TERRORISM REVIEW(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85-01095R000100260002-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 15, 2010
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 25, 1985
• Content Type: REPORT

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Directorate of
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Terrorism Review
Secret
Secret
GI TR 85-006
25 March 1985
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Terrorism Review I 25X1
1 Focus-New Rash of Kidnapings in Lebanon
3 Highlights
15 Lebanon's Khomeini: Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah
Terrorism in Asia: Patterns and Prospects
Chronology of Terrorism-1985
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Terrorism Review I 25X1
Focus New Rash of Kidnapings in Lebanon
Weeks of rising anti-Israeli and anti-Western sentiment and several recent
bombings have culminated in a new spate of kidnapings and suspicious
disappearances of Westerners in Lebanon:
? On 14 March, British metallurgist Geoffrey Nash was kidnaped by unidentified
gunmen as he was walking to his office near the unoccupied US Embassy
chancery in West Beirut.
? On the same day, the Reverend Nicolas Kluiters, a Dutch Jesuit priest,
disappeared in the Bekaa Valley near Balabakk, the stronghold of the Lebanese
Shia extremist groups. When the priest's car was found several days later, with it
was found a note mentioning the "Vengeance Party," a group with which we are
not familiar.
? On 15 March, British businessman Brian Levick was kidnaped by five gunmen
as he was driving along a street in West Beirut.
? On 16 March, US citizen Terry Anderson, the chief Middle East correspondent
for the Associated Press news service, was abducted in West Beirut by three men
in a green Mercedes.
? On 22 March, French consular official Marcel Fontaine was abducted in West
Beirut as he stopped at a shop to buy a newspaper; the three kidnapers took him
away in a green BMW sedan.
? On the same day, French Embassy protocol officer Marcel Carton disappeared,
along with his daughter, Danielle Perez, an Embassy secretary.
On 17 March, an anonymous caller to a Western press agency in Beirut claimed
that Islamic Jihad had been responsible for kidnaping Anderson and the two
Britons, specifically naming all three. He did not mention the Dutch priest. The
caller said that the kidnapings were "within the framework of our continuous
operations against America and its agents," and he issued a "final warning to
foreigners in the Lebanese capital against involving themselves in subversive
activities."
On 22 March, anonymous callers to a Western news agency took credit in the
name of Islamic Jihad for kidnaping the three French diplomats as well. The first
caller said Fontaine had been abducted because he was "an agent of French
imperialism." He did not mention the other two missing French diplomats. The
Secret
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25 March 1985
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second caller, describing the first call as "incomplete," claimed that Islamic Jihad
had also abducted Carton and Perez.' He demanded that the French Government
halt negotiations to sell Mirage fighters to Saudi Arabia and stop selling arms to
Iraq.
Some of the abductions may have been opportunistic attacks on vulnerable targets.
The kidnapings of Anderson and Fontaine, however, seem to have been planned
operations. Anderson was with an AP photographer when he was captured, but,
instead of taking the photographer as well, the kidnapers held him back at gun-
point. Moreover, nderson had
been followed by men in a green Mercedes for two days before the kidnaping.
Fontaine had the unwise habit of buying a newspaper from the same vendor every
morning at precisely 0810, a fact the kidnapers obviously knew.
Claims of responsibility in the name of Islamic Jihad usually indicate that some
element of the Hizballah has been responsible, and we are inclined to accept these
claims as genuine, although it may be that more than one group is involved. If
Hizballah terrorists did kidnap Anderson, they probably did so without the
knowledge of prominent Hizballah leader Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah.
Anderson had interviewed Fadlallah at the latter's home the day before he was
kidnaped, and Fadlallah considers this incident a matter of
"my own honor"-evidently meaning that after serving as Anderson's host he
would neither have instigated nor countenanced any attack on Anderson.
Hizballah, a renegade faction of Amal may have kidnaped Anderson.
There is considerable evidence, of course, that the actions of the Hizballah are
inspired by, if not directed by, elements of the Iranian Government. At the same
time, however, we suspect that the Lebanese Shia extremists have conducted many
terrorist attacks on their own-including some against US targets. They have,
after all, their own objections to US policies. They have less reason, however, to
attack French targets; consequently, it seems relatively more likely that the
attacks against French targets have been at the behest of Iran. The nature of the
demands made by the ostensible spokesman for Islamic Jihad support this
judgment.
' Danielle Perez would be the only female captive among the as many as 11 hostages that Hizballah
elements may now be holding. Hitherto, the Shia extremists have avoided targeting women, apparently
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according to a press report, the "Southern Operational" wing of FP-
25 is contemplating surrendering to the Portuguese police en masse in order to
benefit from a clause of the Portuguese counterterrorism law that provides for
lighter sentences for those who cooperate with the authorities. Other members of
the group who have recently returned from abroad are trying to dissuade them.
ARA Members Seize Turkish Embassy
On 12 March in Ottawa, three members of the Armenian Revolutionary Army
seized the Turkish Embassy, killing a guard in the process. Turkish Ambassador
Coskum Kirca escaped by jumping out of an upper story window, but he was
severely injured by the fall. After four hours, the terrorists were talked into
surrendering. They have been charged with first-degree murder. The ARA has
been associated with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, otherwise known as
the Dashnak Party, the same organization that spawned the Justice Commandos
of the Armenian Genocide.)
Tehran Holding Hijacked Aircraft Hostage
The Iranian Government has indicated it will not release the Kuwaiti aircraft
hijacked to Tehran last December unless the Kuwaiti Government releases the
Dawa Party terrorists imprisoned in Kuwait (the same demand the hijackers made)
and arranges for the return to Iran of two Iranian aircraft hijacked to Iraq last
year. Since the Kuwaiti Government is unwilling to meet the first condition and
unable to meet the second, it has essentially written off the aircraft as a loss.
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northern Israel.
