NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 17; ITALY; TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200080003-4
• Release Decision: RIP
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 46
• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
• Sequence Number: 3
• Content Type: REPORTS

SECRET
17 /GS/TT
Ital
i
December 1973
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
13
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200080003 -4

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is to be spent on double tracking and electrific of
lines in southern Italy.
A further USS83.2 million is to he used to complete
the Rome Chiusi section (99 miles) of the new Rome
Florencr iigh speed line. To modernize the motive
power an;: rolling stock pool, USS212.8 million is to be
spe. a for 130 electric and 100 diesel locomotives, 50
three -car electric trainsets, and 1,100 high capacity
freight and container cars.
Characteristics of selected FS lines are given in
Figure 2. Selected standard gage lines total 4,296 route
miles or 43% of the FS network; they handle almost
90% of all rail freight and long distance rail passenger
traffic and have an axleload capacity of 22 short tons.
With the exception of 440 route miles of single track
nonclectrified lines in southern Italy and Sardinia, all
lines are double track and electrified, operating on
3.000 -volt direct current with an overhead catenary
system. T he selected lines make eight international
connections with rail networks of four neighboring
countries. Rolling stock meeting UIC international
specifications is interchangeable at these connections.
D. Highways (C)
The pattern and distribution of Italy*s highways
have bee greatly influenced by the nnountainous and
hilly terrain that char acterizes about four fifths of the
country. The Alps in the north and the Apennines th at
extend southeast down the peninsula have caused the
highways to develope along the coasts and in the river
valleys. Rclativel) few good highway, extend cast
west across the mountainous spina. Density of the
network is greatest in the northern half of the
Peninsula. in Sicily the better routes extend along the
seacoasts, and in Sardinia the network is concentra
in the western part of the. island. The overall network
is generally adequate to support the economy, but the
rapid growth of the rnotor vehicle inventory is causing
increased traffic congestion on routes in and around
the larger urban areas. 'There arc good international
highway connections with the networks of neighbor-
ing France, Italy, Austria, and Yugoslavia. Figure 5
lists characteristics of selected highways.
The highway network consists of about 179,000
miles of roads classified as follows: autostra(le, 3,000
miles (Figure i); state highways, 25,750 miles;
provincial highways, 57,000 miles; and communal
highways, 93,250 miles. Of the total, about 159,000
miles are surfaced with concrete, bitumen, or
stonehlock; about 15,500 miles are surfaced with
gravel or crushed stone; and the re maining 4,500 miles
consist of earth roads. The condition of the network
varies; autostrada and state highways are maintained
at regular intervals and are in better condition than
the other classes. Surface widths range generally from
16 to 45 feet autostrade have divided multilane
roadways, each lane being 11.5 or 12.5 feet wide.
Shoulders range up to about 10 feet wide but many
miles of low -type roads, including sonic in rural areas,
have no shoulders.
Most bridges built before World War II are of brick
or stonemasonry arch construc Ne wly constructed
bridges, especially those on autostrade, are of
reinforced or prestressed concrete the most common
types of concrete structures are beam, a girder,
bowstring, and cantilever. Steel bridges are of girder or
through truss design, and sonic lift bridges have been
built to permit passage of waterway traffic The only
timber bridges arc located on rural roads. Vertical
clearances on almost all bridges are unlimited; in the
few cases w here there is a restriction, the clearance is at
least 14 feet, horizontal clearance on all autostrade
and on most state highw is equal to the road width.
There arc a large number of narrow bridges on less
used provincial and communal highways. Most
structures have high load capacities; the older brick
and stonemasonry bridges and the new concrete and
steel bridges have load capacities of from 40 to 100
tons. Timber bridges have limited load capacities,
generally from 2 to 7 tons. There are numerous tunnels
and galleries on the network. The longest is the. 7.2-
mile Mont Blanc Tunnel that affords an internationai
connection with France. Seagoing ferries offer rail and
motor vehicle service internationally and to offshore
islands. I'he two most important routes are the 5 mile
crossing between Villa San Giovanni to Messina and
the 9.3 -mile crossing from Reggio di Calabria to
Messina. Ferries also operate from Genoa to Sardinia
and Sicily and from Livorno and Civitavccchia to
Sardinia.
The National Autonomous Agency for State
I lghways (Azienda Nationale Autonoma delle Stra(le
Statali �ANAS) is the government agency responsible
for the construction and maintenance of state
highwa and the autostrade system. 'I'll( Minister of
Public Works serves as president of ANAS and presides
over an Administrative Council that approves file
organizations budget, program, and policies. Below
the national level, highway technic offices located in
the provinces and communes are concerned with the
c onstruction and maintenance of roads. The centr
government has assumed greater control over
provincial and communal hir because of the
shortage of funds at the local level. T he construction
j:
;fl;

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Provincial and communal highway organizations
are responsible for their respective road systems;
however, the increased inability of the provinces and
communes to support highway development projects
has resulted in many miles of provincial highways
being reclassified as state highways. Similarly,
communal highways are being reclassified as
Provincial highways.
Significant construction and maintenance problems
result from adverse terrain and climate. Road
construc in the rugged hills and mountains is
costly and difficult, requiring extensive excavation
and embankment. Numerous high -level structures are
required over streams and valleys, and many tunnels
must be constructed. Steep slopes necessitate miles of
retaining walls and numerous galleries. Drainage in
the hills and mountains requires extensive culvert and
ditch construction. Landslides, in many cases
precipitated by heavy rains, frequently destroy road
sections and require extensive reconstruction and
maintenance. Heavy snowfall in the north and along
the mountainous spine requires snowsheds in some
areas; extc, isive inventories of snow removal
equipment are available to keep roads open during the
winter. Flooding is a recurring problem in low -lying
areas, often causing severe damage to roads and
bridges. Construction materials, including gravel,
sand, and stone, are available in most sections of the
country. Cement and reinforcipg and structural steel
are produced locally; adequate supplies of bituminous
materials are available as a refinery byproduct. Both
skilled and unskilled labor is available, and technical
personnel, engine. rs, and equipment operators are
highly competent.
A 10 -year phase of the highway development
program ended in 1970 but is being continued as a 5-
year plan for the period 1971 -75. Most development
effort has been directed to the construction and
expansion of the autostrade network, but improve-
ment of selected portions of the state highway systems
has been accomplished, and additional improvements
are underway or planned. The expansion of the
autostrade network has been the most significant part
of past and present development programs. About
3,000 miles of autostrade have been constructed and
are in use. Another 700 miles are under construction,
and an additional 650 miles arc in the planning stage.
The 4,350 mile basic network is scheduled to be
completed by 1975, but some short routes are
programed for completion after that data The most
important autostrade currentfv tinder construction are
as follows:
ORIGIN
DESTINATION
MILES
Bari
Taranto
54
Voltri
Gravellona
130
Caserta
Salerno
38
Messina
Termine Imerese
140
Palermo
Mazara del V610
75
Ancona
Pescara
95
Vasto
Foggia
70
Autostrade routes on which construction is scheduled
to be completed by 1975 are the 200 -mile segment
from Livorno to Civitavecchia, the 56 -mile route from
Udine to Tarvisio, the 86 -mile route from Taranto to
Sibari, and the 125 -mile route from Catania to Gela
via Siracusa. In addition to these projects, the
capacities of some autostrade are being augmented by
construction of one or more new lanes in each
direction; most are limited to the vicinity of major
urban areas. A number of the newer autostrade have
been constructed with thrcc lanes in each direction,
and some new segments are planned with four lanes in
each direction. Sonic of the autostrade currently being
built incorporate additional horizontal clearances on
bridges and underpasses to facilitate the construction
of extra lanes when traffic growth requires there.
About five international tunnels are planned to
provide better connections between Italy and France,
Switzerland, and Austria. The most important project
is the 8 -mile Frejus tunnel west of Torino. Designed to
provide a year -round road link with France,
construction is scheduled to begin in 1973. Another
important project is the planned rail highway crossing
from the mainland to Sicily across the strait. About
US$2 /pillion has been expended for feasibility studies,
and preliminary construction is scheduled to
begin in 1974.
Movement on the highway system may be restricted
by physical bottlenecks (Figure 4) including tunnels,
galleries, narrow roadways and streets, sharp turns in
towns and villages, underpasses, sharp curves, steep
grades, narrow low capacity bridges, and some ferries.
Climatic factors impeding movement include he.avv
rains which cause flash floods and landslides, in(']
snowfalls which block mountain passes.
I lighway transport operations are controlled by the
Ministry of 'Transport and Civil Aviation through its
agency, the inspectorate Gesteral of Motorization.
Contra! is exercised through the issuance of licenses
authorizing the establishment of a transport line or
service. The most common type of license is issued to
an individual or firm for truck services and vehicles
used exclusively in the conduct of the firm's business
Aay
LEr
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FIGURE 4. Highway
bottlenecks (U /OU)
Top. Narrow bituminous surfaced secondary
road in a rural area of Sicily
Bottom. The hairpin curves on this bituminous
surfaced highway are typical of alignments
in rugged terrain in Italy
13
operations. "the Second type of license is that issued to
Reggio di C;tlahria, Savona, 'I'arutht, Trieste,
a company providing transport services for hire. Most
and
Vc�nic�c. The Irincipal commodities hauled b truck
of the i.ocks registered are owned and opera ted by
ire agrictiltural products, manufactured goods, rase
firms that employ them in carrying out their own
materials, and petrolettrn products.
operations, Most of the for-hire transport services
In January 1972 the 12,651,977 registered motor
consist of single vehicle owner operators and firms that
less 'There
vehicles consisted of 11.6-13,67 passenger cars and
own than 25 vehicles. are some large firms
1,008,301 trucks and buses. Ihtly is a significant
that operate country wide and internationally. producer
of motor vehicles; in 1971 nutnufacturc
The [use of containers is increasing both for domestic
;unoututed to 1,817,019 passenger cars. 'There are
y
and international freight rrtovernenl. Major container
;[bout !0 motor vehicle manufacturers; 1iat, the
terminals are in operation at Cenoa, I,a Spezia,
principal producer, accounted for over 80% of the
s
Livorno, and Naples; smaller facilities are at Ancona,
total vehicles produced. 'There is an important market
4
Bari, Cagliari, Civit wec�chia. Palermo, Porto 'Torres,
for exports, and large numbers of vehicles arc also
13

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E
imported. In 1971 the 680,500 motor vehicles exported
consisted r f 640,190 passenger cars, 38,440 trucks, and
1,870 buses; 395,700 passenger cars, 14,508 trucks,
and 362 buses were imported. Italy is also an
important manufacturer of road construction and
maintenance equipment; large quantities are
exported, and some special purpose types are
imported.
