NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 36; PAKISTAN; ARMED FORCES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200100008-7
• Release Decision: RIP
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
• Sequence Number: 8
• Content Type: REPORTS

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A

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This chapter was prepared for the NIS bY fho
Defense Intelligence Agcnr.t Research was sub-
stantially completed by July IW3.
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Pcge
D Navy 13
1. Organization 14
2. Strength, composition, slid disposition 15
3. Training 16
4: IDgistics 17
Page
E. Air force 17
1. Organization 18
:u. Strength, composition, and disposition 19
3. Training 19
4. Logistics 20
F. Paramilitary forces 21
FIGURES
page
Page
Fig. I
Organization of the Ministry of
Fig. 8
Mi -8/Hip (photo)
13
Defense (chart)
4
Fig, 9
DAPHNE -Class suhmarinc (photo)
14
Fig. 2
Armed farces personnel strengths
Fig. 10
Shanghai 1I Class PGM (photo)
14
(table)
7
Fig. 3
Annual defense expenditures (table)
8
Fig. 11
Organization of the Pakistan Navy
Fig. 4
G3 rifle (pho ?o)
9
(chart)
15
Fist. 5
U.S. M47148 medium tank (photo)
9
Fig. 12
'Destroyer (jyhoto)
16
Fig. 6
T-59 Chine z, a -manufactured medium
Fig. 13
MIRAGE IIIE photo)
17
tank (photo)
9
Fig. 7
Organization of the I aaWtan Ariny
Fig. 14
Organization of the Pakistan Air
(chaei)
10
Force (chart)
18

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A. Defense establishment (S)
The armed farces of 1 :ikislan are well trained and
highly professional by Asian standards. The military is
mixable o m aintain ing int security. lei the event
OF an extended %var, Pakistan could defend itself
against neighboring Afghanistan or Iran but trot.
against China or Ind ia. Pa s military could
initially blunt a large scale attack but would
eventually si:crumb or revert to a guerrilhr fo rce.
Furthermore, tite armed forces are irrcapable of
mounting it sustained attack. especially against ludic,
without massive injections of foreign assistance. The
aims} is the best equipped and the largest of the three
services. I listorically it has been die senior service to
the detriment of the air force and navy, which have
not acquired sufficient nrinsand ecluipnienl needed to
atchieve parity with the Indian Air farce and Navy. A
limited industrial base severely hampers logistic,
efforts, rendering the military almost colriplocly
dependent ()it outside sources of military Inaterial.
irntil the nation builds up adequate petroleum fuels,
oils, and lubricants (1 resen -ass and becomes self
safficicnt its the PTOdIlction of arms wend eclttipntcitt.
Pakistan will be highly vnbierable to blockade during
war, its witnessed it) 1971.
The regular arirrc(l forces number ahorit d 17,M);
the alrnty, will) 390,000 (iuel till ing an atignientatittn of
30,(00 Mad Kaslindri slate force troops) is [lie
predominant wrviee. The air forcr. has a strengt of
about 17,(}(}0 moo ancl'un fttveritory of 111010 than 000
aircntft, including at least 392 jets. The 9,900 -man
navy operates a total of 31 ships a cr aft: major
combatants Consist of three subtriaritWs, one Cruiser,
and five destroyer /d estroyer escorts.
The Imrantilitan forces, coilectiveiy known as the
Civil rnted forces. have the primary missions of
border patrol, in',erual security, and smuggling
prevention. They are rir-der civil control bill are
available to atui used by the Ministry of Defelise
during emergcticies. `1'hesc forces total about 33,500
men a-tul are officered primarily by regular artily
personnel.
Pakistan had been a rncmher of SEATO acid
CENTO since their inception. Its November 1972.
11nrever, President Bhutto forwarded a notification of
intent to withdraw from SrW O, and its january 1973
Pakistan vithdrev its military representative from the
Organization. Membership in CENTO is currendy
being revitalized after wars of lormancy.
Pakistan was it staunt It ally o the West, particu
the United States, until October 1962, when tiro
U nited States, the United Kingdottt, and Canada
provided military asststance to India ditring its
Coll ftOntatiOtt With tile. Penplc's Repu of Ciritta
(1 Pakistan insisted India was its fault for the
axm [roll tation with tite 1 and that China hair no
grand designs on Indian territory. The upgrading of
India's forces couslituted, in I'akislaii s view, a direcl
threat to its national security. Dissatisfied vith the
U.S., British, and Cartadiau explanattills regarding
Ihcir military assistance to India. Pakistan saw Ibat it
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a,.fy :;c �i :r., r .-..t .i....Y...r... a.- ..,...n ' equal V
irons that tIlme;thtough told- February 1973, at 11 rupees equsrt US31.00; sdntM- oafish- Frhruary rU:3;
at 9.4 rup: -rs equnl US$ 1.60.
$'Fisera year coding 30 June of Ktaled year.
���T? 7p and 71, percent of Foot and wext 1'dkietan RNP; FY72 And 73, prrrcnt of PiLkintan
(tarnier Went PnkiRtan) CI)P.