Bomb Destroys Shia Mosque in Southern Lebanon
On 4 March a bomb explosion at the main mosque in Marakah killed 11 persons
and injured 28. No group claimed credit for the explosion, which occurred only
hours after Israeli troops had searched the village and then departed. Among the
dead were two prominent Amal leaders reportedly wanted by the Israelis-one of
them because he had threatened that Amal would launch cross-border attacks into
blamed the United States and Israel and vowed revenge.
Shia Extremists Taste Own Medicine
On 8 March in south Beirut, an estimated 250 kilograms of explosives concealed in
a car detonated near the home of Hizballah spiritual leader Muhammad Husayn
Fadlallah, killing 80 persons and wounding more than 250. It was the most lethal
attack in Lebanon since the Islamic Jihad bombings of the US Marine and French
military compounds in October 1983. Fadlallah, who was not injured, immediately
day to a Western news agency in Beirut.
Shia Attacks Moving Closer to Israel
On 10 March a suicide car bomb attack on an Israeli military convoy just north of
the Israeli border killed 12 soldiers and wounded 14. The Lebanese National
Resistance Front, "Islamic Resistance" (a hitherto unknown group), and-most
credibly-Islamic Jihad all claimed credit for the bloody attack. The anonymous
caller representing Islamic Jihad asserted that the target of the operation had been
the Israeli village of Metulla, but owing to a "tactical mistake" the driver had
attacked the convoy instead. This would have been the first major Shia attack
inside Israel and would have represented a significant escalation of the guerrilla
war against Israel. Threats of more such suicide attacks were telephoned the next
Attempted Bombing of Jordanian Airliner
On 9 March in Dubayy, a bomb concealed in a suitcase went off as it, along with
other luggage, was being unloaded from a Jordanian plane that had arrived from
Karachi.
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escalation.
President of Guadeloupe General Council Escapes Assassination
On 7 March a single rifle shot fired through the window of her secretary's office
narrowly missed President Lucette Michaux-Chevry. French Caribbean
separatists are believed responsible for the attempted assassination, which appears
to have been carefully planned and probably was designed to influence local
elections on 10 March. Previous attacks by separatists in Guadeloupe have been
aimed at property rather than persons, so this shooting was a serious tactical
information.
CERF Murders Army Spokesman
On 7 March in San Salvador, chief Salvadoran Army spokesman Lt. Col. Ricardo
Cienfuegos was shot to death as he played tennis at a local sports club. The Clara
Elizabeth Ramirez Front (CERF), an urban terrorist splinter of the Forces of
Popular Liberation, claimed responsibility. As director of the Armed Forces Press
Committee, Cienfuegos had been instrumental in strengthening the public affairs
and media efforts of the Salvadoran Army. He met regularly with foreign
newsmen, who regarded him as among the very few credible government sources of
antigovernment campaign.
AVC Breaks Into Police Arsenal
On 12 March, 26 members of the subversive organization Alfaro Vive, Carajo!
wearing police uniforms captured about 400 weapons and several thousand rounds
of ammunition in an early morning raid on the Quito police arsenal. Previous
operations by the group had consisted mainly of bank robberies and rather playful
efforts at armed propaganda. As a result of this raid, the group has significantly
enhanced its operational capabilities, suggesting it intends to escalate its
thought to be defunct.
FMLH Targets US Soldiers
On 8 March in Tegucigalpa, five persons were injured, including one US
serviceman, by a bomb that exploded in a discotheque frequented by US
servicemen. The Morazanist Front for the Liberation of Honduras (FMLH)
claimed credit. According to its communique, it sought "to kill military personnel
participating in the Big Pine III military maneuvers." The FMLH, founded by a
Communist splinter party in 1979, had not been active for several years and was
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Red Cross arranged for the freed hostages to fly to South Africa.
UNITA Frees 27 Foreign Captives
President Jonas Savimbi of the National Union for the Total Independence of
Angola announced the release in Jamba as part of the celebration of the
anniversary of the founding of UNITA. Most if not all of the hostages-two
Americans, three Britons, five Portuguese, and 17 Filipinos-had been captured
on 29 December when the rebels took over the town of Cafunfo. Subsequently,
they had been forced to march some 650 kilometers to Jamba. Savimbi took the
opportunity to announce that UNITA would no longer routinely free foreigners
captured in war zones, but would now hold them indefinitely. The International
the Libyan and Ethiopian Governments.
Libyan Official Associated With Terrorism on Unknown Mission in Addis Ababa
A former official of the Libyan People's Bureau in Bonn who had been tasked to
assassinate Libyan exiles in West Germany arrived in Addis Ababa in early
February. Although his mission there is unknown, his background suggests he may
be involved in subversive or terrorist activity in East Africa. For example, he may
be charged with training Sudanese dissidents, who are strongly supported by both
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What Next From
the Euroterrorists?
No significant terrorism has emanated from the
Euroterrorist alliance since 1 February, the day the
Red Army Faction (RAF) murdered West German
industrialist Ernst Zimmermann and the RAF
prisoners ended their hunger strike. This halt in
activity was not forced upon the terrorists; instead,
they stopped (or paused) of their own accord. None of
the principal perpetrators has been apprehended, and
there is no evidence that they have given up terrorism.
Thus they retain the capability to resume their
attacks at will, and we expect them to do so sooner or
later.
Hardly anyone would disagree with this general
assessment; on the other hand, it is too vague to help
those who are trying to defend themselves against the
coming attacks.
We are
offering some admittedly
speculative thoughts on the conduct and possible
motivations of those who, perhaps too broadly, have
been labeled the Euroterrorists. We hope thereby to
shed a little light on what they are likely to do next-
and when.
