RESEARCH INTO PS I PHENOMENA: CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS OF CONGRESSIONAL CONCERN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040024-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 1, 2008
• Sequence Number: 24
• Publication Date: June 2, 1983
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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Corgress~onai Research Service
=fir= The Library of Congress
is .?,~r;_Str.r:
wash toe: DC
P.ES=ARCei INTO 'PSI- FF:E1'OZ E' A: CURRENT STATCS AND
TRENDS OF CONGRESSIONAL CONCERN
Christ3pher H. Dodge
Specialist in Life Sciences
Science Policy Research Division
June 2, 19x3
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-tn
~r~f 1. '.?? f AS
The status of past and present research into psi phenomena, including
extrasensory perception (ESP) and psychokinesis (PE), is reviewed and summarised.
It is concluded that at present, the psi research community is minimally funded,
diffuse in nature, largely unstructured, and somewhat hesitant with regard to
research methodologies. Nonetheless, progress is being made slowly to better
understand the nature and potential of psi phenomena. Effective realization
of the potentials or pitfalls of psi will require an open, humanistic perspective
as well as the rigor and scientific discipline provided by conventional research
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aarf~1... ? .
leccive
loaning
Special
, i11iam
The author is indebted to many individuals who kindly donated their ccl-
knowledge on present trends in the field of psi researct?as well as
materials from their own collections of literature on the subject.
Gough,
~.r
Christopher Bird, Brenda Dunne,
Edward Kelly, Morton Leeds, Jack McAllister, ;s~3 ;?.:
r
Harold Puthoff, Theodore Rockwell, Gertrude Schneidier, Ian Stevenson,' Russell
Targ, Larissa Vilenskaya, Rhea White, and Howard Zimmerman. The author is
particularly indebted to Dr. Robert Jahn, Dean of the School of : Engineering/
Applied S.ience, !ri::s?e:on University. The report which follows is essentially
a ssa=ary of Dr. Jahn's recent comprehensive review of psi research with
1/ Jahn, Rcberr. The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An
Era,Rireering Perspective. Proceedings of the IEEE, v. 70, no. 2, 1982.
p. 136-170.,
?r,
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;~ y...: CP5-iii +'+ ' ? '~" ' '`
:. 'Ci::~? 1 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT......?........... ? ............................ ........
INTRODUCTION ..............................................?....?.?......... 1
Purpose............. ......................................?........... 1
Congressional Concerns .......................?............ an .......... 1
Nomenclature and Definitions ........................................
..
History ..........................................................??... 6
PRESENT STATUS OF PS. RESEARCH..... ...........................?....?...... 9
Research Patterns is the United States........ ? ...................'.... 9}?'r
,~~*;~; ?a~
Funding for Psi Research ....................................??..^?...5 1:..? ~'?
Psi Research : Foreign Countries ..................................... =~+ nip.
THEORY ............................................... 14.~r.,
..... ........ .......
I We`~
PUBLIC AND SC:ENTIF.C PERCEPTIONS 0? PSI RESEARCH........ ? ................. 19
Criticism of Psi Research ..........................?........?.....?... 19 .:?
'" '
The Positive fide................................... ... ....... 21 '' .
POSSI:LE IMPLICAT.O`S FCR GOVERK'E XT AND SOCI':Y........................... 23 ;.? .
C:.CSING REMARKS ............................................................ 28
A??ENDIX A. A grief List of Recocrierde,; Readi::rs in Parapsycho1o?,,........ 29
APPENDIX B. FLr;-er References or Psi Jahn ........................... 31
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f ~ ??'~+' ? ?? . ~ ter' ?~+? ? ~ i f
The world of psychic phenomena might
be likened to a vast, fort-shrouded'
swamp, wherein are reported to dwell
a bewildering array of bizarre
phenomenological creatures, all foreign
to our normal perceptual and analytical
catalogs.
Robert Jahn, '.1982
It is the pur ose of this suuI arv report to review the status of research
into the broad field of psi phenomena (see definitions below). Current national
and international trends in research will be su?:,iarized and the future implica-
tions of such research will be speculated upon.
CO`:GRESS ? CNAL CCNC=' :S
In December, !979, the Congressional Char irchouse on the Future, with
the assistance of the Congressional Research Service, sponsored a series of
Y?
Chautauquas for the Congress dealing with a variety of esoteric subjects, in-
cluding alternative approaches to medicine (acupuncture, faith healin;, etc.)
and research into psi phenomena. The last of these Chautauquas was entitled,
"Mind Research and the Human Potential," and featured the following presen:a-
ticns by experts in :lie field:
6.
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,? =? .ter:
s ea ii:,aad the Muman Potential (Jean Houston);
?r'Z) .Pgy C.DLacoiiexiis Behind the Iron Curtain (Lynn Schroder and
+,'Slti~1aY0strandar);
3)? Remote Viewing (Harold Puthoff);
4) Implications of :find Research (Edgar Mitchell).
During 1982, congressional requests were received by the Congressional ':r=
Research Service to conduct a review of the status of research into osi pheno-
mena. As a part of the CRS response, this review focuses on the followine
general topics:
1) nomenclature and definitions;
2) history;
These well-attended presentations elicited considerable interest on the
part of certain members, their staff, and the staffs of certain House and
Senate committees. Over the past three years congressional interest in the
subject has remaired as the subject has received increasing attention by the
news media.
3) status of current research in the Cni:ed States and
abroad;
4) theory;
5) public and scientific perceptions: positive and negative;
6) possible implications for gove:nMent and society.
NOMENCLATURE':AND DEFINITIONS
by far, the most co+ionly encountered term in the study of extended sensory
awareness or psi research is "parapsych:13:y." This term originated from a cadre
of scholars with professional. backgrounds in classical psychology. This group
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k -'U
~ w .~? ti 7f a:
o..interpret,results in the context
traditions. '=~
classical psychological
Recently, certain individuals in the field with backgrounds in scientific
disciplines other than psychology have
versial, more universal term. For the
expressed the need for a less contro-
purpose of this reoort the tern, "psi"
is used to encompass research into mind-mind and mind-matter interrelationships
of an unexplained or currently unexplainable nature.
It is expedient to group categories of the more widely investigated psi
phenomena according to the general classification of Jahn in his recent review
article on psi research. 2/
TASLZ i. Maior Categories of Psi Research
1.
Extrasersorv Percept:cn (ESP) - psi gam-an
A.
.eleoa:hv
3.
C.
D.
C:airvoyance
P cc?nitioni?etrccounition
Anical ESP
II.
PPs-+c:^?ckiresis (PK) = psi kapsa
-Wi 10'.
'tab
t 7r'....ti;
protocols and
A.
3.
C.
?}.?:s:cal systems
B'_olo2ical systems
Psychic healing
:II.
Survival After Death
A.
Reincarnation
B.
Apparitions
(ghost phenomena)
C.
Mediumship
(co..-.unzcation with the departed)
D.
Out-of-Body
Experiences (OBE)
Jahn, Robert, op. cit.
