SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000100140003-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 42
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 11, 2010
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: July 11, 1957
• Content Type: OPEN

25 YEAR RE-REVIE.Approved For Release 2010/05/11 CIA-RDP67B00446R000100140003-3
SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
HEARING
. SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-FIFTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
ON
UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1958
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COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
ESTES KEFAUVER, Tennessee
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina
THOMAS C. KENNINGS, JR., Missouri
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas
JOSEPH C. O'MAHONEY, Wyoming
MATTHEW M. NEELY, West Virginia
SAM J. ERVIN, JR., North Carolina
ALEXANDER WILEY, Wisconsin
WILLIAM LANGER, North Dakota
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
EVERETT McKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois
JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
ROMAN L. HRUSKA, Nebraska
SUBCOMMITTEE To INVESTIGATE THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY
ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
SAM J. ERVIN, JR., North Carolina JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland
MATTHEW M. NEELY, West Virginia ROMAN L. HRUSKA, Nebraska
ROBERT MORRIS, Chief Counsel
J. G. SOURWINE, Associate Counsel
WILLIAM A. RUSHER, Associate Counsel
BENJAMIN MANDEL, Director of Research
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CONTENTS
Testimony of-
Pats
Bialer, Seweryn -------------------------------------------------
4:188
Ege, Ismail-----------------------------------------------------
4395
Grigoriy Petrovich---------------------------------------
Klimov,
4399
.
Rastvorov, Yuri-------------------------------------------------
4399
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
THURSDAY, JULY 11, 1957
UNITED STATES SENATE,
SUBCOMMITTEE To INVESTIGATE THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT .
AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LARrS,
OF THE COMMITTEE ON TIIE JUDICIARY,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10 a. in., in room 457,
Senate Office Building, Senator Roman L. Hruska presiding.
Also present: Robert Morris, chief counsel; William A. Rusher,
associate counsel, Benjamin Mandel, research director, and F. W.
Schroeder, chief investigator.
Senator HRUSKA. The committee will come to order.
Mr. MoRRis. Senator Hruska, this morning we have four witnesses
who will testify as to the meaning of the recent changes in the Soviet
Union.
It is the duty of this committee to inform the Senate about the na-
ture of the Communist organization and to inform the Senate .on the
developments that have taken place so that we might know as much
as possible about the nature of this organization.
Now, since our last meeting, Senator, there has been an indictment
handed down against two American citizens for espionage. Since this
deals directly with this subject, I would like to introduce into the
record the indictment.
Senator HRUSKA. It will be received and made a part of the record
at this point.
(The indictment referred to was marked "Exhibit No. 481" and
reads as follows:)
EXHIBIT No. 481
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN
DISTRICT or NEW YORK
United States of America v. George Zlatovski, also known as "George Michael,"
also known as "Rector," and Jane Foster Zlatovski, also known as "Slang,"
Defendants
COUNT ONE
1. That from in or about January 1940 and continuously thereafter up to and
including the date of the filing of this indictment, in the Southern District of
New York ; in Washington, D. C.; in Paris, France ; in Geneva, Zurich, and
Lausanne, Switzerland ; in Vienna, Salzburg, and Bad Gastein, Austria ; in
Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and elsewhere, George Zlatovski,
also known as "George Michael," also known as "Rector," and Jane Foster
Zlatovski, also known as "Slang," the defendants herein, unlawfully, wilfully,
and knowingly did conspire and agree with each other and with Jack Soble,
4379
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4380 SCOPE of soviET ACTIVITY IN THE 'UNITED STATES
Myra Soble, Jacob Albam, Petr Vassilievich Fedotov, Alexander Mikhailovich
Korotkov, Vassill M. Zubilin, also known as "Edward Herbert," Elizabeth
Zubilin, also known as "Lisa," Mikhail Chaliapin, Stepan N. Choundenko, also
known as "The Professor," Anatole B. Gromov, Leonid Dmitrievich Petrov,
Vitaly Genadievich Tcherniawski, Afanasi Ivanovitch Yefimov, Christopher
Georgievich Petrosian, Igor Vassillevitch Sokolov, Vladimir Alexandrovich, also
known as "Volodia," whose full and complete name is otherwise unknown to
the Grand Jury, and Vassili Mikhallovich Molev, coconspirators but not de-
fendants herein, and with divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown,
to violate subsection (a) of Section 794, Title 18, United States Code, in that
they did unlawfully, wilfully, and knowingly conspire and agree to communi-
cate, deliver, and transmit to a foreign government, to wit, the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and representatives and agents thereof, directly and indi-
rectly, documents, writings, photographs, notes and information relating to the
national defense of the United States of America and particularly information
relating to intelligence and counterintelligence activities of the United States
Government, and relating to the personnel, arms and equipment of the United
States armed forces, with intent and reason to believe that the said documents,
writings, photographs, photographic negatives, notes, and information would
be used to the advantage of a foreign nation, to wit, the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics.
2. It was a part of said conspiracy that the defendants and their coconspira-
tors would collect and obtain, and attempt to collect and obtain and would aid
and induce divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown, to collect and
obtain information relating to the national defense of the United States of
America, with intent and reason to believe that the said information would be
used to the advantage of the said foreign nation, to wit, the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics.
3. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the Government of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics and certain of the coconspirators, including Jack
Soble, Myra Soble, Jacob Albam, Petr Vassilievich Fedotov, Alexander Mikhai-
lovich Korotkov, Leonid Dmitrievich Petrov, Vitaly Genadievich Tcherniawski,
Afanasi Ivanovitch Yefimov, Christopher Georgievich Petrosian, Igar Vassilie-
vitch Sokolov, Vladimir Alexandrovich, also known as "Volodia," whose full and
complete name is otherwise unknown to the Grand Jury, Vassili M. Zubilin, also
known as "Edward Herbert," Elizabeth Zubilin, also known as "Lisa," Mikhail
Chaliapin, Stepan N. Choundenko, also known as "the Professor," Anatole B.
Gromov, and Vassili Mikhailovich Molev, being representatives, agents and em-
ployees of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, would by
personal contact, communications, andother means to the Grand Jury unknown,
both directly and indirectly, employ, supervise, pay and maintain the defendants
and other coconspirators for the purpose of communicating, delivering and trans-
mitting information relating to the national defense of the United States to
said Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
4. It was further a part of said conspiracy that certain of the defendants and
certain of their coconspirators would be employed by the Government of the
United States in various capacities and activities in the United States, in France,
in Germany, in Austria, and in other places to the Grand Jury unknown, for the
purpose of being in a position to acquire information relating to the national
defense of the United States, and would communicate, deliver and transmit, and
attempt to communicate, deliver and transmit, and would aid and induce each
other and divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown, to communicate,
deliver and transmit information relating to the national defense of the United
States to the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
5. It was further a part of said conspiracy that said defendants and their
coconspirators would use false and fictitious names, coded communications, and
other and further means to the Grand Jury unknown, to conceal the existence
and purpose of said conspiracy.
In pursuance and furtherance of said conspiracy and to effect the object thereof,
the defendants and their coconspirators did commit, among others, in the
Southern District of New York and elsewhere, the following:
1. In or about 1940, in Moscow in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, had a conversation with Lavrenti Beria, the
Peoples' Commissar of Internal Affairs in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 4381
and with Petr Vassillevich Fedotov, and others coconspirators herein, during
which it was agreed that Jack Soble should depart from the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and execute assignments in the Soviet intelligence service.
2. On or about October 20, 1941, Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, entered
the United States of America.
3. In or about the month of August 1942, in the Southern District of New York,
Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, did meet with Vassiili M. Zubilin, a cocon-
spirator herein, at the Paris Hotel at 97th Street and West End Avenue, New
York City.
4. In the fall of 1942, in the Southern District of New York, Vassili M. Zubilin,
a coconspirator herein introduced Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, to Mikhail
A. Chaliapin, a coconspirator herein.
5. In or about the month of March 1944, in the Southern District of New York,
Elizabeth Zubilin, a coconspirator herein, telephoned one Boris Morros in Holly-
wood, California, instructing said Morros to come to New York City.
6. In or about the month of March 1944, in the Southern District of New York,
Vassili M. Zubilin and Jack Soble, coconspirators herein, had a conversation
with Boris Morros in the Far East Restaurant located in the vicinity of Eighth
Avenue and 59th Street, New York City, during which Zubilin Informed Morros
that Morros would thereafter receive instructions from Soble.
7. In or about 1944, in the Southern District of New York Jack Soble, a co-
conspirator herein, did meet with one Stepan N. Choundenko, a coconspirator
herein.
8. In or about the summer of 1945, in the Southern District of New York, Jack
Soble, a coconspirator herein, did meet and have a conversation with Anatole
B. Gromov, a coconspirator herein, at which time said Gromov directed Jack
Soble to meet him in Washington, D. C.
9. In or about the month of December 1945, in the Southern District of New
York, Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, met Jane Foster Zlatovski a defendant
herein, at the Majestic Apartments, located on Central Park West, New York
City.
10. In or about the month of December 1945, in the Southern District of New
York, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski did meet with Jack Soble, a cocon-
spirator herein, and did deliver to Jack Soble for transmittal to the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics a report on Indonesia based upon information ob-
tained by her while she was in the employ of the Office of Strategic Services of
the United States of America.
11. In or about the month of September 1947, in Paris, Prance, the defendant
Jane Foster Zlatovski did meet Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein.
12. In or about the month of October 1947 the defendants Jane Foster Zlatovski
and George Zlatovski did travel from Paris, France, to Vienna, Austria.
13. In or about the month of October 1947, in Vienna, Austria, the defendants
Jane Foster Zlatovski and George Zlatovski met with a representative of the
intelligence service of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the said Jane
Foster Zlatovski at that time being an employee of the United States of America,
and the said George Zlatovski at that time being an officer in the United States
Army.
14. On or about March 25, 1948, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski went to
Paris, France, for the purpose of meeting with a representative of the intelligence
service of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and transmitting to him infor-
mation relating to the national defense of the United States of America, the said
Jane Foster Zlatovski at that time being an employee of the United States of
America.
15. On or about May 25, 1948, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski went to
Paris, France, for the purpose of meeting with a representative of the intelligence
service of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and transmitting to him infor-
mation relating to the national defense of the United States of America, the said
Jane Foster Zlatovski at that time being an employee of the United States of
America.
16. On or about July 25, 1948, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski went to
Paris, France, for the purpose of meeting with a representative of the intelli-
gence service of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and transmitting to him
information relating to the national defense of the United States of America,
the said Jane Foster Zlatovski at that time being an employee of the United
States of America.
17. On or about October 25, 1948, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski went to
Paris, France, for the purpose of meeting with a representative of the intelli-
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4382 scoPE OF SOVIFIP ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
gence service of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and transmitting to him
information relating to the national defense of the United States of America.
18. On or about February 25, 1949, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski went
to Paris, France, for the purpose of meeting with a representative of the intelli-
fence service of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and transmitting to him
information relating to the national defense of the United States of America.
19. In or about the month of June 1949, in Paris, France, the defendant Jane
Foster Zlatovski delivered to Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, several sheets
of paper with writing thereon comprising a report on a certain person employed
in Paris, France, by the Economic Cooperation Administration of the United
States of America.
20. In or about the month of June 1949, in Paris, France, the defendant Jane
Foster Zlatovski delivered to Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, several sheets
of paper with writing thereon, in which she reported that she had collected infor-
mation concerning the personnel and operations of intelligence units of the United
States of America, including biographical data on American intelligence agents.
21. On or about June 16, 1949, in Paris, France, Jack Soble, a coconspirator
herein, did hand to Boris Morros the sheets of paper referred to in overt acts
No. 19 and No. 20 and a separate document, with instructions to carry them to
Vienna, Austria.
22. On or about July 6, 1949, in Vienna, Austria, Jack Soble, a coconspirator
herein, did receive from the coconspirator Vitaly Genadievich Tcherniawski an
envelope containing United States currency.
23. On or about July 7, 1949, in Zurich, Switzerland, Jack Soble, a coconspira-
tor herein, and Boris Morros had a conversation during which Jack Soble said
he intended to pay approximately $1,100 to the defendants George Zlatovski and
Jane Foster Zlatovski.
24. In or about 1949, in the Southern District of New York, Myra Soble, a
coconspirator herein, had a conversation with the defendant George Zlatovski.
25. In or about 1949, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski, at the instruction
of Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, did send money to the defendant George
Zlatovski in the United States to enable him to travel to France.
26. During the period from in or about the month of December 1949 to in
or about the month of October 1950, Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, paid
to the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski sums of money at approximately monthly
intervals, which money came from representatives and agents of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics.
27. During the period from in or about the month of December 1949 to in or
about the month of October 1950, Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, paid to the
defendant George Zlatovski sums of money at approximately monthly intervals,
which money came from representatives and agents of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics.
28. During the period from in or about the month of December 1949 to in
or about the month of October 1950, the defendant George Zlatovski, in Vienna,
Austria, obtained and furnished to Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, for trans-
mittal to the intelligence service of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in-
formation regarding a certain processing organization for refugees from coun-
tries in the Soviet bloc, including the names of certain persons who had fled to
Austria from said countries.
29. In or about the month of December 1949 the defendants Jane Foster Zla-
tovski and George Zlatovski did, pursuant to instructions from. Jack Soble, a co-
conspirator herein, travel to Austria to obtain compromising information regard-
ing the personal lives, specifically, the "sexual and drinking habits," of the
personnel assigned and attached to American installations in Austria.
30. On or about February 1, 1950, Petr Vassilievich Fedotov, Alexander Mik-
hailovich Korotkov, and Leonid Dmitrievich Petrov, coconspirators herein, did
meet with Boris Morros in an apartment in Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics.
31. In or about November 1950, Jack Soble, a coconspirator. herein, instructed
the defendant George Zlatovski to go to Yugoslavia to establish contacts there
and determine conditions in Yugoslavia.
32. In or about December 1950 the defendant George Zlatovski furnished to
Jack Soble, a coconspirator herein, a report on his observations in Yugoslavia.
33. In or about the spring of 1951 the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski did
travel from Paris, France, to Zurich, Switzerland.
34. In or about the spring of 1951, in Zurich, Switzerland, the defendant
Jane Foster Zlatovski did meet two representatives of the Union of Soviet
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SCOPE OF SOVIEIT ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 4383
Socialist Republics and did deliver a piece of paper with writing thereon to one
of the representatives of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
35. In or about the month of June 1951, in Vienna, Austria, the defendant
George Zlatovski handed to Boris Morros several sheets of paper in writing
thereon in the English language, bearing at the top of the first page thereof the
names "Rector" and "Slang," the code names for the defendants George
Zlatovski and Jane Foster Zlatovski.