First we should make clear whom we are talking
about. All available evidence indicates that
participation in the Euroterrorist alliance has hardly
been universal. Leftwing West European groups,
which we had feared might join up-Italy's Red
Brigades, Portugal's Popular Forces of 25 April (FP-
25)-have apparently not done so; indeed, FP-25 went
out of its way to emphasize its nonparticipation. Only
the RAF, France's Action Directe, and Belgium's
Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) appear to be
involved. Although it has perhaps several thousand
sympathizers and scores of active supporters,
however, the RAF "commando" probably numbers
fewer than two dozen, perhaps hardly more than one
dozen hardcore urban guerrillas. Action Directe and
the CCC are believed to have still fewer terrorist
operatives. Thus the Euroterrorist alliance probably
consists of no more than 20 or 30 active terrorists,
What Motivates the Euroterrorists?
One way to view the recent Euroterrorist campaign is 25X1
simply as the latest manifestation of the sort of
leftwing terrorism that has been prevalent in Western
Europe since the early 1970s. In this light, the limited
that.
international cooperation to date would merely
represent the evolutionary convergence of tactics
among groups with similar ideology and goals rather
than any dramatic new departure. But there are
considerable grounds for believing it is more than
In recent years, West European terrorist groups
including the RAF have been frustrated by the
improving capabilities of the counterterrorism
authorities, who have arrested most of their members,
narrowed their tactical options, reduced their
targeting opportunities, and constricted their
operational environment. Some of the communiques
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from imprisoned RAF terrorists seem to suggest that
they believed it was "now or never" for their "anti- 25X1
imperialist front," and that this campaign-
conducted in the presumably favorable atmosphere of
the aftermath of the failure of the West European
peace movement to prevent INF deployment-was
their last good chance to generate the massive and
widespread support they sought.
On the other hand, the current crop of European
terrorists may be less concerned with making progress
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GI TR 85-006
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toward a goal, such as generating anti-NATO
sentiment among the European populace, than with
simply playing the terrorist game. For them,
terrorism may have become an end in itself, with the
terrorist act its own reward. The psychological
benefits of participating in terrorist attacks may have
become the prime motivation for conducting them.
Like any organization, moreover, terrorist groups
become dedicated to their own survival; rarely do they
go out of business voluntarily. Instead, they continue
to act in order to justify their continued existence. In
other words, the members of terrorist groups tend to
become "journeymen" whose ideological justifications
for their actions are little more than rationalizations
of what they just like doing-or must continue to do
or disband.)
A Fantasy World. Alternatively,
terrorists are especially vulnerable to self
delusion; they often make the mistake of believing
their own propaganda. They tend to overestimate
their own strength, their popular support, the
weakness of the enemy, and the imminence of their
victory. Though rational, they live in a fantasy world
in which their armies and brigades wage a fantasy
war on behalf of legions of supporters-constituencies
that, like their military units, are largely imaginary.
And though their efforts be unavailing or even
counterproductive, they may continue to fight, for
quitting is worse than admitting defeat-it is
admitting irrelevance.
This would explain the almost astonishing persistence
of members of the RAF (and, to a lesser extent, of
Action Directe) in the face of overwhelming evidence
that their tactics have not advanced them at all
toward their stated goals. Indeed, by arousing
revulsion among their own countrymen and
stimulating their own governments to improve their
counterterrorism capabilities and cooperation with
other governments, they have actually been losing
ground. Rejected by their own countrymen, these
terrorists seem more and more to be acting on behalf
of an idealized, imaginary class of international
victims of "imperialism." Positive reinforcement
comes not from the people on whose behalf the
terrorist actions are ostensibly undertaken but from
feelings of solidarity with (and expressions of
solidarity from) other terrorist groups which, similarly
estranged from their own societies, are acting on
behalf of the same mythical international
constituency
Why the Lull in Activity?
In contrast to the intense Euroterrorist activity in
December and January, relative calm has prevailed
since then. Nevertheless, even though no major
incidents linked to the Euroterrorist alliance have
occurred in nearly two months, potential victims have
remained on tenterhooks awaiting the next blow.
Concern has been heightened by information
contained in RAF documents confiscated last summer
indicating that the terrorist campaign would
culminate in one or more "spectacular" actions.
Judging that none of the actions that have taken place
so far was especially spectacular, and remembering
that the RAF has a reputation for following through
with its plans even after they have been discovered by
authorities, many analysts continue to expect a major
event at any time-at least they do not believe any
potential targets should yet relax.
On the other hand, each day that passes without a
major Euroterrorist event makes this thesis look a
little less imposing. And there are counterarguments.
For instance, in 1977, the year the RAF was most
active and destructive, several months passed between
some major incidents. For another thing, RAF
literature shows the group is extremely conscious of
the theatrical impact of its activities, and it must
recognize that the most appropriate time for a
culminating event has long since elapsed.' Moreover,
the RAF makes many more plans than it ever carries
out, and it does modify its plans if circumstances
change. In addition, at least some of the RAF
' Indeed, in retrospect, the most appropriate date was 1 February,
the day prominent industrialist Ernst Zimmermann was murdered
and the RAF hunger strike ended. The symbolic value of targeting
Zimmermann-whose company makes engines for armored
vehicles, among other items, and who served as titular head of West
Germany's aerospace industry-may have been greater in RAF
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The Surprising Absence
of the Red Brigades
Given the many reasons why association with the
Euroterrorist alliance might be attractive to West
European leftwing terrorist groups, it seems odd how
few actually have been involved-apparently only the
RAF, Action Directe, and the CCC. The attacks
against NA TO-country targets in Portugal and
Greece that took place during the past few months do
not appear to have been part of an internationally
coordinated anti-NA TO terrorist strategy. Indeed,
FP-25 announced explicitly that its activities in
Portugal were completely independent. Although the
obscure group that claimed credit for the attempted
bombing of the West German Embassy in Athens said
the operation had been undertaken in solidarity with
the RAF, Action Directe, and CCC, there is no
evidence of instigation by any of those groups.
Similarly, we have seen no indications of any
involvement on the part of the leftwing terrorists in
Italy, Spain, or Northern Ireland.