E. Inland waterways (C)
Inland waterway's play a minimal part in tile.
economy, but their importance should increase within
the next decade upon completion of an extensive
waterwa_: development and improvement program
now underway. Waterway traffic amounted to
4,070,000 short tons in 1971. Principal commodities
haul ^d were sand and gravel, petroleum products, ore,
construction materials, fertilizers, and agricultural
products. The waterway network is only marginally
adequate for normal requirements.
The inland waterway system provides a total of
1,538 miles of navigable routes; 702 miles are rivers,
529 miles are canals, and 307 miles are lake. routes. In
terms of navigability based or. the largest barge that
the waterways can accommodate, this mileage is
classified as foliows:
MAXIMUM
NAVIGABLE
BARGE SIZE
MILES
short tons
58
275
447
440
392
715
223
1 1 100
I..... 69
11650
407
The waterways are concentrated almost entirely in tile,
northeastern section of the country and consist mostly
of land -cut canals and improved natural streams. On
the Tvrrhenian seacoast, four short canals serve Visa,
Livorno and Viareggio. Except for the Viareggio to
Vecchiano canal, which carries about 700,000 short
tons annually, none are significant. further t�) the
south, the Ti her River between Rome and Fiumicino
on the coast is classified as a navigable inland
waterway, but it carries virtually na commercial
traffic. In northern Italy near the base r,(' the Alps, four
large I�thes, Maggiore, Como, Iseo, :.nd Garda, supply
the remainder of the Italian waterway routes. L,ago
Maggiore provides an inter- -ational connection with
Switzerland.
Of the 1.,5.`38 navigable miles, sonic 935 miles of
principal routes are discussed below. 'Their selection
has heen hascd on the length of the routes and their
navigability, annual tonnages, and overall importance
to the national network. The selected routes and their
lengths in miles are as follows:
WATERWAY
LENGTH
Po river
384
Ferrara canal system
58
Venice Brondolo -Po waterway
31
Litoranea Veneta
76
'Venice-Padova waterway
Milan canal system
77
Lakes:
Maggiore
76
Como
68
Iseo............................
50
Garda.............................
95
The Po and its navigable tributaries form the
nucleus of the Italian inland waterway system and
provide 384 miles of routes through the rich
agricultural and industrial regions of northern Italy.
Its tributaries are the Mincio, Oglio, Ticino, and Adda
rivers. The system, by direct or indirect connections,
enables vessels to operate from Milan, Pavia,
Mantova, and Cremona to Ferrara, Venice, and
Sdobba near Trieste. The river is navigable for 171
Miles by vessels of 1,485- short -ton capacity fron. one
of its several mouths at Pila, on the Adriatic Sea, to
Cremona. The 33 -mile segment between Cremona
and Piacenza is usable by 660 -ton craft, and the final
56 miles of the Po proper to its upstream limit of
navigation at Gerola Nuova are navigable by 330 -ton
vessels. The only lack on the Po is about midway
I tween Cremona and Piacenza, but some 25 bridges
rosy the waterway. These have vertical and horizontal
underbridge clearances adequate for vessels now using
the waterway. Of the tributaries, the 25 miles of the
westernmost 'Ticino river connect the Po with Pavia
and with the Milan canal system, but because of
inadequate depths and numerous small locks,
relatively little tonnage is moved over the route. The
Adda river provides about 15 miles of waterway
between formigara and the confluence with the Po
upstream from Cremona. There are no locks and only
two bridges on this segment, which, although shallow,
carries it fair amount of traffic. The Oglio river, which
joins the Po at mile 11 8, is navigable for 100 -ton craft
for 41 miles to Canncto still' Oglio. It has no locks, but
there are numerous bridges. The Mincio, which is
ttsable for 13 miles from the Po to ,!re important city of
Mantova, is the most important of the four Po
tributaries and is navigable by 1,485 -ton craft. Its
structures consist of two lochs and six bridges.
Petroleum products account for about 75% of the
cargo handled.
15
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The 58 -mile Ferrara canal system is a group of
canals radiating from the agricultural and industrial
center of Ferrara and providing an alternate route to
the Adriatic generally parallel to but south of the Po.
The system consists of the 42 -mile Po di Volano, the
3.5 -mile Canale Boicelli, the 8 -mile Canale Marozzo,
and the 4.5 -mile Canale Pollotta. Widened and
deepened in recent years, the system has a total of five
locks and can accommodate 1,485 -ton barges. The
system joins the Po at Pontelagoseuro north of Ferrara.
The Ve nice- Brondolo -Po waterway is an important,
heavily travelled 31 -mile north -south route between
Venice and the Po. It is navigable by 1,485 -ton craft
between Venice and Chioggia and by 660 -ton craft
between Chioggia and the Po. Stroctures consist of
four single- chamber locks, one double- chambered
lock, and seven bridges, three of which have movable
spans. Chioggia. about midway on the route, is an
important waterway port Willi waterway connections
leading westward.
A northward extension of the Venice Brondolo -Po
waterway, the Litoranea Veneta, extends northeast-
ward from Venice along the Adriatic coast to Sdobba
near Trieste and the Yugoslav border. The 76 -mile
waterway permits traffic to move from the Po through
Venice to Italy's eastern frontier. The Litoranea
Veneta is composed of a number of land -cut canals,
natural channels, several lagoons, and short river
stretches. Craft of 660 -ton capacity can navigate
throughout its length, A total of 197 miles of navigable
rivers and canals branch off the Litoranea Veneta to
provincial centers to the north and west. The
waterway has five locks and eight bridges with
movable spans.
The 19.5 -mile Venice Padova waterwav is the most
important in the Padova canal system, which has a
total of 150 miles of mostly low- capacity but essential
routes connecting Venice, Padova, Chioggia, and
Vic( nza. The Venic Padova waterway, usable by
330 ton craft, is a canalized stream and has five locks
and numerous bridges.
The Milan canal system has three canals, which are
important transport arteries in the Lombardia legion.
The canals provide Milan with access to the 'Ticino,
Adda, and Po rivers and to the lakes Maggiore and
Como. The three canals are the Naviglio Grande,
which links Milan with Lagodi Cvmo (Lake Como);
the Naviglio delta Martesana, which connects Milan
Willi the Adda; and the Naviglio di Pavia between
Milan and Pavia on the 'Ticino. Although 77 miles of
canals are navigable by vessels of less than 100 -ton
capacity, the system carries a heavy volume of traffic.
16
The four most important Italian lakes in de,;cending
order of commercial significance are Como, Iseo,
Maggiore, and Garda. All four are located near the
base of the Alps; all are long, narrow, and deep and
are encircled by steep mountains. The northern part of
Lago Maggiore lies in Switzerland. Passenger traffic is
heavy on the lakes much of the year. The heaviest
freight traffic is on 56- square -mile Lago di Como,
which transports an annual tonnage ranging bet�,veen
385,000 and 550,000 short tons. Lago di Iseo and Lago
Maggiore each move about 110,000 short tons per
yea ago di Garda, the largest of the four, carries
vir qtly no freight.
Natural traffic interruption factors on the
waterw consist of seasonal water -level fluctuations,
floods, shifting sandbars, fog, and silting. These
factors at times limit navigation and may cause vessels
to proceed at reduced draft, but they do not usually
bring about any serious suspension of traffic on the
principal routes. Ice, which is normally a threat to
navigation on other European waterways, rarely
occurs on Italian canals and rivers.
The inland waterway ports, with the exception of
Venice, which handles large amounts of both inland
waterway and maritime traffic, are largely inade-
quate. In general, they are meager and have
rudimentary cargo-handling and berthing facilities
and poor clearance. Storage facilities are sparse. In
terms of short tons handled, the following were the
leading waterway ports in 1970:
Venice 2,000,000
Mantova 800,000
Ferrara 495,000
Cremona 339,000
Ostiglia 290,000
Milan 193,000 (est)
"!'he inland waterway fleet in December 1971
con listed of the following vessels:
Almost all units of the fleet are small, low capacity
craft; only 31 barges have a capacity greater than
1,000 tons, A more recent fleet census has not been
published, but the number of larger vessels,
particularly tankers, is increasing.
a
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SHORT -TON-
TYPE
NUMBER
CAPACrr'Y
Self propelled barges
378
50,000
Self propelled tankers
42
25,200
Dumb barges
348
50,800
Dumb tankers
34
17,000
Tugs
15
0
Push boats
7
0
Total
824
143,000
Almost all units of the fleet are small, low capacity
craft; only 31 barges have a capacity greater than
1,000 tons, A more recent fleet census has not been
published, but the number of larger vessels,
particularly tankers, is increasing.
a
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f.l.l� ^IG
4
Administration, supervision, and control of the
k waterways are divided between
two government
departments. The administrative control of shipping
and the ownership and commissioning of vessels is
under the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation,
and the Ministry of Public Works is responsible for the
construction and maintenance of waterways and the
publication of waterway statistics.
