevailing for fre-
quent interruptions due to heavy artificial disturbances frequently
set for investigations and tests, sufficiently stable performance
of line has been achieved.
The duration of the line continuous operation without inter-
ruption was over 1,000 hours in 1955.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
Only three faults of short duration occured in 1955; on one
occasion at the test of a new protective device and the other two
faults were caused by improper rectifiers.
The fault schedule during 1951-1955 is shown in fig. *17.
Most of the disturbances, such as ignition faults. arc-
back and excitation extinction, interferinwith the normal per-
L, of separate rectifiers last for a 'short period of time
and are quickly neutralized with the protective devices, either
42
Marths
Fig. 18. Diagram of the number of
rectifier arc-backs in 1953 to 1954.
by means of grid control or by ((catching ups device at the inver
tor. Automatic grid reopening preserves the line operation.
The improvements in the rectifier operating characteristic,
offered the possibility to extend the temperature limits for cool-
in g oil and not to limit at all the. rate of change of current
after the interruption or during normal operation.
The relative quantity of arc-backs is decreasing steadily as
shown in fig. 18.
An automatic recording of all distrubance processes and inter-
ferences enables to perform systematic analyses of the transmission
operation and develop further improvements of schemes and
equipment.
The exploitation experience proved the reliability of principal
power equipment such as convertor transformers, line reactors and
the station insulation as these were subjected to several thousand
disturbance processes (luring the experiments carried out on the
transmission line. The exception was represented by the insulating
transformers, the insulation of which was insufficient to withstand
the stresses set up in operation. Part of insulating transformers
was, therefore, replaced later on.
In spite of the difficulties experienced with specific d-c trans-
mission equipment, the operating personnel got familiar with the
operating peculiarities.
kW
2000
AP, APB
o
PIZ
60 80 100 1Z0 140 180
Line .cwrent amps
Fig. 19. Efficiency coefficient of d?c trans-
mission line . nd its power losses.
In the early stages of transmission operation there were on duty
engineers and operators in the rectifier room, but since the last 2
years engineers were released. and only one operator is
now employed in the rectifier room. His duties are mainly to
register the observations (luring experiments and under normal
working conditions.
The data regarding cos t and losses of the experimental-indus-
trial d-c transmission are shown in fig. 19.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
BODR OFFICIAL U* ONLY
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246A039800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
B 1111CTIIT\TC npono: HTCH uccJleloaaull6 no umpoKOMy Kpyry
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
ouJ. 6. Cmend tpynnee;t.x ucnumanUii eenmuacl7.
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
0 Z
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
0
10. KacKad ucnmmanlc tbHbtx 111paHC1)pO/Ma/i1op08
ua HanpoxceHue 2,25 M:IH. 8.
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mpauctfiopMamop I M.IH. 8.
1000 Kea.
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HOOKA nOC1&OHKHO'O n1OKa
1.2 .u.IH. a. 70.1ta.
750 K8 11 MOIUHOCTbio 750 KiJil
Ka)I(lbHf, ycTa110117eniiw'C Ha OT-
KpbwTO%I Ho3ayxe. Tpanc(fiopMa-
TOPbt .OnyCKaJOT coeJlHHeHHe B 3Be3.V npn KOTOPOM nOAygaCTCn
CHCTeMa Tpexca3Horo Hanpfl)KeHHH C JIHHeIHbIM Hanpa?KeHneM
OKOAO 1 300 K8 H noc.7ea0BareAblloe coeaHHeHHe c Hanp$NCCHHeM
2 250 Ke OTHOCHTeJIbHO 3eMaH.
nr1TaHHe TpaHCllopMaropoB ocyLuecTB.75IeTCfl OT cneultajlblloro
arperaTa, cocroflu(ero H3 CHHXPOHHOrO 'rellepaTOpa :MO1111IOCTb10
3000 Ker, pacc4Hraxnoro Ha OAHo(t)a3Hylo H Tpex(pa3HyIO Ha-
rpy3Ky, H CHHXPOHHOrO 11BHraTeAfl MOUIHOCTbIO 1 800 KBT.
