NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 21; YUGOSLAVIA; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

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• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200100035-7
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• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
• Sequence Number: 35
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Page
C. Strategic areas 7
Location, population, primary activities, key
transportation elements, significant industries, and
refined petroleum products storage capacity for
the following areas:
1. Belgrade
2. Zagreb
3. Other important areas
D. Internal routes 9
Tabular description of terrain, roads and railroads,
and conditions for offroad dispersal and cross
country movement along routes leading from land
and sea approaches to strategic areas and be-
tween strategic areas.
FIGURES
Page
E. Approaches 9
Description of boundaries with Italy, Austria,
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Al-
bania.
1 Land
Conditions for movement across borders by
road, railroad, and cross- country.
9
2. Sea 13
Conditions for amphibious operations.
3 Air 15
Weather conditions and terrain in air ap-
proaches within 200 nautical miles of borders.
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Page
Fig. 1
Military geographic regions and
Fig.
8
Belgrade strategic area map)
8
terrain map)
2
Fig.
9
Downtown Belgrade photo)
8
Fig. 2
Cultivated floor of a polje in Dal-
Fig.
10
Zagreb strategic area map)
9
Fig. 3
matia photo)
Brush and scrub in southern Yugo-
3
Fig.
11
Strategic areas, internal routes, and
slavia photo)
3
approaches (map)
10
Fig. 4
Characteristics of the climate chart)
4
Fig.
12
Ljubljana Zagreb highway photo)
10
Fig. 5
Cultivated plains near the Danube
Fig.
13
Internal routes (table)
11
River photo)
5
Fig.
14
Boundaries table)
13
Fig. 6
Shrub vegetation and steep -sided
Fig.
15
Land approaches (table)
14
stream valley photo)
6
Fig. 7
Cultivated basin near Lake Scutari
Fig.
16
Terrain and transportation
(photo)
6
map) follows
1.5
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Military Geography
A. Location and description (U /OU)
Fronting on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea,
Yugoslavia occupies a strategic crossroads position in
the Balkan Peninsula (Figure 16). Because the country
controls major lines of communication important to
both Communist and Western nations, its location
imposes upon it a hazard of involvement in any major
military conflict in the Balkans. Thc� valleys of the
Drava, Sava, Danube, Velika Morava, and Nisava'
rivers provide the shortest natural land routes between
Western Europe and the� Middle East; the Velika
Morava, the Juzna Morava, and Vardar valleys form
,,n important north -south corridor to Greece and the
Aegean Sea. In addition, the location of the country
makes it potentially important in missile and air
operations between the southwestern part of Eastern
Europe and the countries bordering the western
Mediterranean and northwest Africa, particularly in
relation to the disposition of early warning systems.
Belgrade, the capital, is within 500 nautical miles of
the strategic Dardanelles and Bosporus and less than
1,400 nautical miles front all of tlae political capitals,
important industrial centers, and seaports of Europe.
It is slightly less thou I,O(x) nautical miles from Algiers
and Cairo, about 1,500 tututical miles front 'Teheran,
and approximately f,700 nautical miles front the
oilfields near tit( Persian Gulf.
An irregularly shaped, elongated country,
Yugoslavia occupies a. northwest- southeast trending
area of about 98,700 square miles, it size c(nnparable
to that of Indian,,, Ohio, and West Virginia
combined. It has it population of about 20.6 million.
Tliv country is the largest in the Balkans and is abont
550 miles'- lone; its greatest width is about 60 miles.
'I'll" weakness of such it shape is not only its length,
\shish requires lung lines of communication, but also
the Icngth of its periphery, which makes tit(- country
difficult to defend.
'For diacritics on place names tics the list of nunu�s on the apron
of the Terrain and "transportation Map, the map itself, and maps
in the teat.
DisLmres are in statute miles unless nautical miles are speci-
flealls indicate -d.
1. Topography
Yugoslavia is predominantly a country of hills and
mountains (Figure I Thc only significant lowland is
the large plain in the north. Except for this lowland,
the country is made up of rugged highlands having
numerous mountain ridges and peaks, narrow steep
sided valleys, and scattered, nearly level basins;
elevations reach nearly 9,4(x) feet in the northwest.
Much of the rugged terrain along the Adriatic Sea and
extending approximately 100 miles inland consists of
karst topography, which is characterized by
underground drainage and caverns, shallow sinkholes,
deep narrow valleys, cliffs, and poljes (depressions
having relatively flat floors and steep sides (Figure 2)
but no outflowing surface streams). 'Throughout the
highland area brush and scrub are dominant (Figure
3), and deciduous and coniferous forests generally
occur only on the upper slopes of the hills and
mountains. The low -lying nearly flat to rolling plains
and scattered upland areas in the northern part of the
country contain lire largest concentration of culture
features. Intensive cultivation of small grains, corn,
and vegetables is carried on, and canals and irrigation
And drainage ditches are common. Closely spaced
urban and rural settlements are connected by a
network of roads and railroads. Cities other than
Belgrade and Zagreb are generally small, have densely
built -up cores, and include residential suburbs that
have concentrations of industry. The hills and
mountains are sparsely populated, and culture
features consist mainly of scattered buildings and
roads. 'There are a fey towns in the larger basins and
yalle %s. The country is well drained by numerous
rivers except in the karst area, where underground
drainage is characteristic. Surface drainage is
primarily h\ meandering wide and slow- moving
streams on the plains and by swift streams winding
through deep valleys and gorges in the hills and
mountains.
Earthquakes have periodically claimed heavy tolls
,thong the Yugoslays. All of-the country is subject to
frequent earthquakes; damaging or destructive
earthquakes call be expected to occur in most parts of
the country. Tile most recent major earthquake
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I C,
U S T R I A
H U N G A R Y i
46
PROFILE
HILLS AND MOUNTAINS NORTHERN PLAINS
Feet Meters
6000
1600
4000 1200
Split Novi 800
2000 j Sad
400
A 0 013
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Statute miles
Approximate vertical exaggeration 30 1
FIGURE 1. Military geographic regions and terrain (U /OU)
9
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t i n
bf
ai my
0..�
ma rls
a
G
r I
Y
"Local relief
Sofla
Plains 0 to 500 feet
S
o
O Hills 500 to 2000 feet
Mountains over 2000 feet
.a
9
Karst 42
1
Forast
I Marsh
7
9392 Spot height fin feet)
Military Geographic Region
v o
boundary
Ira�
.r
Differences in elevation between tops and 0 20 40
60 Statute miles
bottoms of adjacent topographic features I I
G
R E EC E
0 20 40 60 Kilometers
1c
PROFILE
HILLS AND MOUNTAINS NORTHERN PLAINS
Feet Meters
6000
1600
4000 1200
Split Novi 800
2000 j Sad
400
A 0 013
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Statute miles
Approximate vertical exaggeration 30 1
FIGURE 1. Military geographic regions and terrain (U /OU)
9
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FIGURE 2. Cultivated floor of a polie in
southern Dalmatia (U /OU)
occsrrred in the northwest region in October 1969,
causing consid -rable structural damage and some
deaths.