36. In or about the month of June 1951, in Vienna, Austria, the defendant
George Zlatovski did hand to Boris Morros for delivery to representatives of
the intelligence service of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics several sheets
of paper with writing thereon in the Russian language.
37. On or about September 22, 1954, in Paris, France, the defendant Jane
Foster Zlatovski did write and hand to Boris Morros a one-page report addressed
to "A. M.," a representative of the intelligence service of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, which report was signed with the code name "Slang."
38. In or about the month of March 1955, in the Southern District of New
York, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski met one Boris Morros.
(In violation of Section 794(c), Title 18, U. S. C.)
COUNT Two
The Grand Jury further charges :
1. That from in or about January 1940 and continuously thereafter up, to
and including the date of the filing of this indictment, in the Southern District
of New York ; in Washington, D. C.; in. Vienna, Salzburg and Bad Gastein,
Austria ; in Paris, France ; in Lausanne, Zurich, and Geneva, Switzerland ; in
Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and elsewhere, George Zlatovski,
also known as "George Michael," also known as "Rector," and Jane Foster
Zlatovski, also known as "Slang," the defendants herein, unlawfully, wilfully
and knowingly did conspire and agree together, and with each other, and with
Jack Soble, Myra Soble, Jacob Albam Petr Vassilievich Fedotov, Alexander
Mikhailovich Korotkov, Vassili M. Zubilin, also known as "Edward Herbert,"
Elizabeth Zubilin, also known as "Lisa," Mikhail Chaliapin, Stepan N. Choun-
denko, also known as "The Professor," Anatole B. Gromov, Leonid Dmitrievich
Petrov, Vitaly Genadievich Tcherniawski, Afanasi Ivanovitch Yefimov, Chris-
topher Georgievich Petrosian, Igor Vassillevitch Sokolov, Vladimir Alexandro-
vich, also known as "Volodia," whose full and true name is otherwise unknown
to the Grand Jury, and Vassili Mikhailovich Molev, coconspirators but not de-
fendants herein, and with divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown,
to violate Subsection (c) of Section 793, Title 18, United States Code, in the
manner and by the means hereinafter set forth.
2. It was a part of said conspiracy that the defendants and their cocon-
spirators would, for the purpose of obtaining information respecting .the na-
tional defense of the United States of America, receive and obtain and attempt
to receive and obtain documents, writings, photographs, photographic negatives
and notes of things connected with the national defense of the United States,
knowing and having reason to believe at the time of said agreement to receive
and obtain said documents, writings, photographs, photographic negatives and
notes of things connected with the national defense, that said material would
be obtained, taken, made, and disposed of contrary to the provisions of Chapter
37, Title 18, United States Code, in that they would be delivered and trans-
mitted, directly and indirectly, to a foreign government, to wit, the Union of
the Soviet Socialist Republics, and to representatives, officers, agents and em-
ployees of the said Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the said defend-
ants intending and having reason to believe that the said documents, writings,
photographs, photographic negatives and notes of things relating to the na-
tional defense of the United States of America, would be used to the advantage
of a foreign nation, to wit, the said Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
3. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the said defendants and their
coconspirators would make contact with persons to the Grand Jury unknown,
who were resident in the United States, in France, in Germany, in Austria,
at places to the Grand Jury unknown, and who, by reason of their employment,
position or otherwise, were acquainted and familiar with and were in possession
of or had access to information relating to the national defense of the United
States of America.
4. It was further a part of said conspiracy that certain' of the defendants and
certain of their coconspirators would be employed by the Government of the
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4384 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
United States in various capacities and activities in the United States, in
France, in Germany, in Austria, and in other places to the Grand Jury un-
known, for the purpose of being in a position to acquire information relating to
the national defense of the United States, and would communicate, deliver and
transmit, and attempt to communicate, deliver and transmit, and would aid and
induce each other and divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown, to
communicate, deliver, and transmit information relating to the national defense
of the United States to the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics.
5. It was further a part of said conspiracy that said defendants and their co-
conspirators would use false and fictitious names, coded communications, and
other and further means to the Grand Jury unknown, to conceal the existence
and purpose of said conspiracy.
OVERT ACTS
In pursuance and furtherance of said conspiracy and to effect the object there-
of, the defendants and their coconspirators did commit, among others, within the
Southern District of New York and elsewhere, the overt acts as alleged and
set forth under Count I of this indictment, all of which overt acts are hereby
realleged by the Grand Jury.
(Section 793, Title 18, United States Code.)
COUNT THREE
The Grand Jury further charges :
1. That throughout the entire period from in or about January 1940 and up to
and including the date of the filing of this indictment, the government of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, through its representatives, agents, and
employees, maintained within the United States and other parts of the world, a
system and organization for the purpose of obtaining, collecting and receiving
information and material from the United States of a military, commercial,
industrial and political nature, and in connection therewith, recruited, induced,
engaged and maintained the defendants and coconspirators hereinafter named
and divers other persons to the Grand Jurors unknown, as agents, representa-
tives and employees to obtain, collect and receive such information and material
for the said government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
2. That from in or about January 1940 and continuously thereafter up to and
including the date of the filing of this indictment, in the Southern District of
New York ; in Washington, D. C., in Paris, France ; in Geneva, Zurich and
Lausanne, Switzerland ; in Vienna, Salzburg, and Bad Gastein, Austria ; in Mos-
cow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ; and elsewhere George Zlatovski, also
known as "George Michael," also known as "Rector," and Jane Foster Zlatovski,
also known as "Slang" the defendants herein, unlawfully, wilfully and know-
engly did conspire
tof the Union , of agree together, and with Soviet Socialist Republics, each
and with agents, with officers and
employees of the said government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
Including Jack Soble, Myra Soble, Jacob Albam, Petr Vassillevich Fedotov,
Alexander Mihailovich Korotkov, Leonid Dmitrievich Petrov, Vitaly Genadie-
vich Tcherniawski, Afanasi Ivanovitch Yefimov, Vassill M. Zubilin, also known
as "Edward Herbert," Elizabeth Zubilin, also known as "Lisa," Mikhail Chalia-
pin, Stepan M. Choundenko, also known as "The Professor," Anatole B. Gromov,
Christopher Georgievich Petrosian, Igor Vassilievi.tch Sokolov, Vladimir Alex-
androvich, also known as "Volodia," whose full and true name is otherwise un-
known to the Grand Jury, and Vassili Mikhailovich Molev, coconspirators but not
defendants herein, and divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown,. to
commit an offense against the United States of America, to wit, to violate Section
951 of Title 18, United States Code, in the manner and by the means hereinafter
set forth.
3. It was a part of said conspiracy that the defendants and certain of the
coconspirators, none of whom was included among the accredited diplomatic or
consular officers or attaches of the said government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, or of any foreign government, would, within the United States,
and without prior notification to the Secretary of State, act as agents of the said
government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and would, as such
agents, obtain, collect and receive information and material of a military, com-
mercial, industrial and political nature, and as such agents would communicate
and deliver said information and material to other coconspirators for transmis-
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Sion to the said government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It was
a part of said conspiracy that the other coconspirators residing outside the
United States would direct, aid and assist the defendants aforesaid to act as
such agents within the United States and would receive and transmit the
said information and material to the said government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics.
4. It was further a part of the said conspiracy that the said government of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Its officers, agents and employees
would employ, supervise and maintain the defendants within the United States
as such. agents of the said government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
for the purpose of obtaining, collecting, receiving, transmitting and communicat-
ing Information and material of a military, commercial, industrial and political
nature.
5. It was further a part of the said conspiracy that the defendants would
receive sums of money and other valuable considerations from the government
of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, its officers, agents and employees in,
return for acting as said agents of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics within
the United States for the purpose of obtaining, collecting, receiving, transmitting
and communicating information, material, messages and instructions on behalf
of and for the use and advantage of the said government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics.
6. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the said defendants would use
false and fictitious names, coded communications, and would resort to other means
to the Grand Jury unknown to conceal the existence and purpose of said con-
spiracy.
OVERT ACTS
In.pursuance and furtherance of said conspiracy and to effect the object
thereof, the defendants and their coconspirators did commit, among others, with-
in the Southern District of New York and elsewhere, the overt acts as alleged and
set forth under Count I of this indictment, all of which overt acts are hereby
realleged by the Grand Jury.
(In violation of Section 371, Title 18, United States Code.)
The Grand Jury further charges :
That in or about the month of December 1945, within the Southern District of
New York, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski, also known as "Slang," unlaw-
fully, knowingly and wilfully did then and there act as an agent of a foreign
government, to wit, the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
without prior notification to the Secretary of State of the United States of
America, in that the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski did, for and on behalf of
and at the request of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
its officers, agents and employees, write and deliver to Jack Soble, a coconspira-
tor but not a defendant herein, for transmission to the said Government of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, a written report on Indonesia which report
was based upon information obtained by said defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski
in the course of her employment with the Office of Strategic Services of the
United States of America, the defendant then and there not being a diplomatic
or consular official or attache.
The defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski fled from justice in or about the month
of April 1947 and departed from the United States of America and remained
continuously outside of the United States of America until on and after Septem-
ber 1, 1954, the date of the enactment of c. 1214, Section 10 (a), 68 Stat. 1145.
(Title 18, United States Code, Section 951.)
The Grand Jury further charges :
1. At all times from about June 28, 1942, and up to and Including the date of
the filing of this indictment, Jane Foster Zlatovski, also known as "Slang," the
defendant herein, has been a person as defined in Title 22, United States Code,
Sections 611, et seq. (known as the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as
amended), hereinafter referred to as "the Act."
2. At all times from about June 28, 1942, and up to and including the date of
the filing of this indictment, the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist
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4386 SCOPE OF SOVIEiT ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATE'S
Republics including its Government-controlled instrumentalities, agents, and
affiliates, has been a foreign principal as defined in the Act.
3. During the period from about June 28, 1942, to and including the date of
the filing of this indictment, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski also known
as "Slang," has acted within the United States and within the Southern District
of New York as an agent of a foreign principal as defined in the Act because,
within the United States and within the Southern District of New York, she
has reported information to the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, including its Government-controlled instrumentalities, agents and
affiliates ; and within the Southern District of New York, she has acted at the
order, request, and direction of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, including its Government-Controlled instrumentalities, agents and
affiliates.
4. By reason of which acts, the defendant. Jane Foster Zlatovski also known
as "Slang," has during the aforesaid period acted within the United States and
within the Southern District of New York as an agent of a foreign principal,
and has therefore been under the duty to file a true and complete registration
statement as required by Section 612 of the Act.
5. From on or about January 28, 1942, and at various times thereafter up
to the date of the filing of this indictment, the defendant Jane Foster Zlatovski,
also known as "Slang," has unlawfully and wilfully acted as an agent of a for-
eign principal within the Southern District of New York without having filed
with the Attorney General of the United States the registration statement
required by the Act.
6. By reason of the nature of her activities and her relationship with the
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, including its Govern-
ment-controlled instrumentalities, agents, and affiliates, the defendant Jane
Foster Zlatovskl, also known as "Slang," does not fall within the purview of any
of the exemptions from registration provided by the Act.
(Title 22, United States Code, Sections 612, 618.)
Mr. MORRIS. I would like to put into the record at this point the
statement of yours, Senator Hruska, on the significance of this, partic-
ularly in connection with your statement where you say that "the
folly of the present campaign against security safeguards in our Gov-
ernment" was brought out by the fact that the State Department
wanted to deny a passport to Mrs. Zlatovski and was not able to do so.
Senator HRusTcA. It will be received.
(The statement of Senator Hruska referred to is as follows:)
Juiy 10, 1957.;
The disclosure that Jane Foster Zlatovski, recently indicted in New York
as a Soviet spy, was issued a passport by the State Department 2 years ago,
after its objections were deemed inadequate by Federal District Court Judge
Burnita Matthews, points out the folly of the present campaign against se-
curity safeguards in our Government.
I have verified the story and it is a sound instance of the contention that
the Secretary of State should have some discretion in denying a passport to a
suspect without having to put all the evidence and information supporting his
decisions into the public record.
In the case of Mrs. Zlatovski, the Secretary of State was forced to choose
between producing his evidence or issuing a passport. He could not prejudice
the security involved in the surveillance then going on and had no alternative
but to grant the passport.
As a consequence a Communist suspect who has been indicted for espionage
was able to move about in Europe for 2 additional years on an American pass-
port and is now outside the jurisdiction of the United States. The passport of
George Zlatovski was not renewed by the Department of State after 1954.
'I hope that the French Government will extradite the Zlatovskis and that
there will be an early trial so that the details of current Soviet espionage can
be known to the American people.
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED. STATES 4387
Mr. MORRIS. And also, there has been one other development, Sen-
ator Hruska. I would like to introduce into the record at this point
a clipping from the New York Times of July 7, 1957, stating :
The United States has ousted a member of the Communist Hungarian mission
to the United Nations on grounds that he exceeded the limits of his diplomatic
privileges in this country.
Senator HRUSKA. That will also be made a Part of the record.
(The clipping referred to was marked "Exhibit No. 482" and reads
as follows:)
ExiIBiT No. 482
[New York Times, July 7, 1957, p. 60]
UNITED STATES OUSTS HUNGARIAN
CHARGES MEMBER OF MISSION TO U. N. EXCEEDED PRIVILEGE
WASHINGTON, July 6 (AP).-The United States has ousted a member of the
Communist Hungarian missions to the United Nations on grounds that he ex-
ceeded the limits of his diplomatic privileges in this country.
Officials said today that the diplomat, who left the country more than a week
ago, was Pal Racz, Second Secretary of the Hungarian mission at United Nations
headquarters, in New York.
The State Department acted against the Iungarian on the reported charge
that he was collecting information he had no right to collect.
Mr. MoRRls. Mr. Bialer, will you come forward, please?
Senator, since Mr. Bialer's last appearance before this committee
his English has improved considerably. Now, Prof. Jan Karski, who
has interpreted for him in the past, is also present. I believe we can
proceed without the assistance of Mr. Karski.
Senator HRuslcA. Very well, that will testify well for his doing his
homework, I aln sure.
Mr. MORRIS. Senator, because of the time element involved here, I
suggest that we take the witnesses who will testify and Mr. Karski and
that we swear them now at the beginning.
Senator HRUSKA. Very well.
Mr. MORRIS. Mr. Ege and Mr. Klimov, will you gentlemen also
come forward, please? Just come forward and be sworn.
Senator HRUSKA. The witnesses will raise their hands and be sworn.
Do you and each of you solemnly swear that the testimony which
you are about to give be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but
the truth, so help you God?
Mr. BIALER. I do.
Mr. EGE. I do.
Mr. KLIMOV. I do.