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Animal ESP
Apparition -
Exhibition of psychic capabilities by animals that
are sometimes Similar to human manifestations.
Also includes such phenomena as homing and swarming.
Abnormal appearance cr Perception that cannot be re-
ferred to any natural objective cause but is distin-
guished from hallucination.
Clairvoyance - The ability to perceive objects or events beyond the
known capabilities of conventional or perceptual faculties.
Conscious - :'ha zone or sector of oerscnality that is aware of
??;
its functioning self. .?;' , .}
Dowsing - The clairvoyant (or physical) ability to perceive vater, .~.~''' ~':~~=_~? ~~.
s?
mir.era:s, or other natural elements below around beyond 'they
known capabilities of normal sensory or Perceptual faculties. `s'`.~?
Miv or may not invo.ve the use of a wand, Tod, forked stick, ?ti?~
or other i-strurment held in the hands that points downward
when the dowser is over the target being sought. Synonymous
with "divi!ins." Relarea techniques permit acquisitio-inq
other types of information.
Ex:;asenscry Perception (ES:) - A zereral term used to describe the
perceptual aspect of psi processes
(see "psi").
Ganc:eld scree- - A family of procedures designed to produce mild,
psi conclusive alterations in consciousness via
uniform vis::a! c: auditor: stit:uli.
Chest - is:::spry perception of a past event or person by another
person.
al:ucina:ion - A sensory illusion that a7pears cc exteriorize an
internal creation or experience.
A brief definition of some of the more commonly encountered terminology in
the broad field of psi is provided below: 3/ 4/ 5/
3/ Leeds. M. and G. Xurphy. The Patsnormal and the tiormst: A His-
torical, Philosophical, and :?heoretic3l Perspective. Metuchen, N.J., The
Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1950. 239 P.
4/ Shepard, L. A., ed. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology,
vols. 1-2. Now Y:rk, Avon Publishers, 19x`0. 1084 p.
5/ woman, P. J., ed. Handbook of Parapsychology. New York, Van
Nostrannd, 1977. 5(0 p.
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Rirlian,photogrsph~: -
A photographic technique for converting the
non-electrical properties of an object into
electrical properties that can be recorded
on photographic film (syn. eleccro;hotography).
Various Kiriian photography devices are mar-
keted in the U.S. and Europe to record
biological fields around humans, animals,
and plants. The significance of ths.phenamenon
remains to be determined.
Medium - A person who is able to dissociate easily, and by a number
of expressive means (voice or writing) can allegedly "com-
municate" with other personalities in other planes of'
existence.
Out-of-3ody Experience (03E) - A sensation of being conscious and of
possessing an alternate, separate, and:'
less dense body that is able to move `': '? '
about with relative freedom. An experience,
either spontaneous or induced in vhich.one's
center of consciousness seems to be in a
spatial location separate from that of.one's
physical body.
Paranormal - Sensory phenomena or physical events or explainable by
present concepts of causality or physical laws.
Parapsychology - The scientific study of psi or physical phenomena
by persons Primarily ::aincd in the psychological
sciences (i.e. psi).
Poltergeist - M3croscooi: ?K usaafly in the presence of a young
person who is able to move physical objects by unknown
forces or means.
Precognition - The sensation. of becoming aware of an event bef=-e
it occurs.
Psi - The abbreviation for all osychical or paranormal phenomena
(i.e. extended sensory awareness).
Psychokinesis (PK) - The movement or influence of matter or living
systems by psi means or mechanisms.
Reincarnation. - The concept that the human personality consists of
of physical body and a mind, spirit, or some non-
physical entity that survives death of the physical
body. Later, it ~eccmes associated with a new
physical body develovira a new personality that is,
to a certain extent, continuous with the first one.
. ; } ' `'r
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getrotogition - The perception of past events in the present by psi
? ~' ?r processes.
Telepatbv - The passage or sharing of information between two per-
sona7lities by extrasensory processes.
Trance - A mental state in which the actor or self is partly or
wholly submerged and unconscious (i.e.. dissociation).
Unconscious - The aspect of personality below its conscious
and precncscfous levels.
The study of paranormal behavior and osi rhenomena is one of the oldest
- ind has ponde
ed
.
-.._ sure. ~' 4'':'
r
natural in one far.. or another. Cave drawings believed :a be made as %ar1v r
as 20,000 BC reflect such a preozcupa:ion. The religious rites of early .'?;"..
societies, both East and :test, were !?ea?.ilp inf:uenccd by psi fornai:sms.
The ear:y civil:vatic s of i:yp:. Greei e, and Ro=e dealt extensively in psi
phenomena.
Vir:ual:y ev??rv farm of orgar?:ed reiizion has been thoroughly permeated
with various form of psvehic insiz:t. In ::es:ern civilization, the 3ible is
an extensive catai:?g of psi phenomena.
The first r..a:or, recorded scientific inquiry into psi phenomena occurred
rear the turn of the 1;ch century :y Si: :antis 3acen. generally regarded
as the originator of the scientific ao::oath t, research. He suggested that
"superstitions and the like" should not be ex:lujed fran serious study and
proposed deliberate investigations into :e:epa:'iic dreams, psychic healing,
and she f:jen:e if i;azination on the cas:inz of dice.
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Despite the u:illenia-of hurtan concern
with psi phenomena, orderly and
well-or anize3..'e. 'forts' to verify and understand
CRS -7
such phenomena began only
a century ago with the establishment in London of the Society for Psychical
Research (SP?). Three years later, the counterpart organization in the
United States, the A eric3n Society for Psychical Research (ASPR) was
founded in Boston.
At the bezin^irg of the 20th century, new perspectives or. psi phenomena
were provided
emergence of psycholozy and psychoanalysis as scholarly
.. ,
disciplines.
. ,c rat. iarchs of this new scientific discipline
are recogniz
as Wilhelm Wu dt and Si7mund Freud, :he ratter of whom was also a
S?R. was asst early in the cen:ur?? that the first orzanized academic studies.
? i j\
cf ''psi phen^mer-; began to be con^'ucted on a sporadic basis at institutions
The first ionecring under:akirr of research into p.si phenomena in acade-
mic ir,stituticr rose. pla:e .-.e !are 1923s a: Duke University. At that time,
-h.
-'-.e a^?' _..__sa R-i-le _re h: n am McDougal 1. to stud.' the
cla ns to sclent:fic value cf :1e field {nc'.:n as "psychical research." In the
.;Tine's lc}'Jrn:~ , :'a:': C_ tht :aslc and ;.,,CO:pis of nodern e . eri-
r:enta1 psi re!-e.3rc. were formulated, and large a'C;;r.:s of research data were
s:?stena:.c_lly ce..ected over a er. _ decades. In 1937, the Rhines
initia:ed :^e ~ot.rnal of Paraos . T^:^ v'Tic`. remains a leading journal in
the fie1d today. The ?aratsvch:,1czic.31 an Internationa. Prc-
fessional Society was formed in 1957, and. in '_i09, it was accepted as an af-
filiate of the Ar_erican Associa:ien for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS).