2. Climate
Yugoslavia has a wide variety of climatic
conditions. A Mediterranean climate of mild, rainy
winters (December through February) and warm to
hot, less rainy summers (June through August) prevails
in it narrow zone along dw coast. Over the plains in
the north, the climate is continental; .winters are cold
and have light precipitation, frequently sr,oxv, and
summers are hot and showery. In the rugged hilly and
mountainous interior behyeen these t"o regions, the
climate has some of the characteristics of hoth the
Mediterranean and continental regimes; how-wer,
because of differences in elevations and exposure,
climatic conditions vary markedly from place to place.
In general, temperatures are lower year round, and
snow cover usually lasts longer in the highlands.
In most of the country, cloudiness is greatest and
relative humidity highest in late autumn and winter;
both reach minimums in summer and early autumn.
Thundershxnis are most frequent in summer. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from about 20 inches to
over 180 inches (Figure -1). Precipitation varies greatly
between seasons in some parts of the mountains. Poor
visibility (less than 2.5 miles), due to Fug or snow, is
c�ornnon in late anturnn and winter over the northern
plains in the mountains: it occurs on about 5Wi of
the early morning observations in some sections.
Visibility along the coast is seldom restricted. Surface
winds are .9eneralk quite variable; however, some
sections of the coast have persistent northeast winds in
all seasons except summer. Land and sea hreezes are
comm m in summer along the coast. Several strong,
cold, turbulent local winds occur at intervals, usually
in winter; the bore along the coast and the kossava
over the eastern lowlands are the most important.
B. Military geographic regions (C)
Differences in the terrain are the basis for dividing
the country into two military geographic regions �the
Northern Plains and the Bills and Mountain's (Figure
1). The combination of environmental conditions
within each region would have a relatively uniform
effect on military operations, but there would be
marked differences between the two regions.
i Northern Plains
The plains in the north are drained by large rivers
and are moderately populated and intensively
cultivated. Most of the eastern half of the plains and
the wide valley of the Nava river, which flows eastward
near the southern boundary of the plains, are nearly
flat and mostly between 250 and 325 feet above sea
level. Interstream areas aw commonly less than 70 feet
above adjacent valley bottoms, and slopes are mostly
Tess than 2Si (Figure 5). Along the southern margin
and in the west between the Sava and Drava rivers the
plains are nu,inly roliing; interstreani areas are mostly
less than 400 feet aho e adjacent valley bottoms, and
slopes are usually lv than Mi. Small scattered hill
and mountain groups rise to it maximum of about
3,400 feet above sea level north of 'Zagreb; crests are
:3
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FIGURE 3. Brush and scrub on hills and moun-
tains in southern Yugoslavia (C)

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BELGRADE BIEIASNICA HVAR
30 30 30
i
20 20 20 I
0 JFMAMJIASON 0 1FMAM1IASON D JFMAMJJASOK
MEAN THUNDERSTORM DAYS
BELGRADE
L
40 Iq
20 JJ I'I
0
l.l,
1FMAMI IASONDI
UUBUANA
25
20
1s
10
I
s
0
J fMAMI JASON
LJUBLJANA AIRPORT
AD
I
60
AD 1 K
2 0
JFMAMJIASONDJ
SPLIT CRKVICE
5
30 7D
25 25
20 20
s 1
10 10
s s
0 0
1fMAM1 JASON 1FMAMJJASON
MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
HVAR
100
90
1
60
40
2 0 L
1 FJAAMJ JASONDJ
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%) A SPECIFIED HOURS (LST)
BELGRADE LJUBLJANA
30 701
20 20
10 10
0 1fMAM1JASON 0 1FA1AMJJASON
MEAN SNOWFALL DAYS
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM
MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM
MEAN DAILY MINIMUM
ABSOLUTE MINIMUM
DURDEVAC
2D
25
PRILEP
25
20
20
1s
1s
10
10
s
s
0
0
1FMA JASON
SON
LJUBLJANA AIRPORT
1010
60 j\/
I
40
20
0
1 FMAMJ IASONDI
SPLIT
so
KIO
6
A0 Pil 1
20
I
0
JFMAMJJASONDJ
MEAN CLOUDINESS AT SPECIFIED HOURS (LST)
TEMPERATURES �F)
FIGURE 4. Precipitation, snowfall days, thunderstorm days, relative humidity, cloudiness,
and temperatures (U /OU)
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MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES)

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9OU to 1,600 feet above adjacent valley bottoms, and
slopes are W to more than 30 In general, the
largest rivers, the Danube, Drava, Sava, and "Pisa, are
wider than 500 feet and deeper than 6 feet year round.
There are many small, closely spaced agricultural
villages and market towns in the plains. The main
urban concentrations are along the courses of
important rivers. Belgrade has about 845,000
inhabitants, "Zagreb slightly over 600,000, Skopje,
Sarajevo, and Ljubljana over 200,000 each, and both
Novi Sad and Rijeka have populations of more than
1')0,000. The principal populated places are linked by
railroads and roads.
Terrain conditions are generally suited throughout
this region for large -scale conventional ground
operations. Suitability of the region for such
operations is enhanced by the network of principal
roads. These roads, mainly bituminous surfaced arid
two lanes, could sustain military traffic year round.
Construction of new roads in most of the region would
be relatively easy, involving onh minor construction
problems, except in small areas of hills and mountains.
Offroad dispersal aril rapid cross country movement
of vehicles and foot troops would be possible most of
the time from about mid -April until late November.
Choice of direction, however, would be restricted by
large rivers, numerous irrigation and drainage ditches,
northwvest to southeast orientation of valleys in the
west and south, surd, northeast of the Danube, by
several canals. from late November to mid-April,
conditions are favorable about one -third of the time,
when the ground is frozen, and marginal the rest of the
time, when miry ground would moderately to severely
impede nurvernent of tracked vehicles and foot troops
and would generally cause wheeled vehicles to be
roadbound. Cover from small arms fire and
concealment from ground and air observation would
be best provided by buildings in urban areas,
numerous small villages, and in scattered rural
farmsteads and other buildings. Seasonal conceal-
ment, from early May to mid- October, would be
provided by scattered deciduous forests and by groves
of trees along the roads and larger streams. Surface
irregularities in the small upland areas would also
afford cover and some concealment. Sites for
construction of bunker -type installations are numerous
in stable loess soils in most of the region, and support
would be required only in small areas of sandy and
gravelly soils. Good sites for tunnel -type installations
are in exposed bedrock of the small areas of hills and
mountains.
Conditions are generally well suited for airborne
cperations. There are numerous sites suitable for
airdrops, helicopter landings, and landing of fixed
wing assault -type aircraft on unprepared terrain.
Existing airfields are concentrated mostly around
Belgrade arid 'Zagreb. Low -level air approaches to
drop zones, landing sites, and existing airfields are
generally unrestricted except near hills and mountains.