OnbiTHblht y9acroK AHHHH o6ulef fJIHiloii nOpt uKa 1 KM co-
C.,
CTOIIT Iii Tj)Cx llpO.1CTOB C 4(?'TblpbMfl 0l1C1paM11 (Tpe>tfl anKepHblOtlt
it 01110ii I1pOMC)OT041ioii). pacc4l1TaI1bIM11 Ha no11BeCKV paCluc-
IL1eHHbIX Ila 2. 3 it 4 4acT11 npOBOX)B ripii pa3.l11411bwX CegelllIBX
COCTaBJ1 lol1111x. H30.1flI111H .1HHII11 pacctnITalia Ha HanpRNCeHHe 110
1 000 Ka.
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CTBeHIIO lla nOTeuuna.7e npOBOaa. H3\Iep11Te.1bHbie 3.leMeHTbl CXC-
MW pacnelo7Kenbi B TpCX cnCUna.lbHbIX Ka611Hax (Ha BceX TpeX
(pa3ax), 1130.711pOBaHHbI,X OT 3eM1.111 Ha HanpsmeH11e 600 Ka. B Ka-
f)IIHe BO BpeMfl 113MepCHll(I HaxOAIITCH 4e.7oBeK. npo113B0J1 1uH{I
HaCTpOIIKV cxeMbl H3MepeHHfl H OTC4eT noKa3auHii npn6opoB.
~.lfl Ilcc.leiOBalillfl BIt VTpCH11ItX nepeit anpfl)Keit Hit
B aa.7bHtix nepei1a4ax nepeMeHlloro TOKa B It1ICTHT)TC co3aaHa
crleWHa.7bilafl MOAC1b, Ha KOTOp011 iMO)KCT 6bvrb BOCnpon3BelteHa
- .1eKTponepela4a a.711Hoii ao 2 000 K.N. MOAe.lb ocuauleHa yCTpOii-
cTnaMll, Bocnp0113BOABIUUlIMlI 4aCTOTHble xapaKTepncTrtKH 3eMA)I.
YCTaHOBKa o6opy2OBaHa 3.leMeluTaMH KOPOIt11orO ' pa3pBaa, 4TO
n03BO.1HCT npOBOAHTb IICCAeAOBaHIIII BII)TpeHHHX nepenanpsoKc-
HIIII C y leTOM B.711HHIlfl KOj)OHbI KaK B nepeXOAHOM, TaK It B CTa-
unollapHOM pe)KHMax. Xapal.TepnCTHKH BbhKJliogaTe.7eft it pa3pflil?
HHKOB BOCI1p0113BOAATCn Ha Mo e.71t Cneuna.lbnblMii .laMfOBbIMH
cxeMaMIi.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
B o6oacnl cxe\1HO-pe)KIL\IHbIx Bonpocol aaahtlllx 3.1CKTp0-
nepeaa4 6o.1bw011 MIO1g11ocTH -II CIO)KIIWx O6bea1111euHWx 3iiepro-
cllCTe\1 111ICTIITVTO\t pa3pa6aTWBaIoTcH c.C1ylou1Ilc BonpoctI:
CTaTu4ecKaH it amiami14CCKaH VCTO1141IBOCTb o6bcruttleH11bIx
3HeprocIICTCMl H pa3pa6oTKa \lepoilpI1ilTtlii no CC noliwulcuHlo:
caMOBo36v?IueHIte it ca\IopacKa4itaaime cnnxpoilliblx \Iauunl
it pa3pa6oTKa MeponpHHnlii no Hpe;torBpaulelnno 3T1u HIIAenltii:
B.HHInIC pa3.1114HWx cnoco6oii KO\mCIICalll111 3ACKrponepc1a4
It Nte)KCIICTC\IHbIX CB513Ci1 Ila Ilx npo11VCKIty1O C11oCO611OCTh;
IICC.lc'aoBaHltC COB.\ICCTIIOit pa60Tbi CIICTC\I nOCTOHI111o1'O 11 nepC-
NicimorO TOKa \'CTOIl4IIBOCTII 311CproCIICTC\I, o61,e.;uu1C1111b1x nepe-
:ia4alnl nOCTOHIIlioro ToKa, it ;ip.