In very recen' -cars some of the inland waterways
t have been significantly improved, and further
improvement and modernization are both in progress
and planned. The Po, formerly usable only by 600 -ton
craft, is now navigable throughout much of its length
by 1,485 -ton barges as is the Venice- Brondolo -Po
Watervay. A new waterway, the Milan- Cremona -Po
canal (Figure 6) is tinder construction and, when
completed, probably by 1975, will connect Milan with
the Po and thus provide direct access from Milan to
the Adriatic for 1,485 -ton vessels. The new 46 -mile
canal is to have a 126 -foot width and a 12.5 -foot
depth. New port fac ilities are tinder construction at
both Milan and 0emona. The 17 -mile Venice-
Padova canal, also under construction, is scheduled for
completion in 1977; it will be navigable by 1,485 -ton
barges.
Figure. 7 lists characteristics of selected inland
4 r
wateryays.
F. Pipelines (C;
Italy is developing extensive pipeline systems in
support of a rapidly growing domestic petroleum trade
and for tl.e international movement of crude oil from
Mediterranean terminal: to central Europe. More
than 1,100 miles of pipelines transport crude oil, 500
miles of commercial lines are used for the distribution
of refined products, and nearly 400 miles of military
refined products pipelines serve NATO installations in
FIGURE 6. Recently completed
segment of the Milan- Cremona -Po
canal. Looking eastward. (U /OU)
Italy. The country's natural gas pipeline network
totals more than 6,000 miles and is one of western
Europe's largest. Oil and natural gas pipelines are
owned and operated by several commercial companies
and the National Hydrocarbons Authority (Ente
Nationale Idrocarburi�ENT
Large diameter crude oil lines connect inland
petroleum refineries with modern port facilities; more
than 60% of these lines connect with marine
petroleum terminals in the Genoa area. Two large
international pipeline systems transport crude oil from
Italian ports to refineries in Austria, Switzerland, and
West Germany. One of these, the 420 -mile, 18- to 32-
inch- diameter Central European Pipeline, extends
from Genoa to Ingolstadt, West Germany. At Ferrera
Erbognonc a branch line extends northwestward to
Aigle, Switzerland. The other international system is
the 40 -inch Trans Alpine Pipeline, which extends 285
miles from the Trieste tanker ltnloading terminal and
extensive crude oil storage facilities through Austria to
Ingolstadt, West Germany, refineries. In Austria a
branch pipeline serves several petroleum refineries.
Refined products pipelines are mainly concentrated
in northern Italy. Commercial lines of 4- to 20 -inch
diameters connect refineries with distribution facilities
and poNverplants. The 94 -mile line from Trecate to
Savona is the longest. Small diameter military
Pipelines transport fuels from La Spezia to Rivolto, a
distance of 267 miles. At Parma, 56 miles northeast of
La Spezia, a branch line extends 119 miles across Italy
to Ravenna on the Adriatic coast.
An extensive natural gas pipeline network is
supplied mainly by fields in the Po valley and b-
imported liquified natural gas, which is processed and
enters the Italian lines it La Spezia. Northern Italy is
interlaced with natural gas pipelines, and important
trunk lines extend clown both coasts. In Sicily natural
gas is piped from Gagliano Castelfcrrato to consumers
Cli
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in Gela and Termini Imerese and from Bronte to
Catania.
No major crude oil or refined products pipelines are
planned, but Italy has two important large- diameter
international natural gas pipelines tinder construction.
A 500 -mile line is being built to bring natural gas to
Italy from the Netherlands through West Germany
and Switzerland; this line will terminate at Mortara,
southwest of Milan. The second international line will
allow natural gas from the Soviet Union to be piped
across Czechoslovakia and Austria to Tarvisio, Italy.
The Italian segment will continue southwestward to
its terminal at Seregno, north of Milan. Both lines are
scheduled for completion by the end of 1973. In
addition, Italy is studying plans to construct a large
diameter natural gas pipeline across the Mediter-
ranean from Algerian fields.
Details of selected pipelines are given in Figure 8.
G. Ports C)
Oceangoing vessels can berth alongside in the 16
major and 22 significant minor ports, which are
located on the mainland and t!;c islands of Sicily and
Sardinia.
The mountainous nature of Italy, its geographical
position at the crossroads of the Mediterranean, and
the fact that over 90% of the country is within 75 miles
of the coast have made it one of the leading maritime
nations. The relative scarcity of large bays and natural
harbors has necessitated the construction of extensive
artificial protective works as expansion of ports has
taken place. harbor space in all but a few ports is at a
premium. Mediterranean mooring is widely used to
conserve space, cargo being lightered ashore.
Most of the major ports are on the mainland and are
fairly well distributed along the Adriatic, Ligurian,
and Tyrrhenian seacoasts. Catania, Messina, and
Palermo are major ports in Sicily; Cagliari is the
capital and chief port of Sardinia. Genoa and Savona
on the northern part of the west coast and Venice-
4 Marghera at the head of the Adriatic handle the major
share of traffic to and from the northern industrial
centers. Livorno is an outlet for the north- central cities
of Florence, Bologna, and Perugia. Trieste, also at the
head of the Adriatic, handles traffic primarily in
transit to and from Austria and Czechoslovakia.
s' Naples, second only to Genoa in activity, is the
j principal focal point for central and southern Italy.
Adriatic commerce and trade with the Middle East arc
carried on through the smaller Adriatic ports of Bari,
Brindisi, and Ancona. Barletta, about 35 miles
northwest of Bari, is a fishing port that has limited
traffic. Taranto, in southern Italy, and La Spezia are
significant as naval bases; the latter is also important
commercially.
Most Italian ports are under the direct o%vnership
and control of the state through the Ministry of
Merchant Marine. Two exceptions are Genoa and
Trieste, which are governed by autonomous port
associations. The major ports are well equipped and
efficient and are considered adequate for normal
requirements. The principal naval bases, La Spezia,
Taranto, and Messina, provide varying degrees of
operational and logistical support to fleet units.
Various expansion and renovation projects are
envisioned for the major ports tinder a 5 -year plan
(1971 -75). Some of the projects include construction of
container terminals, berthing for supertankers, and a
bridge over the Messina strait to connect Sicily with
the mainland by 1977. Plans are being drawn up for a
new port at Voltri, some 4 miles west of Genoa. The
earliest date for completion of this project, which
includes three container facilities and it number of
roll -on roll -off berths, is 1980. Planned for Naples is it
container marshalling, storage, and clearance area
some 12 miles from the main port. Funds have already
been appropriated to modernize and enlarge existing
port facilities. Present general cargo traffic is expected
to grow considerably because of new industries settling
in the Naples area and in southern Italy. Work is
proceeding on a new commercial basin at Marghera,
to which the free port will later be transferred. In
addition, oil traffic is being rerouted via the
MalamoCCO canal to bypass Venice proper to the San
Leonardo petroleum docks. This canal is to have
depths sufficient for large tankers and is ultimately to
extend to Marghera. In Trieste, Pier VII has recently
been completed as a facility for co:tainerships, but so
far no handling equipment has been provided. Pier
VII is a transshipment point for an expected large
trade in containerized fruit and vegetables which will
move from Greece, Israel, Turkey, and other Middle
Fast ports through "Trieste to northern Europe.
Details of the major ports are tabulated in Figure 9.
H. Merchant marine (C)
Despite Italy's heavy reliance on maritime
transport, the merchant fleets carrying capacity has
not kept pace with tl,, country's annual growth in
international seaborne trade; Italy has increasingly
depended upon foreign -flag shipping for the carriage
of this trade. In 1969 the fleet carried about 2.1% of the
total volume of seaborne imports and exports and in
1970 about 211. As a result of more funds paid out
19
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annually to foreign shipping interests than are earned
by the domestic -flag fleet, there are substantial deficits
in the balance of payments in seaborne transportation.
In 1969, the deficit amounted to US$184 million.
In November 1972 the merchant fleet consisted of
the following 649 ships of 1,000 gross register tons
(g.r.t.) and over:
TYPE
No.
G.R.T
D.W.T.
Tanker
162
..,874,270
4,804,226
Bulk cargo
126
1,905,002
3,049,982
Tanker /ore carrier
16
826,003
1,467,579
Dry cargo
203
902,980
1,305,612
Passenger
64
74,300
244,400
Liquefied gas tanker
16
120,394
111,479
Refrigerator
19
88,313
76,059
Passenger /cargo
9
43,393
54,446
Other specialized carrier
�34
105,927
142,422
Total 649 7,607,582 11,256,205
*Two asphalt, 2 car, 3 cement, 13 chemical carriers; 2 con-
tainer, 12 roll -on roll- off /trailer ships.
Additional data on the ships are as follows:
Not pertinent.
43 passenger, II roll -on roll- off /trailer, 9 refrigerator,
6 dry cargo, 3 liquefied gas carriers, 2 bulk cargo. 1 pas-
senger /cargo, and I container.
Italian -flag ships are employed in liner (scheduled)
and tramp (unscheduled) service on major trade routes
worldwide, carrying the nation's own trade as well as
crosstrades ;o� c ietween other countries.
Merchai. owned by more than 160
domestic ate-� i beneficial owners (entities which
take the W �s from operations). Fourteen
beneficial ow- _ontrolling more thin 200,0(X'
d.w.t., account ut 60% of the total fleet
deadweight tonnage. u, of these owners, Archille
i
PERCENT
NUMBER
OF D.W.T.
OF SHIPS
Size (d.w.t.)