At most sites the construction of airfields would
involve little grading and clearing, and runway
orientations would be unrestricted. Construction
materials, however, are not readily available in most
of the area. Weather conditions for airborne
operations are most favorable during July and August,
when cloud cover is at a ininimuni.
The Northern Plains are generally unsuited for
irregular force operations. The Flat to rolling plains
5
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FIGURE 5. Plains in the north, such as this cult;vated plain northwest of Belgrade near the
Danube River, are generally suited for large -scale conventional ground operations (C)

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would favor rapid cross- country movement of
conventional forces. and the extensive network of
roads would tend to restrict ir force operations.
Limited cover from flat- trajectory fire is provided by
scattered surface irregularities, and cultivated crops
provide some concealment from air and ground
observation. Village and farm buildings would provide
additional cover and concealment. Sustenance would
he available on the intensively cultivated plains.
Water supplies available from streams, springs, and
wells are biologically coi Livestock, fruits,
and vegetables from rural settlements would he the
best sources of food; clothing, medical supplies,
ammunition, and food in small quantities may be
available from local storage. depots. Numerous sites are
suitable for airdrops and for landing helicopters and
fixed -wing aircraft.
2. Hills and Mountains
This region occupies SO o of Yugoslavia and consists
of rugged hig%lands having numerous mountain
ridges and peaks, narrow, steep -sided valleys (Figure
6), and scattered, nearly level basins (Figure 7).
Mountain crests are mostly more than 5,0(x) feet
above sea level, and the highest elevations are in the
interior; the maximum elevation, 9,393 feet, is in the
northwest. In the mountains, differences in elevation
between valley bottoms and adjacent ridges are 2,0(X)
to 7,500 feet, and slopes are mostly between 30% and
45% but exceed 60% in places. In hilly areas,
differences in elevation between valley bottoms and
adjacent ridges are mostly 700 to 2,000 feet; most
6
FIGURE 6. Shrub vegetation and
steep -sided stream valley in south-
western Yugoslavia. This type of
terrain is generally unfavorable for
large -scale military operations. (C)
slopes are 10% to 30 Although the highest
elevations are in the interior, the roughest surfaces are
in large karst areas in the hills and mountains adjacent
to the coast. Sinkholes, caverns, and deep ravines are
common in these areas. Many of these features
intermittently collect water which seeps through their
limestone floors into underground streams In places,
the water reappears in springs which feed the few
surface streams in these areas. Llsewhere, the hills and
mountains are drained by numerous streams which
flow mostly through deep, rocky, steep -sided valleys.
The hills and mountains are mostly shruh or forest
covered (Figure 3), and the larger valleys and basins
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FIGURE 7. This cultivated basin m.-ul Lake Scutari in
southern Yugoslavia is one of the sites suitable for
airborne operations in the mountainous areas (C)

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are c�uItrs ated. cignific�ant c�ultur� features in tlu� larger
valleys and I )as iris consist of several large towns and a
few roads and railroads.
Conditions are generally unsuited for large-scale
conventional ground operations througl,out the
region. Steep slopes, numerous deeply cntrenc�hed
streams in the� interior, and reugh surfaces in karst
areas, adjacent to the coast in most places, confine
vehicular movement to the spars(- network of poorly
developed roads. These roads, mostly loose surfaced.
have numerous sharp curves, steep grades, and narrow
bridge-s and would require almost constant rnain-
tenanc�e to sustain military traffic. Construction of
new roads, except in larger valleys ��:tai basins which
are most numerous in the south, would be very
difficult aril would require extensive cutting, filling,
and bridging. Foot troops operating in the region
would be provided good cover from flat-trajectory fire
arid concealment from ground observation by
numerous surface irregularities, especially in karst
areas. Sonic concealment from air observation would
be provided by forests, which are most c�omrnon in the
interi or at moderate to higher elevations of the
mountains. The steep sloped exposed bedrock of the
hills and mountains provides n�.tmerous sites suitabie
for tit(- construction of tunnel -type instaNations, I:u:
sites for bunkers are limited mainly to areas of deep,
well- drained soils in the basins and valleys.
Conditions are gener,:!ly unsuited for airborne
operations. Although there are it few suitaahle sites for
airdrops and landing of assault -hype aircraft in the
larger valleys and basins, surrounding high relief
restricts low -level approaches (Figure 7). Helicopters
%%ould he tit(- hest means of facilitating airborne
operations. Flying conditions are best in July and
August, when cloudiness is at it minimum. 'The rugged
terrain makes most of the region unsuited for the
construction of airfields. Larger valleys and basins,
especially in the south where most existing airfields are
located, contain many sites suitable for airfield
construction: however, ,atural foundations are only
fair, and runway orientations would be restricted to
the trend of tit( valleys and basins.
Conditions are generall} unsuited for large-scale
amphibious operations on tit( mainland coast and the
offshore islands. Although there are numerous
bcacnes. they are short, approaches to titan are
chamwli�red, and they are backed in many places by
nrgged terrain. Even where beaches are hacked by
lowlands, exits are cross county over unfavorable
terrain feahun s such as stone w;dls. rugged rocky area-,
sinkholes, and steep hacked streams.
The hills and mountains are fair to gaud for
irregular force operations. Conditions fur cross country
moverent of foot troops would be fair in the hills, but
movement would be slo xv(I in rugged rno�untains and
karst areas. Onroad movement would generally be
limited to the sparse and poorl: developed roads,
tracks, arid trails Natural cover from small ;arms fire
and concealment from ground observation would be
afforded by numerous steep -sided sallcys, gorges,
ravines, gullies, and, to some extent in the wide valleys
and basins, by bu- 'It -up areas and scattered farm
buildings: conditions for concealment from air
observation are unfavorable due to the lack of
adequate vegetation. I lost of the region is covered by
sparse to dense deciduous brush arid small trees
(Figure 3). At high elevations in the east, stands of
mostly deciduous: trees offer good concealment from
air observation from mid -May to mid October.
Conditions for sustenance are more favorable near
cultivated valleys (livestock, poultry:, fruits, and
vegetables could be obtained front rural settlements)
and near population centers (small quantities of food,
clothing, inerlical supplies, and ammunition tnay be
available at local storage depots). Procurement of food
and supplies would he difficult in the taore rugged
sparsely populated regions. Air supply operations by
fixed -wing aircraft would be hindered or precluded by
rugged relief and unfavwable weather conditions;
sites for helicopter landings are generally unrestricted
except in forested areas and in the more rugged karst
areas. Numerous beaches could be used to supply
irregular forces by shallow -draft boats.
C. Strategic areas (C)
'there are two strategic areas in Yugoslavia
Belgrade and 'lagreh (Figure I1). 'These areas are
major government, industrial, transportation, arid
rnilitar centers, and their loss wotald cripple the
country's warmaking potential.