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FIGURE A. The domestically produced G3 rifle is the
ormy.'s In infantryman's weapon. This 7.62 -mm
rifle Is mode primarily by steel stampings; the only
machine parts are the barrel and bolt components. (C)
Artily. The mission of the array is the ground defense
of lhr Country, with the 'Id"Plional lasts of assisting in
maintenanet, o irrlttaaal :r U t; whom required an
although no knowniu;Fits otcarnt:arked', to provide
forces, when aavatil :al; t6 h'6i itir Pakistanis CENTO
cnrtuoitincrhf5. Thc army also takes part in civic: awou
programs such aas agric work an disaster relief.
(C)
In an all-out war the Pa k iSi an Armv a�er, that the ordinary soldiers
fighting spirit attd halred of India is as strong as ever.
c
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FIGURE b. The Chlrim T -59 medlum tank mounting a
100-mm main -gun has rep!acecl the U.S. M47- /48 as
Pokiston's principal tbnk, ,(C)'

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+..x nemxtr.,: v .xrc: sec. s, r. Ya, Cbrs< k. rrx. cR ."ti^:`..nx;- w..r_:_ �.asrx se countries which
have comparable schools. Many Pakistani officers
have beers trained its U.S. service and staff schools,
including the U.S. e1 riny Command and Cenenel Staff
College at Fort Leavenvorth. In addition, Pakistan
has had various officer exchange programs with
(:rntntonwealth nations and with Turkey. Some
Pakistani personnel are receiving instruction in the
1'110.
4. logistics (S)
The army's logistic system, although influenced by
the United States, is basically organized and functions
alotig British Pines, ResImnsil lities for logistics are
divided chiefly hctwerit the Quartermaster Cerieril
and the Master Coneral of Onlrianty, both ioetted at
the Ceneral Headquarters, The Quartermaster
Ccnertl has staff resixrnsibifity for the supply of food
and POL: for the movement of m ilitary stores an
personnel by surface means; for the provisi n.
maintenance, and operation of animal transport; atid
i ocxrtox
FUNCrIoN
Quetta
Advanced staff training for ienfor
officers
KAul
Pakistan west 'Point
Nowsheza
Basic officer and enlisted armor
training
A'owshera
Basic officer and NCO artillery
training
Campbellpom
Basic and advanced individual ar-
tillery. training
Quetta
Basic and .specialized officer infan-
try training
Abbottabad
B.)sie infantry training
Abbottabad
Basic infantry training
Rawalpindi
Basic signal officers course
Risalapur I
Basic engineer officer course
)tialir
Basic .and specialized ordnance of-
(feces: courses
Quetta
E ectrical: and mechanical engi-
neeri g courses for Officers pox
sessing'engineering degr es
Dora Ismail Irian
'Bastc':MP /offices course
12
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:or the operation of oth ground tran sportation
services, 'rite Master General of Ordnance is
responsible for the supple of ordnance, s'
equipment, engineer items, ammunition, clotli
motor transport, and general stores. Supplies are
carried by the railroads, general "truck companies, and
animal transport companies. Maintenance of vehicles
and other mechanical, electrical, and optical
equipment is Performed by persotanel of the Elcclrical
and ,Nlechanical Engineer Corps, operating under the
staff supervitiion of the itlaster General of Ordnance.
Maintenance is perfornird at the Iowest level possible,
tie echelons of maintenatice being similar to t of
the U.S. Army.
Dcpots for (lie storage and issue of all materiel are
located near areas of major troop v)ncentrations.
depots are operated by the Army Ordnance Corps and
the Armly Service Corps, with the exception of depots
for medical supplies, which arc the responsibility of
t h e Me dical. Cerviccs. The major depots, by type and
location, are as follows:
Central Ordnance Depots Rawalpindi and Karachi
Cm" Mechanical Stores
Chak Lola
Depot
Central Vehicle Dept.
Colra
Ordnance Depots
Lahotc, Kala, Karachi,
Quetta
Central Ammunition Mpot
Havelian
Ammunition Depots
L.ahnrr, Kala, Karachi,
Quefta, Nowshera, Mul-
tan, hfalir, 5arghod2,
hfansar
POL Storage Depots
Kamchl, Sargodha, Tarki,
Lahore, Quetta, Rawal-
pindi
Medical Stores Depots
Karachi
Ordnance Maintenance and
Rawalpindi, Quetta,
Repair Facilities
Karachi
5. Army aviation (S)
The army has no organieaviation. Aircraft provided
by the Pakistan ,fir farce (PAr) .11ld openited by army
personnel are assigned to ninjor arm) tactical echelons
In silpport ground units as requircel. Ninety -four
helicopters ,ind aircraft attached to the ariny include
the following: 9 Soviet Mil. mi -8 /flip (Figure. 8), 10
French. SudAv �alion Alouctle Ill; 1.9 U.S. Bell oil
13S Siotar, and 6 U-S. Sikorsky S-55 Chickas:l
helicopters atkl ;:l1 U.S: 0 sniff U -lrl l3ircl Dog acid l
Canadian do llatlilhi id. UeW llcaver ulilit itimnift:
Aircraft' normally operate from Dhar Ill ill' airfield 'netar.
Rawalphi(li 'rhe missions aircrift incltidr.
stupi art of corps- and d ivision iir, amllcry speItin
1 l!Ioingr air cva a r ael #>CrS[ n oel tr tillSl)llrl.
