NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 39B; NATIONALIST CHINA; SCIENCE

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• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200080023-2
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D. Major research fields 6 5. Medical sciences 8
1. Air, ground, and naval weapons 6
6. Other sciences 9
2. Biological and chemical warfare 6 a. Chemistry and metallurgy 9
3. Nuclear energy 7 b. Physics and mathematics 9
4. Electronics 8 c. Astrogeophysical sciences 9
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Page
Fig. 1 Organization of scientific and technical
activities (chart) 3

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Science
A. General (C)
Although the Republic of China (ROC) is trying to
increase its competence in science and technology, its
research and development capability is small. The
country does not have a scientific tradition, and only
during the last 20 years have significant efforts been
made toward attai. iing, a scientific research capability.
In 1949 when the government moved from the
mainland to Taiwan, the Nationalists were able to
salvage only a limited nu; nber of scientific instruments
and reference works, and ducational institutions and
research institutes on tit island, formerly under
Japanese control, were reiatively few. With foreign
assistance, mainly from the United States, the
Republic of China has made good progress in
promoting scientific education and in es :,dolishing
research institutes and scientific societies. There are
now a number of well- es!ablished universities and
colleges, research institutes, and learned societies in
Titiwan.
The government launched a long-range program for
research and ;level �rment more ti a decade: ago in
an effort to raise level of scientific research and to
popularize scievec and technology among the people.
Most of the emphasis was on the construction and
repair of research facilities, the purchase of new
equipment, and the training of research personnel.
Only limited funds were made available for acquiring
and maintaining the staff needed to carry out effective
research. Since 1967 President Chiang Kai -shek has
undertaken a major drive for modernization in
Taiwan and has focused on the upgrading of science
and technology essential to continued rapid economic
development. Among; his objectives are the
coordination of science efforts with the needs of
industry and agriculture, an increase in the allocation
of resources for research, and the improvement of
science eduction.
Although the universities and colleges have been
graduating sufficient scientists and engineers Im Cie
limited needs of governmental and other research
facilities, these graduates have had little trainEig in
research, and a shortage of competent research
scientists exists. Nevertheless, the countr possesses
sufficient native talent to produce significant results
during the 1970's if reasonable financial support is
furnished. A small group of highly capable senior
scientists, trained in Western Europe and in the
United States, provides a nucleus upon which a
research program eventually can he based. If
appropriate research facilities are established and if
the economic status of the scientists can be raised from
its very low level, other Western trained Chinese
scientists living and working abroad may be induced
to return to l aiwan. With foreign assistance, the
central government plans to establish more research
institutes and to encourage industries to construct �und
operate research facilities, thus providing attractive
employment opportunities for scientific and technic d
graduates.
For many years the Government of the Republic of
China has maintained strong scientific relations wit[,
the United States. Since 1964 a committee ponsored
by the U.S. Nation'd Academy of Sciences .Ind the
Academia Sinica has devoted attention to science
policy planning, advanced scientific !Ind technical
education and research, and other problems related to
the strengthening of science and technology in
Taiwan. The committee meets at intervals under the
auspices of the Sino- American Science Cooperation
Program. In September 1967 the Science Adviser to
the President of the United States led a mission to
"Taiwan to survey its scientific and technical assets and
requirements. Rased on recommendations of the
mission, the science budget was increased to US$30
million a year, and the U.S. Government appointed a
special assistant to the U.S. Ambassador to find and
implement ways of increasing the flow of science and
technology from the United States to the Pepublic of
',hina. In January 1969 an agreement on cooperation
in the fields of science, technology, and social sciences
was signed by the United States and the Republic of
China, thus formalizing a condition that had existed
for several sears. The purpose of the agreement is to
facilitate the exchange of information, ideas, arid
techniques through contacts between scientists Ind
research institutes of the two countries, to utilize
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special facilities available in both countries. and to
examine problems of common interest. In 1971, after
President Nixon's Science Advisers visit to Taiwan, he
reported that the terms of the agrr-ement were being
met, but recommended that Taiwan step -up its
application of recent techological advances in
oceanography, computer science, and aerial
photogrammetry.
B. Organization, planning and financing of
research (S)
With the increased emphasis by the government on
science and technology, some significant steps have
been taken in the organization of science on a national
scale (Figure 1). In March 1967 the government
I established the National Security Council and within
it the Science Development Ccmmittee (SDC). The
chairman of the SDC is the top science adviser to the
I President. The SDC is concerned with the overall
policies for science education, research in universities
and institutes, and the interrelationship between
science and technology and industrial development.