Senator HRUSKA. I will also swear the interpreter.
(Thereupon, Mr. Jan Karski was duly sworn to act as interpreter
by Senator Hruska.)
Mr. MORRIS. Now, Senator, Mr. Bialer in one way is a firsthand wit-
ness to these events. He has read the minutes of the July 1955 meeting
at which he, according, to his statements to us this morning, indicates
this struggle began.
(The biographical material relating to Mr. Bialer, referred to here-
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4388 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
inafter, was marked "Exhibit No. 483" and is as follows:)
(EXHIBIT No. 483, SEWERYN BIALEa)
Native of Poland. Born November 3, 1926. In 1942 joined underground anti-
Nazi Communist organization at Lodz. From July 1944 to May 1945, was in-
mate of Auschwitz and Friedland concentration camps.
After his release Bialer was employed, until 1951, in various political positions
with the Polish militia and was chief of the Political Division of the Headquarters
of the Polish Militia when he was assigned to the Polish Communist Party.
As an official of the Communist Party, Bialer was employed by the Central Com-
mittee as one of the chiefs of anti-Western and anti-American propaganda. In
that work, he lectured for the Central Committee, was First Secretary to two
important Communist schools, ideological adviser to the Peoples Tribune, a lead-
ing Communist paper ; contributor to other newspapers ; a professor of the In-
stitute of Social Sciences at the Central Committee and researcher in the In-
stitute of Economic Sciences of the Polish Academy of Science.
He carried on his propaganda work also by public lectures, by writing in-
structions to party workers and through conferences with persons from other
Communist countries.
In the middle of January 1956, Bialer was sent to East Berlin as a member
of the official Polish delegation. On January 31 he crossed the border into West
Berlin and, May 4, 1956, came to the United States, where one of his first occu-
pations was the preparation of a psychological warfare memorandum for the
Free Europe Committee.
He testified first for the subcommittee on June 8, 1956.
TESTIMONY OF SEWERYN BIALER, ACCOMPANIED BY
INTERPRETER
Mr. MORRIS. I wonder, Mr. Bialer, if you will tell us when the strug-
gle which was climaxed by the removal from power of Molotov, Ma-
lenkov, and Kaganovich had its origin?
Mr. BIALER. I speak about the post-Stalin period, after Stalin's
death : The struggle between Malenkov and Khrushchev began, really,
in 1953, and in 1954 we can see clearly the struggle between the two
men.
The struggle between Khrushchev and the Molotov group began in
1954, after the dismissal of Malenkov.
I will first speak about the struggle between Malenkov and Khru-
shchev.
Mr. MonRis. Senator, I might point out that Mr. Bialer made a
point that two issues are involved. One is the struggle by Khru-
shchev against Malenkov, and one is the struggle by Khrushchev
against Molotov. There are two issues here, as 'understand it.
Mr. BIALER. The struggle between Khrushchev and Malenkov at
this time after Stalin's death concerned two problems. The first
problem was the internal problem. The second, to us was the foreign
relations the Soviet Union had with the free world. In these two
matters Malenkov h'ad a different point of view than Khrushchev.
When it concerned the inner-Soviet matters, Malenkov represented
the State apparatus, represented the technicians groups, and Khru-
shchev represented the second apparatus of power in the Soviet Union,
the party apparatus.
And the struggle between these two men is the struggle of the forms
of organization in the Soviet Union. It was the struggle of the or-
ganization of the industry; it was a struggle about the problem of
the agriculture policy.
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 4389
NQw, I think it's more important, the problem of the foreign policy.
In the American newspaper I have not seen much written about this
problem.
The problem is, I believe, that Malenkov has another conception of
foreign policy than Khrushchev. The Malenkov policy, the concep-
tion of Malenkov's foreign policy was not a conception of a Soviet
offensive against the free world.
We can see this on the one hand from what Malenkov did not say
in his speech, and on the other, we can see this from what Malenkov
has said in his speeches.
I can remember, for example, his explanation on the atomic war.
He was the first man in the Soviet Union to have said that the atomic
war can bring an end to the whole civilization.
Mr. MORRIS. This is Malenkov?
Mr. BIALER. This is Malenkov.
And Khrushchev denied this and said that the atomic war can
bring on the end of the Western offensive, not the Communists'.
Malenkov had a real conception when we speak about foreign pol-
icy-had a conception of not offensive policy, a policy of rest. He
must have time for inner-Soviet matters, and he wanted to ease the
foreign relations with the free world.
This was the most important thing, I think, about the struggle
between Khrushchev and Malenkov during this period.
Mr. MORRIS. So that Mr. Malenkov is the one who represented
moderation?
Mr. BIALER. I think so.
Mr. MORRIS. Practically speaking, anyway.
Mr. BIALER. I can give you one example.
In 1955, in February, when Malenkov was dismissed from the post
of Prime Minister, there was a secret letter from the Politburo of the
Soviet Communist Party in which it was explained why Malenkov
must be dismissed. It was not the official reason that was in the
newspapers, that is, Pravda, and others. It was an explanation that
Malenkov's policy could bring difficulties with the satellite countries.
And I wish to remind you at this same time when Malenkov was
dismissed, Imre Nagy was dismissed also by Rakosi in Hungary. It
was not accidental. In many problems in internal policy, Malenkov
agreed with Nagy's views.
In the fight between Khrushchev and Malenkov, Molotov was on the
side of Khrushchev. It was an alliance between Molotov and Khru-
shchev.
Mr. MORRIS. May I just ask, so this is clear, Mr. Dialer? You have
now told us that Malenkov and Khrushchev had differences in the days
when you used to read about them in the meetings, and Malenkov
represented moderation?
Mr. BIALER. Yes.
Mr. MoRRIS. Now, at the same time there has been another struggle.
You are saying at this point that Molotov in this struggle sided with
Khrushchev?
Mr. BIALER. You see, Khrushchev has this same tactic as Stalin; he
didn't fight. with two groups at the same time. When he fought with
Malenkov in 1954 and the beginning of 1955, he didn't fight with
Molotov. Molotov was in this time his ally.
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4390 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
And we can ask the question why Molotov was allied with Khru-
shchev at this time. The explanation is: because Molotov is at all times
a Stalinist, a very conservative Stalinist, and the Khrushchev policy
was, for him, moderate, but much more Stalinist than the policies of
Malenkov. The policies of Malenkov were for him more alien [object-
able] than the policies of Khrushchev. And from this point of view,
Khrushchev and Molotov can at this time go together.
And Molotov fought with Malenkov. You can read his speech in
the February session of the Supreme Soviet, where he denounced
Malenkov's policy, and he fought with Malenkov.
But 3 weeks later, after the dismissal of Malenkov, the fight between
Khrushchev and Molotov began. Khrushchev didn't need Molotov
to fight against Malenkov because Malenkov is dismissed. And the
fight with Molotov began in a session of the Soviet Politburo, in-I
think it was the second half of March of 1955-when Khrushchev was
talking about Tito, about the relations with Yugoslavia and about
Austria, and Molotov was in opposition to Khrushchev's point of view.
He didn't want agreement with Tito and he didn't want a treaty
with Austria.
The fight lasted through July 1955. In July 1955 there was a meet-
ing of the central committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union. Part of this meeting was published in the papers. The second
half was secret.
Mr, MoRRis. You have read it, have you?
Mr. BIALER. I read the whole minutes of it.
Mr. MouRis. The importance of Mr. Bialer's appearance here-he
was privy to these secrets because he was an official of the Commuiist
Party in Poland, and lie read those minutes which we do not know
about.
Mr. BIALER. In July 1955, when this meeting of the central com-
mittee of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union took place, it was
the end of one section of the struggle between Molotov and Khru-
shchev. Two resolutions were brought to the session. One resolution
was by Molotov. It was a resolution against agreement with Tito,
against softening the policy. The second was by Khrushchev. And
Molotov was, at this session of the central committee, completely de-
feated. His resolution had not one vote in the central committee.
And then he remained alone against the Khrushchev resolutions.
And the end of this meeting, Khrushchev, with very strong words,
spoke against Molotov.
Mr. MoRRis. What did he say?
Mr. BIALER. I must remember exactly the words, they were very
strong words. They were words to the effect that if he will go for-
ward with his policy, with his thinking, it will bring a bad end to
him.
Mr. Moruis. This is July 1955?
Mr. BIALER. This was July 1955. He spoke about his [Molotov's]
wife, I remember, that his wife exercised a very big influence on him
and this will have a bad ending if he will not change.
Senator HRUSKA. Whose wife was he talking about?
Mr. BIALER. Molotov's Wife.
Senator HRUSKA. Now, what particular meaning
Mr. BIALER. I can remember what we are told in the central com-
mittee of the Polish Communist Party. We have seen from these
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE, UNITED STATES 4391
words that this is not only political struggle, this is also a personal
struggle. We see that there are personal differences, personal enmi-
ties, between Molotov and Khrushchev. And his words about Mol-
otov's wife was "his evil spirit, she exercises an evil power." I
remember the words : "It's not necessary for him," said Khrushchev to
Molotov-"it's not necessary for him to go to hang at her apron
strings."
Mr. MORRIS. Molotov's wife was not just a housewife, she was an
important Communist official?
Mr. BIALER. I think so.
When I was here 1 year ago, I spoke about this, that I think that
the end of Molotov, of political power of Molotov, was coming not
in 1956 when he was dismissed from the office of the Foreign Min-
ister, but in July 1955 when he was isolated in the central com-
mittee of the party and had not one vote.
And we can ask a question. The question. is : What happened
between July 1955 and July 1956?
In July 1956, Molotov was dismissed from the office of Foreign
Minister. And what happened between this time and the time 3
months later, in September 1956, when Molotov-we can see-had
risen to power. When he went with Khrushchev and Mikoyan and
Bulganin to Poland to exercise influence on the Polish central com-
mittee not to choose Gomulka for its secretary.
What happened between this time and months ago when, we know
now, that in the Politburo of the Soviet Communist Party, Molotov
has strengths so he can fight with Khrushchev?
One thing happened during this time. There was the Poznan up-
rising, the Hungarian revolution, the bloodless revolution in Poland,
the confusion of the Communist movement abroad.
And this problem was to bring back Molotov power; bring back
to him his followers in the Communist Party in the Soviet Union.
Mr. MORRIS. In other words, these were all setbacks for the Khru-
shchev policy and Molotov gained some stature?
Mr. BIALER. Yes. Yes.
Mr: MoRRis. Now, what about the Kaganovich purge? How does
he fit in?
Mr. BIALER. What?
Mr. MoRRIS. What about the Kaganovich pure?
Mr. BIALER. I think we can manage to get IKaganovich and Molo-
tov in one bundle, in one group.
But we must ask another question. How is it that Molotov fought
against Malenkov in 1954, 1955? Molotov was at all times Stalinist,
very conservative Stalinist, as was Kaganovich.
And Malenkov from the years 1953, 1954, after Stalin's death, was
the follower of a more moderate policy than Khrushchev was in
foreign relations.
How can this be, that Molotov and Kaganovich and Malenkov are
now in one group against Khrushchev?
I think that this is the same kind of tactical alliance as in 1954.
In 1954 Khrushchev and Molotov differed in many ways, but Khru-
shchev and Molotov, independent of the differences between them.,
were both against Malenkov. And they fought Malenkov.
9215-58-pt. 72-3
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We see in 1957 that Malenkov, although in disagreement with Molo-
tov and Kaganovich on many issues, has a tactical alliance with them
and they fought together against Khrushchev now.
The easiest targets for Khrushchev are Molotov and Kaganovich.
Kaganovich and Molotov were at all times Stalinist, and Stalinism
is unpopular in Russia, and it's very unpopular in the foreign Com-
munist countries. Khrushchev did not fear Molotov and Kagano-
vich.so much as he feared Malenkov.
Mr. MoRRZs. In other words, the issue here, in your opinion, the
heart of the issue is that the relative moderation that Malenkov rep-
resented was feared by Khrushchev,. and that Khrushchev made this
move against Malenkov and covered it by purging at the same time
two unpopular figures, Molotov and Kaganovich?
Mr. BIALER. Yes.
Mr. MORRIS. Just briefly, what does this portend for the future?
Mr. BIALER. I don't think there will be big changes in Soviet for-
eign policy or Soviet internal policy. You see, Khrushchev was in
power all the time from 1954, 1955, 1956, and he exercised his policy,
his line, and he now has a free hand.. He can exercise his policy now
with more stability, with more power. But I don't think this will
bring changes, because the policy throughout this time was Khru-
shchev's policy. There was only a short interval in his power. It
was in 1956 when Molotov and Kaganovich had more to say, had
more influence.
But I don't think there will be big changes. There may be tactical
changes in Soviet policy now. There may be such changes, as Khru-.
shchev needs time now to strengthen his power, to stabilize his power.
He can go one step further. with his same old policy. I don't think we
can expect big changes in the Soviet policy.
Senator HRUSKA. Well, in that regard, were there any big differ-
ences between Malenkov and Khrushchev on the approach to disarma,
ment ?
Mr. BIALER. I think that Khrushch.ev represents a very offensive:
foreign policy. There is a big difference between his policy and the
offensive policy of Stalin. Stalin's off ensive policy was a policy of a
many-front offensive including the war in Korea and the war in
Vietnam. It was a policy, an offensive policy, with military means,
with state means, and Government means.
When we speak about Khrushchev, I think his policy is an offensive
policy. The main means, the most important means of his policy are
the means of politics, the means of diplomacy, the means of diversion,
of intrigue, and so on.
And I think it is true when he says that he is not a Stalinist, he's a
Leninist. I will explain this. He is a Stalinist in the tactics of his
fight.
Mr. MoRRis. How about Malenkov?
Mr. BIALr:R. When we speak about Malenkov, Malenkov was, in the
first place, interested in the internal Soviet problems, and from the
foreign relations he wanted rest, he wanted relaxation. He wanted
to have possibilities to carry on his internal policy. In. foreign rela-
tions, I think he was the only man in the Soviet Politburo that really
wanted coexistence-I can't say forever--coexistence for a time, for
5 years, maybe for 10 years,. for a time, to have time to carry out his.
internal policy.
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Senator HRTJSKA. And would he want disarmament for that same
reason, any kind of disarmament agreement for that same reason?
Mr. BIALrR. I cannot say how far he would go in disarmament prob-
lems. I am sure he would go much farther than I hrushchev would.
go.
Mr. MORRIS. Senator, because of the element of time-I mean this is
all very interesting and important-I ask that Mr. Bialer be excused at
this time. Maybe we can have a further session later on.
Will. you stand by, Mr. Bialer?
Mr. BIALER. Thank you.