3Kcnep11\ICIITa.1bHa1 4aCTh IIcc.leloBallllii HpOBOI.IITCH Ha pa3-
pa60TaIIHOI1 H COOpv)fie111i0ii B 11HCT11T%.TC 3.1 C K T P 0 Jt it it a \1 i1-
4 e C.K O ii \t o A e .-j 11, COCTO5illie i 113 \Iaitlilli - rllilporeIiepaTOpOB.
T\?p6oreneparopoB, arperaroB Harpv3Kn 11 .1p., a TaK)KC Tpauc-
(I)op\IaTOpoB. .-IIIH11i1, peaKTOPOB it 1pyr11x yCTpo11CTB. KOTOpbl(..
KaK B HOp\Ia.1bHO\t, TaK H B nepexo1HoM pe)KII>Iax HB.1BIOTCH
3.leKTpo\IexaHH4ecKI1\1 n01o611ev MaL1111H it ycrpoiiCTB pca:Ibiioii
CHCTC.1W (q)nr. II H 12).
Ha.lil4He c\ietiHWx poTOpOB no313alBeT II3MC11HTb napa\ICTpbl
riupo- H T\' p6oreiiepaTOpoB \loaeiii. I7vTe\1 KoMilelicawI11 aKT11B-
noro conpOTlimleHIIH 06\IOTKH B036\?)K1eInIH \l0)KIIO B ;10cTa-
TO4HO wilpoKllx npele.lax 113MCIIr1Th iio r(VHHII\'10 BI)OMCII11 KOII-
T\?pa Bo36V)K-1eH1tH Maulilhibi.
4'u'. //. 3neka.+pr:uHa.uu tccKan eloJe :n. 3aa :UJpu:eHepamopou.
18
PoTopbl reiiepaiOpoli 11\ICIOT c?leIIiI 10 .CMn(I)Cp11VIO CIICTe\IV.
Cxc\la cl'aTOpu0I1 o6\IOTKH rehlepaTOpOB 1103130.1BCT 11\ICTb
6oA1,111ou lnana3oII Ho\nnlalhuWX HanpH)KChhiI t.
Ha1;itiue cbc,\lllWS 111CKOB ita arperale 1aeT B03\MOH(HOCTh
uo,,i\ 411Th IICO6x0111\1\'io I111ep1LIlou11Vlo nOCTOHIIII\'lO arperaTa.
I-cliepaTOphi OcllalLkelibI BCnO\Iorale.ibIIW\III \IalilltHaMu 1,1H
113\1epet111H yrla \IC)I:a\` pOTOpa\!H napa.1.le.lbuo pa6oTa1011ll1x
\taulilll 11 3.lcKTp0111IO-11oiIHb1\lii per\-.1HTOpaMit B036V)4 1e1111H clle-
nHa:IbHOro 1t3rOTOB.1CIIIIH, pearupvloummit KaK ua OTKAOHCiIiI
pCl'v.lllp\'C\1011 BCAl141IIIbi. TaK II Ha CC nCpBbIC ABC npOi13B0111bIC.
npoubnulelnlau Harpv3Ka 3Heprocucre\IW .\1oaeAnpyeTCH
acnllxpO111IbIN1H 1BitraTC.15I\lu. Tpe6yeMan mo.metiTIIO-cKOpoCTIIaFI
xapaKTepuc'ri1Ka Ilarpy3Kli OCVIgCCTB.151CTC5j 3a C4eT 000TBCT-
cTBVIoInCro isu6opa cxe\tbl Bo36v)KaCInIH \Ia1HHHbl HOCTOHIIHOrO
ToKa. ArperaTW Harpv3Kn ocnaueHW IIHCpgWl0ltllbl\Iil AIIcI U\m it.IH
I13Melleli11H IIIICpWIOIIHOii HOCTOH1111o11 II \.CTpoiiCTBa\tu . JIH II3MC-
pell1151 CKO.1h)KCHHH acituxpomtblx aBHrale:leil B CTaluloilap110\t
it nepexo;uloM pmnmax.
ZI.AH 11VIHTaLi1111 I1e411011 If OCBCTIITe.1b110u Harpy30K CHCTe\1b1
iipC;1VC\MOTpC11b1 JiaMnoBWC peOCTaTW it Harpy304HWC ConpoTliB-
.10111 H. ?