Five months after its formation, it effected the
reorganization of the National Council on Science
Development, which had been founded in 1959 as a
joint undertaking of the Academia Sinica and the
Ministry of Education. It was formed into the
j National Science Council (NSC), under the
jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan but subject to the
guidance of the National Security CuuL ^il's Science
Development Committee in policy matters and in the
distribution of funds. The chairman and vice
chairman cif the NSC are appointed by the Executive
Yuan or the recommendations of the SDC. The 33
members of the NSC are alse apponted by the
Executive Yuan joint recommendations of NSC's
chairman and vice chairman, the Academia Sinica,
Ministry of Education, Ministry of National Defense,
Ministry of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Communi-
cations, Council for International Economic Cooper-
ation and Development, and the joint Commission on
Rural Reconstruction. In addition to assuming all the
responsibilities and functions of its predecessor, the
NSC added new ones and expanded the old ones.
Tlius the NSC has a stronger hand than the National
Council on Science Development in the task of
advancing overall science education. The principal
objectives of the NSC are to assist and support
scientific and technical research and to promote the
development of scientific education. 'f he NSC has
become responsible for strengthening research
facilities at various public research institutes,
universities, colleges, and high schools. It also supports
rearch through grants, establishes national research
professorships and sponsors national visiting
professorships, plans and implements the procurement
of scientific instruments, plans revisions of curriculums
and teaching material for basic sciences at various
educational levels, and collects and disseminates
scientific data.
The Academia Sinica, originally founded on the
mainland in 1928, was reestablished at Taipei,
Taiwan, in 1949. It is composed of 10 research
institutes� mathematics, physics, chemistry, botan
zoology, modern history, ethnology, economics,
classical history, and philology. Although a
government institution financed by the central
government, Academia Sinica is virtually autono-
mous, and each member institute has been free to plan
its own program. It is charged with conducting
resea ch in its own institutes and with aiding and
coordinating the efforts of other research institutes and
th^ universities in their scientific activities. The
Academia Sinica conducts basic research a-id has been
attempting to expand its applied research effort. The
total impact of its irterna! research program is limited
because the entire research staff of its 10 institutes
numbers only a little over 200 personnel.
The Atomic F nervy Council (AEC) .was established
in 1955 to plan and execute a program for the peaceful
application of :vclear energy. It plans and promotes
research and development in the field of nuclear
science and technology and is concerned chiefly with
wiclear education and nuclear power generation. It
advises the government on nuclearenergy matters and
is directly responsible to the Premier. Its membership
includes representation from the Ministry of
Education, Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of
Economic Affairs, and several universities.
A major and the best equipped facility for nuclear
research is the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research
(INER), formerly a part of the Chung -span Institute
of Science and Technology �CIST (al ;o known as the
Chung -shan Science Institute. Although the INER is
now reported to be formally separated from the CIST,
there are indications that both simply comprise
separate divisions of a joint complex. Tire physical
separation between the two is a fence, both
organizations occupy the same "campus' located at
Lung -tan about 30 miles southwest of Taipei. On
official government organization charts, CIST reports
to the Ministry of National Defense, and INER reports
to the Atomic Energy Council, which in turn reports to
the Executive Yuan (Premier). There are strong
indications, however, that the INER is also under
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control of the military. It is provided amply with
funds. Several of its nuclear engineers, most of whom
were trained in the United States, serve or, committees
of the AEC. however, the CIST is organized along
military lines, with most divisions headed by military
personnel. The tight security surrounding CIST
indicates that important military research projects are
probably in progress, possibly concerned with unclear
weapons.
Located close to CIST is the Chung Cheng Institute
of Technology, which is operated by the Ministry of
National Defense and has schools of mechanical, civil,
aeron iutical, and naval engineering. The institute has
an enrollment of 2,000 students, all selected by the
Minister of National Defense.
The Ministry of National Defense is responsible for
several other facilities. The National Defense Medical
Center, Taipei, which is concerned with education
and research an medicine, pharmacy, and hasic
sciences, had a staff of 700 in 1966 and a budget of
about US$420,000. The Artily Institute of Technol-
ogy, Taipei, trains junior technical and engineering
officers and (foes research and development work on
military problems. The Naval Institute of Tech ,ology,
Tso -ying, is concerned with research and development
in naval architecture, mechanical engineering,
electrical engineering, and naval ordnance.
Other organizations in Taiwan conducting research
principally applied, include the Ordnance Research
Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, the
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FIGURE 1. Organization of scientific and technological activities, 1973 (C)

Radio Wave Research Laborato of the National
Taiwan University, the Ministry of Communications,
the Geological Survey of Taiwan, the National
Defense Medical Center, the Taiwan Weather Bureau
(all in Taipei), the Taiwan provincial Veterinary
Serum Institute (T'ung- bsiao), and the Telecom-
munications Research Center of the Ministry of
Communications and Chinese Institute of Neurology
(both in Chung -li).
Although some iodustrics have small, codependent
research facilities, the major research for :netustry is
government sponsored. Since 1953 the Union
Industrial Research Institute (UIRI), is under the
Ministry of Economic Affairs and has provided
general service to industry. In July 1973, the UIRI's
name was changed and two new components, the
Mctal Industry Research Institute, Kao- hsiung, and
the Mining Research Service Organization, were
added. Collectively, they arc called the Industrial
Technology Research Institute (ITRI). The institute
conducts research for number of industries. Most of
the research is concerned with the development of
domestic natural resources and the adaptation of
scientific research results to the needs of the country.