Mr. MoRRis. Senator, I would like at this point to put in the record
the Daily Worker of Tuesday, July 9, which endorses all these recent
changes. I would like that to go in the record.
Senator HuusKA. It will be accepted and placed in the record at
this point.
(The article from the Daily Worker referred to was marked "Ex-
hibit No. 484," and reads as follows:)
ExHInrr No. 484
[Daily Worker, New York, Tuesday, July 9, 1957, p. 5]
SOVIET EVENTS AND COEXISTENCE
Whatever their many secondary elements, the central feature of the recent
historic Soviet events is that they strengthen the tide to peaceful coexistence
and a durable peace.
That is its supreme importance to the American people and the peoples of the
world. No State Department speculation or malicious New York Times edi-
torials can obscure that cardinal point.
Prime Minister Nehru, of India, spoke for the overwhelming majority of
mankind when he said Thursday that the recent events would strengthen peace-
ful relations between the U. S. S. R. and other countries and thus the cause of
world peace. He termed this "the psychological moment" for easing East-West
tensions and for new progress in the current London disarmament talks.
On the basis of the material before us, itisapparent that the recent events
were a culmination of a series of sharp policy debates over questions of internal
Soviet policy and foreign affairs. In essence these questions were not new. In
their main outline they had been debated during the 20th Congress of the Com-
munist Party of the Soviet Union. What the recent meeting of the Central
Committee of the CPSU did was to reaffirm these policies in the sharpest way,
take decisive steps against those who were resisting these policies by factional
means and were, In fact, seeking to overturn the Congress decisions by a coup
among the members of the CPSU Presidium.
The chief policy elements of the 20th Congress were the emphasis on the possi-
bility of peaceful coexistence and the rejection of the theory of the inevitability
of war ; the various roads to socialism ; the possibility of the transition to so-
cialism by parliamentary means in various countries; the emphasis on the
equality of socialist nations, the post-Stalin policy of internal democratization
and internal reorganization based on the tremendous growth of the socialist
economy.
The decisions of the 20th Congress were widely hailed, particularly among
the socialist-minded and peace-loving peoples of the world. These decisions
registered a new stage in the growth of socialism and the system of socialist
states ; and they further speeded the developments toward peaceful coexistence.
But it is now clear that there was considerable resistance to the application
of these decisions. There were those, headed apparently by V. M. Molotov,
who wanted to "tighten the screws" and thus objectively hampered the full
unfolding of policies to strengthen . peace. Clearly, this group also demanded
policies which would have maintained old and harmful relations between the
U. S. S. R. and Yugoslavia, for example.
The prompt manner in which the recent decisions were greeted in China,
Poland, and Yugoslavia is some indication of the sensitivity of these peoples to
the harmful policies of Molotov and his associates. This feeling was also re.
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4394? SCOPE OF -SOVIE'T-. ACTIVITY : IN THE' UNITED STATES:
fiected by Italian Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti when he wrote in I: -
Unita July 7 that the CPSU shakeup "has knocked down the barriers * * * to.
the search for original roads to socialism," that it was a move furthering "a
policy of relaxation of tension and peaceful coexistence" and that th" reorganiza-
tion "gave a serious blow to the forces of conservatism and dogmatism."
To American Marxists the theory of various roads to socialism is not a new
one. Premised on the principles of scientific socialism, the teachings of Marx,
Engels, and Lenin, and the experience of American labor, there has evolved the
concept of the American road to socialism, based on the straggles of the Amer-
ican working class and its allies within the traditions, customs, and pecularities-
of the American scene. This concept is now incorporated in the preamble to
the Constitution of the Communist Party of the United States, as adopted by its
16th national convention.
We who fight for peace, democracy, and socialism in our own land can only
view most sympathetically all those developments in the first land of socialism
which strengthen the fight for peace and social progress. We view with the
warmest sympathy the efforts of Soviet Communists to maintain inviolable the
unity of the party which leads the 200 million Soviet peoples. We view with
satisfaction-as undoubtedly do many other Americans who do not share our
outlook-the rebuffing of a faction which opposed the steps to a new Geneva,
to improved relations with all nations, to heighten the living standards and
democratic rights of the Soviet peoples.
From all accounts the issues were debated vigorously for a week at a full
meeting of the Central Committee (about 200 were present) with all points of
view presented. This was a departure from certain of the condemned practices
of the latter years of the Stalin leadership, which frequently bypassed the
CPSU's elected bodies. The meeting took the decisive steps already noted. It
may be suggested, however, that matters might not have even come to this pass
had a wide public discussion preceded the meeting, for the Soviet Communist
Party membership and the Soviet people undoubtedly support wholeheartedly
the policies of peaceful coexistence, democratization, and the raising of living
standards. The process of democratization requires such public debate: the
process of correction of the abuses of Soviet democracy will undoubtedly provide.
new forms for such public discussion.
But this is distinctly subordinate to the historic events themselves-events
which will help shape a peaceful world.
The Soviet Union has repeatedly given earnest of its profound desire for
peace. As last week's events demonstrate dramatically it pursues firmly policies
of peaceful coexistence, is seeking continuously to raise the standards of its own
people and compete with other social systems not by war but in ideas, culture,
and economic progress.
We Americans have a responsibility in this situation. In Nehru'.s phrase we
have reached the "psychological moment" for a great new initiative for peace.
Is it not time for the American people to act politically against the belligerent
policies of Dulles, Radford, and Knowland? Is it not high time for the people
in increasing number to renew the demand for an end to A-bomb tests poisoning
the world's atmosphere? Is it not time for the whole trade union movement to
follow the example of labor leaders Walter Reuther, James Carey, and Joseph
Beirne who recently joined 80 other noted Americans in demanding an end to
the poison tests? And is it not necessary to equip our delegatesin London with
a firm popular mandate to proceed to a mutually acceptable disarmament agree-
ment?
Many, many more things might-and will-be said about the recent Soviet
events, but these, it strikes us, are the crucial ones today.
Mr. Moxlus. Mr. Ege, will you come forward, please?
Senator, in connection with Mr. Ego's testimony, I would like to.
offer for the record the statement that he gave in May of 1956 before
the House Un-American Activities Committee. And you remember,
Senator, it was written in May of 1956. Mr. Ege said:
It is also possible that, in the future, G. Malenkov, A. Mikoyan, and L. Kaga-
novich will be removed by Khrushchev as Stalin s accomplices The field. will
then be left to Khrushchev, Voroshiloft, Zhukov, and Molotov, all of whom are
Russians by national origin. The reason behind this thinking i.s that.Malenkoy
and Mikoyan are, historically speaking, more responsible for Stalin's crimes,
than' Khrushchev himself.
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Now, on the basis of his forecasts at that time, we thought it would
be important to have Mr. Ego here to give us his interpretation of these
recent changes.
Senator HRUSKA. Will you proceed please ?
Mr. MORRIS. Senator, I am sorry to break in again, but we have here
a short biographical sketch of the witnesses this morning. Maybe we
should insert these in the record preceding each witness' testimony.
Senator IIRUSKA. They will go in the record at an appropriate place
preceding their respective testimony.
(The biographical sketch of Mr. Ege was marked "Exhibit No.
485" and is as follows:)
E%IiIBIT No. 485
'BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Ismail Ege, born in city of Orak in .Ural district of Soviet Union. Name at
birth was Ismail Gusseynovich Akhmedov, assumed name of Ege when came to
the United States. Entered Red army in 1925, when he was sent by the central
committee of the Azerbaijan Communist Party to Leningrad to enter Lenin-
grad School of Military Communications. In 1929 graduated with rank :of
lieutenant and appointed to field services in Caucasia-the Caucasian Red Ban-
ners Army-as an officer in 11th Radio Battalion. After few months was
selected for intelligence service of Caucasian Army because of knowledge of
Turkish, and some German. In September 1940, after graduating from war col-
lege of general staff of Red army, was appointed to intelligence department of
Red army. At first was deputy chief for one of agents operations sections of
intelligence department charged with getting data on technical, devices of mili-
tary significance in foreign armies, later became chief of section. In May 1941
was sent to Germany on intelligence mission' under cover as vice president of
Tass Bureau in Berlin; using false name and biographical information. War
,.began in latter part of June 1941, and .he was arrested by Gestapo and put in
concentration camp for about a month. Ege was then returned to Soviet officials
In prisoner exchange. 1Ie was appointed press attache of Soviet Embassy in
Turkey, where his duties were to renew agent operations against Germany. On
June 3, 1942, defected from Soviet Union while serving in Istanbul.
TESTIMONY OF ISMAIL EGE
Mr. Moms. Now, what is the meaning of these changes, Mr. Ege?
Mr. EGr. Mr. Chairman,, the latest changes in Moscow did not
,surprise me tit all. It had to happen.
For the meaning of the late shakeup in the Kremlin., it is my personal
opinion that the words I have written in the article for the Un-Ameri-
can Activities Committee of the Congress still stand today.
I have a few additions to this article tinder present conditions.
I think that the present shakeup in the Presidium of the Communist
Party, Soviet Union, which removed Kaganovich and Molotov and
some others, like Shepilov and Pirov, and maybe some others, was a
culmination of this strife within the Communist Party of Soviet
Union.
Further, I think that this trouble within the ruling clique of the
Communist. Party of the Soviet Union is, primarily, a struggle on
political issues. It does not mean that there was no struggle between
personalities. But I think this was a struggle on political issues
mainly.
I. will not speak too much about personalities except Molotov.
I left the Soviet Union in ,1941, when I was on the Army General
Sta.f?. I knew Molotov, Miko'yan, and Zarubin as the men who engi-
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neered Soviet aggression and Stalin's policies. That's the reason why
I wrote in my previous article that Mikoyan may be expected to be
removed. Obviously, Mikoyan was more shrewd and quickly shifted
sides. But this doesnot grant that at some future time, Mikoyan and
even Voroshiloff will not be removed from their present posts.
More than that, I do not think that this struggle within the Commu-
nist Party of Soviet Union is ended now. It has to be expected that
the Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the
Soviet Government would remove shortly from their party and
government posts party functionists and government officials of the
lower echelons. And it might be that no changes would go down as far
as Ambassador.
Mr. MORRIS. Ambassador and what?
Mr. EGE. To remove from Ambassador posts outside the Soviet
Union.
Mr. MoRRIs. How about Ambassador Zarubin here in Washin ton?
He was supposed to be closely associated with Stalin, was he not
Mr. EGE. I do not know personally, but according to my past expe-
rience, Zarubin was associated with the policy of Stalin in older days,
and especially when Agradoff, who is the Soviet Ambassador to Paris,
was, with Zarubin and Beria, supporting Molotov in foreign policy.
When the Red Army entered the Soviet Union apparatus during the
war, operating in Turkey and from other NATO countries, in order
to defeat the Germans, Molotov always insisted that all these opera-
tions had to be directly reported, not to the central department of the
Soviet Union, but to Malenkov and Molotov. He tried everything to
shift this interest of military interests into political channels.
So I do think that, this struggle being not finished, they are going to
remove these persons too.
Mr. MORRis. Now in the case of Mr. Zarubin, if you think he is going
to be removed from this post of Ambassador here and recalled-is that
what, in effect, you are saying-would it serve any purpose, do you
think, to offer him asylum before he is sent back?
Mr. EGE. I think so. Not only Zarubin. I think that if, in the
lower echelons of the Soviet Government and the party stationed
abroad, there are some persons who are connected with the policies
of Stalin, and if they think that they were right and Khrushchev not
right, why not invite the rest of them to the West and affect public
opinion on the issue and prove that Khrushchev is not right-that
they were right?
Mr. MORRIS. So you think the Americans should accept such a
recommendation?
Mr. EGE. I don't know whether it is proper for agencies or Gov-
ernment officials of the United States to invite Zarubin to come to this
side, but he personally, if he is going to be removed and called home,
would do best if he'll stay here and put the issues before world opinion
in order to show what happened really in the Soviet Union.
Mr. MORRIS. And, also, we could learn from men like that many of
the details of Soviet espionage against the United States, which is
of interest to the subcommittee?
Mr. EGE. Quite right..
Further, in connection with this shakeup, in the Western press there
were many articles which mostly are wishful and speculating. And
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some people think that this shakeup in the Kremlin is a sign of weak-
ness of the Soviet Union.
I do not agree personally with that kind of speculation. It would
be an unpermittable luxury for the Government of the Soviet Union
and for the president of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at
times of weakness and emergency to remove such persons as Molotov,
Kaganovich, and Malenkov.
On the contrary, it shows that the Soviet Union now, on all available
data in the press, especially in the Soviet press, is politically, economi-
cally, and militarily, very strong.
Now, for the West, of fundamental importance is the fact that in
connection with this shakeup the structure of Soviet power has not
changed radically. It is still Soviet power; it is still despotism.
Only the strategy of the Communist Party is changed.
Instead of immediate war, I do think that the Soviets under
Khrushchev, now don't want war, but they are going to compete in
the economic and political fronts with the West. And that will be a
difficult fight, and the West must not forget about this side of the
struggle.
The will to make good the world goal of international communism,
has not changed. And, as you remember, Khrushchev, when lie ap-
peared on television before the American Nation, said that goal is
the same goal. And he went further. He said that many generations
of Americans will become citizens of Socialist countries. That means
that they did not change goals.
I hope that generations of Soviet countries will become citizens of
democratic countries. But the West, especially United States of
America, must remain vigilant and watchful.
And finally, I think it is appropriate to mention here, that one of
the reasons of this shakeup in the Kremlin was due to firm American
policy.
. The United States of America, under the present administration, did
everything in order to defend the freedoms, to organize NATO,
SEATO, and to help other countries against Communist aggression.
And for the Soviets, it is realistically hard to evaluate all of this.
They were forced to face this, and perhaps for a time to relax their
policy in the direction of liberalization or relaxation of the interna-
tional issues. But that does not mean that they will go forever on
this issue.
And summing up this shakeup, I would like to characterize it as
really a parasite movement, because Khruschev was quick enough to
put himself at the head of a movement which, at least in the minor
issues, is better than that of persons supporting Molotov and Kagano-
rich.
Senator HRus . Well, to that extent do you think he played the
role of opportunist?
Mr. Eor. Quite possible.
Senator HIxusxn. Do you think that that was more than he could
handle so he ran ahead of the crowd?
Mr. Ear. That's right.
On the other hand, I don't think Khrushchev in person will make
a second Stalin. The history of mankind shows that all dictator-
ships die or wither or reform with the death of dictators. I do think
that the Soviet Union is not an exception to this rule of history.
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When Stalin died, Stalin's dictatorship was going to reform itself.
The Soviet Government did not change radically, but there are some
things which are very interesting. There are even remarkable things.