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_ CRS-8
At prealnt-,.tlier ar! eight major Enelish language publications directly
addressing 'pa#:;teseercli. 'These are conolemented by numerous foreign and less
formal magazines .and hundreds of monographs of varying quality and relevance.
Research is taking place in some 20 L.S. universities and colleges and in
at least as many institutions in Western Europe and Great Britain. Research
in other foreign countries will be reviewed subsequently. 6/ 7/
r
6/ Jahn, Robert, op. cit.
71 Princeton. University. Prir.:e::n Ensineerine Anomalities Research
Progras s:a:enert, 1931. 5a p.
F
L r
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' ~??. .' ~.~` -
_ -.L?,,,. ?4?L:J Leif i?
R_S#ARCA PAT !RNS IN ':liE UNITED STATES
Contemporary research into psi research can be categorizedtaccord ing :o
table 1 in :no =ntroduc:ion. In the United States the reseirch~?is characterized ?: :?`~y`
as being so-aemmac diffuse and
loosely structured,
encompassing.-in theypain,
?
a variety of specific problems in ESP and PK. 8/
The most sustained attention to the field over time has been accorded by
professis::als :n csych logy. This group of scholars has tended to approach
the field with traditional psychological pratocols and vocabulary. Similarly,
,he results of tx;ari?:.e nta:ion are interpreted in the context of clinical,
cognitive psychclocy, and/or psychop-iysiolory.
The most extensive class of current psi research has attempted to corre-
late psi perffor cn:e with personality variables. Such variables ag'ige,'sex,
creativity, openers, anxiety, extraversion, nauroticism; r-b 0hiion,.Imood
factors, a::itvdes, and intelligence have been exam.ned_at?1en th?as?indices
of the ability'tc. perfors:E58 tasks. Some consistent, but weak, prodee:ive
relationshivs have been established. 4::per studies have searched for carnec-
tiors between psi performance and coRni:ive factors such as imagery p-ocesses,
'ream reca'-1, hearing and response strategies, short-term memory, and biofeed-
tack. More active approaches to current research depart from the assumption that
the usual awake/aware state is not amenable to the occurence of psi because of
8/ Jahn, Robert, op. cit.
w?
r.
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+-^e...
codpetiti=n ti+uh-sonsory and motor processes. Thus, a variety of altered
states.of egi#seiousness are being explored to
new research.str4cegies seem to minimize
enhance psi performance. These
sensorimotor interference via approaches
such as sleep. medication, and progressive relaxation. More mechanical sensory
inhibition strategies have been employed such as hypnosis, sensory isolation,
and the use of the Garzfeld techniques (see definitions in the Intrcdiction).
?: he tools availa:le for the conduct of contemporary psi research are zany
stantly being ref.ned and improved upon. ..'The sterlstfesL' toesg4'igti:es? of psi
. .. -, . ... . .rw y ?
research are highl;? dcveioped. To the extent permitted by pers3ster.t starcitg
of funding. psi re.earchers have ra7id1 incorporated the latest tecbrirlog}es.?i
. f
into their invest:potions, :ncluiin; laboratory minicard micro-computers and x?w'; :s.;'
1 'A
various classes of so:=isticated Tabora:orv instruments. Currently, new efforti'~;.:?.:
are uniervag to ider.:ify physioln?ical correlates of psychic. states. Such
instruments as he conventional electr:encephalosraoh (EEG), electrocardiograph
CEKG), calvar.:c s: :n r=sporse (C!;'. and oleth?rsmc+sraphic instrument! are
used to monitor reurclszical, CarjL.`.v&*zu!.i-. and neuromuscular correlates
of psi cor.di::c::s Kirlian phot3era;. ?: has been emo:owed in studies cf ?Y
fsi t cra L a ?.orors d'.s~ c^.a-ce e. fiac has :::.c. .. s met tu be satisfactorily.
explai^ed in te:-: of ;si 2hencr!1a.
fully consis:en: :eDlications in every n::?-:c: :c stL.dy positive rer'_':ts has
led to studies of the influence of the ea,etime:.tor as a possible irhibitcry
influence an, subjects under investigation.
Until intent:y, the involvement of physicists in psi research has be?:n
less extensive, al:heu;h no less intensive and controversial. In tl?e past
!re 'ersisr':nt difficulty of cbtair..
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z2 A,
? . ?
.~. a t??~-+1 ?.. .rati
yeari,' part?of'tbe physics co=unity has
five:
r
ficatian ands eo relation of very
? f r
focused on PR research; identi-
low-level physical
effects;
and the applica-
cion of theoretical physics to modeling psi phenomena. Specific contributions
of physics to psi research include the development and application of a
variety of electronic random event generators designed to identify and cor-
relate PK abilities in human subjects. Magnetometers, torsion pendula,
lasers, irterfer"eters, and piezoelectric strain Ruages have found similar
applications. On a more theoretical level, quantum'nechanics, statistical
ti
thermodynamics. electromairetic theory. and other formalisms have been"'.
applied toward a better understanding of the existence and nature of psi
phenomena.
The involver.-an: cf engineers in nsi research is a relatively recent
event. Only a few en;ineerinp laboratories address the field in a subs:on-
tie! and delibera:e r:a::ner. although the future will likely bring greater
involvement by t. a entin eeri:-z coaa.r?ity. Thus far, :hat involvement has
;ri-.aril taken :6e f:.- 'f applied physics and inf Nation precess:nz rather
than :he mere tecIr::olugi:al applications. -
:a:is:icians and logicians have als ;:aced a role in psi research.
:heir :main concern has been the proper evaluation and interpretation of re-
Nearch data. In the limited experiments disIDlavi'g cuanti:ative repl:cab:lity
of macroscopic effects, inferences and hypctheses about psi phenomena have
been based on.s:atistical evidence and on field observations of varying
quality. Anecdotal evidence remains vulnerable to alternative interpretation,
i~:less?onis:ic bias, and argument, oarticularly in the face of entreiched
s.ep:icism of :&-ch of the scientific establishment. It should also be reccg-
nized that, in general, statistical evidence, oy its nature, is inconsistent.
L?
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. ti 'hP t~. -.?r' , CRS-12
tbS*-.jise?plines have played roles in the evolution of in-
A.nuytbt VWA
LL
?J?~.~T4 ? $ ?'.
vest igation??Dto psi.pbeoomena and continue to con:ribu:e to the field. The
intersection of psi with anthropology, theology, and history encompasses many
perspectives ranging from aesthetic to analytical and from dogmatic to scholarly.
The relevance of osi phenoaena to the study of medicine continues to be a matter
of intense debate relative to holistic health strategies and psychic or faith
healing. Practical application of psi is occasi2rally sought by biclogists,
chemists, geologists, and archeologists. The applica:ion of psi to crirsir.ci, y
and law enforcement is less rigorous than acader..ic under:akinas, but nonetheless ..: .
SY. ??a:
contributes anecdo:al evidence to the :veralll psi data base. Finally, rye
general topic of asi continues to stimt.late the ar:s and humanities.