The research is mainly applied and of a good quality.
The expenditures of ITRI are home jointly by public
enterprises, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of
Economic Affairs, which include t!.e Chia ^se
Petroleum Corp., Taiwan Sugar Corp., Taiwan Power
Co... Taiwan Aluminum Corp., Taiwan Aikali Co.,
Taiwan Fert;lizer Co., and the Taiwan Glass Research
Institute.
The Industrial Research Council of the Ministry of
Economic Affeirs is a policy- framing advisory council.
IRC coordinates applied research of government
organizations in general and the research work of the
government enterprises under the jurisdiction of
MOEA in particular. Under its industrial research
policy, the government lays emphasis on the
promotion of industrial research capabilities and their
application to attain general economic development
objectives. Industrial research is thus directed toward
the transfer of existing technology and the application
of results of research to industries with the aim of
increasing productivity, reducing cost of production,
and improving the quality of products. However, the
coordination of industrial research has it long way to
go before it will support ctfectively an expanding
industrial base.
Many professional scientific associations have been
founded or reestablished in Taiwan since 1953. They
not only act as forums fer their own members but also
serve as media for arousing popular interest in science.
The Chinese Institute of Engineers, with about 13,000
members, has chapters in Tai- Chung, Kao hsiung,
Hua -lien, and in some foreign counties seeks to
promote the professional status of engineers and
improve technological knowledge and standarOs in
Taiwan. Other groups active in promoting sciences are
the Chinese Chemical Society (4,500 members), the
Chinese Association for the Advancement of Science,
and the Chinese Association for the Advancement of
Natural Science. These organizations also sponsor
public lectures and provide scholarships at universities
and colleges.
Funds for scientific research are limited but are
increasing. They are derived from a variety of sources
including the central government; foreign aid,
principally iron. the United States; and from foreign
religious and philanthropic foundations. Taiwan's
current budgetary allocations were established in a 12-
year s ience development plan initiated in January
1969. The plan stipulated that for each of the 12 years
the National Science Council is to receive US$30
million for distribution to the various .scientific
institutes. The council also receives additional sums
from other government sources to conduct research
and development veld to buy equipment Except for
the small budge*L of the government -sponsored
Industrial Technology Research Institute, private
industry provides very little funds to the national
research and development effort.
Through a bilateral agreement with the United
States, the U.S. National Science Foundation is
helping to finance a program to encourage Chinese
American professors to return to Taiwan under an
exchange program to teach and conduct research at
seven Taiwan research centers. Taiwan's National
Science Council allocated US$250,000 to finance
cooperative projects, with much of the money being
designated for this exchange program. The U.S.
National Science Foundation is contributing
US$1,300,000 to this effort. Taiwan has other
exchange programs with South Korea, South Vietnam,
uud Thailand.
C. Scientific education, manpower, and
facilities (U /OU)
The advancement of science has become a principal
objective of education in Taiwan, and efforts have
been made to increase the level of science education
and to popularize science among the people. All
higher educational institutions are under the
supervision of the Ministry of Education with the,
exception of the military institutes, which are tinder
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of National Defense.
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In school year 1971 /72 Taiwan had a total of 96
higher educational institutions with an enrollment of
222,505, and increase of 19,0:32 students over the
previous school year. Of the higher educational
institutions, 10 are national, 18 provincial, and 68
private schools. Only a few of the national and
provincial universities and several specialized
institutions are important in the teaching of rcience
and technology. The universities offering the strongest
science education are the National Taiwan University,
"Taipei, and the National Tsing Hoa University, Hsin-
chu. Both of these universities have Institutes of
Nuclear Science and are important in training nuclear
physicists. 'rite National 'T'aiwan Univers;ty has it
College of Engineering as well as Research Institutes
of Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Geology, and
Geophysics. Colleges of science and c ngineering are
maintained also at the Taiwan Prov; "vial Cheng
Kung University, T'ai -nan; the Taiwan Provincial
Chung losing Universiiy, T'ai- Chung; the Tunghai
(Christian) Universitv, T'ai- Chung, which includes a
chemical engineering curriculum; and the 'Taiwan
Normal University. Taipei. The Taipei Institute of
Technology offers a 5 -year course in chemical
engineering.
Graduate education is limit-d. 7'he establishment of
additional graduate research facilities at the 'Taipei
Institute of Tcchnol(.gy has provided it start toward an
adequate scientific research and educational program
tut the graduate level. The National Taiwan University
has established institutes for graduate study in
bacteriology and mechanical engineering. The
Institute of Nuclear Sciences at the National Tsing
Ilua University offers a 2 -year course leading to it
masters degree in nuclear science; the Institute of
Physics at the university has a doctoral program. The
Institute of Electronics, llsin -chu, was established in
1958 as it graduate school (.f the former National
Chiao -t'ung University in Shangha,. The institute has
it 2 -,year program leading to masters and doctoral
degrees and short -term training courses in telecom-
munication microwave electronics and electronic
computers. The institute awarded the first doctorate in
science to be granted in 'Taiwan. Additional training is
available to students arid graduates at annual Summer
Science Serninars held under the sponsorship of the
Academics Sinica, the National Taiwan Universitv,
and the National Tsing Ilua University and funded by
t he National Science :ouncil. Visiting foreign
scientists act as professors during 8 weeks of lectures.