Less than 20,000
30
499
20,000 99,000
52
138
100,000 and over'
18
12
Age (years):
Under 10
56
192
10 -19
35
273
20 and over
9
184
Speed (knots):
18 and over
'76
15-17
276
11 -14
247
Under 11
50
Power:
Diesel
516
Oil -fired steam
127
Coal -fired steam
6
Not pertinent.
43 passenger, II roll -on roll- off /trailer, 9 refrigerator,
6 dry cargo, 3 liquefied gas carriers, 2 bulk cargo. 1 pas-
senger /cargo, and I container.
Italian -flag ships are employed in liner (scheduled)
and tramp (unscheduled) service on major trade routes
worldwide, carrying the nation's own trade as well as
crosstrades ;o� c ietween other countries.
Merchai. owned by more than 160
domestic ate-� i beneficial owners (entities which
take the W �s from operations). Fourteen
beneficial ow- _ontrolling more thin 200,0(X'
d.w.t., account ut 60% of the total fleet
deadweight tonnage. u, of these owners, Archille
i
28
Lauro, controls about 1,254,000 d.w.t., and six others
each have more than 400,000 d.w.t. under Italian
registry. Finmare (Societa Finanziuria Marittinia), a
government -owned holding company, owns majority
shares of Societa per Azioni di Navigazione Lloyd
Triestino (23 ships, 177,377 d.w.t.), Societa perAzioni
di Navigazione Italia (17 ships, 161,176 d.w.t.), and
Societa per Azioni di Navigazione Adriatica (14 ships,
34,318 d.w.t.). Foreign beneficial owners are Standard
Oil Co. (New Jersey), New York (seven tankers,
419,412 d.w.t.) and Blue Star Lines, Ltd., London
(five refrigerator ships, 17,482 d.w.t.).
Between 1 January 1969 and November 1972 the
fleet increased by about 2.6 million d.w.t. During this
period, shipowners concentrated on both a structural
and technical modernization of their fleets. Many
obsolete and unprofitable ships were scrapped or sold,
and a significant number of specialized ships were
acquired, specifically roll -on roll off /trailers, liquefied
gas tankers, and chemical and tanker /ore carriers.
The relatively slow growth of the fleet carrying
capacity during the last few years can be attributed
primarily to insufficient capital for investment by
many private, unsubsidized shipowners in the
development of their fleets. Shipowners have been
hampered by continually rising costs in several
important areas of their shipping operations as well as
increasing costs of ship construction.
`While other nations have been phasing out or
limiting passenger ship service because of strong
competition by air travel, Italy has been increasing
such operations and acquiring luxury passenger liners.
However, the state -owned Finmare shipping group,
which provides most of the fleet's passenger service,
has sustained heavy losses during the last few years,
particularly in transatlantic and transpacific passenger
operations. In 1970, Finmare announced proposals for
restructuring operations of each of its companies.
These proposals concerned primarily the discontinu-
ance of unprofitable passenger operations and the sub-
stitution of the more profitable cruise and cargo- carry-
ing services. Finmare's proposals, which have no had
government -wide approval, have been vehemently
rejected both by the strong maritime unions, who
fear a large displacement of seafaring personnel upon
the discontinuance of certain passenger lines, and by
private shipowners, who feel :icy would be in direct
competition with the government through Finmare for
the carriage of certain trade on the same routes.
In 1970 the government estimated that the volume
of annual Italian seaborne trade would amount to
about 500 million metric tons by 1975, and in an effort
to increase the fleet's participation in the carriage of
l
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this irade, a goal was included within its 5 -year plan
(1971 -75) for a merchant fleet totaling 12 million g.r.t.
by 1975. By way of encouraging private shipowners to
meet the fleet expansion objective, the government no
longer prohibits shipowners from placing orders for
ship construction in foreign shipyards; thc. may now
do so when domestic yards cannot meet domestic fleet
requirements.
On 31 july 1972, shipowners had placed on order
for delivery between 1972 and 1978 a total of 53
merchant ships amounting to about 3.4 million d.w.t.;
however, only three dry cargo ships totaling 33,000
d.w.t. and one 138,800 d.w.t. tanker were to be built
in !!)reign yards. Ship types reflecting the largest
amount of tonnage on order were as follows:
TOTAL DELIVERY
TYPE NO. D.W.T. SCHEDULE
Tanker 20 1,636,000 1972 -76
Ore /oil and ore /bulk /oil
carrier 17 1,521,000 1972 -78
Bulk cargo 3 100,800 1972 -73
In addition to ships C 1,000 g. r. t. and over, the fleet
includes several hundred smaller merchant ships
which are employed in .,alv's coastal trade and trade
with countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. In
mid -1971 the fishing fleet had 134 vessels between 100
and 499 g.r.t. and 69 between 500 and 1,999 g.r.t.; the
203 units totaled 85,000 g.r.t.
The Ministry of Merchant Marine administers the
maritime laws and regulations on both domestic and
foreign -ship operations. italy is a mernber of the Inter
Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization
(IMCO) and a party to the following IMCO
conventions: Safety of Life at Sea, 1948 and 1960;
Prevention of Collisions at Sea, 1960; Oil Pollution,
1951 and 1962; and Load Lines, 1966.
Despite the government's concern for a fleet that
would more adequately satisfy the country's economic
needs, it subsidizes only the operations of the Finmare
companies and local passenger and mail services of
several smaller companies. indirect government
subsidization is provided shipowners through loan
extensions for the construction, modernization, or
repair of merchant ships; through ship depreciation
allowances; and through partial financing of new
ships purchased as replacements for scrapped tonnage.
Shipowners receive tax benefits in the form of tax -free
reserves which have accrued from profits of ship sales
and are to he spent for ship repl acement purchases.
Italy neither prohibits Italian shipowners from
registering ships under foreign flag nor foreign
shipowners registering ships tinder Italian flag. it has
been estimated that between 1.5 million and 2 million
g.r.t. of Italian -owned shipping is registered tinder
foreign flags, including a considerable amount of
tonnage under Liberian and Panamanian flags of
convenience. Cargo preference laws provide that,
without government authorization, no trade can be
carried on ships of foreign countries that have
discriminated against Italian- flag ships. in addition,
the carriage of Italy's coastal trade is rc:.cricted to
domestic- flag ships.
Of the estimated 37,000 seafarirg personnel
employed on Italian flag merchant ships of 100 g.r.t.,
and over, more than 35,000 are nationals. in addition,
an estimated 15,000 Italian seafaring personnel are
employed on ships registered under flags of
cenvenience. Because of strong maritime union
participation, Italian seafaring personnel are among
the worlds highest paid, in both wages and other
benefits.
The government operates about 25 Nautical
"Technical institutes for training deck and engineering
officer candidates. They provide 5 -year coltrscs in
navi �ation, marine engineering, and snip construc-
tion. 'rte government also sponsors about 30 merchant
marine schools for training seamen and specialists.
I. Civil air (C)
(Aitalia -Linee Aeree Raliane (Alitalia), the national
airline, is almost entirely government owned. The
state holding company, Istituto per la Ricostruzione
Industriale (IRI), has the majority of the stock.
Alitalia, which ranks high among the world's
international airlines in number of passenger -miles
flown, serves 78 foreign cities in 60 countries and 1 I
domestic points (not including t:iose cities served by
subsidiary companies under contract). Its fleet consists
of 18 Aerospatiale Caravelle VI's, 5 Bocing 747'x, 11
Douglas DC 8 -40's, 8 Douglas DC 8 -62's, 2 all -cargo
Douglas DC- 8- 62F's, 35 Douglas DC 9 -30's, 2 all
cargo Douglas DC 9-301 and 3 Douglas DC 30's.
Alitalia has three domestic subsidiary airlines: Aero
Transporti Italiani, S.P.A. (ATI), Societa Italiana
Esercizio Elicntteri (Elivie), and Societa Aerea
Mediterranea, S.P.A. (SAM). ATI and SAM are
Wholly owned subsidiaries, and Alitalia owns 90% of
F,livicIs stock. ATi, which has headquarters in Naples,
serves 24 domestic points, including cities in Si and
Sardinia. One of the fastest growing airlines in the
world, ATI passengers increased from 632,000 in 1969
to about 1,790,000 in 1971. Elivie, which has been
managed by ATI since 1968, operates charter
helicopter service to several italian resort towns: it
ceased providing regularly scheduled services in 1971.
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SAM, on behalf of Alitalia, operates charter flights
from italy to central and northern Europe.
Rome -based Aerolinee Itavia, S.P.A., which
operates four Handley Page Herald 200'x, three
Fokker F' -28's, and three Douglas DC: 9 -10's, is a
privately owned airline providing scheduled service to
17 domestic points and to Basle and C;eneva,
Switzerland. In addition, Itavia performs domestic
and European short -haul charter services.
Alisarda, S.P.A. is a privately owned airline based in
i Olbia, Sardinia. Formed in 1963 as an air taxi and
charter operator, Alisarda now provides regularly
scheduled service to five domestic point- and seasonal
r service to Ajaccio, Corsica, and Nice, France.
1
Aertirrena, S.P.A., also privately ow. ed, operates air
taxi and charter services and provides seasonal
scheduled feeder services in northern Italy. In addition
to light aircraft, the Aertirrena fleet has three Soviet-
h.;4 YAK 40 aircraft. CompaPnia ltalfana Elicotten
S.R.L. CIE) operates seasonal helicopter service
between Rimini and the principality of San Marino.