Perhaps the most surprising absence from the
Euroterrorist alliance has been that of the Red
Brigades of Italy. The Red Brigades has suffered
severe setbacks in recent years, but the remnants of
the group undoubtedly retain the operational
capability to carry out terrorist attacks. There are
well-documented links between Italian terrorists and
members of Action Directe. It was Italian terrorists
who first used the name Communist Combatant
Organization. Among the cornerstones of Red
Brigades ideology have been opposition to NA TO and
support for international efforts to combat Western
"imperialism. " For many reasons, then, the Red
Brigades would appear to have been natural
participants in any Euroterrorist alliance. What has
been holding the Italians back?
Several plausible explanations exist. For one thing,
since last summer the Red Brigades has reportedly
been all but immobilized by ideological
disagreements, perhaps between the surviving
members of the "old guard" and a new generation of
terrorists. Another reason why at least some Red
Brigades members may have declined to participate
in the joint anti-NA TO terrorist campaign is that it
would have jeopardized their continued sanctuary in
France-a sanctuary that was already threatened by
the French Government's increasingly flexible
attitude toward extraditing accused terrorists-as
demonstrated by its extradition of Spanish Basque
terrorists last year. Five Italian requests for
extradition of accused Red Brigades terrorists are
currently under preparation, and Rome has been
putting unprecedented pressure on Paris to become
more accommodating in such matters.
Red Brigades members remaining in Italy may have
been constrained by similarly practical
considerations. Several hundred suspected terrorists,
including some Red Brigades members, may be
eligible for release by November, when the preventive
detention reform law is set to take effect. Terrorist
activities within Italy could lead the Italian 25X1
Government to take legal steps to further detain them
and to round up and reincarcerate the many accused
terrorists who have been granted only provisional
liberty.
Finally, the Red Brigades is known to be trying hard
to establish and maintain strict compartmentation of
its operational components as part of a general effort
to improve its organizational and personnel security
practices. Fear of penetration or exposure may be
causing the Red Brigades to avoid or at least limit
contacts between its operatives and those of other,
especially foreign groups.
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members involved in making the plans described in
the confiscated documents were captured along with
the documents; those remaining at large may have
had-or may have since developed-a different
agenda.
More Than One Objective. There are some good
reasons why the Euroterrorists may temporarily be
satisfied with what they have accomplished already.
For example, there is growing evidence that the RAF
and Action Directe have viewed the establishment of
international terrorist cooperation as a goal in itself-
as a means of justifying their tactics and confirming
the correctness of their strategy rather than simply as
a means of improving their capabilities or striking at
their perceived enemies. One of the main objectives of
the terrorists may simply have been to stimulate
international concern and gain respect.
This was demonstrated, for example, in the statement
by the RAF prisoners that appeared on 4 March in
the leftwing West German newspaper Tageszeitung,
in which they explained why they had ended their
hunger strike. The reason was, the unidentified author
said, that "the objective of five years of fighting ...
[namely] the breakthrough to a West European
dimension of revolutionary practice" constituted such
a "qualitative leap" as to overtake the parochial
concerns of the RAF prisoners. Proudly taking note of
US overtures to other NATO countries following "the
Elizabeth van Dyck operation" (the murder of
General Audran in Paris), as well as of subsequent
remarks by US Secretary of State Schultz, the
prisoners concluded that the Euroterrorist campaign
had had such an enormous impact that the West
German Government would gladly see them die
before yielding to their demands (such as for
colocation). Thus, they explained, they had ended
their hunger strike in order to deny their captors that
satisfaction.
Of course this was typical RAF after-the-fact
rationalization. The prisoners probably never intended
to fast to the death nor expected to win colocation.
But the statement nevertheless reveals a mindset
concerned at least as much with achieving respect as
with harming enemies. In other words, in waging the
terrorist campaign the RAF (and presumably its allies
in the CCC and Action Directe) had important
organizational and psychological as well as ideological
goals. Regrettable as the deaths and damage caused
by the Euroterrorist campaign have been, the actual
harm to NATO has been insignificant-a fact so
obvious that even those given to self-delusion must
realize it. At the same time, though, the terrorists
achieved a signal triumph with regard to their
organizational and psychological needs. They
obviously gained the attention they sought; they may
have succeeded beyond their expectations. If so, they
might take some time to reevaluate their position and
decide how to proceed. This would explain the current
lull in their terrorist activities.
Regardless, a Continuing Threat
In summary, although all observers believe the
terrorists will strike again, not enough evidence is
available to indicate when or where the next attack
will come. In any case, it is likely to be designed to
cause rather than avoid casualties. Among potential
hostage-taking operations, kidnaping attempts are
more likely than skyjackings or hostage-and-
barricade operations. The advantage lies entirely with
the terrorists, who can pick the tactic, time, place, and
target. Increased protection of some NATO facilities
and key personnel may already have deterred some
attacks, but the terrorists can always shift to less
protected targets.
Obviously, the most likely targets are senior NATO
military officers and major NATO facilities
(especially headquarters complexes), along with senior
diplomats and government officials, especially those
associated with military affairs. In addition, even
though the terrorists may not feel under any pressure
to act soon, a number of events coming up in the next
several months offer them potential opportunities to
strike in a spectacular way. Among these events are
the NATO Nuclear Planning Meeting to be held in
Luxembourg in late March, President Reagan's visit
to Europe in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of
V-E Day in early May, the Bonn Economic Summit
on 2-4 May, and the Paris Air Show, which will begin
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in late May and continue into June. Against these
theoretical opportunities we can array the known
capabilities and likely inclinations of the terrorists:
? A major RAF operation seems most probable,
although the attack would not necessarily take place
in West Germany. The RAF currently has the
personnel, weapons, funds, and support needed to
attempt assassinations, major bombings, and
kidnapings, as well as lesser acts of violence. In the
past, RAF targeting has been sophisticated and
imaginative, and casing has been thorough and
professional. The group probably will avoid the most
obvious targets because they are so well protected
and strike instead at a less protected individual or
installation whose significance to the RAF has been
underestimated.