Thcrc an: Ten estimutrcl;l(M1 ayEftcvts sited �t(l0 enlisted
P
FIGURE 8. The Soviet -guilt Mt -8 1HIp helicopter is
employed by the Pakistan Army for air evacuation and
personnel transport. (C)
men to support and operatc;.elacse ubrcraft. The aircraft
are servk-e.d by the PAF.
D. Navy
The size and composition of tilt Pakistan Navy (1
pm -cluck accomplishment of its primary missions
defending the harbors and cxaas[s and escorting coastal
shipping. The small force is, however, capable of
carrying out light escort, patrol, and coastal
minesweeping adrerations: -The navy's remaining three
submarines, aclidred from Franie in December 1970,
afford a limited underwater offensive capability.
-iglu patrol boats, acluircd from the Peoples
llcpa}alk of China in early -1977, afford a modi�st
surface warfare capability. Amjaltibious capabilities
are negligible. T he mavv cou not c sustained
vartine operalions without external assistanee. (S)
A nnteworiliv luck of any real offensive; capability
was elliphiisized during the Indo- Pakistan conflict of
December 1971. 7'hc PN was utreblc to ctttritcr 1110
Indian Navy's offensive thrusts in the Buy of Bengal
:tad the Arabian Sea. 'I'lic submarine PIVS Chazi was
sunk while operating Tiear Vishakapatnatn oil 3/4
December 1971: On [lie night of 4/5 December 197 1,
the destroyer M Xhatber and the Tninesweeper PNS
,Nrebrrjtz were both lost following a surface,
cligagemcnt with Indian Navy vessels in the Karachi
harbor area. (C)
In iu effo to strengthen its navy against India's
modeinixing and expanding fleet. Pakistan has
:ttxleilred three DAMINE -Class submarines from
1- 7r,aracr (Figure 9). with these three su4;tt:aritivs ill
nlxrirtio n,,Pakistart nevrrthchss falls one short of (lee
tianiher the Indian. Navy hill, received through Soviet
contracts. Ili addition; six midget submarines of
italintr origin have been added' to the PN inventory.
1 urlhcr offettsivr. poletitial rests in lhesix Sl IANCIIAI
11 -c lan" motor gunboats (Figurc lit) which have been
cflieinA fame tear People J Wpublic of China. Wh
Ibeser highly mobile croft are filted with missiles,
1 h
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probably the French surface -to- surface ENOCET.
they %will provide a needed addition to the Offensive
firepower of the Pakistan Navy. (S)
The navy has ci low overall effectiveness in
comparison with that of advanced navies but
cornli:irts favorably with navies of roost developing
nations on a ship- for -ship and man- for -elan basis.
Strengths include good individual training, natural
military inclination of persoriricl, a small but relatively
inud'ern ni }nesweeping force, and a sloa increasin;;
offensive potential. Major drawbacks include
destroyer and cruiser age. lack of art air defcmw
capability :against high -speed aircraft. absence of a
naval air ctnuponenl (as oppowl to the Navy
Air Arm), and dependence on foreign sources for
ntai'cricl and ingistie support. In addition, tilt Pakistan
Air Force is capable of rendering no more than taken
supluM in wartime. A naval infanta� dews not exist. (C)
The iIN comniunicatianis system is based in Karachi
anti appsretitly is adequ ate for navy needs. Its ship -to-
ship and ship -to- shore communications capabilities
;arc tie.'. into naval headililarters in Isiainabad. (C)
3
1. Organization (S)
Cornniand of the operating forees restti in the Chief
of Staff, Pakistan Navy, who is responsiltic to k
Minister of Defense and in turn tile. Prime Minister
(Figure 11). ''he Chief of Naval Staff adniinisters four
staff branches� Operations, Persoauicl. Supply, and
Technical �each headed by a Deputy Chief of Staff.
Additional tncrnhcrs of Ilia headquarters staff
sitliordintatc to the CN�3 :ire [lie Fiag Lietttcaatit, the
Secretary to the Chief of Staff, the Naval Sccretzsy.
and the ledge Advocate General.
I'lae Flag officer ConiniandiPig, Pakistan Navy Flo-
tilla has control of tile,- cmiser, the destroyer /deslroyer
and tine oiler; the Conianander
i\lirtc Sryuadr:n, like utincs%vecpars antl fleet oevan
tug; the Cointaudore -tn- Charge, K:arichi, the shore
activities and service: craft; and the Superintendent,
Pakistan Navy Dockyard, the dockyard, tike naval
stores, arui naval armanicnt departments. Follo%ling
British custom, shore activities arc niannmi and
comanissioned as ships in the I'akistatt Navy.
l4
7 �7
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FIGURE 10. Shoiighol II -Class motor gunboat. Pakistan hot received eight Shanghais
which, when fitted with missiles, will Increase the offerrtive capabilities of 0* vlovy. (S)

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.,.:A` .::.m,..:....C.S',
Cotnimintl of 0 newly acctttircc# suhtttctriilcs, motor
glinboals, and fast patrol boats is in the hands of the
Chief of Staff.