1. Belgrade
Thk strategic area (Figure H). located in the
northeastern part of the country, consists of Belgrade
and its environs. Belgrade (Figure 9) is the capital and
largest city (population estimated at 1145,000 in
Januar 1972) and the most important industrial,
c�omni reial, transportation, and telec�om tit tit) ieation
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FIGURE 8. Belgrade strategic area (C)
airfield is northwest of the city, and a small
civil military field is at Pancevo. POL (refined
petroleum products) storage capacity at Belgrade
totals about 330,000 barrels excluding POL stored at
airfields; storage capacity at Pancevo refinery is
720,000 barrels. Belgrade is also an important garrison
city and has billeting for about 60,000 troops.
2. Zagreb
This strategic area (Figure 10), located in the
northwestern part of the country, consists of Zagreb
and its environs. Zagreb is the second largest city
(population estimated at 603,000 in January 1972)
and the leading metal processing and machine
manufacturing center. The city contains one of the
largest electrical equipment plants in the country and
is the largest producer of machine tools. Other goods
produced within the area include textile machinery,
food processing machinery, telecommunication
equipment, electric motors, chemicals, drugs, rubber
products, and boilers. It is an important road and
railroad junction, a major military base, and a
telecommunication center. The area has two airfields;
the one located southeast of the city is one of the more
FIGURE 9. Downtown Belgrade (C)
center. Industries in the area produce farm machinery,
buses, trucks, automobile and tractor engines, engine
parts, ball bearings, lathes and other machine tools,
telecommunication and electronic equipment,
refrigeration equipment, medicines and drugs, cranes,
inland waterway craft, and coastal and small
oceangoing vessels. At Pancevo, northeast of the city,
there is a large petrochemical complex. The city is the
largest inland port in Yugoslavia and one of the most
important on the Danube. The area is the focal point
of transportation in Yugoslavia, and railroads and
hard surfaced roads radiate to all larger urban areas in
the country. The main airfield, west of the city,
handles international air traffic. A large military
important civil /military airfields in the country and
offers regularly scheduled international flights; the
airfield located in the southwest is military. Capacity
of POL storage facilities within the strategic area totals
about 212,000 barrels, not including POL stored at
airfields. The area is the site of numerous military
installations and contains billeting facilities for about
40,000 troops.
3. Other important areas
Four urbanized areas of varying degrees of
importance as military, industrial, commercial, and
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Pancevo
t Zer. un
Belgrade
i r uE
S 7Ary
try 'A,ai,
s
Road z:E Tunnel
Railroad t Airfield
0 2 4 6 8 10
Statute miles
FIGURE 8. Belgrade strategic area (C)
airfield is northwest of the city, and a small
civil military field is at Pancevo. POL (refined
petroleum products) storage capacity at Belgrade
totals about 330,000 barrels excluding POL stored at
airfields; storage capacity at Pancevo refinery is
720,000 barrels. Belgrade is also an important garrison
city and has billeting for about 60,000 troops.
2. Zagreb
This strategic area (Figure 10), located in the
northwestern part of the country, consists of Zagreb
and its environs. Zagreb is the second largest city
(population estimated at 603,000 in January 1972)
and the leading metal processing and machine
manufacturing center. The city contains one of the
largest electrical equipment plants in the country and
is the largest producer of machine tools. Other goods
produced within the area include textile machinery,
food processing machinery, telecommunication
equipment, electric motors, chemicals, drugs, rubber
products, and boilers. It is an important road and
railroad junction, a major military base, and a
telecommunication center. The area has two airfields;
the one located southeast of the city is one of the more
FIGURE 9. Downtown Belgrade (C)
center. Industries in the area produce farm machinery,
buses, trucks, automobile and tractor engines, engine
parts, ball bearings, lathes and other machine tools,
telecommunication and electronic equipment,
refrigeration equipment, medicines and drugs, cranes,
inland waterway craft, and coastal and small
oceangoing vessels. At Pancevo, northeast of the city,
there is a large petrochemical complex. The city is the
largest inland port in Yugoslavia and one of the most
important on the Danube. The area is the focal point
of transportation in Yugoslavia, and railroads and
hard surfaced roads radiate to all larger urban areas in
the country. The main airfield, west of the city,
handles international air traffic. A large military
important civil /military airfields in the country and
offers regularly scheduled international flights; the
airfield located in the southwest is military. Capacity
of POL storage facilities within the strategic area totals
about 212,000 barrels, not including POL stored at
airfields. The area is the site of numerous military
installations and contains billeting facilities for about
40,000 troops.
3. Other important areas
Four urbanized areas of varying degrees of
importance as military, industrial, commercial, and
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FIGURE 10. Zagreb strategic area (C)
transportation centers arc described in the following
tabulation:
NAME
I\rPORTANCE
Skopje
Population 298,000 (January 1972
42 �00 21
estimate). Most important high-
way and railroad junction in south-
ern Yugoslavia. Telecommunica-
tion center of southern Yugoslavia.
Rijeka
Important products include con-
1 .Si
struction equipment and mining
machinery. Iron and steel plant
recently constructed is one of
X
t
son city, billeting facilities for
about 15,000 troops. POL storage
Road t
Airfield
Railroad
Population 296,000 January 1972
0 2 4 6 S
estimate). Industrial center of cen-
Statute miles
tral Yugoslavia. Important pro-
FIGURE 10. Zagreb strategic area (C)
transportation centers arc described in the following
tabulation:
NAME
I\rPORTANCE
Skopje
Population 298,000 (January 1972
42 �00 21
estimate). Most important high-
way and railroad junction in south-
ern Yugoslavia. Telecommunica-
tion center of southern Yugoslavia.
Rijeka
Important products include con-
45 14
struction equipment and mining
machinery. Iron and steel plant
recently constructed is one of
largest in country. Important garri-
son city, billeting facilities for
about 15,000 troops. POL storage
capacity about 126,500 barrels.
Sarajevo
Population 296,000 January 1972
43 �50'N., 18
estimate). Industrial center of cen-
tral Yugoslavia. Important pro-
ducer of armament and munitions.
Site of largest optical plant in
country. Center of transportation
network of central Yugoslavia. Im-
portant also as garrison city, bil-
leting facilities for 20,000 troops.
POL storage capacity about 80,000
barrels.
Ljubljana
Population 221,000 January 1972
46 �02'N., 14
estimate). Important industrial and
transportation center. Site of larg-
est industrial machinery and equip-
ment plant in country. Telecom-
munication equipment, chemicals,
agricultural equipment, drugs, and
precision instruments also pro-
duced. Most important highway
and railroad junction in northwest-
N AME
IM PORTANCE
Ljubljana (Continued)
ern Yugoslavia. Civil /military air-
field one of the largest in country.
Billeting facilities for about 10,000
troops. POL storage about 108,000
barrels.
Rijeka
Population 148,000 January 1972
45 14
estimate). Most important seaport
in Yugoslavia. Industrial activity
centered on shipyards, which can
build ships up to 75,000 dead-
weight tons. Large oil refinery in
west central section of city. Billet-
ing facilities for about 10,000
troops. POL storage about 494,000
barrels.