? Although there is evidence of influence from French
and Italian terrorist groups, the CCC seems to be
primarily following the lead of the RAF in its
operations in Belgium. The communique issued by
the CCC after its last operation promised that after
a pause the group would resume its attacks and
implied that its next operation would be an
assassination attempt on a senior NATO or US
official.
? It is extremely difficult to forecast what Action
Directe will do next, since its last operation was so
out of character-the Audran assassination was its
first premeditated murder. If a similar operation is
planned for the near future, the target would
probably be a key member of the French
Government or of the defense sector.
It is possible that the next attack will be a joint
operation involving some combination of two or
perhaps all three groups. It is evident that the
terrorists have been paying close attention to their
own press coverage and that they regard their alliance
with every bit as much seriousness as we do. Their
future actions-at least those involving the RAF,
probably will be intended to emphasize the growing
closeness and strength of the alliance. If other groups
can be induced to join, the price of admission-
alternatively, the celebration-might involve a major
terrorist attack. As has been the case so far, the
attacks are likely to be designed mainly to garner
publicity and stimulate reaction by senior government
officials rather than to harm NATO capabilities per
se or (though this will be the ostensible justification) to
generate anti-NATO sentiment among the people. F
Finally, it should be noted that the terrorists may try
to strike a short time in advance of the event they are
protesting or exploiting, in order to avoid the massive
security precautions that will be taken at the event
itself.
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Lebanon's Khomeini:
Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah
Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, a Shia
fundamentalist cleric based in south Beirut, has
become a key leader of the extremist Hizballah
movement and is attracting the support of increasing
numbers of Lebanese Shias. He visits Iran frequently,
maintains ties with high-level members of the
Khomeini regime, and advocates the establishment of
an Iranian-style state in Lebanon. He is a charismatic
orator who could eventually emerge as the dominant
Shia figure in Beirut and attempt to incite a revolt
among discontented Shias.
Fadlallah's goal is to spark a Shia revolution in
Lebanon that would overthrow the present
government and replace it with a Shia-dominated
Islamic republic. He rejects the National Pact of
1943, upon which the Lebanese political system is
based, because it favors Christians over Muslims.'
Fadlallah argues that Shias now form a majority in
Lebanon and should establish a government based on
Islamic law
Increasing Influence
Fadlallah has become one of the most prominent
figures in the pro-Iranian Shia fundamentalist
movement in Lebanon. He maintains extensive
' The National Pact allocates Lebanese Government positions on
the basis of the population of each religious sect, according to the
national census of 1932. Christians and Sunni Muslims hold most
of the key positions. Demographic changes since then, however,
contacts with Iranian leaders and has traveled to
Tehran twice this year and met with Ayatollahs
Khomeini and Montazeri, Foreign Minister Velayati,
and Assembly Speaker Rafsanjani. He professes
allegiance to Khomeini and his concept of political
leadership by a senior cleric and has stated that the
Iranian revolution is his model for Shia activism.F_
Fadlallah operates primarily through the Muslim 25X1
members.
propagandize in the name of Islamic fundamentalism.
The union, which functions both as a militia and as a
political and religious group, almost certainly serves
as a front organization for the covert Lebanese branch
of the militant Dawa Party. Last year the Muslim
Students Union reportedly had at least 300 full-time
Students Union, a radical organization that he
commands in the predominantly Shia southern
suburbs of Beirut. Its members proselytize and
Fadlallah has enlarged his base of support through
social welfare programs aimed at the Shia masses.
The Muslim Students Union, for example, provides
financial assistance, schooling, and other charitable
programs for poor Shia families,
Terrorism as a Political Weapon
Fadlallah plays an important role in the Hizballah
terrorist network that is waging a campaign of
violence against US, West European, and Israeli
personnel and facilities in Lebanon. Besides serving as
a spiritual leader, he coordinates radical Shia
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Fadlallah has been linked to nearly all of the major
acts of anti-Western terrorism in Lebanon during the
past four years.
situation.
has been spurred to action in recent years mainly by
the inflammatory rhetoric and activism of strong
religious leaders. Fadlallah's popularity and following
almost certainly will grow in the next few years as
long as most Lebanese Shias remain bitter and
dissatisfied with their political and economic
radical political activism.
Fadlallah is a particularly dangerous figure because
he operates successfully as a fundamentalist religious
leader and masks his role as coordinator of terrorism.
His pronouncements clearly have the capability to
incite young Shias to violence and other forms of
An analogy between Fadlallah and Khomeini may be
premature, but there are important similarities.
Fadlallah's role in the Lebanese Hizballah movement
is almost as central as that of Khomeini in the Iranian
revolution. If the Shia radicals continue to gain
strength, Fadlallah may lead the dominant majority
political movement in Lebanon within a few years.
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Fadlallah uses terrorism as a political weapon in his
quest for an Islamic state. He has targeted foreign
interests because his ideology postulates that the first
step in the Shia revolution must be the removal of
Western influence from Lebanon. It is likely that
Fadlallah and his adherents will eventually expand
their campaign of violence to include Lebanese
Government-particularly Christian-officials and
institutions.
Implications
The continued growth of the radical Shia movement
in Lebanon depends to a large extent on the
charismatic leadership of clerics such as Fadlallah.
The traditionally passive Lebanese Shia population
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Terrorism in Asia:
Patterns and Prospects
In 1984, as in most previous years, Asia saw only a
small portion of the terrorist. incidents that made
headlines in the rest of the world., With a few
exceptions, terrorism in Asia continued to be
practiced mostly by insurgents or ethnic groups with
grievances against their own governments. US
citizens and facilities faced only a few threats in the
region in 1984, and 1985 looks no different.