Mo ReAII Tpatlc(kopMaTOpOB H\ICIOT 1111IpOK1111 111ana301l H3\IC-
iteihi1H K03( (I)1in1IelITa TpaHcq)op\taUllil It 6.1113Kii no CBOII\1 napa-
McTpa\t B oTHOCHTCAbitbIx C111Hi1Lia\ K Ilapa\teTpa\t peaJlbilbIX
Tpatlc(I)op\taTOpoB cncre\t.
AAH iICCAe1OBa11HH 3.leKTponepela4, c npOI0JIb1IOii KO\1nellCa-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
W
unel CMOIITHpOBaHbi MOAe111 3THX yCTaHOBOK C MOAe111MH 3aH1HT-
HbIX yCTpOFICTB 81 3AeMeHTOB aBTOMaT11KH %IH aocnpO113BOACTBa
(4OpCHPOBKH KOMneHCa4HH.
3Ael(TpOA11HaMH4CCKal MOAe--lb o6opyAoBaHa MOAeABMN KOH-
ACBbIX yCTpOHCTB 11 11111HAMH 3JIeKTponepeita4H nOCToalmoro TOKa
((nn1r. 14). tlpeo6pa30BaTeAbHWC CxeMW ocuauieHM yCTpofCTBaMII
ceT04HOro ynpaBneHI1H, aBTOMaTff4eCKOro pery.1HpOBaHHB it ce-
TO4HOH 3aWHTOH. Ka6eAbHble H B03AyWHWe :IIIHHH nOCToB1111oro
TOKa H B03AyWHWe AIIIIHH Tpex4a3HOrO TOKa B pa3JIH4Hblx Mac-
WTa6ax MoAe9HpyIOTCH cxeMaMH 3asteHletiuH. B KoMlnneKT Ka)K-
AOH MOAe.9H Tpex4la3HOH ANHHII BXOAHT B4efl(a A.IB MOAeAHpoea-
1I1fA aHyACBOrO npOBoaap, c BocnpoH3BeaeHHeM 3aBHCIIMocTl1 CO-
npOTHBAeHHA 4C3eMJnI3, OT 4aCTOTbI.
COnoCTallAeHHe pe3yJlbTaTOB KOHTpOJIbHWX OnbITOB, r1 OBC-
AeHHWX B peaJlbHOtl 3HepreTH4eCKOH CIiCTeMe, c pe3y.IbTaTBMH
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHWx HCCJIeAOBaHHH Ha 3AeKTpOAIIHaMl1eCKOH MO-
AeAH nOKa3aA0 aOCTaTO4HO xOpOWyIO llx CXOAHMOCTb II A06pOT-
HOCTb MOACAH.
3KCnepnMeHTaJIbHWe HCG'IeAOBaHHH B 4aCTH npoAO.nbHOH KOM-
neHcalniH npOBOi(IITCH KaK Ha OHHCaHHO1"f 3AeKTpOAItHaMH4eCKOH
MOAeJIH, TaK If B peaJIbHOH 3HeprOCHCTeMe c HCnOJIb30BaHHeM
OnbITHOH H OnWTHO-npOMWWAeHHWX yCTaHOBOK npOAOAbHOH KOM-
neHCagNH.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
OnbITHaH yCTaHOBKa np0AO.IbHOH KoMneHca-
II it H (4)Hr. 15) COOpV)KeHa Ha noACTaHQIwH 110 KB H Bpe3aHa it
.7HHHIO 3.7eKTponepeaa4lf 110 KB A:IIIHoff 157 KM B67H3lf TOgK11
npUMb1KaHHR ee K CHCTeMe. OnbITHO-npOMbIWAeHHbIC
)'CTaHOBKH npOAOAbHOH KOMneHCaljHlf 220 KB co-
OpyHCeHbI Ha nO2TCTaH11HH, npHMblKaIoujerf K CIICTeMe, H BK.7I09e1Ib1
B napaJIJlelbHble IHHHH 220 KB (Mir. 16).