There was a book recently written in the Soviet Union which is
called Not By Bread Alone. The title, as you see, is taken from the
Bible. In Stalin's time, just for that type of title, a man would be
sent to a concentration camp or just liquidated.
And this books talks openly about "drastovs"-Communist bureau-
..crats-and calls for something new.
Senator HRUSKA. Mr. Ege, last year you reported to the House Un-
American Activities Committee that it is possible that in the future
Malenkov and Mikoyan and Kaganovich would be removed.
Mr. EGE. Right.
Senator IIRUSKA. You did not include Molotov in that.
Now, the fact that he was excluded, does that have any special
meaning?
Mr. EGE. No. When I included, instead of Molotov, Mikoyan, I
was thinking in the terms of my background experience in Soviet
infiltration, subversion, and political operations. Mikoyan was help-
ing Stalin in the same degree as Molotov. And the Office of Foreign
Trade Commissariat or Foreign IT Ministry, was one of the posts
of Mikoyan. And Mikoyan did his best to help the Soviet, and his of-
fieers to get into this office, to be dispatched overseas, and, under the
cover of the Foreign Trade Ministry, to continue on subversion, es-
pionage, and infiltration. And Mikoyan was known for a long time
as a personal friend of Stalin.
So I had-at least it seemed to me-reason to think that Mikoyan
would be removed.
But Mikoyan is of Oriental origin. He is an Armenian. Perhaps he
was more shrewd and, in time, quickly shifted sides. And, instead,
Molotov was removed.
That does not guarantee, of course, that Mikoyan will stay forever.
Mr. MoRRis. Well, thank you very much, Mr. Ege. We. appreciate
your testimony.
Mr. EGn. - Thank you.
Mr. MORRIS. Senator, at this point may I have inserted in the
record the statement of Yuri Rastvorov as sworn testimony on his
.part? He had previously been sworn.
Senator HRusxA. Very well, it will be made a part of the record at
this point.
(The biographical sketch of Yuri Rastvorov is as follows:)
YURI RABTVOROV
Began career as officer of the Soviet Intelligence Service, MVD, In 1940 with
entry into Japanese department of the Moscow Institute of Eastern Studies.
Study of Japanese language interrupted by outbreak of war between Germany
and Soviet Union in June 1941. Rastvorov, together with all other students in
Japanese department of Institute of Eastern Studies in Moscow, was ordered to
proceed to Soviet Far East to be employed as interpreter, and as an officer of
the psychological warfare service in the special Far East Red army. Soon
after Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he was transferred from. Mongolia to
Fergana, the location to which the Institute of Eastern Studies has been evac-
uated from Moscow. In 1943 was recalled from the Institute and assigned to
Japanese department of the Intelligence Directorate of Soviet Ministry of State
Security. In January 1946, after appropriate intelligence operational training,
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SG'Op'P]' OF'. SOVIET: ACTIVITY 1N' THE UNITED .STATES 4399
he was .sent to Tokyo under the guise of a representative of the Soviet Ministry
of Foreign Affairs. Defected from Soviet Union in Tokyo in January 1954. .
(His replies to questions by Counsel Morris, as previously recorded,
are as follows:)
Mr. Moines. Do the recent changes in Moscow indicate any future change in
Soviet foreign policy?
Mr. RASTVOxov. No. Internal struggles in the Communist beirarchy are a
natural part of dictatorship, which bears within itself the seeds of such strug-
gles in their most ruthless form. If we look back, we see that this is just
another example of such a struggle, of which there have been many before.
Regardless of internal turmoil, the basic tenets of communism hold, and we can
expect more such struggles, without any really basic change in domestic or
foreign policy. It would be dangerous for the Western World to lower its guard,
hoping that new faces in Moscow mean new policies abroad.
Mr. Moarus. What do you know about the so-called Leningrad affair?
Mr. RASTVOuov. In 1948 or 1949 a number of the party leaders in the Leningrad
area simply disappeared. The rubberstamp explanation was that they were.
"enemies of the people.". People in the Soviet Union have been disappearing
without a trace for years, and the leaders have never given adequate reasons
to the Russian people. .Officially, this case was never explained either.
I was told, however, that they were removed because of antiparty tendencies,
having tried to form an anti-Moscow faction. The story was that they had kept
themselves in power by unlawful means. The excuse for final direct action was,
an election, in which they reported to the Central Committee that they had been
reelected unanimously, but a number of people reported to the committee that
they had voted against them.
Mr. MoRrzs. Mr. Klimov.
(Following is a biographical sketch on Mr. Klimov:)
Grigoriy Petrovich Klimov, born September 26, 1918, in Novochorkassk in
northern Caucasus. From 1926 to 1936 studied in 10-year school from which
he was graduated. From 1936 to 1941 studied in Industrial Institute of
Ordzhonikidze, graduating in 1941 with a diploma in. electrical engineering.
From 1941 to 1943 worked as engineer-constructor in plant No. 545 in Gor'kly.
In 1943 mobilized in Red army and fought in Leningrad sector of front, where
he was wounded. Upon leaving hospital sent to Special Reserve Officer Regiment
No. 96 (OPROS 96). In summer of 1944 assigned to Red Army Military Institute
of Foreign Languages, where he was admitted to the last grade of the German
faculty because of his knowledge of German. On graduation from the institute
in June 1945 was sent to main headquarters of Soviet occupation troops in
Germany, SVAG in Berlin-Karlhorst. From June 1945 to February 1946 was
economic adviser of General Shabalin, chief of economic administration in
SVAG. Following reorganization of the economic administration in February
1946, was transferred to the industrial administration of SVAG, headed by A.
Alekzandrov, where he was chief engineer for electrical industry until February
1.947. Was demobilized and sent back to Ministry of Electrical Industry in
Moscow because he was not a member of the Communist Party, thus was deemed
politically unreliable. In February 1947 crossed border into American Zone of
Germany where, after being checked, he was granted political asylum. Became
writer and journalist. In 1952 started publishing magazine Svoboda (Freedom)
in Germany in cooperation with a group of postwar emigres from U. S. S. R.
In 1952 organized Central Union of Postwar Emigres from the U. S. S. R., carry-
ing on active anti-Communist propaganda work beyond Iron Curtain.
TESTIMONY OF GRIGORIY PETROVICH KLIMOV
Mr. Momus. Mr. Klimov, you have been a military man, have you
Mr. KLimov. I was Chief Engineer in the Soviet Military. Admin
istration, Civilian Personnel.
Mr. MoRuis And as such were you able to know something about,
Alr' . Zhtikovand Mr. Bulganin?
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Mr. KLIMOV. I know, in some way, only Zhukov. Or it would be
better if I said I was a good friend of him. It is impossible to know
his thoughts and his policies. He was just Military Governor at that
time, and I was engineer at the headquarters.
Mr. MORRIS. Now, what do you think is the meaning of the appar-
ently stronger position of Bulganin and Zhukov? What does that
mean to you, Mr. Klimov, knowing as you do Mr. Zhukov? Did you
know Mr. Bulganin at.all ?
Mr. KLIMov. No; I didn't.
Mr. MORRIS. Well, on the basis of your knowledge of them, what
does that mean to you?
Mr. KLIMOV. I am sorry, but I wouldn't agree with the previous.
witness.
For me the importance of recent changes in the Kremlin is only one
point. That's the consolidation of power in one person. We could
think maybe Malenkov is better and Khrushchev is worse; this person
is maybe better; the other is worse, and the policy of one will be dif-
ferent than the other in some way.
I think that it depends not on personalities, the Soviet policy, in-
ternal and external; it depends not on personalities. It depends on
the system itself.
The so-called liberalization of the Soviet system now is only the
result of the process-we can't call this process-collective dictator-
ship. That's the process of stabilization and concentration of power
in one hand.
As soon as this power is concentrated in one hand, will it be Khrush-
chev, as it is now, or maybe somebody else?
The Soviet policy will be exactly the same as it was under Stalin.
I think that all these persons or personalities-they are, we can say,
slaves of the Soviet system, which implies its own laws and restrictions.
Mr. Chairman, if you would be in Khrushchev's place-I am sure
you have wonderful moral characteristics. You are a Democrat.
But if you would sit in the chair of Mr. Khrushchev, you would have
to do exactly the same what Khrushchev is doing. It is the person
making the policy there, but the system which imposes its own strict
rules-the strategic ideology and the strategic system.
Sometimes we guess here, I think, that the Soviet system could
change according to some changes in their leadership. I think there
will be no changes.
Senator HRUSKA. Well, now, would you say that there will be no
change, not, of course, in their goals or their objectives, but might
there not be some change in some of the means by which they currently
move toward those objectives, whether it is in foreign policy or
whether it is in internal policy?
Mr. KLIMov. I think it will be exactly the same as soon as the
power is concentrated in one hand. The years after the death of
Stalin represent only the process of concentration of power. We have
Malenkov. After that we have Khrushchev and the recent changes.
All this process is only concentration of dictatorship.
Mr. MORRIS. Well, now, Mr. Klimov, we heard a great deal re-
cently that after the death of Stalin the West could take new hope
in the fact that the Soviet had not a one-man dictatorship but a col-
lective dictatorship.
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Mr. KLIMOV. Yes. And now there is more power in the hands of
Khrushchev than before. He ousted his competitors, and now he's
a more personal dictator than before.
Mr. MoRIIIs. Do you think that this is the end of the collective
dictatorship and it will go back to. one-man dictatorship?
Mr. KLIMOV. Now we're nearer to the personal dictatorship than
before.
Mr. MoRRIs. I wonder if you will tell us about the military here,
because you are a military man. What is the relative role of Zhukov
and Bulganin now?
Mr. KLIMov. Now Zhukov is the second man after Khrushchev.
Mr. MORRIS. And Bulganin?
Mr. KLIMOV. Bulganin, he is a lieutenant. But I don't think
Bulganin has ambitions to be the first man. And perhaps Zhukov
doesn't have such ambitions either.
Mr. MORRIS. What kind of a man. is Zhukov ? You said you knew
Zhukov, you worked under. him. What kind of a man is he? Can
you tell us anything about him?
Mr. KLIMOv. I don't know him so well that I could tell about his
political opinions.
Mr. MORRIS. You what?
Mr. KLIMOV. I don't know Zhukov so well that I could know his
political opinions.
Mr. MORRIS. Now, what do you think these changes portend in the
future?
Mr::KLIMOV. The chief meaning of this change is that Khrushchev
is now, we can say, more established as a personal dictator, and he
will feel himself much more sure than before.
Before the changes, there were differences in opinions between these
two groups and now the power is more consolidated and the Pre-
sidium of the party is more united behind Khrushchev. Therefore,
the power of Khrushchev will be more assured than before.
Senator HRusItA. Anything further, Judge Morris?
Mr. MORRIS. I have nothing further, Senator, unless you think
that we should ask Mr. Bialer, who had not finished, a few more
questions.
Senator HRUSKA. If you have any further questions to ask of him,
we can recall him.
Mr. MORRIS. Thank you very much, Mr. Klimov.
Senator HxusuA. Thank you for appearing.
FURTHER TESTIMONY OF SEWERYN BIALER, ACCOMPANIED BY
INTERPRETER JAN KARSKI
Mr. MORRIS. Mr. Bialer, there is one other thing we would like to
cover with you.
Do you think that, as Mr. Ege estimated, the people who had been
close to Stalin will in the future be eliminated; that is, eliminated from
power ?
Now, may I just ask you one thing. What do you think will'happen
to Malenkov? Malenkov was a technician; was he not, and he had
many technicians following him?
Mr. BIALER. Malenkov was not a technician. He was a party man;
He was, a sec1:etary of~.;t.1 e. party. But his, policy, his political concep-
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4402 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY LN THE UNITED STATES
tion, was blended with the technicians groups, the bureaucratic groups
in Russia.
Senator HRUSKA. But he himself was not a technician?
Mr. BIALER. No; he was a party man. He was a professional party
man, we can see.
Senator HRUSKA. What is there in store for him in the future ?
What will happen to him?
Mr. BIALER. It's very-it's not easy to tell what will happen. From
my point of view, I agree fully with Mr. Ege. I don't think it will. be
in the future, in the immediate future. For one thing, I don't think
there will be purges in 1957, where a thousand men are destroyed or
liquidated.
I think that Khrushchev don't want such kind of purges. He don't
want them, first from the point of the relations with the other Commu-
nist countries. He don't want it from the point of internal relations
of the Soviet people. He himself denounced Stalin's crimes, and, in
such a short time after he denounced them at the party conference,
he cannot alone be responsible for such crimes.
From this point of view, he will want the present purge to go in
other ways than the Stalin purge. He will not want the people to
think that what he does now is the same thing that Stalin had
done with Bukharin.
From this point of view, Khrushchev may be forced to order a
purge in 1957. Ile may be forced if the people he dismissed fight
against him. I think that if he is not forced, he will not liquidate
Malenkov, he will not liquidate Molotov, and he will not liquidate
Kaganovich.
He will liquidate Molotov as a political leader, as a political man.
He will not liquidate him as a human being.
I agree with Mr. Ege on another point. I think that now we are
coming to this same kind of a purge against the lower echelon. The
low men, like Molotov and Kaganovich, men from the lower echelons,
will be removed from their posts, but without liquidations. We cannot
tell now about these conceptions of Khrushchev. He will be lucky
in this respect : he will know how to do it.
Maybe he will be forced, but I think that he don't want to be forced
to liquidate these people.
Senator HRUSKA. Do you think the popular feeling in the country
is supporting Khrushchev now in his present position?
Mr. BIALER. I think here are really 2 questions in this 1 question
of yours. The people in Russia, I think, fear a new Stalin. They
fear that Khrushchev will be a new Stalin that the Soviet will return
to the old years of Stalinist terror. Anti, from this point of view,
I don't think that the people in Russia are very happy with what
has happened. And I think that the people in Russia are afraid.
They don't know whether to be happy or not to be happy.
From the other point of view, when we speak about the satellite
countries--I know better the people in satellite countries. For ex-
ample, in Poland. I think in Poland, for example, the people are
happy about certain things, because Molotov was a strong man in
the old Politburo and he was strongly opposed to the bloodless revolu-
tion in Poland. From this point of view, the old followers of the
old Stalinst policy in the Polish party, for example-yes, all Stalin's
followers
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The INTERPRETER. They are weakened completely in Poland.
Mr. BIALER. And Gomulka can fight against Stalinists in
Poland
The INTERPRETER. Gomulka will have an argument in Poland that
what he is doing in Poland is the same that Khrushchev did in the
Soviet Union.
Mr. BIALER. From this point of view, his position will be strength-
ened and his position will be more stabilized than before.
Senator HRUSKA. What about the relations with Tito?
Mr. BIALER. I think what I say about Gomulka, is the same with
Tito.