The following 138 civil aircraft o" at (cast 20,000
pounds gross weight are registered in Italy, including
one foreign owned:
20 Aerospatiale Caravelle VI 3 Fokker F -27 -100
1 Boeing 707 -120 6 Fokker F -27 -200
5 Boeing 747 2 Fokker F -27 -400
11 Dassault Falcon 20 2 Fokker F -27 -600
11 Douglas DC 8 -40 3 Fokker F -28 -1000
8 Douglas DC 8 -62 1 Grumman G 159
2 Douglas DC 8 -62F 1 Grumman G 1159
3 Douglas DC 9 -10 4 Handley Page Herald 200
45 Douglas DC 9 -30 1 Hawker Siddeley HS -125
2 Douglas DC 9 -30F 1 M.B.B. HFB 320
3 Douglas DC 10 -30 3 YAK 40
An estimated total of 17,100 persons are engaged in
civil aviation activities, including at least 1,200
commercial pilots. Alitalia, Italy's largest airline, has
about 14,300 employees, including over 3,500
maintenance personnel and about 1,100 pilots. ATi
employs about 750 personnel; Itavia, 400; and
Alisarda, 100.
Basic flight training is available through some 60
aerocluhs and several flight training schools. The most
important flight training school is the Alitalia
Training Center at Rome's Fiumicino Airport. Here,
Alitalia offers a complete range of training capable of
preparing students with no flight experience to
become commerical pilots. The center is equipped
with flight simulators for most of the aircraft in the
Alitalia fleet. According to the terms of the ATLAS
agreement, Alitalia will provide DC 10 flight
simulator training for members of the consortium (Air
France, Lufthansa, Alitalia, Sabena, and Iberian
airlines); however, Boeing 747 flight simulator
training is pry, ided by Lufthansa at its facility in
West Germany.
Civil aircraft maintenance is centered primarily at
Alitalia's base in Rome. Standards are high, and
facilities compare favorably with those of other major
international carriers. In addition to its own fleet,
Alitalia maintains and overhauls the ATi DC 9
aircraft and the SAM Caravelle and DC 6 aircraft and
also performs maintenance for various non- Italian
carriers such as 'Zambia Airways and Somalia Airlines.
Alitalia handles powerplant support in collaboration
with the Alfa Romeo Company, which takes care of
major repair and overhaul work. Maintenance on
Alitalia's DC 10 and Boeing 747 aircraft is
accomplished in accordance with the ATLAS
agreement. In the context of this agreement, Alitalia
has no major maintenance responsibility for the DC 10
aircraft but does share responsibility with Sabena to
perform systems apd electronic overhaul for the
consortium's Boeing 747 aircraft. At least 15
-ommercial enterprises, including Alfa Romeo,
provide extensive instrument, electrical, and hvdraulic
component overhaul.
Responsibility fot controlling civil aviation is
assigned to the Ministry of Transport and Civil
Aviation. However, actual operational responsibility
rests with a subordinate agency, the General
Directorate of Civil Aviation. The national civil
airways system is operated by the Ministry of Defense.
The government subsidizes development of civil
aviation, including annual payments to Alitalia and
its subsidiary companies. Aeroclubs and training
schools are also subsidized.
Italy is a member of the International Civil
Aviation Organization and is a signatory of the
principal international civil aviation conventions. in
the commercial field, Alitalia belongs to the
international Air 'Transport Association and
participates in numerous pooling arrangements with
foreign airlines. The government has entered into
formal or informal civil air agreements with at least 62
countries, including Albania, Bulgaria, Czecho-
slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the U.S.S.R.,
and Yugoslavia. Linking. Italy with 114 cities in 75
countries are 62 foreign air carriers, including the
national airlines from the ab:>vc- mentioned countries.
J. Airfields' (C)
Italy has 150 usable airfields, i I seaplane stations,
and 761 sites. Of the usable airfields, 54 ire military, 19
are civil, 30 are joint military /civil, and 47 are private.
'For detailed information on individual airfields in Italy, see
Volume 13, Airfields and Seaplane Stations of the World, published
by the Defense Mapping Agency, Aerospace Center, for the Defense
Intelligence Agency.
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-I Elflll lflV In V
p'
C
011
iF
i
FIGURE 10. Selected airfields (C)
LARGEST
AIRCRAFT
NORMALLY
ESWL* SUPPORTED
Pounds
80,000 C- 141.......
66,000 C- 9A.......
44,000 DC- 9.......
55,000 DC- 9.......
66,000 C- i24.......
77,000 L- 880.......
66,000 A- 727.......
99,000 DC- 8....... Do.
61,600 C- 133....... Joint. Civil /NATO maritime airfield. IAF and
USN. Joint headquarters COMAIRSOUTH/
NATO. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft.
77,000 C- 133....... Joint. IAF, USAF, domestic airlines. Interna-
tional airport used by nonscheduled and private
aircraft. Maintenance depot for Alitalia aircraft,
inel�Iding DC -8.
100,000 DC- 8....... Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft. Closed to military aircraft.
77,000 B- 707....... Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft. Fiat aircraft factory on
airfield.
44,000 C- 130....... Joint. International airport used by scheduled,
nonscheduled, and private aircraft. Home base
for fighter squadrons.
99,000 DC Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft. Aeronavali Co. on field.
REMARKS
Military. IAF /USAFE. Maintained by USAFE;
used by USAFE fighters on TDY status.
Joint. IAF squadron. International airport used
by scheduled and private aircraft.
Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft.
Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft. Can support C -130
aircraft.
Joint. International airport for nonscheduled and
private aircraft.
Civil. International airport for scheduled and
private aircraft.
Do.
*Equivalent Single -Wheel Loading: Capacity of an airfield to sustain the weight of any multiple -wheel landing -gear aircraft, in
terms of the single -wheel equivalent.
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LONGEST RUNWAY:
SURFACE; DIMENSIONS;
ELEVATION ABOVE
NAME AND LOCATION
SEA LEVEL
Feet
Aviano
Asphalt.............
46 �02'N., 12 �36'E.
8,596 x 148
419
Brindisi /Casale...........
Asphalt
40 �39'N., 17 �57'E.
8,662 x 148
48
Cagliari/Elmas...........
Asphalt
39 �15'N., 9 �03'E.
7,260 x 148
12
Catania/ Fontanarossa.....
Asphalt
37 �28'N., 15 �04'E.
6,6V3 x 197
42
Forli
Asphalt.............
44 �12'N., 12 �04
7,218 x 148
98
Cenova /Sestri............
Asphalt
44 �25'N., 8 �50'E.
7,480 x 148
9
Milano /Linate...........
Asphalt
45o27 9
8,002 x 197
352
Milano /Malpensa.........
Asphalt
45 �38'N., 8 �44'E.
12,844 x 197
767
Napoli /Capodichino.......
Asphalt
40 �53'N., 14 �17'E.
7,218 x 197
289
Roma /Ciampino..........
Asphalt
41 �48 12
7,218 x 197
423
Roma /Fiumicino.........
Asphalt
41 �48'N., 12 �14
12,795 x 197
7
Torino /Caselle...........
Asphalt
45 �12'N., 7 �39'E.
9,843 x 197
986
Treviso /St. Angelo........
Asphalt
45 �39 12 �12
7,940 x 151
59
Venezia reSSera..........
Asphalt
45 �30 12 �21
8,858 x 148
7
LARGEST
AIRCRAFT
NORMALLY
ESWL* SUPPORTED
Pounds
80,000 C- 141.......
66,000 C- 9A.......
44,000 DC- 9.......
55,000 DC- 9.......
66,000 C- i24.......
77,000 L- 880.......
66,000 A- 727.......
99,000 DC- 8....... Do.
61,600 C- 133....... Joint. Civil /NATO maritime airfield. IAF and
USN. Joint headquarters COMAIRSOUTH/
NATO. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft.
77,000 C- 133....... Joint. IAF, USAF, domestic airlines. Interna-
tional airport used by nonscheduled and private
aircraft. Maintenance depot for Alitalia aircraft,
inel�Iding DC -8.
100,000 DC- 8....... Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft. Closed to military aircraft.
77,000 B- 707....... Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft. Fiat aircraft factory on
airfield.
44,000 C- 130....... Joint. International airport used by scheduled,
nonscheduled, and private aircraft. Home base
for fighter squadrons.
99,000 DC Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft. Aeronavali Co. on field.
REMARKS
Military. IAF /USAFE. Maintained by USAFE;
used by USAFE fighters on TDY status.
Joint. IAF squadron. International airport used
by scheduled and private aircraft.
Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft.
Civil. International airport used by scheduled
and private aircraft. Can support C -130
aircraft.
Joint. International airport for nonscheduled and
private aircraft.
Civil. International airport for scheduled and
private aircraft.
Do.
*Equivalent Single -Wheel Loading: Capacity of an airfield to sustain the weight of any multiple -wheel landing -gear aircraft, in
terms of the single -wheel equivalent.
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I
Airfield distribution has been influenced by three
factors: the country's terrain, its military posture, and
its population centers. Most of the airfields on the
mainland are located on the northern plains and along
the east and west coastal regions, and the highest
concentration is in the vicinity of Rome. Because of
the mountainous topography of the major islands, the
airfields are generally located on the coast.
The airfield system adequately meets civil and
military requirements. Of the 32 international
airfields, 19 serve scheduled traffic. The most
important fields on the mainland are Genova /Sestri,
Milano /Linate, Milano /Malpensa, Torino /Caselle,
Roma /Fiumicino, and Venezia /Tessera. On Sardinia
and Sicily the most important fields are Ca-
gliari /Elmas and Palermo /Punta Raisi, respectively.
Each of these facilities has been developed to meet the
specific needs (such as navigational aids, aircraft
movement areas, and ground handling) required by
short haul and /or long haul operations of airlines
using aircraft in at least the C -130 category and some
using aircraft in the C -141 category. Roughly 40% of
the major military airfields and two major joint
airfields serve as home bases for fighter aircraft. Many
of the minor military airfields serve the Italian Army,
and minor joint military /civil and private airfields
serve acrd club activities and domestic tourists.
