NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 19; HUNGARY; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

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Page
Page
B. Military geographic regions
6
D. Internal routes I 9
Effect of terrain on operations by conventional
Fig. 2
Tat._?ar description of terrain, roads and railroads,
ground forces, airmobile and airborne forces, am-
Fig. 10
and conditions for offroad dispersal and cross
phibious forces, and irregular forces for the fol-
country movement along routes leading from land
lowing regions:
Fig. 11
and sea approaches to strategic areas and be-
t. Hungarian Plains
6
tween strategic areas.
2. Northern Hills
7
E. Approaches 9
10
Fig. 4
Tabular description of boundaries with U.S.S.R.,
C. Strategic area
7
Romania, Yugoslavia, Austria, and Czechoslovakia.
Location, population, primary activities, key
Fig. 5
1. Land 9
transportation elements, significant industries, and
Fig. 13
Conditions for movement across borders by
refined petroleum products storage capacity for
road and cross country.
the following areas:
Fig. 14
2. Air
1. Budapest
7
Weather conditions and terrain in air ap-
t. Other important areas
8
proaches within 300 nautical miles of borders.
FIGURES
Fig. 1
Location and comparative area map)
1
Fig. 9
Downtown Budapest photo)
8
Fig. 2
Military geographic regions and
Fig. 10
Budapest strategic area (map)
8
terrain (nap)
3
Fig. 11
Strategic area, internal routes, and
Fig. 3
Plains and hills northwest of Bala-
approaches map
10
Fig. 4
ton lake (photo)
Central district of Pecs photo)
4
4
Fig. 12
Internal routes table)
11
Fig. 5
New residential district of Pecs
Fig. 13
Boundaries table)
13
photo)
4
Fig. 14
Hungary- Austria border near Szent-
Fig. 6
Characteristics of the climate (chart)
5
otthard (photo)
13
Fig. 7
Flat, cultivated plains in eastern
Fig. 15
Land approaches table)
14
Hungary photo)
6
Fig. 8
Forested hills and mountains south-
Fig. 16
Terrain and transpc- tation
west of Miskolc photo)
7
map) follows
14
ii
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Military Geography
501566 1-
FIGURE 1. Location and comparative area (U /OU)
A. Location and description (U /OU)
Elungary, it landlocked country, occupies it large
section of the fertile Danube valley in central Europe.
The Danube flows across the country from north to
south for about 172 miles' and forms the boundary
s%ith Czechoslovakia for 88 miles in the northwest.
llungary is on it main avenue of movement between
Western Europe and the Balkan Peninsula and is also
rnt the most direct land routes between the U.S.S.R.
'Distances arc in statIIte miles Curless nautical miles lire
Specifically indicated.
and the Mediterranean basin. Budapest and its major
airfields are less than. 1,500 nautical miles from most
of the imporhmt industrial centers and seaports of
Europe anti North Africa (Figure 1). All political
capitals of Europe and North Africa are within 1,500
nautical miles.
With an area of about 35,900 square miles,
Hungary is slightly smaller than Kentucky; the
population, estimated at 10.4 million, is about three
times that of Kentucky. Compact in form, I lungary
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extends cast -west about 300 miles and north -south
about 150 miles (Figure 16).
1. Topography
Approximately 80% of the country consists of flat to
rolling, mostly well drained, cultivated plains. The
remainder is largely a narrow band of partly forested,
rolling to rugged hills and isolated mountains that
trend northeast- southwest from the Czechoslovakia
border to Balaton, it large lake in western Hungary
(Figure 2).
Most of the plains area is between 250 and 650 feet
above sea level. East of the Danube the plains are
primarily flat, but ',vest of the Danube they become
rolling. Small areas of low dissected hills, which have
rounded crests, are in parts of the western and
southwestern plains (Figure 3). local w-lief�
diffcrences in elevation between tops and bottoms of
adjacent topographic features �is generally less than
10 feet cast of the Danube and mostly less than 400
feet west of the Danube; in hilly areas local relief i:
500 to 1,000 feet. The plains area is characterized b;Y
many small perennial streams. The Danube and Tisza,
the largest rivers in the plains, are more than 500 feet
wide and over 6 feet deep all year. "There are also
numerous canals, used mainly for irrigation, in the
plains. Although levees are common along many
streams, flooding occurs almost annually during tine
high water period (early March to early May and
during November). Cultivated vegetation consists
mostly of corn, wheat, and vegetables, and orchards
are common between the Danube and Tisza rivers;
local(\ there are small areas of forests in the plains.
Hundreds of small farming communities and villages
clot the plains, but there are only it few large cities.