Most of the graduates who pursue higher degrees
study abroad, particularly in the United States,
Western Europe, :uul Japan. Unfortunately, the
percentage of the total number studying abroad who
return to Taiwan is ver small. The students are
deterred from returning to their homeland by
inadequate salary levels in Taiwan and the belief that
th- environment does riot provide suitable oppor-
tunities for them to progress in their careers. The
government is actively seeking ways of encouraging
the return of students sent abroad for highereducation
and has established a professorial exchange program
with the United States. 'Through this program, the
government hopes to persuade Chinese- American
professors to return to Taiwan for periods cf 6 months
to a year to teach and carry out research in seven
research centers. "These ::enters �for chemistry,
physic,, mathematics, hioiogy, engineering, oceanog-
raphy, and economics �were established to further
research and to promote education at the graduate
level. They apparently were created in fulfillment a
directive of it 4 -ye�r plan drawn up by the National
Couarcil on Science Development arid the Ministry of
Education which called for the creation of graduate
science centers offering both master, and doctoral
degrees. The objectives of the plan were to reduce the
loss of scientists to other countries by providing
graduate sta(dy programs comparable to those in
foreign universities; to train professors for the
universities because the faculties are aging and the
quality of instruction is deteriorating; and to provide
the research and educational facilities required to
sustain industrial arid economic development.
The problem of staffing the educational institutions
and research installations with qualified scientists is a
serious one. Wages are low considering the
educational level of scientists. To increase their
income, many teachers take concurrent jobs at several
scl ols with the resuiting loss of concentration on any
one course. A further problem is the seniority systen
within the ROC's educational system which makes
advancement for younger men exceedingly slow. 'Thus
it graduate with i t doctorate who returns to Taiwan
from abroad would have to wait many years before
receiving either it salary or adminirFrative and
teaching responsibility commensurate with his skill.
Additionally, governmental research facilities have
been losing trained personnel to industry, which in
turn has been losing its technicians to foreign firms in
Taiwan. Critical shortages of engineers exist in such
fi,�ids as nuclear power, the petrochemical industry,
and geological surveys.
Although it sufficient number of scientists and
engineers are heing graduated from the ROC's higher
educational institutions to fill most of the country's
reeds, there is still it shortage of competent research
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scientists and engineers, because many of the
graduates have had little experience and training in
conducting research. It is estimated that approxi-
mately 4,500 individuals are employed in govemrnental
and industrial and resear ^h and tecL,wlogical
laboratories; about 1,600 are professionals and 2,9(x)
are either technicians, laboratory assistants, or
administrative and sell -ice staff personnel memhc -rs.
An unknown number of professionals are employed on
a part -time basis. The number of researchers employed
in foreign -owned industries is unknown.
Taiwan's does not have any outstanding re:,, -arch
facilities but is making significant efforts to expand
and improve facilities. As in most developing
c.mntries, the most impressive research facilities are
those concerned with the nuclear science. Taiwan has
adequate reactors, cyclotrons, accelerators, and
eolalt -60 sources at the national universit institutes
for its nuclear energy program. The best equipped and
r,nost adequately financed research facility on the
island is the joint complex comprising the Chung -shan
Institute of Sciences and Techolugy and the Institute
of Nuclear Energy Research. This complex conducts
basic and applied research for the military and for the
AEC. It is a large facility with between 20 and ;30 new
buildings and a total staff of about 1,900. The staff
includes .50 persons with Ph.D. degrees mostly
trained in the United States �and an additional 268
with MS and BS degrees obtained in Taiwan. Good
quality laboratory equipment of U.S. and Japanese
manufacture is available. The complex has a Control
Data Corporation 3300 computer. Its research sections
include rocketry, electronics, chemical, and nuclear. It
is believed that a major long -range objective of the
work conducted at the complex is to develop guided
missiles with nuclear warheads.
The Institute of Electronics at the National ::hiao-
t ung University continues to expand its laboratory
facilities and is equipped with a computer, lasers, and
television, and communications and automation
cquiprnent. Some of the expensive, modern equipment
at other institutes is not utilized adequately because of
a shortage of well- trained personnel.
D. Major research fields
1. Air, ground, and naval weapons (S)
The Republic of ;hill,, has an extremely limited
Military research and development c ;!pability. The
country has neither the technological capability nor
the industrial capability to cle-clop or produce modern
combat weapons. Some military research is
accomplished at the Military 'Technical Research
Institute of the Com`.rined Servic Force in Taipei.
under the Ministry of Defense. The institute perform>
research for tine three military services but is not
capable, either technically or financially. of pursuing
any large -scale research and development pnrgranns.