Sri Lanka
The bloodiest, if not the best, known, campaign of
terrorism in Asia last year was conducted ,by the
separatist Tamil insurgents against the Sinhalese
central government in Sri Lanka. After rioting in
mid-1983 that left,hundreds of Tamils dead at the
hands of the majority Sinhalese, the several guerrilla
groups seeking a separate Tamil state turned
increasingly to neighboring India for help. India, with
its own large Tamil. population in the south, had long
sympathized with the plight of the Sri Lankan
Tamils, and in 1983 New Delhi encountered
considerable domestic pressure to intervene in the
internecine bloodletting. Accordingly, in 1984. India
moved from a policy of acquiescing in state and local
support for the rebels to providing national-level
assistance to them
Perhaps the Sri Lankan Tamil groups were .
emboldened by this increased support, for in 1984
they attacked US targets for the first time:
? In May the previously then. obscure Eelam People's
Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) kidnaped
a US AID employee and his wife. They were.
released unharmed five days later, after Indian
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi made a radio appeal,
on. the eve of a visit by US,Vice President Bush.
? In June unidentified Tamils set off a bomb in the
downtown Colombo hotel that.housed the Israeli
Interests Section of the US Embassy. Later that
month, other Tamils attempted to.bribe a Tamil
guard to take a package, suspected of.being a bomb,
into the US AID offices.
On 2 August unidentified Tamils attempted to put a
bomb aboard an Air Lanka flight bound from Madras
to Colombo. The suitcase containing the bomb
exploded in the :Madras airport, however, killing 29
people, mostly Sri Lankans. This was the bloodiest
terrorist attack ever to occur at an airport, the death
toll exceeding even that of the Japanese Red Army
assault at Lod Airport in Tel Aviv in 1972.
killing as many as 20 to 50 persons at a time.
In 1984 causing large numbers of casualties became
the norm on both sides of the separatist struggle.
Several times in the second half of the year Tamil
insurgents killed dozens of soldiers or civilians in
single attacks, each of which generated more . .
casualties.than the ambush in July 1983, which had
sparked the communal rioting. Although the
Sinhalese population did not take to the streets in
1984 as it had a year earlier, theArMy -engaged in
apparently uncontrollable retaliation against . Tamil .
civilians in areas where guerrillas had attacked, .
By yearend it had become apparent that the decades-
long insurgency had reached a new.plateau of.
violence. Guerrillas killed soldiers and policemen
almost daily and every week produced new reports of
massacres by national security forces in retaliation.
The government officially abandoned the search for a
political solution late -in December..1984. While no
specific threats to US facilities and personnel had
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appeared as of early 1985, the possibility of bystander
casualties and the fact that Tamils did target
Americans in 1984 combine to make Sri Lanka
currently one of the more dangerous spots for
Americans in Asia.
Japan
The only other continuing serious terrorist threat to
Americans in Asia came in Japan at the hands of the
leftist terrorist group Chukaku-ha (Nucleus Faction).
Although the group has been in existence since 1963,
only in the last couple of years has it become more of
a threat to US interests than a nuisance. Chukaku-ha
numbers perhaps a hundred actual terrorists, but it
claims to have thousands of supporters. It has long
opposed the construction (and now the expansion) of
Narita Airport, the "militarization" of Japan, the
US-Japanese security relationship, the presence of US
bases, and visits by US nuclear-powered ships. It used
to restrict itself to minor firebombings of empt
offices, but it became more dangerous in 1984.
Although Chukaku-ha continued to target only
undefended facilities, it began to rely less on crude
incendiaries and more on a fairly sophisticated
improvised device: a truck-mounted flamethrower.
This uniquely Japanese weapon system figured in a
half dozen Chukaku-ha attacks in 1984, and although
it only functioned as planned in about half the cases,
its few successes were spectacular. On 20 September,
for example, such a device caused more than $2
million in damage to the Tokyo headquarters of the
ruling Liberal Democratic Party. Since the device
operates on a timer, Chukaku-ha is able to use it
without risking the capture of any of its members.
On New Year's Day 1985 the group claimed credit
for an improvised attack against the US Consulate
General in Kobe using improvised rockets, at least one
of which was of an antipersonnel type.
US targets probably will remain
high on the group's list.
India
By early 1984, Sikh extremists led by the charismatic
Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale had kept the
northwest state of Punjab in turmoil for two years,
assassinating Hindus and more moderate Sikhs.
Bhindranwale and his followers sought to sabotage
negotiations between mainstream Sikhs and the
central government over Sikh concerns for the Punjab
and for their special status in Indian society. By May
Bhindranwale's campaign had isolated and undercut
the moderates to the extent that they hoped to recoup
popular support with a statewide strike in early June.
On 6 June the central government ordered Army
troops to assault Bhindranwale's headquarters in the
Golden Temple sanctuary in Amritsar, Sikhdom's
most sacred shrine. The raid, during which
Bhindranwale and more than 1,000 of his followers
were killed, effectively ended organized Sikh
terrorism, but left behind a smoldering residue of
communal bitterness over the violation of the temple.
Nevertheless, the only major acts of Sikh terrorism
during the summer were two skyjackings
But the alienation of even mainstream Sikhs after the
temple assault led to Asia's most spectacular act of
terrorism in 1984-the assassination of Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi by two of her Sikh
bodyguards on 31 October. With that act (and after
the subsequent killing of some 2,000 Sikhs in
retaliatory rioting) Sikh outrage seemed to have
expended itself, at least for the moment, with most
Sikhs waiting to see how the new government of Rajiv
Gandhi would attempt reconciliation.
Pakistan
The only noteworthy terrorist threat in Pakistan in
1984 came from the antigovernment group Al-
Zulfikar. Compared to the early 1980s, Al-Zulfikar
was not very active within Pakistan in 1984; indeed,
the most significant Al-Zulfikar incident occurred in
Europe. In the spring, about 10 ill-trained members of
the group plotted to take hostage large numbers of
diplomats, first in Athens, then in Rome, and finally
in Vienna. They had hoped to trade these hostages for
more than 200 prisoners in Pakistani jails, but when
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they finally attempted an operation in Vienna, they
botched it and were arrested. The captured terrorists
showed a remarkable lack of sophistication for a
group attempting an attack so far afield.