Old, well- developed cities, Soule, such as Pecs, "-dating
from the Middle Ages, are characterized by it central
square having a prominent townhall. Surrounding the
square are other okl, closely spaced, slate- or tile-
roofed buildings (Figure 4). "These structures are
usually built of brick or stone and are from three to
five stories high. Newer developments, built around
old core areas, generally have wide streets and
multistory buildings and apartments (Figures). "These
modern buildings are of brick or masonry and have
roofs of tile, slate, or sheet metal. Buildings become
widely separated in residential sections near the
outskirts of urban areas. Individual houses are mostly
of brick or stone and arc oue or two stories high. Streets
'For diacritics on place names see the list of names on the apron
of the Terrain and 'Transportation rnap, Figure 16, the map itself,
and maps in the test.
2
are narrow in the rnedieval core of some older cities;
10 -foot widths, riot uncommon, impede the orderly
flow of vehicular traffic. A fairly well- deveioped
network of two -lane, mostly bituminous- surfaced
roads and mostly single -track railroads connects the
larger population centers. One- to two -lane roads,
surfaced with gravel or crushed stone, serve smaller,
remote communities.
The hills and mountains area ranges in elevation
from about 300 to 3,330 feet, the maximum elevation.
Summits are generally rounded except in places cast of
the Danube, where surnraits tend to be sharp- crested.
1 .oval relief is 600 to 1,500 feet in the hills and 2,200 to
2,500 feet in the mountains. Many small, rocky
bottomed perennial streams drain the highlands.
Dense broadleaf deciduous forests, mainly oak and
beech, cover the mountains and steeper hill slopes;
vineyards and other cultivated vegetation are common
on the lower slopes and in the valleys. A sparse
network of one- to two -lane gravel or crushed -stone
roads connects the few villages and towns located in
the highland areas. Most of these settlements are
associated with agricultural activity on lower hill
slopes or with mining activities north of Balaton lake
and northwest of Miskolc.
2. Climate
Hungary has a temperate climate with both
maritime and continental characteFistics. Winters
(December through February) are cold, cloudy, and
humid. Summers (June through August) are warm, less
cloudv, and less humid (Figure 6). Spring (March
through May) and autumn (September through
November) are lengthy periods of transition between
win 'Ler and summer.
Winter weather is quite changeable and brings the
most severe conditions of the year. Cloudiness is
extensive, averaging 60 %r, to 80 and clouds are
mostly of the stratiforrn type. Precipitation in the form
of rain or snow is frequent but usually light, and
monthly amounts normally total only l to 2 inches.
The frequencies and depths of snow are greatest in the
mountains, where snow falls on 7 to 12 days monthly
and snow depths may reach 2 feet or more by late
February. Mean daily temperatures in winter
generally rise into the 30's �F.) in the afternoon and
dip into the 20's at night and in early morning, but
during the hitter cold of polar outbreaks temperatures
often drop below zero. Nlean relative humidity
remains high during most of the winter, ranging from
70% to 90ib. Visibility is usually poor, reduced chiefly
by precipitation and frequent widespread early
morning fog. Witter surface winds are quite variable
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i

FIGURE 3. Broadleaf deciduous for-
ests cover the upper slopes and
crests of the iow rounded hills
northwest of Balaton lake. The upper
hill slopes are poorly suited for
conventional military ground op-
erations because of the forest cover,
and the lower slopes are only
moderately suited because of surface
irregularities. (C)
FIGURE 4. Central district of Pecs. The old congested
centers of most cities are usually focused upon a
small, open town square. The closely spaced build-
ings are from three to five stories in height and
are of brick or stone construction. Streets are narrow
enough to hinder military traffic. (C)
and wind speeds s:Idoin exceed 15 knots except N% I
channeled through tiunnitain gaps, where sotue gale
force winds (speeds greater than 27 knots) have been
recorded.
Sumner weather is more settled and, except for
occasional interruptions b thunderstorms, is generally
pleasant. 0(,ir to partly cloudy skies prevail except in
the afternoons, when cumulus -type clouds arc
abuncl,uit. Precipitation is less frequent in sunimer
than in winter, but heave showers and thcuiderstorrns
rc ult in larger monthly r,irnounts, generally to 4
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FIGURE 5. A new residential district of Pecs.