D. Internal routes (C)
The internal routes (Figure 11) afford the easiest
avenues of movement between land approaches and
strategic areas, between amphibious landing areas and
strategic areas, and between strategic areas. All routes
contain surfaced roads (Figure 12), and most contain
4'8 t /2 -gage railroads. Conditions for offroad dispersal
and cross country movement are good from mid -April
to early December in large areas of the plains in the
north and unsuited throughout the year in the hills
and mountains. Soils on the plains are miry from early
December to mid April. Detailed information on the
internal routes is presented in Figure 13.
E. Approaches
The perimeter of Yugoslavia is about 2,800 miles;
about two thirds consists of land boundaries and one
third is mainland coastline. The offshore islands in the
Adriatic Sea have a total coastline of about 1,500
miles. The land boundaries are demarcated and
undisputed; all are in mountainous terrain except in
parts of the north and northeast. Boundaries with the
Communist countries of 1-1ungary, Romania, Bulgaria,
and Albania total 1,360 mile;,; boundaries with Italy,
Greece, and Austria total about 500 miles. Detailed
information on the perimeter of Yugoslavia is given in
Figure 14. (U /OU)
1. Land (C)
Conditions for movement across the borders range
from good to unsuited, The best conditions for cross
country movement are on the plains which extend into
Yugoslavia from Hungary and Romania north of the
Danube. Roads crossing the border are most numerous
9
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HUN
Musa
&S r
k N., 4'
Strategic area
4.wW Approach
-0-- Irternal route
Amphibious landing area
Railroad
Road
50 75 .0
CONFI 50 5
Lake
BULGARIA 11
ALBANIA Lake �47i'
on.ra R E E C E
FIGURE 11. Strategic areas, internal routes, and approaches (C)
FIGURE 12. Ljubljana- Zagreb highway,
part of the internal route between
Trieste, Italy, and Zagreb (C)
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FIGURE 13. Internal routes (C)
ROUTE: AND TERRAIN
From border near Trieste, Italy, to Zagreb
strategic area. Hills and flat to dissected
cultivated plain Hills covered by shrubs
and evergreen or deciduous forest.
From border near Spielfeld, Austria, to Zagreb
strategic area. Mostly dissected plains;
small hilly area near middle of route.
Terrain cultivated or covered by shrubs
and evergreen or deciduous trees.
From border near Nagykanizsa, Hungary, to
Zagreb strategic area. Flat to rolling culti-
vated plain between border and Varuzdin.
Dissected plain south of Varazdin covered
by shrubs and deciduous forest.
From border near Szeged, Hungary, to Bel-
grade strategic area. Flat to rolling culti-
vated plain.
From border near Moravita, Romania, to
Belgrade strategic aura. Flat to rolling
cultivated plain.
From border near Dragoman, Bulgaria, to
Belgrade strategic area. Mainly across culti-
vated and shrub covered plains of Nisava
and Velika Morava rivers.
From border near Gvzonoi, Greece, to route
from Bulgaria border at Nis. Mainly across
cultivated or shrub covered valleys of
Vardar and Juzna Morava rivers.
OFFROAD DISPERSAL AND VEHICULAR
ROAD RAILROAD CROSS- COUNTRY MOVEMENT
Two -lane intermediate bituminous and
concrete surfaces, good condition (Figure
12). 1,082 -foot bridge over Sava 4 miles
west of Zagreb. Two tunnels near Lju-
bljana and one underpass.
Two -lane bituminous surface, good condi-
tion from border to Maribor. One tunnel 5
miles southeast of border. Maribor to
Zagreb, one -lane, some sections bitumi-
nous treated and some gravel surfaces,
fair to good condition.
One -lane gravel surface, good condition
from Hungarian border to Cakovec. Two
lane intermediate bituminous surface,
good condition, Cakovec to Zagreb.
Two -lane concrete and intermediate bitumi-
nous surfaces, good condition. 1,100-foot
bridge over Danube River near Novi Sad.
Narrow bridge over railroad 5 miles south
of Backa Topola.
Two -lanes bituminous, good condition,
Romanian border to Vrsac. Two lanes
bituminous concrete, good col :ition,
Vrsac to Belgrade. 4,500 -foot bridge over
Danube River at Belgrade.
Two lanes bituminous, good condition,
but winding, sharp curves, and 13 tunnels
between Bulgarian border and Nis. Nis to
Belgrade two -lane bituminous concrete,
good condition, numerous underpasses
and sharp curves; 6 miles north of
Paracin, 1,083 -foot through truss bridge
over Velika Morava.
Two -lane bituminous concrete surface, good
condition. 1,500 -foot bridge over Ser-
menli River 3 miles north of Greece bor-
der. Six narrow bridges and two one -way
tunnels between Greece border and
Gradsko. Four tunnels, narrow bridge,
and numerous underpasses between Titov
Veles and Nis.
Double track electrified 4'8 1 /2" gage, Unsuited in hills. Fair on plains most of
generally parallel to or within 20 year, poor to unsuited during miry season
miles of road. from early December to mid April.
Double track 4'8 1 /2" gage, border to
Maribor.
Fair to poor most of year, poor to unsuited
during miry season from early December
to mid -April and in hills.
Single track 4 1 8 1 /2" gage, generally
parallel to or within 15 miles of road.
.do
Single track 4'8 gage, parallels
road.
Single track 4 1 8 1 /2" gage from border to
Velika Plana, double track electrified
4 1 8 1 /2" gage from Velika Plana to
Belgrade. Railroad parallels road ex-
cept from Velika Plana to Belgrade,
where it is 15 to 20 miles west of road.
Fair most of year, poor to unsuited during
miry season from early December to mid
April on flat plain. Poor most of year and
unsuited during miry season in dissected
plains.
Fair to good most of year, poor to unsuited
during miry season from early December
to mid April.
Do.
Fair most of year in valleys, unsuited in miry
season from early December to mid April.
Single track 4'8 1 /2" gage, parallels Fair most of year in valleys, unsuited during
road. miry season from early December to mid
April.
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FIGURE 13. Intemal routes (C) (Continued)
ROUTE AND TERRAIN
From border northeaet of Tirane, Albania, to
route from Greece border at Skopjc. West-
ern half shrub- covered mountains, eastern
half flat to rolling cultivated plain and hill
cast of Tetovo.
ROAD
One -lane gravel surface, good condition,
Albania border to Skopje. Two -lane bi-
tuminous concrete surface in good condi-
tion, Skopje to Belgrade. Steep grades
Debar to Gostivar. Numerous narrow
bridges, sharp curves, many underpasses,
and a tunnel. Snow blocked during winter
months (December through February).
Two -lane bituminous concrete surface, good
condition from coast to Trebinje. One- to
two -lane bituminous and gravel surfaces,
fair to good condition from Trebinje to
Valjevo. Two -lane bituminous surface,
good condition from Valjevo to Belgrade.
Winding road, steep grades, sharp curves,
several tunnels, and numerous narrow
bridges. Snow blocked during winter
(December through February).
Two -lane intermediate bituminous surface,
good condition. Narrow bridge 0.5 mile
north of Karlovac.