Nevertheless, even this inept attempt almost
succeeded, and Al-Zulfikar may try again to seize
important hostages. Thus the group continues to pose
a medium-level threat to US interests in 1985.
Philippines
Insurgents in the Philippines continued in 1984 to
engage in terrorism only on a limited, sporadic basis.
The New People's Army (NPA) of the Communist
Party of the Philippines regularly attacked military
and police forces and extorted funds from
businessmen but avoided attacks on US and other
foreign facilities. The NPA was suspected by
Philippine authorities in several instances of urban
terrorism-a high-level military assassination, two
attempted bombings of the Japanese Embassy, and
several hotel fires. No evidence had surfaced by
yearend, however, to suggest that the NPA had used
its reportedly well-developed urban terrorist
infrastructure in any of these attacks or had
abandoned its policy of restraint toward US targets.
The insurgency of the Moro National Liberation
Front (MNLF) heated up slightly in 1984, but its
actions impinged only slightly on US interests. Most
of the MNLF attacks were conducted against the
traditional police, army, and local political targets. In
December, however, units of the MNLF in Jolo
kidnaped two missionaries-an American and a West
German-and they were still being held at the end of
the year. The MNLF has periodically kidnaped
foreigners and seizes American citizens every few
years. It has not harmed its foreign hostages, however,
and they are generally released after the MNLF
achieves its ransom or propaganda goals
Indonesia
In late 1984 Jakarta suffered a sudden onslaught of
urban violence and apparent terrorism. After
communal riots in September left as many as 160
dead, in early October bombs went off in several
ethnic-Chinese-owned banks and businesses, killing
two persons. In the weeks that followed, a rash of
fires, bomb threats, and accidents occurred. Initial
interrogations of suspects led Indonesian authorities
to believe that a previously unknown group calling
itself "Islamic Solidarity" was orchestrating a
campaign of continuing violence.
It now appears that the Islamic Solidarity consists of
a number of small conservative Muslim groups rather
than a single organization. Members of several such 25X1
groups have been implicated in some of the incidents
last fall. Others are suspected in the early 1985
bombing of the major Buddhist shrine at
Borobudur-the most prominent national
landmark-and in the burning of the palace of the
Sultan of Solo. These Muslim fundamentalists are
reportedly upset with the central government's secular
policies and may instigate further violence against the
government and other religious groups this year.
There is little evidence of Iranian support to these
Indonesian Islamic groups, however, and no indication
that Tehran instigated any of the violence that has
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New Caledonia
So far, very little of the separatist agitation, loyalist
backlash, and sporadic mayhem in this French
territory that began in 1984 and continued into 1985
can be called terrorism. Some terrorist-type bombings
related to the Melanesian separatist movement have
taken place in France, but violence in the territory
itself has generally consisted of spontaneous riots and
isolated acts of economic sabotage. However, after the
killing of the military chief of the separatist Kanak
National Socialist Liberation Front (FLNKS) by
police last January, the positions of the FLNKS and
the European settlers have further polarized. More
violence is likely this year, and FLNKS may
conceivably turn to acts of terrorism as its frustration
level rises.
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Chronology of Terrorism-1985,
publication are not included.
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international terrorist events and
counterterrorism developments that have occurred or come to light since our last
issue. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in this
10 February Taiwan: Time bomb defused at Grand Hotel in Taipei. The government-run hotel
is used to house foreign dignitaries.
No group has claimed credit, but police
suspect the separatist Taiwan Independence Movement.
22 February Lebanon: Bomb dismantled near IUM mosque in Tripoli. It was the third attack
against hardline Sunni leader Shaykh Shaban's Islamic Unification Movement in
February. The IUM blamed the Christian Phalangist Party.
27 February Bolivia: Bomb explosion outside Bolivian-American bank causes severe damage
but no casualties. No one claimed responsibility.
June.
Bolivia: Bomb explodes at home offormer Mayor of La Paz and current campaign
manager of former President Hugo Banzer. No one was hurt in the bombing,
which was probably related to the Bolivian national elections scheduled for 16
Philippines: Military rescue operation fails to free foreign hostages of MNLF in
Jolo. After weeks of fruitless negotiations to win the release of an American, a
West German, and a Japanese held by elements of the Moro National Liberation
Front, the Philippine Army sent troops to try to locate and free the hostages, to
equally little avail. The embassies of the three hostages, concerned for their safety
in a confrontation, persuaded the government to cancel the operation after one
credit, but French police suspect Caribbean separatists.
France: Bomb explodes outside Ministry of Overseas Departments and
Territories, damaging nearby vehicles but causing no injuries. No group claimed
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with the Red Army Faction of West Germany.
Greece: Attempt to firebomb West German Embassy fails. A group calling itself
the Revolutionary Group of International Solidarity Christos Kasimis-last heard
of in 1979-claimed responsibility for the incident, stating it was done in "unity"
Army is suspected.
Philippines: Local government officials attacked by NPA. The Mayor of Bulan,
Camarines Sur, was shot and wounded in a roadside attack by four unidentified
men. The chief of police of Butuan was shot dead by unidentified attackers while
he was attending Mass with his wife and children. In both cases, the New People's
reportedly died in captivity.
Sudan: Ugandan students escape rebel captivity. Four of five Ugandans captured
by the Sudan People's Liberation Army during an attack on a steamer in
December escaped and found their way to Sudanese Army forces. The fifth
1981.