Ha yCTaHOBKax np01IOJIbHOH KOMneHCagHH 110 H 220 KB npo-
BOAHTCH HCCAeAOBaHHH BHyTpeHHHX nepeHanpsmeHHH B KOJ:nel:-
CHpOBaHHOH JIHHHH, HcnbL?aHHe aeHCTBHSI peJleiHbIX 3auuuIiT If
yCTpOHCTB 3autHTbt KOHAeHCaTOpOB oT nepeffanpHHCeHHH, ^rJno-
AHTCH OnbiTbi, CB63aHHbfe C OIjeHKOH AHHaMHgeCKOff yCTOH4HBOCTH
annaparypbl. noABeprweflCH B03AefCTBHIO pa3pHAHbIX TOKOB 'qW
noBbIweHHOH gaCTOTmI.
HapHAy C 3THM yCTaHOBKH HCnOJlb3yIOTCH AJIH HCnNTaIIHH
OnbITHbX o6pa3uoB KOHAeHCaTOpOB, pa3pa6aTblBaeMblx 3JIeKTpO-
npOMbnUJIeHHOCTb1O AJIH ycraHOBOK npOAOJIbHOH KOMneHCauHH.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246A039800220001-6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
3A[KT.POD EPEAA4k =",
110CTO9HHOfO TOKA
200,c9
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246A039800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
BBE,gEHHE
Pa3BHTHC 3i1eprel'IIKII CCOP H ueo6x01111NIocTb HCnOAb3OBa11HH
I-lutpopecypcoB, yJ(a:1CHltblx OT 11CIITpOB nOTpe&leIHH, Bb1IBHraIOT
:la:ta4y nepela4n 60.1bIlI11X KOAn4eCTB 3:IeKTp0311eprHH na Aa.lbHHe
paCCTOHIIHH.
npn\1eueiiie ;.t.1H nepe1a411 anel(TpO3neprtnl na Aa.lbHHe pac-
.I'OHIIIIH IlOCTOHII1101'O TOKa 13bICOKOrO Ilallp11)KeHllll Ol'KphBaCT 110-
1 ~
HbIC 1103\f0)KIIOC'rn It I1\1CCT pH;t 11pCH\IVIILCCT13 I10 Q,11H1C111110 C 11C-
pc;ta4eil nepeMelnloro TOKa.
flpH Ilepe,'ta4e 3.1eKTp0311epr11H IIOCTOHIIIIbIU TOKO\t UTnalaeT
IIpU6.ie\ta 3ACKTpH4CCK011 VCT0114I1BOC'rit. 4T0 VCTP IHHeT orpaH114e-
111111 KaK 110 J1a:Ib110CTII i.ICKTpOIlepeaa4n, T.IK It 110 BC.111411HC nepe-
;tal3aeMoII MOIIt11OCT11.
Tlplt OCVIttCCTB:IeIIIIH C1111311 \le)K1y 311eprocnCTeMaMll nocpea-
CTBOM nep(_-la411 IIOCTUH1111O1'0 TOK,) 10FIVCTII\la Hx IICCIIIIxpOHIIaH
pa6OTa no OTIIOIIICHHIO ;ti)yr K 1pyry, 4TO IIOBb1111aeT Ilale)KIIOCTb
j)a60TbI 06bC1tIIICI1HbIX CIIC'rem.
3.leKTpOnepcla4H 11UCTUHHII0r0 TOKa BU3\IOW110 Bb1n0.lIIHTb
KaK 1303.1VWIIbi\IlI. TaK Il Ka6l'Ab11bl\111.
nplt paBtnOii nponycKHoii cnoco6110CTII I3O31VI31nble .111HInt 110-
cToI1IllIorO TOKa BbICOKOro IlanpI,KeIItH 311a4IITe.1bIIO 3KO1IO\1114HCC
B031VHIHbIX .lllllllil nepeMelllloro TOKa.
KOIICTpyKgwIH Ka6e.'1eii Ila UOCTOH1111OC Ilanplo+el111e \ttloro npo-
Ilte it Iemewrie, 4e\I Ila nepe\Iennoe IlallpI Keane, 4TO OTKpbIBHCT
B03M0)KHOCTH nOCTpOiiKu Ka6e.lbllbIx .111111111 nOCTOHIlnorO TOKa Ha
BCCbMa BbICOKHC IlanpR?Kel111H.