RAILROAD
OFFROAD DISPERSAL AND VEHICULAR
CROSS- COUNTRY MOVEMENT
From amphibious landing area near Dubrov-
nik to Belgrade strategic area. Hills, moun-
tains, and karst areas covered by shrubs,
deciduous or evergreen trees in south. glat
to rolling cultivated plain in north.
From amphibious landing area near Rijeka to
Zagreb strategic area. Hills, mountains, and
karst areas covered by Shrubs and deciduous
or evergreen forest. Flat to rolling cultivated
plain near Zagreb.
Belgrade to Zagreb. Flat to rolling cultivated
plains.
Single track 4'8 1 12" gage from Gostivar
to Skopje, parallels road.
Single track 2 1 6 1 /2" gage, parallels road
from Miljevina to Titovo Uzice, also
for short distance northeast of Du-
brovnik. Single track 4 1 8 1 /2" gage
parallels road from Valjevo to Bel-
grade.
Single track electrified 4 1 8 1 /2" gage,
generally parallels road.
Fair on plains most of year, unsuited in hills
and mountains and during miry season
from early December to mid April.
Fair most of year on plains, poor during miry
season from early December to mid April.
Unsuited in hills, mountains, and karst.
Fair most of year on plains, poor to unsuited
during miry season from early December
to mid- April. Poor to unsuited in hills,
mountains, and karat.
Two -lane concrete surface, good condition.. Double track electrified 4'8 1 /2" gage.. Fair to good most of year, poor to unsuited
during miry season from early December
to mid April.
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FIGURE 14. Boundaries (C)
BOUNDARY LENGTH
STATUS
TERRAIN
on these plains. Elsewhere, cross country movement
syould be precluded or severely hindered in most
places by mountainous or hillN terrain, and roads
crossing the border are generally in valleys.
Approaches from all countries except Albania contain
surfaced roads and 4'8 t/ gage railroads. The
approaches sho%vn on Figure II and desc�'ihed in
I igure 15 are the best means of land access to
Yugoslavia.
2. Sea (C)
Sea approaches to Yugoslavia are via the Ionian
Sea, the Strait of Otranto, and the Adriatic Sea. The
Strait of Otranto, between the southeastern tip of Italy
au d Albania, is less than 40 nautical miles wide.
Offshore approaches to the Yugoslavia mainland,
excluding the extremities of Istria and southeast
Dalmatia, arc restricted to intricate winding channels
among nlnnerous islands that form a broa ,I zone of
obstructions. Once past this outer zone, most offshore
and nearshore approaches to the mainland are clear.
The extremities of the coast have relatively fev, off
lying islands and virtually clear sea aI,proaches. Tidal
rtt!, {es are small throughout the year, the greatest is at
spring range -If less than 2'/ feet. Tid:.d currents are
%%eak, although speeds up to 5 knots -:,ay occur at
sonic constricted locations. Occasional strong winds
from the northeast and southeast are hazardons,
especially for ,nnall craft. In general, June through
:1ugnA is the most favorable period for amphibious
operations.
In north, boundary crosses shrub covered
rugged ranges of Julian Alps; southward,
lower elevations in hills and plains.
Mostly mo sntains covered by shrubs and
forest; eastern end, approximately 4G miles,
gently undulating cultivated plain.
Low lying, flat to gently rolling, mostly culti-
vated plains.
Mostly low lying, flat to gently rolling culti-
vated plains; Danube River forms boundary
for 145 miles.
Mostly scrub- ccvered, mountainous terrain.
Do.
Do.
Narrow lowland strips scattered along rugged
east; high mountains and bluffs descend
abruptly to shore in many places. Offshore
islands mountainous and :ocky.
The coasts of the mainland and numerous off-INing
islands are deeply indented by inlets, coves, bights,
and hays and are unsuited for large scale amlhibious
operations. Consisting of dissected limestone hills and
mountains enclosing scattered, isolated lowlands, most
of the :egged coasts are fringed by rocky shores;
however, numerous, generally short stretche, of sand,
gravel, and cobble beaches suited for small -scale
amphibious operations are within the many coastal
indentations. Exits from the beaches are cross- country
or by a sparse network of tracks, trails, and roads.
Many beaches are backed by small, intensively
cultivated lowlands that parallel the coastline or
extend short distances inland along streams. Low stone
walls and reek outcrops are common in grainfields,
orchards, and vineyards. Stone -faced terraces
containing vineyarch are common along the lower
slopes of the adjacent hills and mountains.
The amphibious landing areas shown on Figure 11
provide access to internal routes leading to the
Belgrade an; Zagreb strategic areas. The amphibious
landing area southwest of Rijeka is it 10 -mile stretch of
coast having many coves and I 1 beaches. The longest
peach is �100 yards, the next longest is 325 yards, and
the remaining beaches are much shorter. Approaches
to the beaches are restricted to intricate channels
between numerous islands and !he mainland.
Nearshore bottom slopes arc moderate to steep. Beach
materials are sand and gravel, and beach widths are 5
to 25 yards at Icsy water and 0 to 23 yards at high
water. The tidal range is negligible, and surf 4 feet or
higher is rare. All beaches arc backed by narrow
13
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Jfiles
Italy
135
Demarcated, undisputed. Light fortification..
Austria
200
Demarcated, undia;tuted. Light to medium
fortifications, especially near Maribor area.
Ilunf
390
Demarcated, undisputed. Light fortifications,
heaviest, concentrations along Drava River.
Romania............
350
Demarcated, undisputed. Scattered light forti-
fications.
Bulgaria
335
do
Greece
163
....do.......
Albania
290
do...
Adriatic Sc,e coastline.
945
Territorial waters claimed for 10 nautical
miles seaward. Coastal defenses best near
ports but deployed along et -tire coast.
on these plains. Elsewhere, cross country movement
syould be precluded or severely hindered in most
places by mountainous or hillN terrain, and roads
crossing the border are generally in valleys.
Approaches from all countries except Albania contain
surfaced roads and 4'8 t/ gage railroads. The
approaches sho%vn on Figure II and desc�'ihed in
I igure 15 are the best means of land access to
Yugoslavia.
2. Sea (C)
Sea approaches to Yugoslavia are via the Ionian
Sea, the Strait of Otranto, and the Adriatic Sea. The
Strait of Otranto, between the southeastern tip of Italy
au d Albania, is less than 40 nautical miles wide.
Offshore approaches to the Yugoslavia mainland,
excluding the extremities of Istria and southeast
Dalmatia, arc restricted to intricate winding channels
among nlnnerous islands that form a broa ,I zone of
obstructions. Once past this outer zone, most offshore
and nearshore approaches to the mainland are clear.
The extremities of the coast have relatively fev, off
lying islands and virtually clear sea aI,proaches. Tidal
rtt!, {es are small throughout the year, the greatest is at
spring range -If less than 2'/ feet. Tid:.d currents are
%%eak, although speeds up to 5 knots -:,ay occur at
sonic constricted locations. Occasional strong winds
from the northeast and southeast are hazardons,
especially for ,nnall craft. In general, June through
:1ugnA is the most favorable period for amphibious
operations.