Taus far, reseirch into psi phenomena has yie:ded a highly varied asrort- -
mert of observations that appear t: be cuesticnab:e in terns of the a:ienr':s,
at their present :eve: :f deve:o"ser.t snd e?:ol.:icn. These observatiDns cis.iar
cer:sin phenomeno:ox-ca1 and psyche:agics: feate:res that hold !crt!. ?rc'7i8! s:r
potential and sub::andial aopii:s:icns. Cs.rer: :, ex=erimental studies ?K
and :!P are recri:?inc primary at:en:icn in the psi co.:.,uni:y because of t`.e
relatively cc .eister:t informal replica:t!n c-' the 7henonena, though replicability
ssso:iaced with c=ncerporary research desiins in these areas retains pr2bleratic.
recently, this trend appears to be true -f psychcki:neti: meral berdir. (PO!)
under relatively informal conditions frets:-bendinz oarcies). Efforts 1i:1
be under way in 1983 in various parts of the United Stytes to approach ?R
in a more disciplined and scientific manner.
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=?t??_ ~.i:*,~:..:;~:~' . ' . CRS-13
FU1~DIl+'Lr, Fe $ , I
4is rL {y}+s; ,: .
3ecause of aetliodglopical, public image and other difficulties inherent
in psi research, the field continues to receive little
support from the Federal
sector. Total `ending for psi research in the United States probably does
not greatly exceed S5CO,000 per annum, and most funding originates from private
sources and foundations. During the period 1973-1978, the most recent years
for which reliable data are available, the 13 leading centers for psi research
United States spent an aggregatt total of 555 ,000 per annum with a
median amount per center of 517,000. In 1979, the McDonnell Foundation,
by the lace James
S. McDonnell, chgir:an of the McDonnell Douglas Foundation,
donated S500,00 :o :.ashington C:ti-.rrsi:y in St. Louts to set up a psychic
research laboratory. It is the largest amount of money ever contribute! tc
a psi research prucrar,.
A survey of ::i prsaosa:r f:: Fede:a! funding psi research between Jane
1971, and June 1974 revealed tha: only sn:r were apt,:oved. two were anprovrd
:u: no: funded, and 14 were disa:-Drovea. T=ta! fend:n; far the approved :ro-
:et:s amounted tz S11$,50Z over the seven year ,eriod. The total ;r:jtc:: nor
appr.ved for fun--. :q :ep:esen:ed a da!:ar value of S:.3 million. The =c crity
of disapp:cved prcpesals received l w merit rat:n;s or criticism of exp r nental
design and methodology. 9/
PSI RESEARCH IN FOREIGN C0L'MTRIES
The recently established Jairnal :f ?si Research. an East-West
iau:na! dealing w?... ?h par=:s:?e:::1:' pfr:`.at..ni:s and :Svc
.v, ro.. ~ho.ioph}'its,
9/ Zi=erman. Hcward. Gardner Hurzhy Research Institute. PErcor..r:
ccrMunication.
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? . y. Yl! . ; ?' _ - 5.;;~:,,;: riR" ~. ?.:i ate!
psgvideu:, ' 'saspIS of'. the international character of
phenomena. ~ ed~tortal board of that
Australia, Brssi~, Canada, Britain, Holland, Israel, Italy, Norway, the Soviet
Union, and the United States. Psi research is also actively practiced in the
countries of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, India, Japan, Mexico, Poland,
Peoples Republic of China. 10/ 11/ 12/
111 Puthoff, H. E. Investigations Into "Extraordinary Ruman?Eodv Func-
tion"-in China. Psi Research, v. 1, no. S, 1982. P. 4-8.
12/ Rvzl, M. New Advances in East Europe:i Parapsychology. Psi Re-
search, v. 1, no. 1, 1982. p. 5-13.
- It
13! Vilenskaya. L., op. cit.
The categorical emphasis on psi research varies
example, it is widely speculated that the Soviet
practical applications of psi phenomena
journal
from country to
actively pursuing
fcr economic, military,
purposes. There is considerable Soviet intwrest in remote
hypnotic
heaith r0
rai~ipala ~1'?; 04.
:ion, dowsing for water. oil, and other minerals (re`erred to in the Soviet
10/ Vilenskcya, L. Psi in the US -51: Applied Asnects. Applied ?si
newslrtcer, v. 1, no. 1, 1982. P. =-5.
literature as the "biophysical or b:olacational effect"), PK, and psychic
healing. The Soviets claim that scientific studies of dowsing have yielded
significant results. Accordingly, dowsin; is taught to professional mineralo-
gists a:id geologists at Tomsk Polytechnical Institute. It is also speculated
that the Sovier ;:verrr:en: is fi:-oly :r.:- sited :a the funding of osi research
and ths: r.:ucn of this funding, variously specula:ed to amount to tens of
ni:::ons of jollars, is directed toward nilita:v research, al:lough there is
n3 fir :on!ir a:ion of this speculation. 13/
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and
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In the People '4 :1ejublic of China,
psi research is officially described
as "exceptionathucia?jfunctioning" and research focuses on the fclloving
subjects:
1. A system of deep breathing exercises to promote psi conditions
(known as "quigong").
2. The perception of. images without the benefit of vision (eyeless
sight).
The Chinese ef:urt appears to be a relatively recent plenomena. 14/
of nreviicsly unknown people.
5. Remote perception of thoushts in other people.
6. Healing by ears of laying on of hands (psychic healing).
7. Purpcse`_ul mental- influence on other people.
8. Tclep rta:ian.
3. The re:ote sensing of pain in other people.
4. Remote sensing directed toward identifying the characteristics
The focus of interest in
psi research :r. Canada, Great Britain, France, and
Wes: Eurc=ean ctun:ties is gerera::v oriented toward mind-mind Dr
mind-matter inter 3c: iz: s as in tie Lr.i: cd 3:a:es.
Tie Journal of Psi Research
as provided an e:::e'.lent insight is:o in:erna:ianal psi research.
14/ Put4`. f!, H. E., op. cit.
...mil ''.
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sch o arv aloaues and a ates %ontrue. ..ext to t.e a oremention
~
d
s
This sum"ary :ep.:rt will not attempt to discuss in any detail the various
theories of mechanisms of psi phenomena. It is sufficient to state at this
time that there exists no conclusive physical theory of psi, although extensive
db !S/ '
f
fl
d? :"?!.
one frustration in the fleid is he absence of theoretics) models with which F
to bridge the rap !e:freen theory, experiment, and :ractice, the fundamental
cornerstone of all scientific progress. Quantum mechanics and Bell's thecrem
seem to offer prcri.e at present.
Present nnysi:a: theories cf psi phenc-ena .:re clustered in six broad
groups that wi:! be brie::v reviews belra. The firs: serious models dealt
with elr:trema;n=_:i: fieids .:suai:v in :he extrerely low frequency range
4 ,
%i.e., =LF H: or :twee'. This r.ice: assumes that the .rcpagation of e'.ectro-
agnetic fields of Pxtrene:y low fr egLenc;. to cr fra. :h'r brain can act to
carry at leas: soya psi effects. Existing experimental resins pertinent
to this hypothesis render the E:.F mode: ;;n;ro-misint. although it is not
totally rejected.