17epela4a 3nepr11H I1OCTOHII11bI\I TOKOM IINeeT pHl 3KCILlyaTa-
? T 011110HHbIx npen\1yt11CCTB, CB93a111[bIX c 60.1b1u1I\1Il 1303\IO)KIIOCTH\III
ObICTpOIeiiCTBV10Iuero CeTO411oro ynpal3.lehhIH BenTI1.1H\tl1 npeo6-
pa30BaTeJIbHbIX n01CTaIIIUIil. ?BO3i1CI1CTByR ua CCTKII BCIITII.Ieil.
\t0)KHO peryAnpOBaTb BC.1H'I111y nepelaBaeMon MO1ItHOCT11 It \1e-
HHTb ee HanpaI3.rienlle, OCyIUCCTBIiTb cnepx6blcTpoaeiicTBylot.uvK)
3auutTy It aBTO\faTli4eCKoe IIOnTOp11Oc BK.1104CIIHC, 4TO cnoco6-
CTB_VeT noBbiwe11uto HaJ e>KIIOCTH nepe2a411.
B03\IOWIIOCTb IICnor163013aIIIiH 301.111 B Ka4CCTBe o6paTI101.0
IIpoBOIa n03BO.1HCT Ilpn noBpC?K1C111IH o;tioro 113 npOBOlOB .111111111
tie npeKpaluaTb nepe/a4V 311Cp1'1111, a .1111116 CIIH)KaTb I1epelaBae-
UV1O MOB(HOCTb.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
Me)KCHCTeMilaH C8H3b iia 11OCTCHIIIIOM '1'OKC liC \'I4C.1U4IIBae1'
TOKOB KOpOTKOrO 3aM61KaInln It, CACA06aTC:IbHO, lie ilpeJ 1 nH:7f1C'r-
10n0.11IfITl:.lbHblx. B pt1C C.lvgaeli BCCbMa CAO)Klllix Tpe6011anrlii
K annaparype. KOTOpble B03i111KaioT np11 o6-wAimeuHH 3ncpi' -
CHCTeM.
Yc.lo)KHellue if y.topowaillle KOIIItemax ii peo61)a3OBa'rCAbllblx
n01CTaHUiiii nOCTOfiiiiiorO TOKa 1elaloT 3KOIIOMH4eCKl1 tibll'Oitllbl\I
npi\feieHHe nepe ta4ii 3ilepi-1111 IIOCTOi iIlib1M TOKOM r.9atillbrM o6-
pa3oM Ha 60.lbWlle paCCTOHIIIIH, Koria 3KO110MH51 B 3aTpaTax HeI1o-
cpelCTBeHHO Ha .1nHH10 -:peBa.7HpveT ilal yaop0 KanueM KOInLCBblx
npeo6pa3oBaTC.1bHbIx nOACTaintllii.11p11 HeOOXO.W\IOCrn npoK.Ia:r-
KH .1iiHit11 4Cpe3 60.1bWIie B0111ble IIpOCTpahIcl'Ba rlpllMC}ieiiile Ka-
6e.7buoii nepela4H nOCTOrIIIHblM TOKO\I l c.iecoo6pa:n10 it I1p11
McHbWHx paccTOHHIiHx BC.1e 1CTBlle B03MONCIIOCTII I1p11MCI1e11r1f1
B 3TIIx C.1vtaHx Ka6e.1bHb1x .hiiiiill. B03\t0AC110CTb C13H3I1 110-1111 -0
xpOHHO pa6oraioutux 3He'procllcT01 TaK)Kc Ae.7acr ue.lCcoo6pa3-
HbrM npilMeHeHUc CpaBH11Te.lblio KOpOTKIfx :II1111111 IIOCTOHIIHOI'O
To Ka.
OTCCTCTBI1C B liaCTOHujee BpeMH BbIK.IK)4aTC.IH IIOCTOH1111o1-O 7'(,-
Ka He 1103BO1Her BbinO.lHHTb .111111111 ItOCTOH)iIior) TOKa C npoMr-
NKrrogH61\1 OT6opoM MOUI:IOCTII.