2. Strength, composition and disposition (S)
The personnel strength (if the Pakistan Navy is
appmxlmately 9,W). This Miould.inerease shar)) #y in
t he near future, as p bins acre m incrctist tht,
nt intl er rttlistrY niCrt t1n dU h': tt> {3,[NKI. 1#t}ztirtgli
this goal W INS nest. relidiLd by the �end a.of 1972 as
planneil, it shmild not b6 difficult 1�tibtain this ntiinv
Iicnminel o the rtw ttla'et o upp licsrils Always euveds
thG c rw rm;t :td, rt uFi+ +tire# rcvtian of the pity scale is
riru #ray t1y aid the recruilment 4rive.,.
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Fleet Wrnptisition is -is follows: tine antiaircraft light
cruiser (CL AA), four destroyers (00) (Figtire 12), two
destroyer escorts (DE), three subinannes (SS), six
inidget sohmarinrs, !wo fast patrol boats (PTF), seven
motiir gunboats (PGM), seven coastal inittcsweeperc
(NISC eight mechanized landitig craft (t,CM), One
survey ship (AGS), one fleet ocean tug (ATF one oiler
(A% and ei ght service craft. Except for the
slibinadnes, the motor gunboals, and the fast patro
bo ats, the majority of the vessels are of British and
United States origin, Due to the loss of East Pakistan,
Karachi is lire home port for all ships and craft. There
IS no reserve flrct.
15
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FIGURE 12. The PNS t1ADR, a U.K.
Sallie -Class destroyer (S)
3. Training (C)
I'lic training system is basicallysaurtd and generally
fulfills local training recluircinents. A Lick of qualified
instructors, modeni equipment, and training aids has
handicapped the system, however. An additiowl
P;ahlem has been the nontechnical natitre of 1
national langi -age. More emphasis is placed upon
training-in schools than aboard ships because of lire
lack of Basic education among personnel. Officers
continue to receive specialized training In the United
Kingdom in selected topics such as tGarlraery,
co mmaniications, and staff procedures, France has
conducted suhmarine training based on the
DAPHNE: -Class submarine for bath. officers and
enlisted personnel. Pakistan. Navy personnel have
received training in submarine, diving. mine: warfare,
and tinderwuter wealums fields in tine United'States;
one officer is sent to the U.S. Naval !e.':: r College each
year.
All o [lie principal training schools avid installations
are Within the Karachi area. They include the Bw4c
and Operational Training. E.t'ablishment (PINS
lfirrwkaya), tits Technical Training Establishment
(PNS Karsuz), ;nand the Pakistan Naval Academy (PNS
Rabar). The PNS 11intalaya facilities cnn%ist of a
group of schools that providle instruction in such areas
its gunnery, communications, datuage control, diving,
torpedoes, antisubmarine warfare, supply and
secretarial duties, and naval tactics. Mechanicai,
electrical, and electronic traiuilig we conducted at
PNS Kan=
Enlisted irrsonnel enterthe navy through vitherthe
buy -entry (for recruits from .1S .to 17'A years) or [lie
direct -entry (front IS to H years) progicam. Initial
enlistments are for a perind of 12 years, fallowed by
1,6
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another 10 years in a reserve status, laving conditions
ill the nave are so far above thow of the average
citiien that little difficulty is experienced in obtaining
sufficient. personnel.
Those who enter the navy via the boy -entry
program undergo 2 years of training at PNS
lfimalaya. Basic academic subjects, especially
English, comprise the initial ti months of practical
training. Upon completion of this training, boys
.ande -rgo 1'/_ years of instruction in their respective
trades, followed by 6 months of practical tminiit at
sea. Those personnel vh0 enlist via; tK: direct -entry
program are trained at the combin: training schools
in the Karachi area and then report directly to
assign nients ashore or afloat where they receive from 5
to u2 weeks of basic training in their particular
specialties.
The Pakistan Naval Academy cadets receive
training on board Ilse cruiser NS 84bur) and at the
academy (PNS Rabar). The majority -A r ffieers are
graduates of cadet -entry Programs, although a few are
directly appointed'from civilian life, while others are
c1iornmissioned frenn the enlisted ranks tip to 23 years of
:age. Can,lidates for cadet officer training iaust he
single, hetweeii 17 and 20 years of age, and have
completed 2 Fears of coPege; final selection is
determined by an entrance examination and ,action of
.a Selection board. A direct short service csmtmission
av ailable in eit her the electrical or engineering
hranehes; candidates must pvtisess the appropriate
University drrrees nand m between the ages of 21 and
28.
Aca demy training; lml ins with, 18 months of
:af"fadeniic instritctiou, followed by' ,a'ca r at sru: "#'bra
next pl ainsC of :raining lasts about a year' ut: l'AF
Station Mesroor where cadets 'learn :about 'sitch
e
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wi S.. �s -.R_. w �lk+. .f`b.. c'3Y1,mv"4'CR YF.. 1Gtt:.` .5:.1. Y-vkY &'I'W e' 'nL JS7'S'b.a'`S 4tJ1 S4 ,f+`Yt -....1 e\.X c sV .t`l vo_wLii .r r$.;Y 2T= tibti'7C
subjects as gunnery navigation, communications,
damage control, and receive faniiliariiation with
Combined air nava l operations. Commissi acting
su hlieutena rits are awarded, and in some cases,
Bachelor of Science Degrees from Karachi University.
Tlae last portion of training is a year at sea, after which
the confirmation as a sublieutenant is made.