Pakistan: Al-Zulfikar skyjacking accomplice hanged in Karachi. The man had
bought the tickets for the group that hijacked a Pakistani airliner to Kabul in
ammunition magazines, and 32,000 rounds of ammunition.
of 40 pump shotguns, 27 semiautomatic shotguns, four assault rifles, 173
Australia: Weapons destined for New Caledonian antiseparatists intercepted. In
Yatala, in eastern Australia, four Frenchmen were arrested when weapons and
ammunition were found concealed on board their yacht. The materiel, which was
probably intended for antiseparatist French residents of New Caledonia, consisted
convicted in absentia, but it is not clear what their sentences were.
Al-Zulfikar members, including leaders Murtaza and Shahnawaz Bhutto, were
Pakistan: 54 Al-Zulfikar members each sentenced to 25 years in prison. They had
been convicted of murders, hijackings, and other terrorist endeavors. Another 40
recently named Commissioner of the Republic.
France: President Mitterrand's chief technical adviser on terrorism promoted.
Christian Prouteau, founder of the Intervention Group of the National Police, was
January.
France: Bombing in Bordeaux in support of New Caledonian separatists damages
several cars. A note left at the scene condemned the "Bordeaux bourgeois slave
mentality, which is an accomplice of the assassination of Machoro"-a reference
to Eloi Machoro, the militant Kanak leader who was killed in New Caledonia last
Spain's occupation army."
Spain: ETA car bomb kills Basque police chief near Vittoria. The group claimed
that Lt. Col. Carlos Diaz Arcocha was killed as "part of ETA's offensive against
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Socialist government
Greece: Six members of "Zyrimis Group" convicted in 1980 of establishing a
terrorist group acquitted in retrial. The conviction was overturned because the
1978 law on which it was based was changed in 1984 legislation passed by the
Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) are believed responsible.
New Caledonia: French gendarme killed while dismantling roadblock. The victim
was struck down by a machete blow in the back: Members of the separatist Kanak
down the townhall.
Philippines: NPA guerrillas overrun town of Mainit in Mindanao, killing five
soldiers and a policeman. The guerrillas wounded another five soldiers and burned
craft last July.
Pakistan: Trial of five Sikhs who hijacked Indian airliner in 1981 begins. No
trial has yet been scheduled for another group of Sikhs who hijacked a similar-
No group claimed credit, but French Basque terrorists are suspected.
France: Two improvised time bombs found in Biarritz. One had been placed near a
golf course, the other at a restaurant. Neither exploded, owing to defective timers.
responsible.
Guadeloupe: One firebomb and two explosive devices detonate the night before
elections. Five persons were injured. French Caribbean separatists probably were
Government confirms that their mission was not drug related.
Thailand: Burmese drug traffickers capture four border policemen. Elements of
the Shan United Army (SUA) intercepted them while they searched for missing
Thai villagers in the border area. The SUA has offered to release them if the Thai
the first such blatant, daylight SL attack in the capital.
Peru: Sendero Luminoso guerrillas kill Lima police detective. The victim was
sprayed with automatic weapons fire from a speeding car. The police said this was
damage. No group has claimed responsibility.
Israel: Bomb explodes on Israeli bus.in Rehovot. Prior to the explosion, the bus
driver had noticed a suspicious-looking package on the bus and ordered all of the
passengers to disembark; consequently, no one was hurt, and there was only minor
of the West German company Siemens. FP-25 claimed responsibility.
Portugal: FP-25 targets foreign businesses in bombing spree. In Lisbon, bombs
caused extensive damage to the bank Credit Franco-Portugais, the British
insurance firm Newstead Porter, and a branch of the French bank Credit
Lyonnais. In Evora, bombs damaged the home of the manager of a blue jeans
factory and the homes of two executives of the telex plant, a Portuguese subsidiary
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the RAF hunger strike.
West Berlin: RAF sympathizers bomb storage lot of firm that built the new
maximum security section of Moabit prison. Several pieces of heavy construction
equipment were severely damaged by the explosions of three improvised bombs;
two other devices failed to explode. This was the second recent attack on targets
related to the new section, which houses three female Red Army Faction members.
Last month someone tried to bomb a car owned by the architect of the section. A
previously unknown group called the "Struggling Dyslexics" claimed credit for the
bombings in a letter, declaring solidarity with the women who had participated in
bodyguards was killed and two others were seriously wounded.
Lebanon: Shia religious leader Shamsaddin escapes assassination attempt by
unidentified gunmen in West Beirut. Shamsaddin was not hurt, but one of his
member of Autonomia by police three days earlier.
Italy: Director of Cosenza Prison shot and killed by the "Revolutionary
Communist Committees. "In its announcement of responsibility, the previously
unknown group indicated the murder was to avenge the killing of an alleged
West Germany: Bomb next to US officer's club at Boeblingen defused. The bomb
was found after its location was reported to a vicarage in an anonymous telephone
Switzerland to continue serving a life sentence there.
West Germany: Two leading RAF members sentenced to life imprisonment. After
an 18-month trial, both had been convicted of involvement in the 1977 murders by
the Red Army Faction of industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer and financier
Jurgen Ponto, among other crimes, Adelheid Schulz received three concurrent life
sentences and Rolf Clemens Wagner two. Wagner, however, will be returned to
been in effect for several years. There were no casualties.
Portugal: FP-25 bombs Lisbon property owners' association. The bombing
preceded a parliamentary debate over whether to change a rent-freeze law that has
Cyprus: Bomb causes moderate damage to headquarters of Cyprus affiliate of
Exxon. Local speculation ties the explosion either to the US veto of the UN
resolution on Israeli actions in Lebanon or to a recently concluded labor dispute
Alliance is suspected.
Guadeloupe: Bomb explodes at lunchtime in crowded Point-a-Pitre restaurant,
killing one and injuring 11. Four Americans were slightly. injured. No group
claimed responsibility for the incident, but the separatist Caribbean Revolutionary
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subsequently released unharmed.
Spain: ETA-M commandeers taxi to carry bomb to military horse-breeding
installation in San Sebastian. Neither horses nor persons were hurt in the ensuing
explosion, and the taxi driver-who had been confined in the trunk-was
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