Modern housing developments have multistory
buildings of brick or masonry construction; streets
re wide and are capable of sustaining heavy
traffic. (C)

2 (F
j
J
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MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
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MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
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MEAN THUNDERSTORMS DAYS
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20 MEAN DAIIY MAXIMUM 20 20'
MEAN DAIIY MINIMUM'
0 �I l y ABSOLUTE MINIMUM 0 I p:
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'FMAA11 ASONU 1FMAM1 IA S 1FMAM1 IASON
FIGURE 6. Precipitation, cloud cover, thunderstorm days, relative humidity, and temperature (U /OU)
5
SZOMBATHELY
100
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tlV
60 I 3W
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20
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JFMAMJIASONDJ
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SZOMBATHELY
BUDAPEST
DEBRECFN
100
100
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7
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MEAN MONTHLY CLOUDINESS
SZOMBATHELY BUDAPEST DEBRECEN
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20 20 2p
i i
II
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01 0: i....u.!
)FMAMIIASOND 1FMAM;IASOND JFMAMIIASOND
MEAN THUNDERSTORMS DAYS
SZOMBATHELY PtCS
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MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST)
BUDAPEST SZEGED DEBRECEN
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100 I I I I 100. I 100
eo
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AO TEMPERATURES 1�F 1 AO A
I�i e AIISO LA TE MAXIMUM I s
20 MEAN DAIIY MAXIMUM 20 20'
MEAN DAIIY MINIMUM'
0 �I l y ABSOLUTE MINIMUM 0 I p:
I I
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'FMAA11 ASONU 1FMAM1 IA S 1FMAM1 IASON
FIGURE 6. Precipitation, cloud cover, thunderstorm days, relative humidity, and temperature (U /OU)
5
SZOMBATHELY
100
07
tlV
60 I 3W
AO
20
p. I
JFMAMJIASONDJ
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inches. The greatest thunderstorm activity is from
May through August, when thunderstorms usuallx
occur on 3 to n days per month. Temperatures are
nostly in the 70's or lo%% HO's in the afternoon, and
drop to 55 �F. to 65 �F. at night and in early morning.
'I'll( %yarm afternoon temperatures are made more
comfortable by mod afternoon relative humidi-
ties, generall} between 45 "1 and Wi Visibility is
seldom restricted during this season. Surface winds are
light except in thunderstorms where gusts may reach
35 knots or more.
B. Military geographic regions (r)
Differences in the terrain are the basis for dividing
the eountry into two military geographic regions �the
Hungarian Plains and the Northern Hills (Figure 2).
The combination of environmental conditions within
each region would have a relative!\, uniform effect on
military operations, but there would be marked
differences between the two regions.
1. llungarian Plains
This region is composed of flat to rolling, mostly
well- drained, cultivated plains (Figure 7). The plains
are mostly between 250 and 650 feet above sea level;
local relief is generally less than 70 feet cast of the
Danube and mostly less than 400 feet west of the
Danube. Drainage is mainly by many small perennial
streams.
Terrain conditions in this region are generally well
suited for large -scale ground operations. The network
of roads and railroads would facilitate the movement
FIGURE 7. Flat, cultivated plaint in eastern Hungary
are well suited for conventional military ground and
airborne /airmobile operations. Cross country move-
ment is generally unrestricted, and roads and airfields
could easily be constructed. (C)
6
of men and materiel, although nr;uiy roads would
rey ire constant maintenance to sustain heave
r;iilitary traffic. Offroad dispersal and cross counts
movement would he fairly easy in most places; there
are few natural obstacles to movement except during
winter and spring. when muddy ground conditions
prevail. Road construction would also be easy, and
there are few obstructions to alignments. In places,
however, natural foundations are poor, and
construction materials such as gravel, rock suitable for
crushing, and sand are scarce. Concealment from air
and ground observations would be limited mainly to
buildings in the larger cities and to small patches of
forests west of the Danube. These forests lose much of
their value for concealment when tile\ are leafless
from early October through late April. Natural cover
from flat trajectory fire is scarce. There are few sites
suitable for tunnel -type installations in the plains.
Natural conditions are good for the construction of
bunkers at many sites west of the Danube. The
construction of underground installations is difficult
east of the Danube, where there is a high water table
in most places.
Conditions are well suited for airmohile and
airborne operations, particularly in summer. There are
numerous sites suitable: for parachute operations and
helicopter landings, and in some areas assault -tvpe
aircraft could land on unprepared terrain. In addition,
there are numerous existing airfields as well as
numerous sites where airfields having runways
exceeding 6,000 feet could be constructed.
The region is poor to unsuited for irregular force
operations. The very sparse forest vegetation and
generally flat, cultivated, nondissected terrain provide
few opportunities for cover and concealment, and
movements of small groups could be easily detected.