In north, boundary crosses shrub covered
rugged ranges of Julian Alps; southward,
lower elevations in hills and plains.
Mostly mo sntains covered by shrubs and
forest; eastern end, approximately 4G miles,
gently undulating cultivated plain.
Low lying, flat to gently rolling, mostly culti-
vated plains.
Mostly low lying, flat to gently rolling culti-
vated plains; Danube River forms boundary
for 145 miles.
Mostly scrub- ccvered, mountainous terrain.
Do.
Do.
Narrow lowland strips scattered along rugged
east; high mountains and bluffs descend
abruptly to shore in many places. Offshore
islands mountainous and :ocky.
The coasts of the mainland and numerous off-INing
islands are deeply indented by inlets, coves, bights,
and hays and are unsuited for large scale amlhibious
operations. Consisting of dissected limestone hills and
mountains enclosing scattered, isolated lowlands, most
of the :egged coasts are fringed by rocky shores;
however, numerous, generally short stretche, of sand,
gravel, and cobble beaches suited for small -scale
amphibious operations are within the many coastal
indentations. Exits from the beaches are cross- country
or by a sparse network of tracks, trails, and roads.
Many beaches are backed by small, intensively
cultivated lowlands that parallel the coastline or
extend short distances inland along streams. Low stone
walls and reek outcrops are common in grainfields,
orchards, and vineyards. Stone -faced terraces
containing vineyarch are common along the lower
slopes of the adjacent hills and mountains.
The amphibious landing areas shown on Figure 11
provide access to internal routes leading to the
Belgrade an; Zagreb strategic areas. The amphibious
landing area southwest of Rijeka is it 10 -mile stretch of
coast having many coves and I 1 beaches. The longest
peach is �100 yards, the next longest is 325 yards, and
the remaining beaches are much shorter. Approaches
to the beaches are restricted to intricate channels
between numerous islands and !he mainland.
Nearshore bottom slopes arc moderate to steep. Beach
materials are sand and gravel, and beach widths are 5
to 25 yards at Icsy water and 0 to 23 yards at high
water. The tidal range is negligible, and surf 4 feet or
higher is rare. All beaches arc backed by narrow
13
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FIGURE 15. Land approaches (C)
OFFROAD DISPERSAL AND CROSS- COUNTRY
APPROACH ROAD RAILROAD MOVEMENT
From Monfalcone through Trieste, Italy. Cul- Three -lane bituminous surface, good condi- Double track electrified 4'8 /2" gage, PLOr to unsuited because of hills, dissected
tivated plains and dissected, shrub- covered Lion. Narrows to two lanes near border. parallels road. plains, and soft ground.
hills.
From Spielfeld, Austria. In cultivated valley of Two lanes bituminous or concrete, good Double track 4'8 1 /2" gage, parallels Fair most of year, poor to unsuited during
Mur River through hills and low mountains. condition. road. miry season from early December to mid
April.
From Nagykaniza, Hungary. Cultivated flat Two -lane bituminous surface, good condi- Single track 4 1 8 1 12" gage, parallels Fair to good most of year, poor during miry
to rolling plain. tion. road. season from early December to mid- April.
From Szeged, Hungary. Cultivated flat to roll- do do Do.
ing plain.
From Moravita, Romania. Cultivated flat to Two lanes bituminous, good condition....
rolling plains.
From Dragoman, Bulgaria. Cultivated, dis- Two lanes cobblestone, good condition....
sect.ed plain and shrub covered, high hills.
From Evzonoi, Greece, through valley of Two -lane bituminous surface, good condi-
Vardar River; steep bordering shrub- i.ion.
covered hills and mountains.
From Tirane, Albania. Mountains and stream Two -lane gravel surface, good to fair condi-
valleys covered by shrubs and deciduous tion.
forest.
....do iair most of year, 8nsuited during miry
season, from December to mid-April.
.do Fair on plains, unsuited in hills.
do Fair most of year, unsuited during miry
season from early December to mid April.
No railroad Fair in valleys most of year, unsuited during
miry season from early December to mid
April and in mountains.
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CONFIDENTIAL
cultivated stream valleys flanked by brush- covered
hills. A bituminous- surfaced coastal road is within 600
yards of the beaches. A few tracks and trails connect
the beaches to the coastal road, which leads to Rijeka.
The amphibious landing area southeast of
Dubrovnik consists of nine beaches along a 4 -mile
stretch of coast on an embayment. The three longest
beaches are 300 to 400 yards. Approaches to the
beaches are partly obstructed by scattered rocks, rocky
shores, several piers, and a few islands. Nearshore
bottom slopes are mild to moderate. Beach widths are
5 to 40 yards at lose water and 0 to 35 yards at high
water. Beach composition is predominantly gravel
with sonic sand. The tidal range is negligible. Surf 4
feet or higher occurs most often (17% of the time)
during January through March and least often (7% of
the time) during July through September. Behind the
beaches are narrow, cultivated stream valleys flanked
by hills. Beach exits are cross country and by a few
roads, tracks, and trails leading to a bituminous
surfaced coastal road up to 2,000 yards inland.
3. Air (U /OU)
Air approaches are mainly over mountains; the
southwestern approach ;s partly over the Adriatic and
Ionian Sells, and the southeastern approach is partly
over the Aegean Sea. Approaches from the southwest,
over the Italian peninsula, are over mountains that
rise to elevations of about 9,600 feet within 130
nautical miles of Yugoslavia; mountains along the
Yugoslaviv coast have peaks exceeding 6,000 feet.
Approaches from the northwest are over mountains in
Austria, eastern Switzerland, and northern Italy,
where elevations reach about 13,000 feet. In Austria,
these elevations are within 55 nautical miles of the
Yugoslavia border, and in northern Italy and eastern
Switzerland they are within 140 nautical miles of the
border. From the northeast, approaches are over the
plain of Hungary, which is approximately 300 feet
above sea level. However, beyond the plain there are
hills in northern Hungary and mountains in
Czechoslovakia. The mountains have peaks slightly
more that 8,000 feet above sea level within 185
nautical miles of the Yugoslavia border. Approaches
frorn the southeast are across rugged terrain, which
includes mountains in Romania with elevations of
about 8,400 feet about 110 nautical miles from
Yugoslavia; mountainous elevations of about 9,600
feet in Bulgaria and Greece within 35 and 55 nautical
"fhe discussion zone for air approaches extends 200 nautical
miles beyond the border of Yugoslavia.
miles, respectively, of the Yugoslavia border; and
mountains with elevations of nearly 9,000 feet in
Albania near the Yugoslavia border.
Climatic conditions in all air approaches to
Yugoslavia are most favorable in summer, when
cloudiness is least and visibility is generally good, and
are least favorable in winter, when cloudiness is at a
maximum and visibility is often restricted. The most
favorable approaches in any season arc over the
southeastern Adriatic Sea, the Strait of Otranto, and
the Ionian Sea. Weather conditions are more
hazardous to air craft operations in the approaches
over mountains. The least favorable approaches are in
the quadrant extending from northwest to northeast.