Other types of geophysical waves have been considered in the context of
psi phenomena, su:h as geoseismic waves, infrasonic laves, and barometric fluc-
tlatlons. All of :.rese seem to be ina=ec.aate to deal witn certain '::asses of
psi phenomena, parti:ularly remote vie.rins and ;.:ec.:;ni:ion.
. 15/ .iahn, Robert, op. cit.
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evasiveness of rep::ca:.e effects under controlled experimental settln;s,
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CRS-17
That these known physical factors in the environment cannot be affec-
Lively appliid0ta psi theory does not prove that they do not interact in a
more direct manner with the human and animal organism via certain components
of the central nervous system. For example, a number of experiments are
underway to deter tine if certain humans and animals can premonitor seismic
and volcanic activity. it is hypothesized that this uniquely sensitive group
may be able co cosple conventional auditory or vestibular function with
small fluctuations in electromagnetic fields, gravity fields, acoustic (infra-
sound or ultrasound) fields, or barametric pressure days or even weeks bb!ii.
major cetaclv&r.:c events. Such a direct coupling effect may or may rot bays.'-`'
a bearing on the ?si phenomena discussed thus far.
More re:ent .effor:s to develop a workable theo:y for psi
involved variaus categories of physical theory such as:
~?~?Js:
phenomena have :.i- x ;
tn..
stztisttcal mechanics ani statistics! thermodvrhtics: the subtle
inter;:av of :ne :r^termoovna:l: concept of en:roov with information
theory as applied to a broader implication in Norms of the :.:le of
human o:.:.c:ous'ess in order it r:nc i processes;
hvr !rsoace :!:tortes: the basi: laws of physics are recast in more
than four caor:in=tes of rarmal human exve: ierce and the ccrsequent
new ter=m are a:tiied to the representation of psi phenomena;
nu ntur.. mec-a-ics: an inherently probab!ist.: approach that lends
3:salt to re:recantation of
p::a:.a^ena that depart significantly from
stri:t:v deterministic see-testes ;:f cause and effect. :his is now
accented .n scientific theory. Of sicnificar.:e in quantum .:.e~hanics
is the effect of :rte obserre- :rn the exoerinent;
3e11's theory': emphasizes that "no theory of reality compatible
with quantLm t::eory can reeairc sce:ialiv separated events to be
independert." Ratter, it must oer it phvsicaliy separated events
to interact with each other in a manner that is contrary to ordinary
experience;
:^si:rra:hi: trar.s`crmati:ns: all reality is retarded as deployed
in an in: intte f
i of
s id aao: it:de 'fr eouencv infarmat ion. The brain
is i:ypsc;.esiled :c, :::nc:icn as a =untie; transfcrt*. cevice to provide
the fa-iliac space time locaiic'i .noaerv;
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? MIP =.t,;:.: :. CRS-18 ? ? #? a?.' . ._. ?_
? '? } ?? a '~ it ?? ,. -'. . .. ? ?.??. r+~}
- helist?i_c:?:oo~'iLti:::.more extreme in conceptual difficulty; chess
contend that'psi?:PBocessss are inseparably holistic and that no
modelrro,ted tn?'Sny domain of established science can adequately
represent msaifescations that cut across the established sciences
and the?creative;?aesthetic world without somehow combining the
philosophical perspectives and techniques of both domains. 16/ 17/
These theories suggest that the following general ftypothesis may
become subject to more detailed examination:
1. Psi phenomena may be most fruitfully approached at this paint on
a statistical basis rather than directly causal. They may represent
marginal changes from normal behavior on a large scale and with
fluctuation times that tax human observational capability. Lt may
be necessary to consider more complex statistical mechanics to
represent the most drastic effects;
2. just as Luman consciousness is able to extract information from
an ex:e:ral system by observing it, that consciousness may also
have the aai:ity to project information into an external systems
by orderint rarjom processes;
Q?:ar?: ur.. -ecunits may be more than a system of ph;'sical mechanics.
it na be a more fundamen:al rinresentation of human consciousness
and perceecion processes. The e?aairica: bases of this formalism
mi-: Le as much laws of consciousness as laws of physics;
Psi enderstandir.! na% be inherz ::1v holistic. therefore, the
model may need to "'e?3 be:h scientific and aesthetic
cone:: in otder to identi-;: .he sources of psi phenomena.
:?z Ps. __.?_.. sac -av be a :.ar?: fest at ior? of the irtersec: ion of
:he ana:ti:ical, scientifi: or:d i:h the creative, aesthetic
world. so ::a: .: may be necessary to irtegrat a bath ters;ecti:'es
withcj: ssc:ifi:irg the integ i:?+ :f e:the:. 181
16/ Jahn, Robert, op. cit.
1?/ Princeton University, ap. ci:?
18/ :ahn. Bober:, op. ci:.
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? / ~. Yi
PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC PERCEPTIONS OF PSI RESEARCH
CRITICISM OF PSI RESEARCH
Criticism of psi research is videseread and often unjustified because
of the traditionally anecdotal and phenomenological nature of the field and
? ?5
because it is difficult to obtain statistically reliable, replicabie Ted
suits under many conditions, including the most rigidly-designed and con-
trolled settings. Ca=only cited cri:icismb that are applicable to all of
the sciences inc:::dA the follovina: 15/
1. 3em:r.stra-:e fraud, which has occurred in several cases recently.
2. Fourly cc:i:ei:ed methods, including inadeclate controls, faulty
equipmer.:, sArsurv cuet=g of participants, exaerimen:al bias.
selective :reatmenr of .!ata, improper statistical processing,
and genera'
expo:: i :e ntal aca ther?retiea: incompetence.
3. Sup;rassiar. :f ne;ati a resal:s.
The retaining c:i:i:isns app:v to pti researcn soec:fica11v:
1. Absence =f adequate theoretical models and little ir..prove-
cen: in t. t :oa-rehensicn of si pherome.ia over many years
cf study.
Poor experimental replicability and elusiveness of effects
under :rose scrutiny.
3. Sensitivity of results to part::iFarts, attitudes and labora-
tory setting.
A. Tendency for results to be only rareinally significant can-
pared to chance expectation.
5. Ccntradic:ory nature of much psi chenonena with personal
;svcnciog:?, philosophy, tnevlogy, , or "common sense."
.91 Jann, Robert. op. ci c.
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-r W
CRS-20
It, w'u' also be note that the a'iali:y of criticism of psi is often
pop=:;'TsW. eUisIveneaa?of?'psi phenomena under carefully controlled and observed
coaditionseema,presently to be the most compelling criticism of the field
in general. At the same time, this observation may also land urgency to
{
further investigation into psi phenomena. Many other scientific endeavors
in early stages of investigation have proven to be frustrating to the inves-
tigator because of a lack of understanding of the phenomenon under scrutiny.