Eighty airfields have hard surfaced runways which
are generally in good condition. Most of these fields
also have associated aircraft movement areas which
are also hard surfaced. Their general weight hearing
capacity varies from C -45 to C -141 aircraft. Runways
at the remaining airfields h-ve either natural or
lernporary surfaces, generally in fair condition. The 11
seaplane stations are available, only in emergencies.
I'll(! 79 sites have reverted to a natural state or are
under cultivation, and little remains of them except
earth scars.
Efforts constantly arc made to improve and
modernize the airfields according to the dictates of the
international Civil Aviation Organization and the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Examples of this
arc the new aircraft movement areas under
construction at Roma /Fiumicino, the planning of a
third runway at Milano /Malpensa, and the addition
of a second runway at Gioia Del Coll,. The important
military airfields also have expansion potential.
Figure 10 lists characteristics of selected airfields.
K. Telecommunications (C)
The telecommunication (tel,con) systems are
modern and well developed and provide fast, reliable
service that meets the needs of the government,
32
industry, and the public. The density of facilities
compares favorably with those in most other European
countries, and Italy's telecom systems generally are
being expa:u' >d at a faster rate. The number of
telephone set:. and the mileage of intercity circuits
have been increasing by 10% and 14 respectively, in
each of the last 4 years. High capacity cable and
radio -relay systems are employed in nearly equal
amounts in the national trunk telecom network; major
routes run along both flanks of the Appennine
mountains and cast in the Po valley. Primary
switching centers are in Milan, Rome, and Naples.
Although the telephone, telex, and broadcast networks
are fully automated throughout Italy, the density of
these facilities diminishes south of Rome and in
Sardinia and Sicily. Excellent international facilities
provide immediate worldwide service, and radio
broadcast and TV services are continually being
improved for the benefit of the public.
The government either owns or maintains
controlling interest in most public telecom facilities
through the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
(MPT). Facilities that provide interregional telephone,
telegraph, and news service and radio and TV
broadcast are wholly owned by the government. The
government and a concessionaire share ownership of
regional telephone facilities; the State Agency for
Telephone Services (ASST) is responsible for the
operation and maintenance of long distance facilities
between 37 urban telephone districts, and the Italian
Company for Telephone Service (SiP) is licensed to
provide local service within these districts and in the
remaining 194 telephone districts. Radio and TV
broadcast operations, a government monopoly, are
delegated to Radio Television of Italy (RAI). The
Cable, Radiotelegraph and Radiocommunication
Services, inc. (ITALCABLE) operates all international
radiocommunications and some submarine cable
facilities. Space Communications, Inc. (TELLS
PA7,IO) is responsible for operating communications
satellite ground facilities and related circuits. About
150,000 persons are employed in all facets of the post
and telecommunications operations.
The domestic telecom systems consist of intercon-
nected networks of open -wire, coaxial and multicon-
ductor cable, and radio -relay links. The primary
transmission systems use high- capacity coaxial cable
and radio -relay links to provide intercity circuits.
Some multiconductor cables and open -wire lines,
Which often parallel the coaxial cables, also provide
intercity circuits. Submarine cables and radio -relav
links are used for scrvicc between the islands of the.
Tyrrhenian Sea and the mainland. Primary 2- and 4-
0
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tube coaxial cable routes have 960 or 2,700 channels
per tube. Minor iinks use small coaxial cables having
300- channel capacities. More recently, sections of the
new 60 MHz coaxial cable having 10,400 channels
per tube have been installed on some key routes, and
the trend is to expand usage of this newest type cable
together with duplicate radio -relay systems on all
primary routes. Several types of high capacity radio
relay equipment are used: one operates in the 4 -GHz
band and transmits 4 radio frequencies, each
frequency providing 960 telephone channels or 1 TV
circuit; another type operates is the 6 -GHz band and
provides 2,700 channels per radio frequency.
The intercity telephone switching system is divided
into 20 regions and 231 districts for operational
control. Each region has a main switching center, but
the most important centers are at Milan and Rome.
Direct -dial service has been in effect throughout all of
Italy since October 1970, using electronic exchanges to
interconnect all the nearly 10.8 million telephone sets.
Telephone density is highest in the northern and
central cities, and the largest concentrations are in
Rome, Milan, "Torino, and Genoa. Distribution in
most cities in the southern part of the country is closer
to the national average of 17.5 sets per 100 population.
Telegraph facilities are located in about 175 cities; 23
of these also have facsimile service. Automatic telex
exchanges in more than 35 cities have a combined
capacity of about 9,500 lines.
The highly complex and automated network of
international services has experienced a 40% to 50I
increase in telephone and telex traffic in recent years.
The principal control centers for international services
are in Rome and Milan. Multiconductor and coaxial
cables and radio -relay links carry most of the traffic to
European countries. Landlines connect with Austria,
France, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia; radio -relay
facilities or tropospheric- scatter links provide circuits
to Austria, France, Greece, Spain, Tunisia, and West
Germany (via Austria). All international 1-11
radiocommunication circuits are operated by
I'TAL.CABL.E. Telephone, telegraph, telex, and
facsimile circuits to over 40 foreign terminals are
manipulated from control centers in Rome and two
transmitter and two receiver stations located in the
Rome area. Coaxial submarine cables, administered
by the MPT, provide telephone and telegraph service
to Albania, Crete, Egypt, Greece, Libya, Malta, and
Tunisia. iTALCAB1.E shares operation of the 640
channel MAT -I cable system to Estepona, Spain,
where connections are made with several transatlantic
1 MIlz� million cycles per second; Gllz� billion cycles per
semild.
cable systems in which additional circuits are leased. A
communications satellite ground station is located at
Ccnea del Fucino, about 80 miles cast of Rome. The
installation has antennas operating with satellites in
both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans; direct circuits
are available to 21 countries. The station also serves as
a major transit center for international traffic between
many African, Asian, and Latin American countries.
Special telecom systems are operated by many
government agencies and private organizations. Most
of these systems lease circuits from the public network,
but some large separate systems have been established.
A 20- station coastal radiocommunication network is
directed from a central station in Rome, and a
combined radio -relay and wire network is used by the
Autostrade IRI for highway traffic control and
maintenance. The National Electric Power Agency
has a special independent countrywide telecom
system, which uses powerline carrier equipment for
remote control of electric power switching and
telephone services between power stations. A radio
relay system links the 22 provincial headquarters of
the Carabinieri with the Rome GHQ, and
communication facilities of the signal batallions of the
Italian Army are tied into those of the Carabinieri, the
Air Force, and the civil telephone system.
Broadcast services compare favorably with those
available in other European countries. The AM
programs originate at 4 primary and 14 regional
studios and are transmitted by 86 stations. Four
different programs are presented. The National and
Second Programs are most widely disseminated, and
only a few stations broadcast special cultural or
regional language programs on the Third and
Regional Programs. Stations at Rome and Caltanis-
setta broadcast the foreign service programs on
shortwave. Over 1,700 FM transmitters in .apc:ation at
some 550 separate stations comprise the most extensive
I M network in Europe. Only 35 are primary high
power stations; the remainder are repeaters, most less
than 100 watts in power output. Each station
broadcasts three separate programs. In mid -1972 an
estimated 12.6 million broadcast receiver licenses were
in force.
Nationwide TV coverage is achieved through
extensive use of the radio -relay system and the careful
placement of sonic 1,150 transmitters in 855 different
locations. TV studios in Rome, Milan, Torino,
Florence, and Naples provide material for the
National Program, which is transmitted on channels of
the ViiF hand, and the Second Program, on channels
of the VHF band. Some key transmitters have power
outputs of 1,000 kw., but the bulk of the stations have
33
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200080003 -4

=rnn�u.na�c
SECRET
transmitters of 100 watts or less. Radio relav links are
used to exchange programs with other countries in the
Eurovision network. In 1972 an estimated 10.8 million
TV receivers served some 65 of every 100 families.
A large, well- diversified telecom industry provides
most types of equipment in quantities adequate for
both civilian and military needs. The only significant
import is components, which are obtained from
abroad in large quantities. Such foreign purchases are
primarily a reflection of product specialization within
the European community. Moderate quantities of
telephone switching and radiocommunication
equipment are also imported. Exports include large
amounts of components as well as radio relay,
multiplexing, and teletype equipment, radio and TV
receivers, and military radios. The leading manufac-
turers are Telettra, S.P.A., Marelli Lenkurt, S.P.A.,
Societa Italiana Teleeomuniu.izioni Siemens, S.P.A.,
Philips Radio, S.P.A., and Selenia, S.P.A. The
principal shortcoming of the industry is the lack of a
more significant research and development capability.
Most production in this field is based, directly or
indirectly, on foreign designs.
I
34
The telecom industry has had no difficulty in
obtaining technicians, engineers, and scientists to
fulfill its needs. Educational standards are high, and
liberal scholarship programs are sponsored by the
government and industry. The School of Telecom-
munications of the Armed Forces near Genoa has an
attendance of about 2,600 military personnel each
year for lengthy courses; it has provided large numbers
of telecom and electronic technicians for the civilian
industry.
The -year plan (1971 -75) that SIP has been
implementing calls for over 4 million new telephone
sets, raising the per capita ratio to 28 sets per 100
population. Significant projects include a 1,380
channel coaxial submarine cable between Rome and
Cagliari, Sardinia, construction of more 60 -MHz
cable .systems, and installation of the first computer
controlled telephone exchange for the Naples area.
The MPT has ordered new transmitters in sufficient
numbers to completely overhaul the coastal
radiocommunication n ^twork, and a 1,840 channel
submarine cable connecting Italy with France and
Israel is to be put into operation by 1977.
SExitE-r
e
t
i
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP0l- 00707R000200080003 -4

5
k
1
Y
r
P
Places and features referred to in this General Survey (u/ou)
COORDINATES
COORDINATES
COO ROIN %TF.a
'F..