The current cffnrt appears to ccnte': on explosives and
propellants. The ioint LIST /1NER complex, although
primarilv important for its nuclear research role, is also
a research facility for its armed forces. It is suspected
that its long -range objective is the development of
nuclear warhead guided missiles, possibly of the 12-
inch diameter. 20 kiiorrne:cr range. The National Tsing
Ilua University is believed to be developing the
inertial guidance compoiicnts and equipment for the
missiles. For the past 3 years it has horn involved i
the operation and testing of rocket propulsion systcrns.
These test firings have used four- to six -inch diameter
models with loadings of double -base and composite
propellants of U.S. formulations. The ROC is trot
engaged in research and development of am air
%%V--polls nor is there any activity in the space field.
Aeronautical efforts have been in the development of
a turboprop, 2 -1)lace tandem trainer aircraft that is
designated the .CT- CIl -IA. Design was initiated in
1970, construction was started in January 1972, and
the plane was scheduled for testing in late 1973. The
Chinese gained considerable technical knowledge and
experience for this effort from the assembling of a U.S.
modified trainer aircraft and U.S. Bell Co. helicopters.
The Aero Industry Development Center is licensed to
produce both of these aircraft.
Spacv- related activity only involves making ground
based measurements of atmospheric properties and
conducting balloon- carried experiments. The capabil-
:ty to design and develop ground weapons is limited,
and efforts are mainly devoted to the development of
ammunition. Some research has been conducted on
clothing and individual field equipment to improve
manufacturing techniques and equipment design. No
major research and development projects are
underway on bridging or stream- crossing equipment.
The only significant items developed thus for are a 15-
th 20 -1-rnn pneumatic assault boat arid a short -gap,
assault bridge, to be launched from all I.Tv (lan(ling
vehicle, tracked). A small research program is
underway oil auionl,tive parts. The ROC has no
known significant research and developnneut program
in the naval weapons field.
2. Biological and chemical warfare (C)
Taiwan does not have a biological :crfare (Bw)
research and development progrann, although some of
the biomedical and clinical research facilities give it a
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limited capability to perform BW- related research.
Basic biological research conducted at the Central
Research Laboratory of the National Taiwan
University, the Kohlberg Medical Research Labora-
tory, and the Taiwan Provincial Institute of Animal
Health, all in Taipei, could have BW application, but
presently these efforts are directed toward teaching
and improving the nation's health standards.
A minor chaemical warfare (CW) research and
development program is concerned with the
development of locally produced CW defensive
materiel. Facilities suitable for research on toxic
chemical agents, munition, and detection devices are
limited, but the CIST /INER complex has done some
work in these areas. The National Taiwan University,
Taipei, has accomplished some research on the toxic
components of snake venoms and various native
poisonous plants. This work appears medically
oriented, but could be used in a CW program.
3. Nuclear energy (S)
The Republic of China has established a small
nuclear energy program devoted to basic research and
the eventual development of nuclear power
generation. Progress has been achieved with the
support of U.S. aid furnished under the terms of a
1955 bilateral agreement for cooperation in the
peaceful use of atomic energy. Taiwan's capability in
the nuclear field may, in time, enable it to develop
nuclear weapons, but the country currently lacks some
prerequisites in both facilities and raw materials for
the development of a nuclear weapons program.
In 1955, the Atomic Energy Commission �later
called the Atomic Energy Council �was established to
advise the government and to plan a nuclear energy
program. The. Institute of Nuclear Science at the
National Tsing Hua University was established in
1956 to carry out the Pic The institute has the
dual function of serving both as an academic training
and research institution and as a national lahoratorv.
In addition to teaching, the facility members carry out
research with assistance from the United States under
a "sister laboratory" arrangement with Argonne
National Laboratory in Illinois. In its function as a
national laboratory, the institute provides services
which include radiation monitoring and safety,
instrument maintenance and calibration, supply and
application of radioisotopes, and reactor irradiation of
agricultural and industrial samples. To carry out its
duties, the institute has a 3- megaelectronvolt (Me`!)
Van de Graaff accelerator and THOR (Tsing Hua
Open -Pool Reactor), a pool-type research reactor
acquired from the United States. THOR has been in
operation since 1961 with a po�.yer level of 3
megawatts (MW).
Taiwan has plans for the eventual use of nuclear
energy for the production of electric power. The
program calls for the coustruction of eight nuclear
power reactors. The government requested the use of
heavy water moderated power reactors, but the
Taiwan Power Co. successfully overrode the request
and boiling water reactors are to be used. Construction
or planning has been started for six reactors totaling
3,072 megawatts electric (M We); two 636 -M We
reactors are scheduled for opera ion in 1915 and 1976
and two 900 -M We reactors are scheduled for
operation in 1978 and 1979. All six reactors will be
located on the northern coast of Taiwan.