Radiation biology is an example of such a dilemma. In the very?early stages
of research into :he interactions of ionizing radiations with biologics) systei%a.,Jf;.!?~?=
doses of radiacic , particularly x-rays, despite the fact that the physics
of producing the Tad.ation was well understood. This lack of understanding
led to severe radiation injury of mzr.v prominent, early researchers :n the
field su:h as '!=e. Julio: Curie. Alth-ien the acute effects :f ion:-zing radia-
tions are well-un.erstaod today, :hzi. ..:shacu:e or 1iw-'level efffe:cs rema:n
the subje:: of czr.siderab:e contTov_rs4.
By defini:i:n, contemporary scene does not permit a-definitive explana-
tion of the nature ar..; mechanisms of ps: phenomena. That these factors remain
unexplained does t.;;: necessarily =earl that they are unexplainable. The under-
scanning of psi phenomena may be hanoered by the ore-:en: llevel of development
of the sciences. Traditional acien:Lfic mechzdologies may need to be broadened.
To the. credit of the psi research _j_-+uni:y, it has encouraged thorough
and objective scrutiny of negative data it journals regularly publishing on
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X'! CRS-21
?{~?~..""i* i ram-t
the sub ects;{`:' es:.bf benefits accrue froi such a
policy.
First, nega-
rive data sea.?crvcial~y?important to any scientific exploration. Second, a
quantitative?index?is'provided of the ratio of positive co-negative outcomes
in a given class of psi experiment, thereby providing a broader'view of the
overall statistical nature of the phenomenon. Third, documentation of specific
conditions preva:ling in unsuccessful experiments may contribute toward
exc'.sdina irrelevant factors from further consideration and identifying and
reducing counterproductive influences. Finally, negative data'se':ve to demon-
strafe that psi pneornena, if real, are hithly irregular and sensitive.to
intangible
developnent.
beyond the control of science at its present level of ? }
It would be misleading to leave the reader with the imoressior. that isi
phenomena, as they are presently urlers:o,)d, are generally rejected by the
public and by s=:ences. Indeed, quite the opposite would seem to be true.
n:1 polls of bz:` a=e public ant the scientific ca-unity in recent .ears
have yielded evicrrce of a generall.: positive attitude toward the existence
and relevance of psi phenomena as a class and research into the=. T',e gen-
eral public accepts the concept of psi, often based on personal experience.
In addition, a nu_ber of recent experiments have yielded more or less con-
sistent. positive results under rigorous conditions of investigation, even
though the mecianisms of these functions remain unexplained. It is also
worthy to note chic historically, psi oheno:nena have been reported with
. 201 Jahn, Robert, op. cit.
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.,?5- ? ~ii_ -'rte `r}i.?.~wi~._ . ?. i ~+?r
RM,
strikia rC u r?~r;''aeross a whole spectrum of human conditions, both natural
Q' X3100- .
and .S:parimsso#1:;;: ; .
It ii-accepted by the scientific psi research community that the role
of the critic, particularly in this controversial field, is quite essentiai.
When the criticism is objective and fair, it can promote discipline in research
and ensure that the f--ndamentals of sound scientific methodology prevail.
Here, as elsewhere, if criticism violates these same rules and if it lasses
into categorical rejection, sloppy logic, or emotional and negative prejudice,
then it assumes as suspi:iaus a character as the ob;ective of its criticism.
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POSSIRLE IMPLICATIONS FOR GOVERINME T AND SOCIETY
Given the present, uncertain status of psi research, it is premature to
attempt any kind of definitive evaluation of its potential impact on govern-
rent ~r society. If replicable psi phenomena prove in the future to be elusive,
%and and mind with matter. It is also inferred frcc some preliminary positive
results that information might be accessed over time and space. If these
suspicions are subsecuentlti confirmed, then the ability of humankind to con-
:rcl these phenomena functionally and repeatab:v becomes a realistic goal
of psi research. 21/ The implications of such a develop.ent for society
and government are, simply stated, vast in three fundamental categories:
1. acquisition of knowledge;
2. practical application of psi functions; and
3. depending upon such applications, the pcssibili:y of
general enhancement of the human cunlition.
then it is reasonable to expect the field to slowly die out as a scientific
discipline.
If, or. the other hand, certain psi phenomena and functions. prove to be
&=enable to scienrific replication, prediction and control, then quite another
prospect comes into play. Results of recent psi research suggest that some
psi phenomena can be acquired and repea:ei fairly reliably, if less than
ideally, under well designed and controlled conditions. This suggests to
some critical obsr:vers that there may be an interc:nnectiveness of mind with
21/ Cough, W. C., E. Rauscher, Houck, and V. .:ruve. The Status cf
Research on the Physics of Consciousness: Working Models and Experiments.
Los Altos, California, Foundation for Mind-Being Research. Sept. 15, 1980.
44 p
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with rtj:k3- 0-4, category, basic knowled:e might be $a .ned in
:va ways: chi-acquisition of new scientific information and the improved
application of scientific methodology to deal more effectively with irregular
phenomena such as ESP, PK, and other psi phenomena. For example, is the
area of education, the ability of the human mind co obtain information purpose-
fully in a heretofore "intuitive" (i.e. "gut-feeling") manner could have a
significant impac: or. decisionmaking theory and practice and an traditional
approaches tz tra .r.ing the human mind in educational and vocational settings. ?-~-
With regard :o :::e second cate,org, Potential applications of psf'ea
only be speculated an conservatively, riven the uncertain and relatively ?,,_ . ?:''.t
I'
f
li
bl
i
i
f
i
ca
e status o
rrep
ps
_
unct
ons thus far subjected to systematic ecru-
tiny. I: seems like:y to expect that such functions as remote perception,
precognition, arts :etrocogr.itian are of potential interest to :nteliigence
agencies, law enf:?r:e-eat units, a-id activities inv:lvin2 surveillance.
For example, "e.^..o: i:r.al :ntr ints" have a:readv been tsed to trace past
events in arche^::r?:a: ani police nves:i2a:ions.
Dzwsing _r d?....ing for water, oil, and other -inerais?is an established
rrac:ice this ca:.n:rv and abroad, ;articular'v in the Soviet Union. Ac-
cord.^gly, curt-e: ivestitation into the nature and ca:sible aech
. anisss cf
this phenomenon, +.hich appears to incorporate ti:th natural and paranorr_al
aspects, would seem to be warranted.
In the area of health, the coupling of traditional medicine with mind-
initiated haaling is being investigated and could be advanced. Recent work
22/ Jahn, Robert. op. cit.
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? "? '~r??.
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' . CIS-25
in this .Area 'W"itb--canfr, patients usint mental images and other facets of
holistic medicine teem to indicate a potential fo- more widespread applica-
t ion.