Training for engineering officers begins at the
Pakistan Naval Engineering College that nuts
concurrent to the Bachelor of Engineering course at
Karachi University. Further special ikation in marine
engineeringor naval elect rical /elect ronieequi lint ent is
then taken. Direct entry officer candidates are trained
at PNS Himalaya. Further advanced officer training
occurs at the Pakistan Navy Staff College; other
service schools are abroad.
4. Logistics (C)
I'he logistics system is concentrated within the
Kairac!ti ama. Overall control of llt log istics system
rests with the Deputy Chief of Staff (Supply),
-although the Superintendent, Pakistan Naval
Dockyard, has charge of the dockyard as we11 as the
Naval Stores and Naval Arruament Departments.
Primary facilities include the Naval 17ockyard and llte
Naval Stores Departinent. a small bulk- storageannex,
and the Naval Armament I)epot at Matiripur, a short
distance away. PNS 1gfxi1, the submarine support
Facility, is also located at the dockyard.
Although progress in the development of more
adequate supply, repair, and maintenance facilities is
being made, the logistic base of the navy remains
weak. Most supplies and egwpinent continue to be
imported. Incotintry procurement is restricted to
provisions, some hardware, clothing, office supplies,
anal. POI,. Facilities for tine production of naval vessels
do not exist, allhough major repairs and overhar:is of
ships up to destroyer sire ar: performed at (lie Naval
Dockyard in Karachi. Overhaul of the PN's cruiser is
undertaken. by the Karachi Shipyard and Engineering
Corporation. The recent acquisition of Chinese motor
gunboats has increased [lie types of ships and craft,
thereby weakening the logistics system.
E. Air force (S)
The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) is a small fmcc of
about 17,000 men and over 500 aircraft. Its primary
(Asks are to provide (air defense of the country, conduct
offensive and defensive operations as required in
support of [lie ground, and naval forces, assist in the
maintenance of internal security, r6ider support in
civil emergencies, and support civic action programs.
The PAF is capable of performing air defense, ground
support, and other tactical support tasks. Not many of
the PAF's .assets were committed in operations against
the Indian Air Force (1AF) during the December 1971
war. 'rhos the above c:apahilitics were not fully testcc
The PAF lost.43 aircraft, mostly F -86's Lmd LIIC -19's.
compared with 71 lost by the [AV. Most aircraft losses
on both sides were due to ground fire. For several
montlis prior to the war the PAF had been
constructing protective structures (revetnicnts :add
underground maintenance and supply facilities) for
facilities anal aircraft. It is likely these efforts limited
the damagessuffered front IAF attzcks.`tn general, the
PA F's dependence oil -multiple foreign sup sources,
lack of replacements far pilots and technicians, and
shortage of spare parts tend to limit its effectiveness.
For air defense the PAF has four fighter squadrons
(MiC -19 and Mirage 11110 (Figure, 13) alit] a radar
system of over 1.0 sites equiplxd with radars such as
the AME..S I.1 and 15 and AN1:PS 20. There are no
surface. -to -air missiles, and all antiaircraft artillery is
FIGURE 13. The French- prodveed Dassault
MIRAGE HIE's ure the first -line air defense
aircraft of 'he PAP. (0
17
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F
maintained under arm control. Several regiments of
40 -mm guns are available. The PAF's fighter aircraft
had a limited but sneeessf combat recor in a -In-
air operations in the var. The French Matra air -to -air
missile mounted on N1irage fighters was reported to be
very e Against in aircraft of figbtersize Thing
ut 80,000 feet, the estimated radar range is 175
nautic miles. Confignuas coverage is provided along
the Indian horde-, except for the Baluvwulpur
urea. During; the war the IAF was able to Approach at
low level front the sear without detection by the PAF
cady yarning radarsercen until within tine target area.
Tactical air units comprise Canberra and Beagle
bomber squadrons as cell as lite F -861'. MiG -19, and
Satre N1k -6 fighter- bomber units. Armed T -6 trainers
were also used in a night intruder role daring the 1971
conflict. The PAF's relatively few homb:ng 'passes
against Indian airfields during the war were
ineffective. Although the PAF was active in suviwrt of
trx)p)s l it jaa and Kashmir, lack of effCetive
forward air mitrol (FAQ impeded their Commitment
to close air support.
The PAF's air transport is limited to four
ol)Critianal C -130 transports, txwo of which arc on loan
from civil airlines. These aircraft were used to resupply
tr {flips in Lite northern border region during the war,
bul�the- extent of the support was modest. Prior tc,and
duringhostilitivs, Pakistan I nternational Airlines (PIA)
Bocing Mts were used cttensively to ferry tasoios from
West to Pakistan. Smaller PIA turboprops which
hall been basest in Lite eastern sector were
commandeered by the military and aced For a variety
of military- oriented missions. 'hie PAF's entire fleet of
eight C- 130's, asstEnting an 80% serviceability, has ai
potential capability of lifting about a battalion
(United States) of risen on a single operation under
optiniram conditions.