After the the People's Republic of China conducted
its first nuclear test in October 1964, President Chiang
Kai -shek reportedly ordered the establishment of a
nuclear weapons research institute. The institute,
originally called the Shih -.nen Institute of Science,
was organized in April 1965 with temporary quarters
in Taipei. It has since been reorganized and has
become the CIST /INER complex. The nuclear
portion of the complex operates a 40-MW thermal
heavy water moderated, natural uranium fueled
multipurpose reactor that was purchased from Canada
and transported to Taiwan under International Atomic
Energy Agency safeguard controls. Preliminary
arrangements were made in 1971 to also purchase
from Canada a CDC Cyber 70 computer system with
65 K memory and 125 K extended core storage to
handle the HAMMER nuclear computer code for
simulated nuclear reactor operations. Taiwan,
however, still does not have all the facilities and
materials necessary for a complete nuclear weapons
program. The institute has a zero power material test
reactor, a low -level solid and liquid radioactive waste
disposal facility, and a fuel reprocessing plant that is
only a laboratory -scale model with a yearly yield of
300 grams of plutoni-im. The country has no known
deposits of uranium; it purchased 12 tons of natural
uranium metal from South Africa to operate the third
core of the research reactor. Problems have also been
encountered in the acquisition of facilities. An attempt
was made to purchase a West German fuel
reprocessing plant, but U.S. pressure prevented the
acquisition because of the military implications. The
Probable military intent in Taiwan's efforts are
indicated, but its development is uncertain in light of
the foreign awareness of these efforts.
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4. Electronics (C)
i
Electronics research and development activity is
steadily improving both in the quality and quantity of
the work undertaken. The rnnst important electronics
research organization is the institute of Electronics of
the National Chiao -t'ung University. it has facilities
for performing research and development on
electronic circuits, microwave techni -.ties, transistors.
computers, television, electro!, vacuum tubes, radio
propagation, solid -state circuits, and lasers.
The Ordnance Research institute, Taipei, operating
under the Ministry of National Defense maintains a
radio division which conducts research on infrared
techniques and devices. For military reasons, the
Ministry of National Defense has shown increasing
interest in improving the knowledge about and the use
of offensive countermeasure equipment and techni-
ques. "Taiwan has made some accomplishments in
support of the military in the development of a circuit
plan for field deployed computers, radar software for
the guidance and control of aircraft and missiles, and
rudimentary Quantum electronics. The CIST /INER
complex has a CDC 3(XX) computer, which is used
mainly for data processing for the armed forces. Some
computer time is devoted to computations in the fields
of mechanical, nuclear, and electronic engineering.
Chinese Air Force officer, trained in the United
States, operate the computer.
Taiwan has continued to upgrade and expand its
domestic and international communications facilities.
A major 1800 channel microwave radio relay link was
recently constructe along the western periphery of
the island, linking Taipei in the north with Kao-
hsinung in the south. Plans also are underway to
establish a number of shorthaul microwave radio -relay
links on heavily trafficked routes. Telephone switching
equipment is being updated, and it is expected that
subscriber toll dialing will be extended to the entire
island by the end of 1976. Two tropospheric scatter
links are to be constructed between Taiwan and the
offshore islands of Quemoy and Matsu. 'Tropospheric
watter links for international telecommunications
were constructed 1) Taiwan and Hong Fong in
1967 and the Philippines in 1969. Satellite
communications were initiated in December 1969
using the Intelsat Pacific Ocean satellite. A second
satellite ground station to be used with the Indian
Ocean satellite was expected to be operational by late
1973.
i 8
5. Medical sciences (S)
Biomedical research is limited and remains on a
relatively low level. The progress which has been
achieved is the result primarily of increased financial
support for medical research by the U.S. Agency for
international Development (AID) and by several U.S.
and Taiwanese nongovernmental groups. The GRC
provides sonic support. Most of the hest work is
accomplished by individual scientists. Some
laboratories have good research facilities.
The principal medical research organizations
include the College of Medicine of the National
Taiwan University, the National Defense Medical
Center, the Kao- hsiung Medical College, the Taipei
Medical College, and the Academia Sinica. With the
increased availability of funds, the quality of medical
education is improving at these facilities. Almost all
the leading medical scientists in Taiwan have been
trained in the United States.
Many of the most recent plans for medical research
projects are keyed to the country's Ten Year Health
Plan for 1966 -75. One goal of the plan is to strengthen
basic scientific studies and epidemiological investiga-
tions on various communicaU diseases, including
disease vectors. Virological an i vacteriological studies
conducted at the National Taiwan University include
research on parasitic diseases endemic to T aiwan
inc luding leptospirosis and filariasis: study of viral
produced tumors in tissue culture: investigation of the
pathophysiology of cholera: and study of immune
mechanisms in leprosy.