12 3(11
12 17
12 25
1'2 20
1'2 14
S 24
8 24
14 21)
14 14
15 44
14 07
1 06
It 36
lti 1,5
S :ill
14 44
12 12
Ili 0.5
1.5 39
1) 02
12 :34
8 49
1:3 01
12 40
12 '19
1229
Is 1) 111
12 :17
11 50
13 01
I1 50
14 47
8 DO
Ill 16
I1 16
12 45
I1 20
15 44
12 28
8 .54
10 ,59
it 00
9 00
8 :31
9 1111
8 111
8 30
10 51
1:3 :31
9 12
Ili 27
I 15
1.1 00
I 1 20
e 'N.
'E.
Abruzzi( admin)
42 15
13 45
Adds strm
45 08
9 53
Agrigento (prop)
37 27
13 30
Aigle, Switzerland
46 19
6 58
Ajaccio, Corsica
41 55
8 44
Alberobello
40 47
17 16
Alessandria
44 54
8 37
Alfonsine
44 30
12 03
Alghero
40 33
8 19
Altamurs
40 49
16 33
Ancona prop
43 33
13 10
Ancona
43 38
13 30
Gorizia
45 57
Aorta (prop)
45 46
7 25
Aorta
45 44
7 20
Apennines (mts)
43 00
13 0(i
Aprilia
41 36
12 39
Arcola
44 07
9 54
Arno strm
43 41
10 17
Arcna
45 46
8 34
Arquata Scrivia
44 41
8 53
Ascoli Piceno
42 51
13 34
Asiag o
45 52
11 30
Asti (prop)
44 55
8 10
Asti
44 54
8 12
Augusta
37 13
15 13
Avellino (prop)
40 59
15 09
Avellino
4 54
14 47
Averse
40 58
14 12
Bardonecchi a
45 05
6 42
Bari
41 08
16 51
Barletta
41 19
I6 17
Basilicata (admin).......................
40 30
16 30
Battipaglia
40 37
14 58
Bellinzona, Switzerland
46 12
9 01
Benevento
41 08
14 45
Bergamo
45 41
9 43
Bergamo (prnr)
45 50
9 48
Bertonico
.15 14
9 40
Biccari
.11 24
1.5 11
Bivio d'Aurisina (rr sla)
45 45
13 39
Bologna
44 29
11 20
Bologna (pror
44 28
11 26
Bologna Centrale (n sta)
14 30
11 21
Bolzano prop)
46 43
11 30
Balzano
46 31
II 22
Borgo Piave
41 29
12 52
Bracciano
42 06
12 10
Brennero
47 00
11 30
Brenner Pass (pass)
47 00
11 30
Brescia
45 33
10 15
Brindisi
40 38
17 56
Brondole, (rr on)
45 11
12 17
Bronze
37 47
14 50
B mall
44 34
10 27
LuirrF UrflNrre
42 It
13 u0
COORDINATES
COO ROIN %TF.a
'F..
12 3(11
12 17
12 25
1'2 20
1'2 14
S 24
8 24
14 21)
14 14
15 44
14 07
1 06
It 36
lti 1,5
S :ill
14 44
12 12
Ili 0.5
1.5 39
1) 02
12 :34
8 49
1:3 01
12 40
12 '19
1229
Is 1) 111
12 :17
11 50
13 01
I1 50
14 47
8 DO
Ill 16
I1 16
12 45
I1 20
15 44
12 28
8 .54
10 ,59
it 00
9 00
8 :31
9 1111
8 111
8 30
10 51
1:3 :31
9 12
Ili 27
I 15
1.1 00
I 1 20
8 14
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200080003 -4
o 'N.
o 'E
Galleria del Appennino (tunnd)
44 03
11 11
Garigliano (strm)
41 13
13 45
Gel
37 04
14 15
Genoa
44 25
8 57
Genova,. Golfo di (gull)
44 10
8 55
Genova pror
44 30
9 04
Genova Brignole (rr sia)
4.1 24
8 57
Genova Piazza Principe (rr go)
44 24
8 54
Gerais Nuova
45 02
8 54
Gioia Tauro
38 25
15 54
Golfo Aranci (raMa)
41 00
9 37
Gorizia (prop)
45 55
13 30
Gorizia
45 57
13 38
Gravellona
45 20
8 46
Grosseto (prop)
42 50
11 15
G uidonia
42 01
12 45
Imperia pror)
43 58
7 47
Imperia
43 53
8 03
Ingolstadt, West Germany
48 46
11 26
Innsbruck, Austria
47 16
11 24
loninn Sea sea
39 00
19 00
Iselle
46 12
8 12
Isernia
41 36
14 14
Isola
46 26
9 19
Ispra
45 49
8 37
Ivrea
45 28
7 52
Klagenfurt, Austria
46 38
14 18
Lacrhiarella
45 19
9 08
Lago di Bracciano (take)
42 07
12 14
Lago di Como (take)
46 00
9 17
Lago di Garda (lake)
45 40
10 41
Lago d'Iseo (lake)
.IS 43
10 04
Lago Maggiore Hake)
45 57
8 39
La M addalena
39 09
9 01
Lannach. Austria
46 56
15 19
L'Ayutla
42 22
1:3 '22
L arino
41 48
14 54
I'll Spezia
.14 0
9 50
La Spezia (pror)
44 1.5
9 42
Latina (pror)
41 27
13 06
Latina
41 28
12 52
Lazio (admin)
42 00
12 30
Le Caselle
3 43
16 25
Lerce
40 23
IS II
Lecce pror
40 13
18 10
Lecro
45 51
9 2:3
Liguria (ndmin)
44 30
17
Litoranen Veneta (rarall
45 44
13 33
Livorno pror)
43 14
10 35
Livorno
43 :13
10 133
Ljubljana, Yugoslavia
46 03
14 31
Loano
44 08
8 15
Locorotondo
.10 45
17 20
Lombardia (admin)
45 40
9 30
Lures (prop)
44 02
10 27
M. (prnr)
43 12
13 10
8 14
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200080003 -4
o
N
Pordenone
45
57
Porto Corsini
44
29
Porto di Lido (in1cl)
45
26
Porto di Malamorro (inlrl)
45
20
Porto Garibaldi
44
41
Porto Torres
40
50
Porto V esme
311
12
Positano
40
38
Postojna. Yugoslavia
45
47
Potenza pror)
40
3:5
Pozzuoli
40
49
Prato
43
:53
Predazzo
46
19
Puglia admin
41
15
Rada di Albi."OIR (anrh)
44
19
Ragusa..
36
:55
Ravenna..
44
25
Reggio di Calrbria (pror)
38
19
Reggio di Calabria
38
06
Rho....
45
32
Rimini
44
04
Rivalta Scrivia
44
51
45
57
Roma prnr
41
58
Roma Porta San Paulo (R eta)............
11
52
Rome...
41
5.3
Roseto Valfortore
41
22
Roveredoin Piano
46
01
Rovigo prnr
45
02
Sabaudia
41
IS
Sabbioncello
.1
22
Salerno.....
40
-11
Saluggia
15
14
SRlvaterra
44
36
San Bonifacio
4:5
24
San Giacomo
42
47
Ban Giorgio a Crenumo
40
50
San Giovanni Rotondo
41
�12
San Marino, San NIRrino
43
55
Sannnzzaro de* Burgondi
45
1113
Santa Massenza............
16
01
Sardegna (admin)...
41)
00
Sardinia (ish.....
40
00
Sass art..........
40
4:3
SRa5A (prnr ........1
40
10
Savona (prnr
44
I8
Savona
44
17
Scarlino
42
5'1
Sdobba.
'IS
44
Scregno
4.
Sibari...
39
45
Sicilia (admin i
37
45
Sicily (ral).........
3 7
30
Sicily, Strait of (alrf)
:37
20
Siena
13
19
Simplon Tunnel ter tDnnrl)
16
12
8 14
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200080003 -4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200080003 -4

14
k
?-Giulia V �r
IlLnoj .�:i dine'
Rivok Goriz
l Palma
t 0 A. $Slobba
reyiso 06 0 L ri
Gulf of Tries
r
.f
t
enice
44 i Gull of Venice
Aulstria
Rijeka
fr,
0(oh)
'ut Cres
V +�`rJ
Italy
International boundary
Regione boundary
+Q National capital
Aosta Regione capital (of fully
operative regione)
Railroad
Autostrada
Other road
t Airfield
1,, Major port
Populated Places
Rome 2.800.000
1.000,000 to 2.800,000
O 100,000 to 1.000.000
0 20,000 to 100.000
Under 20,000
Spot elevations in feet
Scale 1:2,700,000
0 25 50 75 100
Stalute M'Ies
0 25 50 75 100
N domele5
Yugoslav1ia
Pesaro
San v Fan. I 9
nO ev a Urbmon' Sara marNtimi a
SenkWI
o
J ae cone
Cmh dl el p
9
Otok Bra
br b o Ma rr a ale tole Hvar
erugia t "M r C K.6 I i
L ago d Y L�
rasimen.
U b t /nPA.steoh
Otok Kortula e
no
1 r
44

Busto Arsizio
45 37
Cagliari (prop)
39 30
Cagliari
39 13
Calabria (admin)
39 00
Caltanimetts
37 29
Camerino...........
43 08
Campania (admin)
41 00
ampobasso
41 34
Campobasso (prop)
41 38
Canale Boicelli (canal).........
44 53
Canale Marozzo (canal)
44 47
Canale Pallotta (canal)
44 42
Candela
41 08
Canneto sull 'Oglio
45 09
Canosa di Puglia
41 13
Caorso
45 03
Capo delta Franca (pt)
39 46
Capri ixl
40 33
Carlof orte
39 08
Casaccia...............................