Continttoos replacement and modernization of
aircraft will remain of paramount importance to
Pakistan, but the PAF probably will not be able to
improve its Capabilities vis -a -vis India. The ground
attack capability is being upgraded with the receipt of
French 'Mirage 5 aircraft�
1. Organization
The Chief of S(aff, Pa Air Force, conts,',)ls [lie
fords through an air headquarters at Peshawar(Fir,Ere
14). lit, is assisted by a Deputy Chief of Air Staff and
an air staff consisting of foair Assistant Chiefs of Air
Staff (ACAS) �Operations, Training, Administration,
and Maintenance. The ACAS, Operations, is
responsible For operations and plans, operations
research, air intelligence, flying safety and signals, and
all operational flying units. The ACAS, Training, is
WSPDnsible for recruiting of personnel said all it- iining
except combat training which is the responsibility of
combat wing commanders. The ACAS, Administra-
tion, is responsible for administrative coordination,
budget and amounting, personnel, works acid civil
engineering. ntedi {gal services, and provost marshal, as
S
lllp(( CAP4RAI
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ASSISIANS 0,"IANT ASS,i:ANT
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-[E OF, A71I 33UE
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.CIaE1
oPERFTIONS TRA'NW� AOMM41lAl1oN
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4 (C)
FIGURE 14. Organization of the Pakistan Air Force
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C
U.kws
2 Light Bomber Squadrons
10 Fighter- Bomber Squadrons
a Fighter Interceptor Squadrons
1 Reconnaissance Squadron
I Transport Squadron
1 Search and Rescue Squadron
3 Rescue Flights
AMCIIA T
I1 -28 Beagle, B47B Canberra
F-MF, MiG-I9 Former D, MM
(F-W)
MIG-19 Farmer D, Mirage III -D,
Mirage L'I -E
hilrage III -R, RT -33A
C -130B, F -27
UH -19D, HU -10A Albatross
HH43B
3 Training Units /School.� T-33A, T-37, T -OG
well: as all aii -force stations and units. Tito ACAS,
'Maintenance, is responsible for aircraft enginceriiig,
technical development, lechnical services, ground
engineering, stippl weallons, and projects. Also
included-in the headquarters is an executiveslaff with
tits following offices: Chief Inspector, President of [lie
Accident Invesligating Board, judge Advocate
General, Director Work Study, Air Secretary, and
Public Relations Officer.
2. Strength, composition, and di �position
PAr personnel stren totals 17,100, including3t10
pilots and MAN ground personnel. Aircraft
inventory"- as of la November 1972 is 326, including
the following types:
PM ClPAL UAW
MaSroor
Masroor, Sargodha, Uturid
Sargodha, Miawali, Shorkot Road
Sargodba
Islamabad International
Masroor
Islarnaba-, International, Poshawar,
Sargadba,
Masroor, Sargodba, risalpur
With the exception of aircraft based in the south at
Mast- nearly all units are based in tlic northern part
of the country near the border with India. Emit
disposition as of la November 1972 is as indicated
above. The units at tMianwali, Murid, and Shorkot
Road arc believed to have moved, but their location
is unknown.
Personnel completing active duty in the PAN serve 6
to 8 years in a reserve status. The total number of
reservists is not ava but marry former PAP pilots
are employed with Pakistan International Airlines.
These, personnel could provide an effective
augmentation to the PAR's-tran9por3 fleet:
The air facilities systcn in Pakistani is adequate for
their own civil and inilitan peacetime requirements.
Insufficient grouttct "support 'facilities would reenter it
inadequate for large -scale operations. (Sec the
Transportation and Tclecornmtinicatioins chapter of
this General Survey for detailed information on
airfields,}
3. Training
Principal training institutions of lite PAL�' and their
locations as of 13 November 1972 are as indicated
tin page 20.
Initial Intining of ;tit officer candidates is at lte
Pakistan Air Forcv. College at lsisalpur. This ucadcnry
consists of four cadet classes and train% 109 pilot cadets
annually. Duration of training for Pakistanis is 2 to
2 rh years, while.the program lasts l rh yearn for foreign
officers. Flying'training,is given in T -6G's and T -37's.
From 300 t 320 b;+urs are devoted to flying training
for Pakistanis, while 250 to 270 hours are devoted
to fiYint training for foreign officers. The student/
histritelor ratio is reportLxily 3 to 1. Appmxinnately 40 to
43 instructor pilots are amigned in tine flying trtiiiing
pnTlI t (if tile,. course. Pilot rate is h f or
both Pakistani and foreign students. Mary of the
rcjectetl Pakistani pilols are assigned to other duties.
many becoming navigators or maintenance officers.
Uiiorrconlinissioning, the majority of the new. officers
citttnd flij;lit training school at Masraor. Depending
upon requircmeitts, it f ew go to l lte transport
19
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Salvos, I.oG+no
Basic Training School Xohat
Ground Instmction School Kohat
Advanced Trade School Kohat
Pakistan Air Force College Rhalpur
dstan Air Force Engineer- Korangi Creek
ing College
Jung Command and Staff Drigh Road Sta-
Han, Kan.chi
Ski and Survival School Kalabash
Pakistan Air Force Staff Drigh Road Sta-
tion, Karachi
conversion school at Islamabad' International'.
Helicopter pilots are selected front those who have
difficulty in completing fighter aircraft training. The
PAV also has_ wo preparatory schools, at Sargod and
Lower Topa, near Murree, where selected civilian
personnei receive advanced educational Witting
before uctually becoming Dart of the PAC' and
attending the,11isaipur college.