Other biomedical research is underway on the
pharmacology and physiology of the nervous system,
toxic metaboli ties, cancer, and hypoxia after major
open heart surgery. ROC scientists are working on the
pharmacology of various snake venoms and the
medicinal and chemical properties of Chinese drug
plants. They are doing experimental research with
labeled proteins and also are studying amino acid
requirements and biosynthesis of cell -w dl polysac-
charides. Taiwan scientists participate in the research
efforts of U.S. personnel at the U.S. Naval Medical
Research Unit (NAMRU) and have co- authored some
of NAMRU's excellent health studies, some of which
have concerned epidemiolo and parasitological
diseases and maternal and infant nutrition.
Armed forces rnedic,al research is of minor
significance and is limited to sonic applied research in
the National Defense Medical Center. Principal fields
V y
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of research are nutrition, preventive medicine
concerning adenovirus diseases, trachoma, hlariasis.
schistosomiasis, and epidemiology. Rewarch is not
organised in a form program and oftep reflects only
tine desire of an individual to do such .work in addition
to his regular duties at the center.
6. Other sciences (S)
a. Cheinisfri; and metallurgy
Although most of the universities and colleges in
Taiwan have departments of chemistry, very little
chemical research is carried on. The staffs concentrate
on teaching and have little time for research. There is
little or no coordination of the minor amount of
research underway. Some research is being clone in the
chemistry of soils and fertilizers by various agriculIuril
research institutes and by the National Taiwan
University. Studies are concerned with tine uptake of
fertilizer constituents and trace elements by rice,
sugar, and tea, and with the effects of agricultural
chemicals, such as herbicides, on plant Nutrition. The
universities and medical colleges do a little research in
analytical chemistry and pharmaceutical analysis.
The Taiwan Provincial Cheng Kung University has
done sonic work on the polarography of uranyl
complexes. A small effort is underway in biochemistry
and organic chemistry, including a few studies oat
natural products, but synthetic organic research is very
weak. l xcept for a little work ill the kinetics of organic
reactions, physical chemical research is almost
noncxtslent. Some studies in inorganic chemistry
involving radioisotope� are Jmie by the National
Taiwan University Gil coui .ation witil Academia
Shifea. Although tlia" prodlluiiwl of chemicals and
related products haS Winwn rapidly, industrial
chemical research remains insignificant. Most of the
technology is imported. The Industrial Technology
Research Institute (frill) is attempting to do sonic
research oil the utilizalion of domestic natural
resources and on process development for native
industries and has the best facilities for applied
chemical research; however, the effort is limited.
The itOC has little melallurgical industry and
essentially [to capability in metalhirgical research,
development, or technology. Most of the raw
materials must be imported to support the very small]
steel anti aluminum industries. The little metallurgical
research evident has concerned the study of
intermetallic compounds having potential use as
semiconductors. This type of research usually is
associated with unti'versity thesis requirements. Neither
basic nor applied ferrous metallurgical or metalwork
ing research has' been conducted.
b. Physi an inatheinafics
On]% lintiled research capabilities exist in nuclear,
plasma, anti solid -state physics. Some improvement
has occurred since 1965, however, as a result of
increased governmental support, improved training of
personnel, and expanded research facilities. Tit, little
research underway is carried out in the Institute of
Physics, Taipei, of the Academia Sinica, (lie Institutes
Of Nuclear Sciences at the National TaiwaN Universit�
and the National Tsing hlua University. and the
CIS'T /INE11 complex. Most of the emphasis is in
nuclear physics and concerns reactor physics with a
small but significant effort in high- energy physics.
Some research is done on the reaction of light nuclei
and on elastic scattering by proton and deuteron
beams. Researchersat the institutof NuclearSciences
have been experimenting with charged particle
induced reactions. They also have done some work on
gamma ray spectrum analysis, heat transfer analysis,
reactor noise, and thermal stress. Sonic limited work is
underway in low temperature, solid -slate physics, anti
cryst allography.
The Institute of Physics of the Academia is engaged
in solid -state studies, which include research on
determining magnetic material properties, such as
diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferrotuagnelism.
The institute is doing some low- tennpemture physics
research and is being equiplied with ervogenic
equipment and it liquid helium and air liquefier plant.
Theoretical physics research concerns particle physics.
A very minor amount of mathematical research is
underway in the classical field of analysis, especially
function th and series. Must of it representssimplc
extensions of known theory. Ali Institute of
Mathematics was established in 1963 at the National
Tsing Ikia University to encourage mathematical
research and to train teachers, but has achieved little.
Tile best graduate students go abroad for their
advanced training, and most of them do not return.
c. Aslrogeophysical sciences
The Republic of China has a very minor capability
for research in astrogcoph }sisal science.. Astronomical
activity is limited principally to the observation of
sunspots and other solar phcuoiraena by a small
observatory of the 'Taiwan Weather Bureau. 'The
bureau operates a first class operational weather
system, which includes two weather radar installations
(at Iloa -lien and Rao- lisiung) strict a rain gauge
netyvork, primarily for typhoon anal flood'forcc;asting
purposes. Sa academic meteorological research is
acrtmapli "shed at the Department of Geography and
Meteorology, National Taiwan University, and Ilia
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lnstitutc of Geophysics of the National Central
Univers Although sonic research is being
conducted in agrometcorolog%. most meteurolugical
resep is devoted mainly to rainfall studies for
hy,rological purposes.