3a pv-6e)KOM B HacTOHUtee BpeMH riieeiCH .1rf11ib o:IHa 3.1CKTp(inepela4a nOCTOiHf10r0 Toss B WBeurin (c \IarepnKa -Ira O. i-Or-
.laH1) MOIUHOCTbio 20 T61C. K8r, nepelII0luaH 3ifepriiio iipil ira-
npH)I:e11tIH 100 Ke Ha paccTOHHne 100 Kit.
B C39311 c ilagaBwriMct npaKTrigcCKrfM OCVIIjeCTB.1C11IICM
B CoBeTCKOM Coi03e 3.7eKTponepela4 60.lbliIIIx MOUIJIOCTCii Ila
6o.7bwne paCCTOHHHH it o6beimietulei 3Hep1-OCHCTCM BBponeii-
cBOff 4acTU Co1o3a CCP B HaCTOHI1jee BpeMH npOBO1HTCH npo-
CKTHble pa3pa6OTKr1 OT1C.lbiibix nepela4 6O:IbWOii MOII1,1IOCTH Ira
60AbWHe paCCTOHHrIH HOCTOH1111brM TOKOM Bbicoi oro Ilanpn)KCIIIIH.
AHpeKTr1Ba\1f1 XX Cbe31a KnCC 110 IUICCTOMV Il5IT11JIeTlieM\'
n.lauv pa3BHTHB Hapoluoro x03Hiicii3a CCCP Ha 1956-1960 rr.
npel)?cMOrpeHO coopyAct fre nepcla4n noCTOHIlIloro TOKa ;IJIH CBfi-
3H CTa.7riHrpa1cKofi r3C C 3HeproclicTeM0ii Aouf6acca if ioa iioii
CHCTeMoif.
Coopy)Keiie nepelagrl CTa.7mu'pa;1- Aon6acc - nepBoii it
MHpe nepela4H nocTOHBHoro ToKa 60.1b1110ii MoiiuioCTIi - 0TKp0CT
pea.1bHble nepcneKTHBbl HCnO.1b30Bah1HH orpoMllblx rrl;tpopecypcoli
Cii6nprl If HX BKA1o4eHHH B o6utyi0 3ACKTpn4CCKy1o CIICTCMy.
A-151 npoBeleliHH ncG7e;1olaiiHii, KOTOpbhe CI3513ai1bl C npoBep-
KOff pa3.7H'Hbix CxCM npeo6pa3oaaHHfl, C rlpOBepKOii pa60Tb1 pT)''I'-
Hbix Bbinp$IMHTe.leff H apyroro o6opy2iOBai1Hf1 it uopMaAbnblx If
aBapHntlbix pewitiax, a TaK)Ke aAH HaKOna7eIiH53 3KCnAyaTaUHohi-
Iloro onbiTa if nolroTOBKn nepcoHa.9a it 1950 r. 6bi.ia BKJliogeila
it pa6oTy OIibITlio-ilpi)\IbitnAciiiiag rlepeaa4a 11OCT051H110ro TOKa Ka-
imipa - MOCKBa.
nepeaatia Bb1n0.7iieIla Ha MOUjIIOCTb 30- TbIC. Ker npH IIOM11-
IlalblloM HanprDKei1HU 200 KB; paCCTOHIIHC Me Kjiy npeo6pa3oBa-
'I'CJIbHbIMH 110J CTaiiiriijtH 112 KM.
nepeja4a Kalllupa -MocKBa HB:7HeTCH ocllOBlloii 3KCnepH-
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NIIHOro TOKa.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
10
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
NnBepmopnan nodcmaHuun (MocK&I)
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
mur. 3. nonepevnoe cevenne cepnil-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
CETO'HOE YnPABJIEHNE, PEIYJIHPOBAHHE
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
B JIHHHH nocTOHHHOro TOKa. Bce 3TH 3aLUHTbl ae1lCTByIOT Ha ycrpou-
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2-2143 17
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
JlOHBHAI,Cb o6parnble 3a KIIraHHH na BbtnpRMHTe:7e, npo6oH
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246A039800220001-6
 r Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/30: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39800220001-6