Concealment from air and ground observations and
cover from small arms fire would be best in the
scattered forested areas. Much of the concealment in
these areas, however, is seasonal; the trees are leafless
from early October through late April. Population
density is fairly low, and nearly 45% of the total
popuiation is in towns and urban areas. Although the
region is the agricultural center of Hungary, food and
water would be most readily available in areas of high
population density. Most water supplies are
biologically contaminated and would require
treatment. Shelter and natural fuel would be most
plentiful in wooded areas. Large supplies of clothing,
medical goods, and small arms and ammunition
would be available only at scattered storage depots,
mainly in urban areas. Supply by air would be
relatively easy in the flat to rolling terrain.
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2. Northern Hills
The hills and mountains of this region generally
have rounded summits. Loca! relief is between 600
and 1,500 feet in the hills and 2,200 to 2,500 feet in
the mountains. The maximum elevation is 3,330 feet.
Drainage is by many small, rocky bottomed perennial
streams. Dense broadleaf deciduous forests cover the
mountain and steeper hill slopes (Figure 8); elsewhere,
cultivated vegetatio-ra is common.
This region is unsuited for large -scale ground
operations. The numerous rugged slopes and dense
forests preclude vehicular cross country movement in
much of region, and the few roads would require
constant maintenance to sustain heavy military
traffic. Construction of roads would be difficult
because of fair to poor natural foundations and the
need for extensive cutting, filling, and clearing. Steep
grades and sharp curves would also be required in
many places. Troops operating in the region would be
provided excellent cover from flat trajectory fire and
concealment from ground observation by surface
irregularities. The dense forests provide excellent
concealment from air observation from May to
September. Large areas exist where natural conditions
are suitable for the construction of tunnel -type
FIGURE 8. The dense broadleaf deciduous forests
southwest of Miskolc provide excellent concealment
for operations by irregular forces. Movement of
conventional forces is restricted to a few narrow,
winding roads. (C)
installations, but most of the better sites are in remote
areas where access would be difficult. Areas suitable
for bunkers are limited to a few valleys and gaps that
have soils of adequate depths.
The region is unsuited for airmobile ,.and airborne
operations. The only areas suitable for parachute
operations and helicopter landings or for landings of
assault -type aircraft are a few widely separated river
valleys. High speed, low -level air approaches are
precluded in these areas by the surrounding high
relief. The few existing airfields are in close proximity
to urban areas, and conditions for the construction of
new airfields are unfavorable. Natural grades and
drainage suitable for the construction of landing strips
more than 6,000 feet in length occur only in a few
widely scattered valleys, and, even here, approaches
would be restricted by surrounding high elevations.
Conditions for irregular force operations in this
region would be fair to good. The hills and mountains
are covered by dense broadleaf deciduous forests and
would provide excellent cover and concealment when
the trees are in leaf from late April through early
October. Movement by small groups would be fairly
easy. Population is not as dense as in the Hungarian
Plains region. Food and water would be most readily
available in the areas having a higher density of
population and near the margins of the plains where
agriculture is important. Most water supplies are
biologically contaminated and would require
treatment. Shelter and natural fuel are plentiful in
wooded areas. Large supplies of clothing, medical
goods, and small arms and ammunition would be
available only at scattered storage depots, mainly in
towns and urban areas. Sites for supply by air would
be limited to isolated forest openings that have
restricted approaches.
C. Strategic area (C
1. Budapest
The only strategic area in Hungary is Budapest
(Figure 9) and its environs (Figure 10); loss of this area
would cripple the country's warmaking potential.
Budapest 0972 estimated population 2 million), the
capital and about 12 times the size of the country's
next largest city, contains about half of the country's
urban population and accounts for about 40% of its
industrial output and labor force. Centrally located, it
is the focal point of the national highway and railroad
network and is a leading port on the Danubc A
commercial, cultural, and political center, it is the ite
of several educational and scientific institutes and 14
national administrative headquarters. It is the
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19 0 Road
Railroad
Airfield
i
BUDAPEST
I
0 2 4 6 8
r
Statute miles
1 6csa
FIGURE 9. Budapest, the capital and most important
city in Hungary, is bisected by the southward flowing
Danube River. Numeror bridges, one of which is
shown in the background, provide the only con-
nections between the two parts of the city. The
prominent building along the Danube in the center
is the seat of the national government. (WOU)
country's military center, containing the headquarters
of Hungarian and Soviet forces, and has hilleting
facilities for about half of the nation's armed forces.
Industry in the area produces all of the country's
locomotives and tractors, as well as large quantities of
trucks, buses, railroad rolling stock, and river vessels.
Another major industry is the production of steel and
finished steel products such as steel plate, pipe, and
tubing. Other important products include heavy
machinery and machine tools, electrical and electronic
eSiocsa 1 v d Oroahaza
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U f Names and boundary representation
10 are not necessarily authoritative
tncy For Official Use Only Terrain and Transportation Figure 16
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