Migratory lows and their associated frontal systems
frequently affect all approaches in October through
April but are most frequent during the winter months.
Widespread multilayered cloudiness, persisting for 1 to
2 days, is normally associated with each frontal system
and causes ceilings which are very low over the
mountains and somewhat higher over the water areas.
Mean cloudiness in winter ranges from 55% to 85% in
all approaches. Frontal systems are rare in summer
and cloudiness is usually scattered cumulus having
occasional strong vertical development. Thunderstorm
activity is sometimes associated with cold fronts
moving through the southern approaches in October
through April. Thunderstorms over most land areas are
rare in winter, and the frequency gradually increases
to a maximum of five to 12 per month in May through
August. These storms occur most frequently over the
mountains. Severe turbulence and hail may occur in or
near thunderstorms; severe turbulence may also occur
in approaches over mountains during winter. The
mean freezing level is highest in the south and lowest
in the north. It varies from the surface to about 5,000
feet in winter and from about 8,000 to 15,000 feet in
summer. Severe aircraft icing occurs in summer only in
thunderstorms and towering cumulus clouds above the
freezing level. In winter, however, conditions
conducive to severe icing may exist over large sections
for several clays, especially in the dense clouds
associated with frontal systems.
Winds aloft are variable at lower levels and are
predominantly westerly above 10,000 feet. Mean wind
speeds are relatively low but increase to a maximum of
30 to 45 knots at 30,000 to 45,000 feet in the southern
approaches in winter and occasionally westerly winds
greater than 50 to 6 knots may occur at this level in
any scZ.sou.
Co"i. lo sTIm.
15
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100035 -7

Places and features referred to in this General Survey (U /OU)
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100035 -7
COORDINA'r Es
COORDINATES
COORDINATES
a 'N
o 1
o
a 'E
o fN
'/i.
(sea)
43 00
16 00
Kikinda.
45 50
20 29
Sljeme( mt
45 54
15 57
44 42
20 31
Kladovo.
44 37
22 37
S mederevo
44 39
20 56
39 00
25 00
KWstar Ivanic
45 44
16 25
Sofia, Bulgaria
42 41
23 19
Egypt
31 12
29 54
K nin....
44 02
16 12
Som bor.
45 46
19 07
la
45 49
19 39
Kolaain.........
;2 49
19 32
Spielfeld, Austria........................
.16 42
15 38
%lanka
44 51
21 20
Koper...
45 33
13 44
Split....
13 31
16 26
45 18
14 32
Koprivnica
46 10
16 50
Srbobran
45 33
19 48
n)
45 30
21 00
Korlula.
42 58
17 08
Stara Pazova
44 59
20 10
ga
45 26
16 54
Kosovska Mitrovica.....................
42 53
20 52
Stara Planina
43 15
25 00
42 05
19 06
Kotor...
42 25
18 46
Str0ec..
45 32
16 :33
44 54
20 17
Kozara mts
45 00
16 .5 5
Subotiea
16 06
19 40
45 30
20 36
Kozare..
42 56
22 06
Aum adija (region)
44 20
20 40
nal
45 27
20 27
Kragujevae
4.1 01
20 55
Svetozarevo
43 59
21 15
a
43 13
22 19
Kranj...
46 14
14 22
Szeged, Hungary
.16 15
20 10
44 50
20 30
Kraljevo
43 34
21 42
Tekija..
1.1 41
22 25
45 W
18 11
Kratovo.
42 05
22 12
T etovo..
42 01
20 59
45 12
19 44
Krk....
45 02
14 35
Thessaloniki, Greece.....................
40 38
22 56
44 49
15 52
Kupari..
42 37
18 12
Timi4oara, Romania
45 45
21 13
45 54
16 51
Kutina..
45 29
16 47
Tisa sirm
45 15
20 17
ka (inlet)
42 25
18 40
Lapovo.
14 11
21 06
Tirane, Albania
41 20
19 50
44 06
22 06
Latakia, Syria..........................
35 31
35 47
Titograd
42 26
19 16
d
45 08
18 01
Lendava
46 34
16 27
Titov Veles
41 42
21 48
n)
14 00
18 00
Lipik...
45 25
17 10
Titovo Urice
43 52
19 51
46 13
16 55
I. jubljana
46 03
14 31
Tivat...
42 26
18 42
44 52
I8 49
M ajdanpek
44 25
21 56
Trebinje.
42 43
18 21
ci (isls)
44 55
1:3 -16
Mali LoAinj
44 32
14 28
Trepea..
42 47
19 49
o mania
44 26
26 06
Maribor.....
46 33
15 39
Trieste, Italy
45 40
13 46
ungary.........
4 30
19 05
V1ei; ica
46 31
14 52
Turak mt
l
42 51
20 02
45 2.1
13 59
Nliljevina
43 32
18 39
Turnu Severin, Romania.................
44 38
22 40
4fi 23
10 26
Nlokrin.....
45 56
20 25
Tuzla...
44 33
18 41
15 �15
16 37
blonfalcone, Italy.......................
45 49
13 32
Ueka (n it
45 17
14 12
46 14
15 16
M oravita, Romania......................
45 16
21 16
Llcinj..................................
41 56
19 13
I......... 45 53
15 31
M ostar..
43 21
17 49
Valjevo.
44 16
19 :i3
41 51
21 44
blur, Austria (strm)......................
46 18
16 55
Varaf?. in
46 18
16 20
hill)
45 09
19 43
Nagykanizsa, Hungary
!3 27
16 :i9
Vardar st nn)...........................
40 35
22 50
ion)
43 00
17 00
Nanos( mts
45 48
14 00
Velebit..
46 01
19 57
45 20
29 40
NA.....
43 19
21 54
Velika Greda
45 15
21 02
41 32
20 32
NRava strrn
43 22
21 46
Velika Morava (strm)
44 43
21 03
45 24
14 �18
Nova G orica
45 57
13 39
Velika Plana
44 20
21 05
43 32
16 18
Novi Sad
15 15
19 50
Velika Tilva (hill)
44 59
21 00
44 44
18 05
Novo M iWevo..........................
45 43
20 18
Veliki BaSki Kanal(canal)................
45 52
18 52
ulgaria
42 56
22 56
Novska
45 20
Ili 59
Veliki Jastrebac (mis)....................
43 24
ll 26
15 33
18 55
Obrva...
43 18
20 :36
Venice, Italy
45 27
12 21
44 53
19 21
Ohrid, Lake (la ke)
41 00
20 45
Videm -Krlko
45 58
15 29
42 39
18 07
Ok0ani.
45 16
17 12
Vinea...
44 46
20 36
45 48
16 15
Opatovac
45 16
19 10
Vinkovei
45 17
18 49
46 02
17 04
Osijek
45 33
18 42
Vrbovec.....
45 53
16 25
45 20
20 18
Otranto, Strait of (strait)
40 00
19 00
Vrbovsko
.15 22
15 05
ece
41 O6
22 33
Ozren mt
43 18
17 36
Vreoci..
4.1 26
20 17
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200100035 -7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 007078000200100035 -7
Henii