Mr. MORRIS. Now, is this the end of the so-called collective dictator-
ship?
Mr. BIALER. It's not easy to tell. I don't think that Khrushchev,
up to now, has such a power as Stalin had. Stalin was independent
of anybody. He was really independent. And one thing more.
Stalin had his secret police, and we can see now the power of the
secret police is less. The secret police was liquidated as a political
power in the Soviet Union. This is political power in the Soviet
Union now, not police power. From this point of view, I don't think
Khrushchev now is in such a position as was Stalin in his dictatorship.
But Khrushchev is going up; his power is going up. The direction
of the development is in such direction that his power is going up. He
has, every month, in his hands more power.
I don't think that we have now a 1-leader dictatorship such as in
Stalin's time. We have not now such a collective leadership as we
had 2 years ago. We have a transitional period now, and we cannot
tell what will come out of the transitional period. It depends on cir-
cumstances.
Senator HrusKA. Now, you spoke about the satellites. Would you
have any comments on the current visit in Czechoslovakia? What
meaning has that? There seem to have been certain leaders at the air-
port to greet the Soviet visitors. Certain others were not there. And
there was some talk about a turnover in the leadership.
Mr. BIALER. I want to give one example from my point of view.
This is a very interesting example about Rumania.
Mr. MORRIS. What about?
Mr. BIALER. Rumania. You see, all the leaders-the first secretaries
of the party, in Rumania, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia-are
all Stalinist men. They moved to Rumania, East Germany, and
Czechoslovakia 10 years ago, and they rule now. They have organ-
ized the purges, Stalinist purges, in 1952, 1951, against Slansky in
Czechoslovakia, for example. And in Rumania there was recently
a very interesting development. I think it is very characteristic for
the three countries, for Rumania, Czechoslovakia, East Germany.
The first secretary of the party, George Dej, removed from the Polit-
buro two members,- Kishiniewski, and I have forgotten the second
name.
Mr. MORRIS. Will you spell that?
Mr. BIALER. Kishiniewski.
The INTERPRETER. K-i-s-h-i-n-i-e-w-s-k-i.
Mr. BIALER. Constantinescu was the first. And they denounced
Ana Pauker, the woman who was a member of the Politburo in 1953,
declaring that she organized purges in 1951 and 1952; that she wanted
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power for herself. And what is the meaning of this? Ana Pauker
died, I think. Or Ana Pauker was removed from her post when Stal-
in was alive in 1952. And George Dej, he was first secretary of the
Rumanian party. He wants to put the blame for the whole Stalinist
problem on the woman whom he'd dismissed from the party when
Stalin was alive. He want-George Dej
The INTERPRETER. George Dej wants to defend himself in such a
way as to put the blame on somebody who is no more alive; on a
dead woman.
Mr. BIAI I R. George Dej understands that, after Molotov's and
Kaganovich's dismissal in Moscow, he must do something. He must
have all Stalinists removed, because, if he don't remove them, it will
be held against him since his is also a Stalinist. And I think this is
the tactic of the Rumanian, East German, Czechoslovakian parties;
to put the blame on little men, to ut the blame on men who were long
ago removed and thus to defend themselves from such new purges
as in Russia, against Molotov and Kaganovich.
Mr. MORRIS. And that situation prevails, too, in Czechoslavakia?
Mr. BIALER. In Czechoslovakia, we don't see new movements now.
But I think that what was in Rumania will be typical for East Ger-
many and for Czechoslovakia.
Senator HRusKA. Is that all, Mr. Morris?
Mr. Morons. Yes, sir.
Senator HRUSKA. Mr. Ege, would you have any further comments?
We kind of cut you off short.
Mr. EQE. I have one comment.
Mr. Chairman, I think there is one very instructive point in this
shakeup, and I would like that to go into the record.
The Soviet press, for years, boasted that, in the West there are
reactionaries, warmongers, and so on; that the West, especially the
United States of America, is organizer of what is commonly called
the third world war.
Now we had the pleasure of hearing from Malenkov, Khrushchev
that they had their own reactionaries and warmongers.
On the question of foreign policy, it was formulated and written
on paper that Molotov, Mikoyan, and Malenkov were that group
which opposed lessening the world tensions and were trying to create
new world tensions and war. That indicates that, within the pre-
sidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and that means
within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, there was a large
group of people who wanted reaction, war, and new catastrophe.
I would like that to go in the record.
Senator HRUSKA. Thank you, Mr. Ege.
Mr. MORRIS. Anything more, Mr. Klimov?
Mr. KLIMov. I'd like only to make it short.
The shifting of persons in the top echelons in Soviet Union will
change nothing, because here in the West there can be only guessing in
connection with these changes. All of us hope that maybe somebody
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 4405
who will come to the leadership will be better than Molotov, Kagano-
vich, Khrushchev, or Stalin.
My point, which I would underline here and emphasize : So long as
the system itself isn't changing, there will be no changes no matter
who will be the leader. As long as, or as soon as there will be personal
dictatorship, which is practically now underway, we will have the
same troubles with all the Soviet system as we had before.
Senator HRUSKA. Thank you very much.
Mr. MORRIS. Excuse me, Senator, I would like to put into the record
in connection with the spy case the statement of Congressman Walter,
who put many facts about the Communist activities in the United
States of the Zlatovskis in the record, and I think it is important.
Senator HRUSKA. It will be placed in the record in the appropriate
place.
(The statement of Congressman Walter was marked "Exhibit
No. 486" and is as follows:)
EXHIBIT No. 486
[From the Congressional Record, July 10, p. 10132]
STATEMENT BY THE HONORABLE FRANCIS E. WALTER ON Two Ex-UNITED STATES
AIDS INDICTED AS SPIES BY A FEDERAL GRAND JURY IN NEW YORK
(Mr. WALTER asked and was given permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the Record.)
Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, the July 9 newspapers throughout the United States
carry the story of the actions by a Federal grand jury in returning espionage
indictments against additional American citizens.
Those recently indicted are Jane Foster Zlatovski, who was born in San Fran-
cisco, Calif., on June 29, 1912, and George Michael Zlatovski, her husband, a
naturalized American, born in Russia.
The indictment charged that since 1940, the Zlatovskis conspired with Russians
in New York, Washington, Paris, Austria, and Switzerland to obtain United
States defense data of interest to the Soviet Union. They were accused of
stealing documents and photographs and with having turned over commercial,
industrial, and political information, as well as information respecting the
military with whom they were directly employed.
Jane Foster Zlatovski was issued a passport on March 13, 1947, which was re-
newed on March 18, 1949, at Paris, France. A new passport was issued at Paris,
France, April 9, 1951. This passport was renewed on April 20, 1953. On
December 3, 1954, her passport was taken up and withdrawn by the Department
of State. The passport expired on April 20, 1955. She sought return of her pass-
port, and on January 19, 1955, she received an informal hearing. In this con-
nection she executed an affidavit which denied that she was then or had ever
been a member of the Communist Party, the Communist Political Association, the
Young Communist League, or, to her knowledge, any other Communist organiza-
tion. However, she admitted that during a brief period commencing in May
1941, and terminating in January 1942, she "embraced what I then conceived
the Communist ideology with enthusiasm, attended all manner of meetings,
particularly because my own abhorrence of %var coincided with the then ex-
pressed views of those espousing the Communist cause."
Jane Zlatovski thereafter was accorded all of the procedures of appeal, in-
cluding a hearing before the Board of Passport Appeals. On March 29, 1955,
the Board of Passport Appeals recommended that a passport be denied to her.
On March 30, 1955, the Secretary of State approved the recommendations of the
Board of Passport Appeals and her application for a passport was disapproved.
The Passport Division, the Board of Passport Appeals, and the Secretary of
State acted upon confidential information which had been received from agencies
of the United States Government and mainly from the Federal Bureau of In-
vestigation. This information, which was subsequently made public, was that
Jane Zlatovski had attended Communist Party meetings in San Francisco In
1934 and 1935; that in June 1941 she picketed the White House for the American
Peace Mobilization, an organization cited by the Attorney General ; that she was
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4406 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE' UNITED- STATES
a Communist Party member ; that she, in 1942, was reported to be in sympathy
with the ideology of the Communist Party and to be a Communist ; that she is
married to one George Michael Zlatovski, a known Communist, who was born
in Russia and who now resides in Paris ; that she in 1942, priorto her marriage,
lived in New York with people who conducted Communist meetings in their
home; that she was associated with or in contact with or affiliated with several
organizations, including the International Labor Defense in 1941, the Washing-
ton Book Shop in 1943, and the American Committee for the Protection of Foreign
Born ; that she publicly discussed her Communist Party membership in Wash-
ington, D. C., in 1942; that she worked for the Communist Party in the Dutch
East Indies from 1936 to 1940, and also in San Francisco ; that both she and
her husband were doing Communist Party work in Europe in 1948 and that while
employed by the OSS she gave an interview to the Daily People's World, the
official west coast Communist publication, at which time she disclosed her con-
nection with the OSS Java mission, which disclosure amounted to a serious
breach of security regulations of the OSS.
Thereafter, Jane Foster Zlatovski filed suit against the Secretary of State in
the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. This action to
force the Secretary of State to issue a passport was assigned to Judge Burnita
S. Matthews.
On July 9, 1955, Jane Foster Zlatovski asked the court to issue a preliminary
injunction enjoining the Department of State from withholding or denying a
passport during the pendency of the suit in order that she might return immedi-
ately to her husband in Paris.
On June 28, 1955, Judge Matthews ordered the Secretary of State to grant
Mrs. Zlatovski a quasi-judicial hearing. The quasi-judicial hearing had been
ruled in earlier decisions against the Secretary of State- to be a hearing in which
the applicant for a passport was faced by their accusers.
On August 3, 1955, the Secretary of State filed an affidavit in support of the
Government's motion for a summary dismissal of the action. The Secretary's
affidavit, which included the derogatory information set forth above, concluded,
"I have again reviewed the file in the passport case of Mrs. Jane Foster Zlatovski,
and based on all of the available information, I have reached the conclusion that
it would not be in the interest of the United States to issue a passport to Mrs.
Jane Foster Zlatovski to go abroad in that her return to France would be inimical.
to the security of the United States and to its relations with other countries."
The Secretary of State in reaching these findings had information which di-
rectly related to the espionage activities in which Jane Foster Zlatovski was
engaged. The indictment of the Sobels and other indictments for espionage,
which I am confident will grow out of the grand jury investigation now going
on in New York, would have been impossible had the Secretary of Statemade
available to Jane Foster Zlatovski, a member of the espionage organization, the
information or a portion of the information which was in the Secretary's
possession. -
After the affidavit by the Secretary of State was filed, Judge Matthews called
into chambers Leonard Boudin, the attorney for Jane Zlatovski, and the attorney
for the Secretary of State, and indicated that unless the Department possessed
and divulged -derogatory information in addition to that set forth above, and in
particular derogatory information dated more recently than 1948, she would issue
an order directing the issuance of a passport to Jane Foster Zlatovski, who was
yesterday indicted for engaging in espionage against the United States.
The Secretary of State was therefore placed by the court in the untenable
position of either divulging to a member of an espionage organization, the knowl-
edge which the Secretary possessed of her espionage activities or ofgiving her a
United States passport which would permit here to return to Europe and to
engage in espionage in behalf of the Soviets against our free allies. -
Mr. Speaker, this situation again points up the necessity for the Congress
to- assert its prerogatives as the lawmaking body of the National Government.
Time and again, in hearings of the Committee on Un-American Activities, as
well as hearings of a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, we have
seen cases in which the security of this Nation is threatened by loose passport
practices which are spear-headed by court decisions such as the decision in
the instant case.
I call this to the attention of the House because I expect to press relentlessly for
remedial legislation to the end that we may have a sound passport program.
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Mr. Monnis. One other thing. [Addressing the press table:] Are
you a Tass representative?
Mr. KiSLOF. Yes.
Mr. MORRIS. We have a new Tass representative. I do not think I
have seen this man.
Could you identify yourself for the record ?
Mr. KISLOF. Alexander Kislof, K-i-s-l-o-f.
Mr. MomRis. Is Mr. Paramanov still over here?
Mr. KIsLOF. Yes.
Senator IIRUSKA. Does that conclude the hearing?
Mr. MoRnis. Yes, sir.
Senator HRUSKA. The subcommittee wants to thank the witnesses
for coming and contributing to the record of the committee.
The meeting is adjourned.
(Whereupon, at 11: 10 a. m., the committee adjourned, to reconvene
at the call of the Chair.)
(The New York Federal grand jury indictment of Rudolph
Ivanovich Abel was later ordered into the record and reads as
follows:)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT CouR?T, EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
United States of America v. Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, also known as Mark and
also known as Martin Collins and Emil R. Goldfus, Defendant
1. That from in or about 1948 and continuously thereafter up to and includ-
ing the date of the filing of this indictment, in the Eastern District of New
York, in Moscow, Union of iSoviet Socialist Republics, and elsewhere, Rudolf
Ivanovich Abel, also known as "Mark" and also known as Martin Collins and
Emil R. Goldfus, the defendant herein, unlawfully, wilfully, and knowingly
did conspire and agree with Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic", Mikhail
?Svirin, Vitali G. Pavlov, and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Korotkov, coconspirators
but not defendants herein, and with divers other persons to the Grand Jury
unknown, to violate Subsection (a) of Section 794, Title 18, United States
Code, in that they did unlawfully, wilfully, and knowingly conspire and agree
to communicate, deliver, and transmit to a foreign Government, to wit, the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and representatives and agents thereof,
directly and indirectly, documents, writings, photographs, photographic nega-
tives, plans, maps, models, notes, instruments, appliances, and information
relating to the national defense of the United States of America, and par-
ticularly information relating to arms, equipment and disposition of United
States Armed Forces, and information relating to the atomic energy program
of the United States, with intent and reason to believe that the said documents,
writings, photographs, photographic negatives, plans, maps, models, notes, in-
struments, appliances, and information would be used to the advantage of a
foreign nation, to wit, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
2. It was a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and his coconspirators
would collect and obtain, and attempt to collect and obtain and would aid and in-
duce divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown, to collect and obtain infor-
mation relating to the national defense of the United States of America, with in-
tent and reason to believe that the said information would be used to the advan-
tage of the said foreign nation, to wit, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
3. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the Government of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics and certain of the coconspirators, including
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Korotkov and Mikhail Svirin, being representatives,
agents, and employees of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics, would by personal contact, communications and other means to the
Grand Jury unknown, both directly and indirectly, employ, supervise, pay, and
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4408 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
maintain the defendant and other coconspirators for the purpose of communi-
cating, delivering, and transmitting information relating to the national defense
of the United States to the said Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics.
4. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and certain
of his coconspirators would activate and attempt to activate as agents within
the United States certain members of the United States Armed Forces who
were in a position to acquire information relating to the national defense of the
United States, and would communicate, deliver, and transmit, and would aid
and induce each other and divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown, to
communicate, deliver, and transmit information relating to the national defense
of the United States to the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
5. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and certain
of his coconspirators would use short-wave radios to receive instructions issued
by said Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and to send in-
formation to the said Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
6. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and certain
of his coconspirators would fashion "containers" from bolts, nails, coins, bat-
teries, pencils, cuff links, earrings and the like, by hollowing out concealed
chambers in such devices suitable to secrete therein microfilm, microdot, and
other secret messages.
7. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the said defendant and his
coconspirators would communicate with each other by enclosing messages in
said "containers" and depositing said "containers" in prearranged "drop" points
in Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York, in Fort Tryon Park in New York City,
and at other places in the Eastern District of New York and elsewhere.
8. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the said defendant and certain
of his coconspirators would receive from the Government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and its agents, officers, and employees large sums of money
with which to carry on their illegal activities within the United States, some of
which money would thereupon be stored for future use by burying it in the ground
in certain places in the Eastern District of New York and elsewhere.
9. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and certain of
his coconspirators, including Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," would
assume, on instruction of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics, the identities of certain United States citizens, bothliving and deceased,
and would use birth certificates and passports in the name of such United
States citizens, and would communicate with each other and other agents, officers,
and employees of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
through the use of numerical and other types of secret codes, and would adopt
other and further means to conceal the existence and purpose of said conspiracy.
10. It was further a part of said conspiracy that defendant and certain of his
coconspirators would, in the event of war between the United States and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, set up clandestine radio transmitting and
receiving posts for the purpose of continuing to furnish the said Government
of the Union of Soviet Socialist-Republics with information relating to the
national defense of the United States, and would engage in acts of sabotage
against the United States.
In pursuance and furtherance of said conspiracy and to effect the object thereof,
the defendant and his coconspirators did commit, among others, in the Eastern
District of New York and elsewhere, the following :
OVERT ACTS
1. In or about the year1948 Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, also known as "Mark" and
also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin Collins, the defendant herein, did
enter the United States at an unknown point along the Canadian-United States
border.
2. In or about the summer of 1952, at the headquarters of the Committee of
Information (known as the KI) in Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator herein, did meet with
Vital! G. Pavlov, a coconspirator herein. -
3. In or about the summer of 1952, at the headquarters of the Committee of
Information (known as the KI) in Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator herein, did meet with
Mikhail Svirin, a coconspirator herein.
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4. On or about October 21, 1952, in New York City, Reino Hayhanen, also
known as "Vic," a coconspirator herein, did disembark from the liner "Queen
Mary."
5. In or about October 1952, Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a cocon-
spirator herein, did go to Central Park in Manhattan, New York City, and did
leave a signal in the vicinity of the restaurant known as the Tavern-on-the-Green.
6. In or about 1952, Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator
herein, did go to the vicinity of Prospect Park in Brooklyn within the Eastern
District of New York.
7. In or about November 1952, Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a cocon-
spirator herein, did go to Fort Tryon Park in New York City and did leave a
message.
8. In or about December 1952, Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a cocon-
spirator herein, did meet and confer with Mikhail Svirin, a coconspirator herein,
in the vicinity of Prospect Park in Brooklyn within the Eastern District of New
9. In or about the summer of 1953, Mikhail Svirin, a coconspirator herein, did
meet and confer with Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator
herein, in the vicinity of Prospect Park in Brooklyn, within the Eastern District
of New York, and did give to Hayhanen a package of soft film.
10. On or about December 17, 1953, the defendant, Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, also
known as "Mark" and also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin Collins, did
rent a studio consisting of one room on the fifth floor of the building located at
252 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, within the Eastern' District of New York.
11. In or about August or September 1954, the defendant, Rudolf Ivanovich
Abel, also known as "Mark" and also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin
Collins, did meet with Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator
herein, in the vicinity of the Keith's RKO Theater, Flushing, Long Island, within
the Eastern District of New York.
12. In or about the summer of 1954, the defendant, Rudolf Ivanovich Abel,
also known as "Mark" and also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin Collins,
and Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator herein, did go by
automobile to the vicinity of New Hyde Park, Long Island, within the Eastern
District of New York.
13. In or about March or April 1955, the defendant, Rudolf Ivanovich Abel,
also known as "Mark" and also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin Collins,
and Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator herein, did proceed
by automobile from New York City to Atlantic City, New Jersey.
14. In or about the spring of 1955, Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a
coconspirator herein, did proceed by automobile from New York City to the
vicinity of Quincy, Massachusetts, at the direction of defendant Rudolf Ivanovich
Abel, also known as "Mark" and also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin
Collins.
15. In or about December 1954 or January 1955, Reino Hayhanen, also known
as "Vic," a coconspirator herein, did proceed by rail transportation from New
York to Salida, Colorado, at the direction of the defendant Rudolf Ivanovich
Abel, also known as "Mark" and also known as Emil Goldfus and Martin Collins.
16. In or about the spring of 1955, the defendant, Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, also
known as "Mark" and also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin Collins, and
Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator herein, did proceed from
New York City to the vicinity of Poughkeepsie, New York, for the purpose of
locating a suitable site for a shortwave radio.
17. In or about the spring of 1955, the defendant, Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, also
known as "Mark" and also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin Collins, in the
vicinity of 252 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, New York, within the Eastern District
of New York, did give a shortwave radio to Reino Hayhanen, also known as
"Vic," a coconspirator herein.
18. In or about 1955, the defendant, Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, also known as
"Mark" and also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin Collins, did bring a
coded message to Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator herein,
and did request him to decipher said message.
19. In or about February 1957, the defendant, Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, also
known as "Mark," and also known as Emil R. Goldfus and Martin Collins, did
meet and confer with Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," a coconspirator
herein, in the vicinity of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, within the Eastern District
of New York, and did then and there give to Hayhanen a birth certificate and
two hundred dollars in United States currency.
(In violation of 18 U. S. C. 794 (c).)
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4410 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
COUNT TWO
The Grand Jury further charges :
1. That from in or about 1948 and continuously thereafter and up to and includ-
ing the date of the filing of this indictment, in the Eastern District of New York,
in Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and elsewhere, Rudolf Ivanovich
Abel, also known as "Mark," and also known as Martin Collins and Emil R.
Goldfus, the defendant herein, unlawfully, wilfully, and knowingly did conspire
and agree with Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic"; Mikhail Svirin ; Vitali G.
Pavlov ; and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Korotkov, coconspirators but not defendants
herein, and with divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown, to violate
Subsection (c) of Section 793, Title 18, United States Code, in the manner and
by the means hereinafter set forth.
2. It was a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and his coconspirators
would, for the purpose of obtaining information respecting the national defense
of the United States of America, receive and obtain and attempt to receive and
obtain documents, writings, photographs, photographic negatives, plans, maps,
models, instruments, appliances, and notes, of things connected with the national
defense of the United States, knowing and having reason to believe at the time
of said agreement to receive and obtain said documents, writing, photographs,
photographic negatives, plans, maps, models, instruments, appliances, and notes
of things connected with the national defense, that said material would be ob-
tained, taken, made, and disposed of contrary to the provisions of Chapter 37,
Title 18, United States Code, in that they would be delivered and transmitted,
directly and indirectly, to a foreign Government, to wit, the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, and to representatives, officers, agents, and employees of the
said Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the said defendant, intending and
having reason to believe that the said documents, writings, photographs, photo-
graphic negatives, plans, maps, models, instruments, appliances, and notes of
things relating to the national defense of the United States of America would be
used to the advantage of a foreign nation, to wit, the said Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics.
3. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the said defendant and his
coconspirators would make contact with persons to the Grand Jury unknown,
who were resident in the United States, and at places to the Grand Jury unknown,
and who, by reason of their employment, position, or otherwise, were acquainted
and familiar with and were in possession of or had access to information relating
to the national defense of the United States of America.
4. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and certain of
his coconspirators would activate and attempt to activate as agents within the
United States certain members of the United States Armed Forces who were in a
position to acquire information relating to the national defense of the United
States, and would communicate, deliver, and transmit, and would aid and induce
each other and divers other persons to the GrandJury unknown to communicate,
deliver, and transmit information relating to the national defense of the United
States to the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
5. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and certain of
his coconspirators would use shortwave radios to receive instructions issued by
said Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and to send infor-
mation to the said Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
6. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and certain of
his coconspirators would fashion "containers" from bolts, nails, coins, batteries,
pencils, cuff links, earrings, and the like, by hollowing out concealed chambers in
such devices suitable to secrete therein microfilm, microdot, and other secret
messages.
7. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the said defendant and his
coconspirators would communicate with each other by enclosing messages in
said "containers" and depositing said "containers" in prearranged "drop" points
in Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York, in Fort Tryon Park in New York City,
and at other places in the Eastern District of New York and elsewhere.
8. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the said defendant and certain
of his coconspirators would receive from the Government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and its agents, officers, and employees large sums of money
with which to carry on their illegal activities within the United States, some of
which money would thereupon be stored for future use by burying it in the
ground in certain places in the Eastern District of New York and elsewhere.
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SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 4411
9. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and certain of
his coconspirators, including Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," would as-
sume, on instruction of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-
lics, the identities of certain United States citizens, both living and deceased, and
would use birth certificates and passports in the name of such United States
citizens, and would communicate with each other and other agents, officers, and
employees of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics through
the use of numerical and other types of secret codes, and would adopt other and
further means to conceal the existence of said conspiracy.
10. It was further a part of said conspiracy that defendant and certain of his
coconspirators would, in the event of war between the United States and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, set up clandestine radio transmitting and
receiving posts for the purpose of continuing to furnish the said Government of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics with information relating to the national
defense of the United States, and would engage in acts of sabotage against the
In pursuance and furtherance of said conspiracy and to effect the object
thereof, the defendant and his coconspirators did commit, among others, within
the Eastern District of New York and elsewhere, the overt acts as alleged and
set forth under Count One of this indictment, all of which overt acts are hereby
realleged by the Grand Jury.
(Section 793, Title 18, United States Code.)
The Grand Jury further charges :
1. That throughout the entire period from in or about 1948 and up to and
including. the date of the filing of this indictment, the Government of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics, through its representatives, agents, and employees,
maintained within the United States and other parts of the world, a system
and organization for the purpose of obtaining, collecting, and receiving infor-
mation and material from the United States of a military, commercial, indus-
trial, and political nature, and in connection therewith, recruited, induced., en-
gaged, and maintained the defendant and coconspirators hereinafter named
and divers other persons to the Grand Jury unknown, as agents, representatives
and employees to obtain, collect, and receive such information and material for
the said Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
2. That from in or about 1948 and continuously thereafter up to and includ-
ing the date of the filing of this indictment in the Eastern District of New York ;
in Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ; and elsewhere, Rudolf Ivano-
vich Abel, also known as "Mark" and also known as Martin Collins and Emil
R. Goldfus, the defendant herein, unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly did con-
spire and agree with the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
and with agents, officers, and employees of the said Government of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics, including Aleksandr Mikhailovich, Korotkov,
Vitali G. Pavlov, Reino Hayhanen, also known as "Vic," coconspirators but
not defendants herein, and with divers other persons to the Grand Jury un-
known, to commit an offense against the United States of America, to wit, to
violate Section 951, Title 18, United States Code, in the manner and by the
means hereinafter set forth.
3. It was a part of said conspiracy that the defendant and Reino Hayhanen,
also known as "Vic," and other coconspirators to the Grand Jury unknown, none
of whom were included among the accredited diplomatic or consular officers or
attach-6s of the said Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or of
any foreign government, would, within the United States, and without prior
notification to the Secretary of State, act as agents of the said Government of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and would, as such agents, obtain,
collect, and receive information and material of a military, industrial, and po-
litical nature, and as such agents would communicate and deliver said infor-
mation and material to other coconspirators for transmission to the said Gov-
ernment of the Union pf Soviet Socialist Republics. It was also a part of the
said conspiracy that coconspirators residing outside the United States would
direct, aid, and assist the defendant and certain coconspirators as aforesaid to
act as such agents within the United States and would receive and transmit the
said Information-and material to the said Government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics.
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4412 SCOPE OF SOVIET ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES
4. It was further a part of the said conspiracy that the said Government of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Its officers, agents, and employees
would employ, supervise, and maintain the defendant and Reino Hayhanen,
also known as "Vic," within the United States as such agents of the said Gov-
ernment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the purpose of obtain-
ing, collecting, receiving, transmitting, and communicating information and
material of a military, commercial, industrial, and political nature.
5. It was further a part of the said conspiracy that the defendant and cer-
tain of his coconspirators would receive sums of money and other valuable con-
siderations from the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
its officers, agents, and employees, in return for acting as said agents of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics within the United States for the purpose
of obtaining, collecting, receiving, transmitting, and communicating information,
material, messages, and instructions on behalf and for the use and advantage
of the said Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
6. It was further a part of said conspiracy that the said defendant and his
coconspirators would use false and fictitious names, coded communications, and
would resort to other means to the Grand Jury unknown to conceal the exist-
ence and purpose of said conspiracy.
OVERT ACTS
In pursuance and furtherance of said conspiracy and to ect the object
thereof, the defendant and his coconspirators did commit, amongeffothers, within
the Eastern District of New York and elsewhere, the overt acts as alleged and set
forth under Count I of this indictment, all of which overt acts are hereby re-
alleged by the Grand Jury.
(In violation of Section 371, Title 18, United States Code.)
Foreman.
WILLIAM F. ToMPKINS,
Assistant Attorney General.
LEONARD P. MOORE,
United States Attorney.
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INDEX
NoTE.-The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee attaches no significance
to the mere fact of the appearance of the name of an individual or an organ-
ization in this index.