Taiwan is active in hydrologic anti hydraulic
research. Most of the studies are limited to applied
research and involve problems related to irrigation,
flood control, soil erosion, sedimentation, and
industrial and domestic water supply. Hydraulic
models and field tests are used extensively in the study
of sedimentation and erosion phen omcna, the design
of high clams and spillways, and gauging instrumenta-
tion. Although stream gauging has been in effect in
Taiwan since the 1590's, much remains to be done to
increase the number of rainfall, stream, flood, silt, and
evaporation gauging stations. The scarcity of flood
discharge records is a major deficiency affecting
various model testings and the planning of complex
hydraulic projects.
The country has a force of engineer with a high
degree of technical training. Some lack experience.
however, in the practical execution of projects of tilt
magnitude and complexity now under consideration.
The hydrologists and hydraulic engineers are active in
various international scientific meetings but maize
only limited contributions.
Coastal engineering research has improved and
appears co be increasing, especially as it pertains to
harbor modernization and to the solution of silting
problems. Tile Water Resources Planning Commission
has been responsible for hydraulic and coastal
engineering research since 1959. '['his commission
operates two laboratories: The Taipei flydrattlic
Laboratory at National Taiwan University and the
Taiwan Hydraulic laboratory at Taiwan Provincial
Cheng Kung University. These laboratories are
equipped with model test basins; wave, current, and
tide simulators; and ade(lnate data collection and
treasuring instruments. Research inebides studies of
littoral drift, wave effects on beaches, �ind structures,
harbor improvement, sedimentation, and reclamation
of Ir7d by means of dredging. Much of the research
has been direetetd toward the improvement of the
harbors of Chi -lung, liva- lien, Kati- iasiung, and the
planning of a new port for T'ai- Chung.
Basic theoretical and applied geodetic rescarch on
Taiwan is limited. The area of Loncentration is on
training in starvey tMini(lucs and improvement in
neap production. Tile Mapping and Geodesy
Department of the Ching Chung iytstitole of
Teelmologhy is the only institute that provides
training in geodesy. 'Fite primary geodetic service
10
.Genes it the Topographic Services; its headquarters
a;e in Taipei and its facilities are located in T"ai-
chung The agcnc� has a program under%%aN to re.ise
01V existing geodetic triangulation, precise leveling,
and gravity networks in Taiwan. it has cooperated
minatinns, and assisted in the computation and
adiaastn.rut of the geodetic control network on
mainland China.
I'he Taissan Pro.;aci,;I Weather Boreau o1wraws a
n0work of 16 WiSmllgraphti, t)ati ilt)etxx9tie rCSCarCIl in
geolog} and terrestrial geophysics is dirCCtcd ma
tnsvard the location of petroleum and mineral
resources. Routine drilling and seismic. geological.
graviluc(rc, and gCtltnaglictic sttry(`ys are Conn.lCt
by the government -owned Chinew Petroleum C;o, ^p
supported by a partnership with U.S. Qdf Oil Co The
surveys have been conducted inn Taixvan, neighboring
offsltorc areas, all(] the Pescadores islands.
'Tile oceanographic capabilit% in Taiwan is Iost but
is gradually increasing. The ctrtmtrv's oceanographic
activity has consisted primarily of rlearshore surveys
for the development of marine fisheries. lllxvcver.
oceanographic� interest has increased as it result of
participation in the International Kurshio (Japan
Currentl Stud% during 1965-66 this satrvcy was
conducted under tine auspices of talc lntergovemrnen-
ud oceanographic Commission of the United N;ltioix
f..tiocational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO), -with guidance from the UNESCO
Science Cooperation Office for Southern Asia. '1'Itc
survey ship Yang Ming (originally the U.S.
minesweeper U.S.S. Lurid,, operated by Taiwait's
Hydrogr Office, participated in this inves-
tigation, A ncsv ship for coastal rescarch n:as ae(lu.aircd
in l r72 and cruises have been made to seaters off
Borneo. the Philippines, and mainland China. Taiwan
has also shown increased interest in offshore mineral
exploration, specifically in the exploration for oil.
Foreign ships are hired to conduct these surveys, but as
the country lecome; more involved in oceanographic
activity- (here is a possihility more ships will he
ptirchased. The llydrographic Office produces
oceanographic charts for tlsc in conducting these
surveys :nod unlisubmarilie warfare, and is doing
considerable work in marine geology, particularly
halhymetry. A few oceanographers arc being trained
in the United States.
Most 4 the oceanographic rescarch is conducted at
file r ranographic Research Center of National
Taiwan University Taipei, the Chinese National
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