Airmen enter basic training at Kohat fora period of
about 9 months. This is followed by a 7 -month basic
tcq, -h ^al course and then assignment as a qualified
teL-hnician. The entire training establishment is
coinposed of about 2,M) personnel.
At present, the force is barely self sufficient in basic
flight axis) niaintcnatiev training, A major weakness
ftnttinncs to lie the low n0mber of cadets (about 30)
graduated ctwh year from the Air Force College at
Risalptir. This is just sufficient to in,iintain
current strength levels. The Engineering College at
Komngi Creek weeks to graduate 25 engineers a year
from its 4 -year course. In addition, KiMingi Crcek
grldc4itcs uime 1 2 2 7 students a year I'mm a sh rt (I yrir}
moue to meet the need for engineers of all types.
Other weaknesses in PAF training include the
language eifficulties of It multilingual Montr4
20
Fv cno:r
Basic training for all racnicits.
Counter in instructional methods and
techniques.
Training for officers and airmen in supply,
air police, mess, and administrative and
other functions.
Military training for officers of all fields
and'primary and basic training in T -37
and T -OG aircraft for pilots.
Advanced training in T-33 for pilots gradu-
ated from the Air Force College.
Standardized operational and tactical pro.
cedures in the air force and training in
basic weapons and tactics for fighter
pilots.
Technical training for all Officers and air-
men in maintenance and armament.
Training for officers and airmen in radio
communications, such as radio operaion,
air traffic control, general communica-
tions, and electronic equipment mainte-
nance'.
A school for gruduntc office e with en-
gineering degrees in electronics and
maintenance.
Training in administration for staff officers.
Ski and survival training for all air force
flying crews.
Advanecd staff training for senicr officers.
operating in a foreign tongue (English) and the
problems of training personnel to handle equipment
acquired from many differetit sources. The PA1� lack.+
all effective liewnncl classification systcrtt, dues not
have ,in adcgn.:te career development program, and
does not maintain adNitiate service: ttairing rcco.^ds.
Considerable numbers of PAC' personnel fortnerly
were trained in the United States under the U.S.
Military Assistance Program as pilots, navigaters,
communicatic:ns specialists, and maintenance
technicians. This assistance vas discontinticcl in 1965.
The People's Republic of China has contitim-d to
provide training assistance to the PAP. Pakistan has
also provided-aviation training; to personne f rom Iran.
Iraq. joidatt, Kuwait, Libya, Abu Dhabi, and Saudi
Anibia.
4, I:ogistics
The ACAS, M- 6ittenaflee. ec*itsists cif sevcit
directonites (F'iguir 14). Base ctinimaaiders at airfields
ors. nllociOcd personnel to accomplish normal
maintenance, supply, 'and hotesekeepii,g functions,
and they in turn are sapportcd by t he supply and
Ina iliteualive deport M Drigh Iload Station.
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No. 2 Conversion School Aiasroor
Flight Leader School lefasroor
School of Aeronautics Korangi Creek
School of Electronics Korangl Creek
dstan Air Force Engineer- Korangi Creek
ing College
Jung Command and Staff Drigh Road Sta-
Han, Kan.chi
Ski and Survival School Kalabash
Pakistan Air Force Staff Drigh Road Sta-
tion, Karachi
conversion school at Islamabad' International'.
Helicopter pilots are selected front those who have
difficulty in completing fighter aircraft training. The
PAV also has_ wo preparatory schools, at Sargod and
Lower Topa, near Murree, where selected civilian
personnei receive advanced educational Witting
before uctually becoming Dart of the PAC' and
attending the,11isaipur college.
Airmen enter basic training at Kohat fora period of
about 9 months. This is followed by a 7 -month basic
tcq, -h ^al course and then assignment as a qualified
teL-hnician. The entire training establishment is
coinposed of about 2,M) personnel.
At present, the force is barely self sufficient in basic
flight axis) niaintcnatiev training, A major weakness
ftnttinncs to lie the low n0mber of cadets (about 30)
graduated ctwh year from the Air Force College at
Risalptir. This is just sufficient to in,iintain
current strength levels. The Engineering College at
Komngi Creek weeks to graduate 25 engineers a year
from its 4 -year course. In addition, KiMingi Crcek
grldc4itcs uime 1 2 2 7 students a year I'mm a sh rt (I yrir}
moue to meet the need for engineers of all types.
Other weaknesses in PAF training include the
language eifficulties of It multilingual Montr4
20
Fv cno:r
Basic training for all racnicits.
Counter in instructional methods and
techniques.
Training for officers and airmen in supply,
air police, mess, and administrative and
other functions.
Military training for officers of all fields
and'primary and basic training in T -37
and T -OG aircraft for pilots.
Advanced training in T-33 for pilots gradu-
ated from the Air Force College.
Standardized operational and tactical pro.
cedures in the air force and training in
basic weapons and tactics for fighter
pilots.
Technical training for all Officers and air-
men in maintenance and armament.
Training for officers and airmen in radio
communications, such as radio operaion,
air traffic control, general communica-
tions, and electronic equipment mainte-
nance'.
A school for gruduntc office e with en-
gineering degrees in electronics and
maintenance.
Training in administration for staff officers.
Ski and survival training for all air force
flying crews.