Abel, Rudolf Ivanovich (also known as Mark and also known as Martin
Collins and Emil R. Goldfus, indictment of--------------------- 4407-4412
Abel, Rudolf Ivanovich, coconspirators with (Reino Hayhanen; Mikhail
Svirin; Vital! G. Pavloc; Aleksandr Mikhailovich Korotkov) ---- 4407-4412
Agradoff (Soviet Ambassador to Paris) ------------------------------ 4396
Alekzandrov, A------------------------------------------------------ 4399
American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born------------ 4406
American Peace Mobilization---------------------------------------- 4405
Armenian------------------------------------------------------------ 4398
Atlantic City, N. J-------------------------------------------------- 4409
Attorney General---------------------------------------------------- 4405
Austria--------------------------------------------------------- 4390, 4405
B
Bad Gastein, Austria-------------------------------------------- 4379-4386
Beirne, Joseph ------------------------------------------------------ 4394
Beria, Lavrenti-------------------------------------------------- 4380, 4396
Bialer, Seweryn---------------------------------- 4387, 4388-4393, 4401-4404
Biographical Data----------------------------------------------- 4388
Testimony of-------------------------------------- 4388-4393, 4401, 4404
Interpreter-Jan Karski----------------------------------------- 4388
Board of Passport Appeals------------------------------------------- 4405
Boudin, Leonard----------------------------------------------------- 4406
Bukharin------------------------------------------------------------ 4402
Bulganin-------------------------------------------------- 4391, 4399-4401
C
,Carey, James------------------------------------------------------- 4394
Central Park, Manhattan, New York City----------------------------- 4409
Central Union of Postwar Emigres from the U. S. S. R----------------- 4399
China--------------------------------------------------------------- 4393
Coconspirators :
Rudolf Ivanovich Abel--------------------------------------- 4407-4412
George and Jane Foster Zlatovski---------------------------- 4379-4386
Collins, Martin (alias for Rudolf Ivanovich Abel) ------------------ 4407-4412
Committee of Information in Moscow-------------------------------- 4408
Communists------- 4379, 4386, 4389, 4391, 4392, 4394, 4397-4399, 4402, 4405, 4406
Communist Hungarian mission to the United Nations----------------- 4387
Communist Party-------------------------------------- ---- 4397 4405, 4406
Communist Party of Poland------------------------------------------ 4390
Communist Party of the Soviet Union-_ 4389, 4390, 4394, 4396, 4397, 4399, 4404
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Central Committee of the------- 4393,
4394, 4399
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Presidium------------ 4393, 4395, 4396
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 20th Congress of the------------ 4393
Communist Political Association-------------------------------------- - 4405
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Page
Congress (United States) --------------------------------------------
4406
Constantinescu-------------------------------------------------------
4403
Constitution of the Communist Party of the United States_____________
4394
CzechosIovakia__________________________________________________ 4403,
4404
Daily People's World (publication)____________________________________
4406
Daily Worker (publication)__________________________________________
4393
Dej, George (party first secretary, Rumania)_______________________ 4403,
4404
Dulles---------------------------------------------------------------
4394
Dutch East Indies----------------------------------------------------
4406
Economic Cooperation Administration__________________________
4382
Ege, Ismail_________________________________ 4387, 4395-4398, 4401, 4402,
4404
Biographical data------------------------------------------------
4395
Testimony of____________________________________________ 4395-4398,4404
Engels--------------------------------------------------------------- 4394
Exhibit No. 481-Indictment in the District Court of the United States for
the Southern District of New York-United States of America v. George
Zlatovski, also known as "George Michael," also known as "Rector,"
and Jane Poster Zlatovski, also known as "Slang," Defendants____ 4379-4386
Exhibit No. 482-United States Ousts Hungarian, New York Times, July
7, 1957, page 60---------------------------------------------------
4387
Exhibit No. 483-Biographical data, Seweryn Bialer--------------------
4388,
Exhibit No. 484-Soviet Events and Coexistence, Daily Worker, New York,
July 9, 1957, page 5--------------------------------------------- 4393,
4394
Exhibit No. 485-Biographical data, Ismail Ege________________________
4395
Exhibit No. 486-Statement by the honorable Francis E. Walter on two
ex-United States aids indicted as spies by a Federal grand jury in
New York, from the Congressional Record, July 10, page 10132 ----- 4405-4400
F
Far East Red army----------------------------------------------
4398
Federal Bureau of Investigation______________________________________
4405
Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938___________________________ 4385,
4386
Section 612------------------------------------------------------
4386
Sections 612, 618-------------------------------------------------
4386
Foreign Minister-----------------------------------------------------
4391
Fort Tryon Park, New York City______________________________________
4408
French Government__________________________________________________
4386
Fulton Street, 252 (Brooklyn)_________________________________________
4409
G
Geneva, Switzerland_________________________________________ 43794386,4394
German(s) ------------------------------------------------------
43136, 4399
Germany---------------------------------------------------------
4380,4398
Germany,East ---------------------------------------------------
4403,4404
Goldfus, Emil R. (alias for Rudolf Ivanovich Abel) -----------------
4407-4412
Gomulka--------------------------------------------------------
4391, 4403
Hayhanen, Reino (also known as "Vic")___________________________ 4407-4412
House Un-American Activities Committee_______________ 4394, 4395, 4398,
4406
Hruska, Hon. Roman L______________________________________________
4379,
Hungarian revolution------------------------------------------------
4391
Hungary-------------------------------------------------------------
4389
I
India----------------------------------------------------------------
4393
Industrial Institute of Ordzhonikidze__________________________________
4399
Intelligence Directorate of Soviet Ministry of State Security ------------
4398
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rage
International Labor Defense------------------------------------------
4406
Iron Curtain---------------------------------------------------------
4399
J
Japanese-------------------------------------------------------------
4398
K
Kaganovich, L-.-----------------------------------------------------
4388,
4391, 4392, 4394, 4395, 4397, 4398, 4402, 4404,
4405
Karski, Prof. Jan (interpreter for Seweryn Bialer) ---------------- 4387,
4401
Keith's RKO Theater (Flushing, Long Island) ------------------------
4409
Khrushchev--------------------------------- 4388-4394, 4396, 4397,.4400-4405
Kishiniewski----------------------------------------------- ---
Kislof, Alexander (TASS representative) ------------------------------
4407
Klimov, Grigoriy Petrovich----------------------- 4387, 4399-4401, 4404,
4405
Biographical data---------------------------------------------:---
4399
Testimony of-------------------------------------- 4399-4401, 4404,
4405
Knowland (Senator) -------------------------------------------------
4394
Korea ---------------------------------------------------------------
4392
Korotkov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich-------------------------------- 4407-4412
Kremlin--------------------------------------------------- 4395, 4397, 4400
Lausanne, Switzerland------------------------------------------ 4373-4386
Lenin----------------------------------------------------------------
4394
Leninist-------------------------------------------------------------
4392
Leningrad -----------------------------------------------------------
4399
Leningrad affair ---------------------------------------------------
--
4399
-
London --------------------------------------------------------------
4394
L'Unita (publication) -------------------------------------------------------------------------
4394
Malenkov, G---------------------- 4388-4392, 4394, 4396-4398, 4400-4402,
4404
Mandel, Benjamin----------------------------------------------------
4379
Marx----------------------------------------------------------------
4394
Matthews, Burnita (Federal district court judge) ----------------- 4386,
4406
Mikoyan, A-------------------------------------- 4391, 4394-4396, 4398,
4404
Minister of Electrical Industry in Moscow-----------------------------
4399
Molotov, V. M------------------------------ 4388-4396, 4398, 4402, 4404,
4405
Mongolia ------------------------------------------------------------
4398
Moore, Leonard P. (United States attorney) ---------------------------
4412
Morris, Robert-------------------------------------------------------
4379
Morris, Boris---------------------------------------------------- 4381,
4382
Moscow------------------------------- 4379-4386, 4395, 4398, 4399, 4404,
441.0
Moscow Institute of Eastern Studies----------------------------------
4398
N
Nagy, Imre-----------------------------------------------------------
4389
NATO---------------------------------------------------------------
4397
NATO countries-----------------------------------------------------
4396
Nehru, Prime Minister (India) ----------------------------------- 4393,
4394
New Hyde Park (Long Island) ---------------------------------------
4409
New York-------------------------------------------------- 4380, 4405-4407
New York Times-----------------------------------------------------
4393
Not by Bread Alone (book) ------------------------------------------
4398
0
Office of Foreign Trade Commissariat---------------------------------
4398
Office of Strategic Services (OSS) --------------------------------- 4381,4406
P
Paramanov, Mr.------------------------------------------------------ 4407
Paris, France -------- ---------------------------------------- 4379-4386,4405
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Passport Division_____ Page
____________________ _--- 4405
------------------------
Pauker,Ana---------- -----.......................................
Pavlov, Vital! G._______________________________ 4407-4412
-----------
Pearl Harbor__________________ _ _ 4398
Peoples' Commissar of Internal Affairs, U. S. S. R_______________________ 4380
Pirov ------------------------------------ --------------------------- 4395
Poland_____________________________________ -------------------------------------------- 4390,4391,4393,4402,4403
Politburo of the Soviet Communist Party ---------------------- 4389-4392, 4403
Poughkeepsie, N. Y--------------------------------------------------- 4409
Poznan uprising----------------------------------- ------ 4391
-------------
ravda --------------------------------------- 4389
Prime Minister (U. S. S. R.)_________________________ __ 4389
----------------
Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y___________________ 4408, 4409
------------------
Q
Quincy, Mass--------------------------------------------------------- 4409-
R
Racz, Pal (Second Secretary, Hungarian Mission at United Nations)----__ 4387
Radford ---------------------------------------------------- ---- 4394
Rakosi--------------------------------------------------------------- 4389
Rastvorov,Yuri -------------------------------------------------- 4398,4399
Biographical data ------------------------------------------------- 4398
Testimony of -------------------------------------------------4399
Red Army ----------------------- -- 4396
Red Army, Military Institute of Foreign Languages--------------------- 4399
Reuther, Walter------------------------------------------------------ 4394
Rumania -------------------------------------------------------- 4403, 4404
Rumanian party------------------------------------------------------ 4404
Rusher, William A---------------------------------------------------- 4379
Russia----------------------------------------------------- 4392, 4402, 4404
Russian/s------------------------------------------------------------ 4405
S
Salida, Colo, ---------------------------------------------------------- 4409
Salzburg, Austria ------------------------------------------------- 4379-4386
San Francisco--------------------------------------------------- 4405, 4406
Schroeder, F. W------------------------------------------------------ 4379
SEATO ------------------------------------------------------------- 4397
Senate (United States) ----------------------------------------------- 4379
Shabalin, General---------------------------------------------------- 4399
Shepilov ------------------------------?------------------------------- 4395
Sixteenth National Convention of the Communist Party__________________ 4394
Slansky-------------------------------------------------------------- 4403
Soble,Jack------------------------------------------------------- 4379-4386
Soble, Myra------------------------------------------------------ 4379-438G
Soviet/s______________________ 4386,4389,4392-4394,4397,4398,4400,4402,4405
Soviet Events and Coexistence, Daily Worker, New York, July 9, 1957,
page 5 (Exhibit No. 484) ----------------------------------------- 4393, 4394
Soviet Far East------------------------------------------------------ 4398
Soviet Government---------------------------------------------------- 4398
Soviet Intelligence Service (MVD) ------------------------------------- 4398
Soviet Military Administration_______________________________________ 4399
Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs___________________________________ 4399
Soviet Union_________________ ________ 4379, 4388, 4389, 4394-4399, 4403-4405
Stalin_______________________ 4388, 4389, 4391, 4392, 4394, 4396-4398, 4400-4405
State, Department of___________________________________ 4386, 4387, 4393, 4405
State, Secretary of_________________________________________ 4386, 4405, 4406
Supreme Soviet------------------------------------------------------ 4390
Svirin, Mikhail--------------------------------------------------- 4407-4412
Svoboda (publication meaning "Freedom") --------------------------- 4399
Switzerland---------------------------------------------------------- 4405
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INDEX V
T Page
TASS--------------------------------------------------------------- 4407
Tavern-on-the-Green-------------------------------------------------- 4409
Tito --------------- ------------------------------------------- 4390, 4403
=
Togliatti, Palmiro (Italian Communist leader) ------------------------ 4394
Tokyo--------------------------------------------------------------- 4399
Tompkins, William F. (Assistant Attorney General)_________________ 4412
Turkey ---------------------------- 4396
U
United Nations------------------------------------------------------ 4387
United States of America v. Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, also known as Mark
and also known as Martin Collins and Emil R. Goldfus, Defendant,
indictment of--------------------------------------------------- 4407-4:412
United States of America v. George Zlatovski, also known as "George
Michael," also known as "Rector," and Jane Foster Zlatovski, also
known as "Slang," Defendants, indictment of (Exhibit No. 481)___4379-4386
United States Code : 4407,4380
Subsection (a) of section 794, title 18_________________________
Subsection (c) of section 794, title 18----------------------- ---- 4409
Subsection (c) of section 793, title 18_______________ 4383,4384,4410, 4411
Chapter 37, title 18----------------------------------------- 4383,4410
Section 951, title 18------------------------------------- 4384,4385,4411
Section 371, title 18------------------------------------- 4385,4412
Sections 611 et seq., title 22 (Foreign Agents Registration Act of
1983)------------------------------------------------=---- 4385, 4386
United States Ousts Hungarian, New York Times, July 7, 1957, page 60 4387
(exhibit No. 482) ------------------------------------------------
V
Vienna, Austria-------------------------------------------------- 4379-4386
Vietnam------------------------------------------------------------- 4392
Voroshiloff------------------------------------------------------ 4394, 4396
W
Walter, Hon. Francis, remarks in Congressional Record re Jane Foster
Zlatovski and George Michael Zlatovski (exhibit No. 486) -------- 4405-4406
Washington Book Shop------------------------------ --------------- 4406
Washington, D. C------------------------------------- 4379-4386, 4405, 4406
White House-------------------------------------------------------- 4405
Y
Young Communist League------------------------------------------- 4405
Yugoslavia------------------------------------------------- 4382, 4390, 4393
Z
4396
4395,
Zarubin (Ambassador) ------------------------------------------ ---- 4394, 439914401
Zhukov--------------------------------- -------
Zlatovski, George (also known as "George Michael," also known as "Rec-
tor")------------------------------------------------ 4379-4386,4405,4406
Zlatovski, Jane Foster (also known as "Slang") ----------- 4379-4386,4405,4406
Zlatovski, George and Jane Foster Z., coconspirators with Jack Soble,
Myra Soble, Jacob Albam, Petr Vassilievich Fedotov, Alexander Mik-
hailovich Korotkov, Vassili M. Zubilin (also known as "Edward Her-
bert"), Elizabeth Zubilin (also known as "Lisa"), Mikhail Chaliapin,
Stepan N. Choundenke (also known as "The Professor"), Anatole B.
Gromov, Leonid Dmitrievich Petrov, Vitaly Genadievich Tcherniawski,
Afanasi Ivanovitch Yefimov, Christopher Georgievich Petrosian, Igor
Vassilievitch Sokolov, Vladimir Alexandrovich (also. known as "Volo-
dia"), Vassili Mikhailovich Molev------------------------------- 4379-4386
Zlatovski, George, also known as "George Michael" also known as "Rector,"
and Jane Foster Zlatovski, also known as "Slang," indictment of in the
District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New
York (exhibit No. 481) ------------------------------------------ 4379-4386
Zurich, Switzerland----------------------------------------------- 4379-4386
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