It is possible to imagine a wide variety of applications of psi in such
areas as: animal training and interspeciea communication; creativity, educa-
Lion, and training; entertainment; decisionmai:ing; locating lost objects and
discovery, and numerous others, includinz crime, persuasion. mischief; i'14?* .3
persons; fut.res forecasting; geolo;ical and archeological exploration; his-
torical investigations; medicine and dentistry; military intelligence and
pcli:e work; pe-.s3-.ae: management; psychotherapy ? and counseling; scieUttfi :, ?.,:t`1=r~r, :.
~-
r lr??. s r; ir~iPi t~e'~?
I:. the area a! nigh technology, Ic:r-level cr micro-PX effects rave been '~-r' 3.
observed in experi-en:s with random-even:-genera:ors MEG) in which iC is
speculated chi: certain malfunctions may have been :educed by human subjects.
:r.ese _findings, valid, r..av have implications in he developing ttcrroing!es
involving sic::?:i'~:T:r.:::: :f basic fu-c:ions of -icroelectronsc elements
cculd b2 even c:i?r.t::? disturbed by intentional or unintentional human inter-
.d :r ocean: t* otta:n stn e _: von ..p a assessment of teas pate-:ia1
agcit::-we of su:h effects s::d fa=tats `aver.ng or inhibiting such effects.
u:.dersta ding :h:$ phenor non wo?4l3 be .=nor:ant be!vr3 cna a elab::rat: inte-
grated circuit arrays. grachic display systems, and other sensitive, tan!
machine incsrfsces are committed to even more co:np:ica:ed and csi:ical opera-
tions. For example, PK e:tperimencs are underway to examine the possible
discurba:.ce of :he rtetrory functions of single nicroelector.ic chips.
:he th:rc anc firal ca:e4or;: of the inplicati.;ns of psi, the genere!
erha-kcemert of the he-an cordition, is the,most i-:por:ant and far-reaching
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'1
CRS-26 ,1?a~
ones and.,yeti-tbe'sost .difficult one to speculate on at this time. There
has been' mucbsdiscussior about this implication that usually arrives at the
same general question: Would convincing demonstration of the ability of hu-
man consciousness to influence its real world to a significant degree result
in alterin; individual and collective perceptions of the human condition,
its value systems, and ultimately, its social an! behavior patterns, thereby
facil.itating evo1Ltion to a "higher form" of human existence than prevails
today? Frcm tae foregoing discussion, it is obviously premature to attestpt
i ti7: ti~?
an answer to this lo_f:v cues:ion. Perhaps it is sufficient to specul ate"
this tilde that a general recognition of the degree of intercornectivensss?:' ? ~':~4
of minds, or of winds with matter, could have far-reaching social and poll- ' `'? ~= '
tical implica:ions for this natit and the world. '="'i~?
In arse: to better understand psi phenomena and possible functions, and
ul:imd:e:ti, to gain a tie:ter unders:sndinz of t'iair Face in tomorrow's scci-
e:y, it is genera::v .::cur;;: that it ::i:: -~e necessary to accent the :rans-
dij_iplinary nature cf :si. It is yid::v ccnsi ?erei the psi co:-isnity and
society at large tnz: research into psi ;,l-enomena in any categorical setter
should become more conr_unicative and interactive across traditional scholarly
b., 'aries. 'thus. cross-fertilization, of ideas end knowledge cannot be limited
to yields _raditio:ally related closely to one wat er, such as physics and
engineering, oiolczy,
physiology ind menitine, 3:1d i9?:enolo y and sociology.
7ni: line of thought contends that the insights of the theologian, phi.losooher,
statistician, technologist, scien:ist, and holistic tnin;cer may all be necessary
is psi phencner?a are to be rendered into :o=preher?s:b'e and ap,licab'e en:::ies? i
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CAS-27
converselyfiw 's.sus acted that insular approaches to psi research will not
likely yield.results. Proponents argue that to exploit the potential benefits
of psi, it will be necessary to fund research at a much higher level than
at present. Whether or not psi is a real or usable phenomenon, the recognition
that psi may be able to enhance the human condition could have far-reaching
implications for science and the society it serves.
The present state of psi research is diffuse, largely unstructured, and
hesitant, with many internal cross-currents and divergencies of emphasis, and
method. Along with the promise of significant ntw possibilities, resem lL?-
realization of :he considerable potentials of psi, or its debunking;-+
Effective
will require the breae:h of vision provided by an open, humanistic perspective
as well as the rigor and scier.t:f:: discipline provided by conventional re-
.
search tradition. _1
23; Jahn, Raber:, op. cit.
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f ?. ~~ Frl '.x??.?14? *Ji ~? ..~,~ , P7 AV CU-28
;..Y t r
Fir.
?
4?
4
This su=arv report is largely based on the recent review article prepared
by Dr. Robert Jahn, Dean of the School of Engineering/ Aaplied science, Princeton
Universi:v that appeared in the February issue of the IICEW Proceedings, AdditionaL,~,
mik
.
,
further backarourd and are listed below (appendix A and B). 'rh ?Conglessional?.
Research Service possesses a large collection of additional bibliographic, journal;::=.-i,,.;-
and monographic 3a:erial on various aspects of psi research which can be rade ??'.~'?'
available upon Te uest.
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A Brief List of Recomended Readings in Parapsychology
Scarecrow Press, 1975.
2. Broad, C.D: Lectures in P:vchical Research. New York: ;:.Humanities
-
A
Ma
Press, 1962. r t, yr ti::
Kri
ner
) Ad
5
(Ed
P
s i
e
rr
,
.
.
vance
n
a*aosvch01o0ical Research: A Bi
nnial
dj'
Review. New Ycrk: Plenum, '1clume 1, 1977. -?'?
4.
Murphy, G. , and Dale, L.A. Challence of Psychical Research: A P` ? %~
of Part :s.c~olocv. New York: Harper & Row, 1961. 6
5. Rhine, J.B. and c:"ers. - Extra-Se^scrv Perceoticn After Sixty Years.
Ecst:n, Erarc:^ Press, 196-5 (=irs. published in 1940).
6. Schmidler, G.R. (Ed.) Extrasensory Per:action. New York: Athertcn, 1969.
7 w
Schreldler, G.P. Ed.) Para:svvhclccv: Its ?elation to Physics. EiJ1Cav
,
Psv:- iccv and Psvcniatr?r. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1976.
a. Thouless, R.H. From Anecdote to Exoe-iren: in Psychical Research London
??
A. iecnni cal Books
e.
1. -Beloff, J. (Ed.) New Directions in Paraosvchcloov. Metuchen, N.J.:
and Boston: Routledse & KeSan Paul. 1972.
9. Tyrrell, G.N.M. Science and Psychical Phenomena. New York: Arno ??ess,
1975 (Firs published in 1933:.
.c . a . e? , , and Eft e, ("Ed s.) r
a: w e. H.L. ("Eds.) Phil - .cal Dime.s
Wh i s e
Fara:s ciclo:v. Springfield, Ill.; Thomas, 1976.
R White. R.A. Surveys in Parapsychology: Reviews of the Literature..rith
Uocated b1lc:ra:hies. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1976.