Advanecd staff training for senicr officers.
operating in a foreign tongue (English) and the
problems of training personnel to handle equipment
acquired from many differetit sources. The PA1� lack.+
all effective liewnncl classification systcrtt, dues not
have ,in adcgn.:te career development program, and
does not maintain adNitiate service: ttairing rcco.^ds.
Considerable numbers of PAC' personnel fortnerly
were trained in the United States under the U.S.
Military Assistance Program as pilots, navigaters,
communicatic:ns specialists, and maintenance
technicians. This assistance vas discontinticcl in 1965.
The People's Republic of China has contitim-d to
provide training assistance to the PAP. Pakistan has
also provided-aviation training; to personne f rom Iran.
Iraq. joidatt, Kuwait, Libya, Abu Dhabi, and Saudi
Anibia.
4, I:ogistics
The ACAS, M- 6ittenaflee. ec*itsists cif sevcit
directonites (F'iguir 14). Base ctinimaaiders at airfields
ors. nllociOcd personnel to accomplish normal
maintenance, supply, 'and hotesekeepii,g functions,
and they in turn are sapportcd by t he supply and
Ina iliteualive deport M Drigh Iload Station.
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Sxcitim
Major weaknesses include almost complete
dependence on forcihn sources for aircraft, engines,
spare parts, ordnance, and all petroleum supplies.
Pakistan's financial situation and lack of any large
scale manufaclurin A capability prohibits any but the
most minor incountry logistical s upl;orl.
Drigh Road Station at Karachi is the only PAF
depot. All extensive maintenance, inspection, and
overhauls rfre perforated there. Reports indicate that
maintenance of NHG -19 engines has been a major
problem and that these are shipped by air to China for
overhaul. Previously, the force adopted mos: of the
U.S. supply and maintenance procedures, These
included the use :if U.S. Air Force manuals, technical
orders, and a unit au thoriza tion list system. Wheti:er
this system has been applied to the new aircraft that
have been acquired is un! information oil
continued availability of spare parts is also limited,
but it is apparent that this niatterconstitutesa major
problem.
Servicciabilit% rates of PAR aircraft are not
avaiJ.thlr. The Beagles, however, are non flyablc, x
the F -104's are in storage due to lack of spare parts.
POI, slouls are believed to he gea rcd to ai A--day level
at each base.
The missions of the 35,500 -man Civil Armed Forces
arc to patrol the country's bonler, prevent smuggling:
and assist the regidar police in maintaining internal
security, especially in tribal areas. The Civil Armed
Forces are capable of controlling borders during
peacetime, 'they are also capable of coping with
sporadic tribal dissidence bill would require army
support to deal with widespread organized insurgen-
cies. They could operate as light infantry or aF
gue Was in wartime.
The Civil Armed Force. consist of three mobile
security components �the Pakistan Rangers, the
F mintier Corps, and the Frontier Constabulary.'
`Sf rcnRtlr limakdue�nc are not a +'at:,lrte lacc:ntsc of tlic ex {ranxinrt
n( th, guars wid tt Ims or capture of {>rrxmnet in East Pakisrrjn.
F. Paramilitary: farces (S)
sccu r
Normally the Civil Armed Forces are subordinate to
the Ministry of Interior and Sta(es, Frontier Regiotis
and Kash A ff airs, and coritr through
provincial governments. In time of war or emergency
tire) are controlled by the Ministn of Defense, with
the exception of the Frontier Col, 'tabular), which
remains to the Ministry of Interior and
States, Frontier Regions and Kashmir Affairs.
The Pakistan Rangers at. utilized inainly to
maintain se-curity in the settled districts (as distinct
f -om tribal areas) of the country, and may be called
upon to assist the civil police in quelling riots and
other civil (listurba -s. T rangers are organize
into 6re-e subregio,ial detachments with units of
varying sine which are comma nded by ttriny officers,
The Frontier Corps is licaded by a Di rector General,
an army officer, with headquarters hi PCSIM var. The
corps is organized into units up to battalion size (600
Inert), which are commanded by arinv officers. It is
responsible for sectirity in (lie northern and weste"I
frontierarcas of thecountiy.
Patrol and antismuggling operations in the
itumediale vicinity of tlir borders with Afghanistan
and Iran are the main resl:onsibililies of the Frontier
Constabulary, a locally recruited fora: officered by the
Pakistani police. The eaustautilary, when necessary, is
supported by the l+mntier Corps. Units use standard
light infante weapons, primarily British tVorlil War l i
models. In addition to camels and horses, soma- motor
tra ;:spurt is available. The Frontier Corps also has
some light artillery and armored can.
Assisting in the defense ccf the portion of Jarnniu and
Kashmir west of the Cease -Fire line is the- missi of
the Azad (Free) Kashmir Fords, which are ostensibly
the military arm of the st;;'.e of Azad Kashmir. Their
units are capable of acceptable perfoTmancc of theii,
present role under Pakistan Army supervision. The
30,000 strong Azad Kashmir Forces are orgarti7ed into
seven irifantry bngad which are bi lcgnated in an
under the conlnil of two regular infantry divisions.
Troops am cqur;aped with World War 1I British
equipment, Shortages exist in Ininsporlation anti
signal and crew -smcd weapons.
NO F'OI ?F, ICN D ISSE41
o f
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