42 03
Casale Monferrato
45 08
Casert a
41 04
Castelgandolfo
41 45
Castclnunvo Scrivia
44 59
Catania......
:37 30
Catania tprort
37 23
Catnnzaro......
38 54
Catanzaro (prov)
38 55
Crechignola
41 49
C'ellino Attanasio
12 36
Cesano
42 05
Chiasso, Switzerland
45 50
C hinvari
44 19
C hieti
42 21
Chieti( prnr
42 07
Chioggia
45 13
Chiomonte
45 07
Chiusi
43 00
Chivaxso
45 11
Ciam pino
41 48
Cisterna
.12 55
C ivitavecehia
42 06
Codigoro
44 49
Colleferro
41 44
Comsechin
44 42
Como Prop
45 49
Como...
15 47
Conca del Fucino (basin)
42 01
Cortemaggiore
44 59
Cremona (prop)
4:5 14
Cremona
45 07
Cuneo..
44 23
Dobbinco
46 44
Domodossola
46 07
Dora Riparia (strm)
45 05
F. boli
10 36
Elba isl)
42 �16
Emilia- Romagna (admin)
44 45
Eatrpona, Spain
36 26
Etna (nit)
37 45
F. trouhlex
45 49
Falconarn Marittima....................
43 :37
Ferrandina
40 29
Ferrara (Prop)
44 48
Ferrara
4.1 50
F'errera Erbognone
45 07
Firenze Porta al Prato (rr stn)
.13 .17
Fiumicino
41 46
Florence
43 16
Foggia
41 27
Foligno
12 57
F'orli( prnr
44 05
Formigarn
45 13
F'ornovo(11 Tare
44 42
Frascati
41 48
Frattamaggiore
10 57
Friuli- Venezia Giulia (admin)
46 00
Frns3none (prop)
41 37
Froxinone
41 38
Fusinn
45 25
Gaeta
41 12
Oagliano Castelferrato
:37 43
G8llerla del Frejus (hlnnrl)
.1 5 12
8 51
8 45
9 07
16 30
14 04
13 04
14 30
14 39
14 35
11 35
12 07
12 13
15 31
10 25
16 04
9 52
R 27
11 13
8 18
12 17
8 27
14 20
12 39
8 53
14 40
14 40
16 35
Ifi 26
12 29
13 32
1'2 21
9 02
9 19
14 10
14 21
12 17
6 59
11 57
7 .53
1'2 36
12 29
11 48
12 08
12 59
12 11
9 13
9 05
13 31
9 56
9 56
10 02
7 32
12 14
8 17
7 44
15 04
10 17
11 00
5 08
15 00
7 14
1:3 21
1 i 27
11 50
11 35
8 .52
11 14
12 14
Il 15
1.5 34
12 42
12 02
9 46
10 06
12 41
14 Ifi
13 00
13 27
1:3 19
1'2 15
13 35
14 32
el 40
Maddaloni
41 02 1
Malamorco, Canaei di (canal)
45 22 12 20
Maniago
46 10 12 43
tantova
45 09 10 48
M antova (prov)
45 10 10 47
Marche admin)
43 30 13 15
M arghera
45 28 12 14
Martina Franca
40 42 17 20
Massa- Carrara (pror)
44 15 10 03
Maters prop
40 30
16 25
Mazara del Valle
37 39
12 35
Mclegnano
45 21
9 19
Merate
45 42
9 25
Messina
38 11
1.5 34
Mestre
45 29
12 15
Milan
45 28
9 12
Milano prov
45 30
9 30
Milano Centrale (r eta)
45 29
9 12
Milano- Rogoredo (rr sta)
45 26
9 14
Mincio strm
45 04
10 59
Minerbio
44 37
11 29
Modane, France
45 12
6 40
Modena
44 40
10 55
Molise admin
41 40
14 30
Monf alcone
45 49
13 32
tam.% Biane (ml)
15 .50
6 52
Monte Amiala
42 58
11 33
Monte Cavo (nil)
41 45
12 42
Montcl! -o Fiorentino
43 44
11 01
Monte '.'ends (mt)
45 19
11 40
Montichiari
45 25
10 23
M otdano
44 24
II 49
.Mori
45 51
10 59
Mortara
45 15
8 14
Muggia, Baia di (bay)
45 37
13 46
Naples
40 50
14 15
Napoli prop
40 53
14 25
Naviglio dells Martesamt (canon..........
4:5 35
9 33
Naviglio d3 Pavia (canal)
45 10
9 10
Naviglio Grande (canal)
45 27
9 10
Nice., France
43 42
7 15
N ovarn
45 28
8 38
Novara (prop)
45 58
R 24
Nuoro (Pro")
40 10
9 20
Oglio sb' m)
45 02
10 39
Olbia (rr xla
40 55
9 29
Oristanu
39 54
8 36
Orte
42 27
12 23
Orvieto
42 43
12 07
Ostia Antien
41 45
12 18
O stiglin
4 5 04
Il 08
Otok Vis, YugOxlavin (i.d)
43 02
16 10
Padova prov)
45 25
11 49
Padova
�I5 25
II 53
I'alazullo Acreid
37 04
14 54
Palermo
38 07
13 22
Pnlmnnova
15 54
13 19
Punignglia, Seno di (bay)
44 04
9 50
Pantellerin, Isola di (is)
:36 47
12 00
Parma
44 48
10 20
Pavia
45 10
9 10
Perugia
43 08
12 22
Perugia prnr)
�13 03
12 33
Pesaroo
.13 54
12 5.5
Pescarn
12 28
14 13
Pescara (prop)
12 20
13 57
1' icenza
.15 01
9 40
Piazza Armerina
37 23
14 22
Piedmont (rrgn)
45 00
8 00
Piemonte (admin)
4:5 00
8 00
Pietrama (rr 4o).
40 49
14 11)
f' ila
43 03
12 10
inerolo
44 5:3
7 21
Piom Nino
42 55
10 :32
ix n
43 �13
10 23
Pisa Prop
43 25
10 4:3
Po st rm)
44 57
12 134
Po, Valle del (ralleu).......
45 00
I0 31)
Po di Volano (sirm)
1 4 49
12 15
Poggioreale Compagnn (rr xrn)
42
13 �17
Pontplagnecuro
44 .l. 3
11 36
1' ontremoli
44 22
9 57
Ponzn (ixl)......
12 r
x k r
W
Sondrio prop
:37 04
IS1R
Spoleto
46 10
10 03
Stretto di Messina (strt)
42 44
12 44
Sulcis arra
38 15
1.. 35
Taranto prop)
39 04
R 41
Taranto
40 37
40 28
17 15
17 14
Tarvisio
46 30
13 35
Terminilmerese
37 .59
13 42
Terni( prop
42 41
12 19
Terni
42 34
12 37
Teulada
38 58
8 46
Tiber River (xtrm)
41 44
12 14
Ticino s lrm)
45 09
9 14
Timau
46 35
13 00
Tol'yatti, U.S.S.R
53 31
49 26
Torino..
45 03
7 40
Torino prop
45 08
7 22
Torino Porta Nueva (rr sto)
.15 03
7 41
Tornavento
45 35
8 43
Torrente Bisagno (sirm)
44 2.1
8 56
Torrente Poleevent (slrrn)
44 25
8 57
Toscana (admin)
43 25
11 0()
Trapani
38 01
12 29
Trecate
45 26
8 44
Trentino -Alto Adige (admin)
46 30
11 20
Trento
46 04
11 08
Trento prop
16 08
11 07
Treviso
45 40
12 15
Trieste
45 40
13 4fi
Trieste prop
45 20
13 25
Trino
45 12
8 I8
Trof arello
44 :59
7 44
Turbigo
45 32
8 44
Toscana (admin)
13 25
11 00
Udine
46 03
13 14
Udine prov
46 10
13 00
Umbria admin)
43 00
12 30
Vado Ligure
44 17
8 27
Valle d (admin)
45 45
7 15
Volpiano
45 12
7 46
Varese prop
45 48
8 48
Vista
12 07
14 42
V,ticnn City
11 54
12 27
Vecchiano
43 47
10 23
Veneta, Laguna (lagn)
15 25
12 19
Veneto admin)
45 30
11 �15
Venezia prop)
45 35
12 34
Venezia Meslre (rr xla)
45 29
12 14
Venice
.15 27
12 21
Ventimiplia
43 47
7 36
Vercelli (prop)
y,. 37
8 10
Vercelli.
45 19
8 25
Verona
45 27
11 00
Verona Porta, Yescovo (rr xla)
45 26
Il 01
Vesuvius (min)
40 49
14 213
Viareggio
43 52
10 14
Vicenza
45 33
11 :313
Vienna, Austria
48 12
113 22
Vigevano
45 19
8 51
Villa San Giovanni
38 13
I5 38
Villnsanta
45 37
9 18
Viterho
12 25
Voghera
12
o('i
Voltri
44 59
9 01
.14 26
8 45
Selected airfields
Avinno
46 (12
12 36
BrindisiWasale
40 39
17 57
ngliari/ Elmas
:39 15
9 03
Pat it n in/ Pon tanarossa
37 28
1:5 04
Forli
44 12
12 01
enova/ Sestri
�1,1 25
8 50
Milano /Linnte
15 27
VtilnnojM alpensn
9 17
Napoli/ Capedichino
15 :38
R 1I.1
lOmn /Ciam pino
10 53
14 17
lumalfiumicino
4I 48
12 36
farina/ Casrllr
41 48
12 14
I'reviso /St. Angelo
45 12
15 1 2
7 :39
lr nezin l' I' e
12 12
45 30
12 �n
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200080003 -4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200080003 -4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200080003 -4