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? l~r L???i~}ite,;,
4' Meta
;:K- dl Dales L.A.
rw- s
emi, K .: c, Scarecrc~~r
CRS-30
P3repsycholoov: Sources
Press, 1973.
13. ' W61man:'$ f.4- (Ed.) Handbc ok of Paraosychol oov. New York: Van Nos :rand,
1977::. .
B. Popular and Historical Books
1. Gault, A. The Founders of Psychical Research. New York: Schocken, 1962.
2. Heywood, R. Eey:nd the Reach of Sense. New York: Dutton, 1961.
3. Hintze, N.A.} and Pratt, J.G. The Psychic Realm: What Can You Believe?
New York: Random House, 1975.
4. Murphy, G., and 5allou, R. (Eds.) William James on Psychical Research.-:'
Clifton, N.J.: Kelley, 1950.
5. Pratt, J.G.
~a
ESP Research Today: A Study of "eve loonents in ParaosvcholQa
since 196). Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1973.
Rhine, L.E. Psi: What Ts :`? The Stcrv of ES? and PK. New York: Harper
& Row, 1975.
7. Roll, W.G. The -'_l?erceist. Near YcrK: New r:nerican Library, 1972.
8. Ullman, M., Kr;rpner, S., a %,'. Vaughan, A. Dreary, Teleoathv. New York:
MacMillan, 1972.
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1,75. (O1t1;)eaiTy pa.Miahsd is 1930.)
(::5 I "m: M. Goldn.y aid S. G. Sad. "Raven an a sines or experiments
with Mrs. taws. Gaarett" Protz Sal. PgrenicaS R ercercn, 44.
PP. 63%47.1931. ' - -
1-m l J. below. "rho Weashaaats. experivupt." A Sac. Psychical X e.
seon%%4S. pp. 1-t: igap.
1::71 'M. Mahar. D. Petatsaft and G. R. Sehneidlw, "Cerebral toealt?
aatloa effects in ESP pracemieg: An atumptse rep-teauon,?"
JAwer. See. for PkyWtrea! Reseeirk. 73. op. 1611-117. 1979
1::11 S. JL'eekmers. "Cocrelauom between ESP and memory." ' #en J.
P.rsorychol.. 3. pp 12?-147. 1980.
12291 J. Eimenbud. L. Hassel. H. Kecty. and W. Sawrey. "A further
study of teaener?pupti attitudes and results on clairvoyance eau
in she fftP and sixth pades."J. Amer Sac. Psyehic.1 Reree,eh,
$4. pp. 72-80.1960.
12301 L Belvedere and D. Foulkes, 'Telepathy and dreams: A failure
to replicate." Pereepruai M ?tor Skllje 33. pp. 753-130.197!
1:311 J. Beloff and D. Bete. 'An attempt to replicate the Schmitt
findrnee."J Sae. P+)cn.eal Reree,ee, 46. pp. -.1-31. 1971.
133:1 R. G. Jahn, reply to Bradley Dowdea, Letene Scholar. p. I:'!.
1980.
(:3:1 C. C. Gillismie. EA. Di:Monary of S:lrnrtfle Jllorraany. New
York: Scribner?&. 1970. 1960.
1:341 R. L Keber. A Random haSR 1n Schemer. E. Mendota. Ed..
Foreword by W. Cooper. New York: Crane. Ruasaa, 1973,
pp. 06-67.
(23S{ R. S. do Rapp. The New P,omernearim. Now York: Delaeorte.
1972. P. 2-:3.
1:361 L. Barlett. The Uemherst and Dr Einstein (Rev. edit.). New
York: The New Amictcan Library. 1951. V. 117.
1:371 R. G. Jabs. "Psychic resew: h: New dimensions or old delusions"'
Zerenc Scuwlar. 6. pp. 5-16. 1080.
1:381 J. Setoff. EL. Vow D rr:nonr in Parapsychology. Metuchen.
NJ: Scarecrot, Press, 1975.
1:391 J. B Rhine and J. G. Batt. PJrs7+vchorosy' Frenemer Stirnre
of the Mind (Rev. edit.). Spnngtield. IL: Chula C. T7iomaa,
1962.
':4-31 R. A. white, Ed.. Surteyr :n Parapsychology. Metuchen. NJ:
CRS-33 +.. :.,... i +r
PROCEEDL'fGS Of THE TEEE. VOL 70. NO, 2, FEliUA1tY`+rl
;Zif
12411 R. A. tahrte and L. A. Dale. P.iavenilvIogy: Sources of war '
motion. Metuenen, NJ: S. uectow Pete, 19'3. (Rev.. adi1. by .
R. A. While in prepnstion.1
124:1 Y. Iowa and F. Hynda wed J. Max-OIL. Psf;ieareh. San Fran
cues. CA: Harper and Row. 19-8.
11431 R. G. Jabs. B. J. Deane. R. Na.son. and H. Meru. "Anomalous
operator influence on elementary microelectronic devtws,"
Tech. not. School of Eaishsermh/A: plied Sciatica. Pruixosoe
1. nryen it y. 1951.
(1.441 1. Bronowsss. Science and Kamen Value.. Now Yors: Hasper
mad Brothers. 1996.
{ 14S 1 M. Polanrt. Personal Xeowlsdre. ChIca8o. IL. Lntivenity of
Chicago Pres. 1962. ,
12461 A. Kortybakt. Science and Unity.' An Infroductfon to New
A rUlorrri.n Sy++cr'r and Geiseiul Serriasaa. Ciaenn. MA: TIN
Colonial Pteu. 1933.
11471 W. Peneield. The Nysiery of rho Mind. Prtnesson. NJ: Princeton
University Press. 1975.
(:481 M. Ferguson. The Aouertan Caraplmcy. Lou Angeles. CA: J. P.
Tatcner. 1 v80.
1;491 J. Salk. Survival of rho When. New York: Harper and Raw.
1977. c-.
1:301 A M. Young. The Re)Jeslrf Unloerr.. New York: Delacorts
Press. J9,96.
?r.
11.511 E. J pouch, The S.Jf.Orgaiuthig UnMrsfe.Sddnttlffe toed NsaocI L
Implications of silo EmerpregPandrfrrmaptRvplun0 . Duelct
NY: Parcomon Press. 1980. '
5: { D. Dean or al.. Eseeunee ESP Eadswoed ;;;f is. NJ:? tnmawpr "'
Fell. 1974. ' ? -V i - +? k
1:531 P. T. de Chardin. The Folmar of Man. New York: Haspds
Row. 1964 (011. 166-167 in Harper Torchbooka adlt.). r,,; .1 .:
11541 Report to the House of Reptatantaiivsa, Commettes oc kt)ma`
and Technology. June 1981. :- .rm.
12551 C. T. Tart. "?A survey of sips" opinion on potentially nrpatfeo''.
uses of pet. United Slates soverarnent interest in psi. and the levy
of re+careh fundins of the field.- in Research in Paraps)ehclei7'..
1P'S. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow P-ssa. 1979. pp. 54-65.
S' .
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