THE LAW OF POPULATION UNDER SOCIALISM AND THE POPULATION PROBLEM OF CHINA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A009700680002-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 88
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 2, 2009
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 4, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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THB LAW'OF POPQLATION U1~TsR SOCIALISM ArID TH$
POPUI~ITION PAOBLSM OF CHINA
by
Chang P'ei-kang, Mao Kaag and Hq Chun-chieh
In the past several yearn, birth control has becote a preening
need for a lugs nusbar of the industrial sad white collar corkers of the
nation and for sole of the farmers.,. The Party sad the Goveras;ant support this
need of the oasaes, and they have repeatedly explained how birth control, under
praaen~t historial conditioa~,benefits. the nation, the family, and the sea
generation. They have approved proper birth control methods sad hays further-
sore appointed organisations which are concerned with the probleat ~ organs:e
tesma for the study of birth control sad suggested name ssthods to implesant
birth control work.
We advocate atiitatile birth control. Z1iis is,hawever, something
entirely different fros Maltbusianiam. The basic poiAt of Malthusianiss is
that~the rate of incresse of the production of the seam of subsistence never
catches up with the rats of increase of the population. The actual experience
of this nation has provsd the error of this conclusion. For this reason, it
is net without practical leaning to criticize the "Population theory" of
Malthus ,and his followers, expose its erroneous sad reactionary nature, and
furthersore, to explain and study socialist population l~aa and its function,
is the hope of grasping correctly the present population problem of this
couacttry as well as .the lacta of birth control.
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Popt~~atio;
% e ~ Cx~i t~.que of Mag.ttaus~.t~s~.s~a
I ~g7989 o~lthus9 an k~a?~ish o~.er. ~rmsn9 pub~,i.shed ''~1n F:ss~r on
,n~ fnalthus P essay on popul~es T~~ng been expelled from ind~us~~rs*atir~e fo~?~ec~ ~o I'o~n ~a isadtaa~h,~ial.
~esc~g~e a~~o ~eoeuse oi? tYae dE~regor~m:;xat og oapitalism9 the posit~.on og Stile
t,o~kes~ cir~i~ 8S?e~ t;~o7?se ~d the t~rki~ae Blass r~sses daily ~s?e~3 poo~ra~ o A.i~
the same time as oap~.t~alist amass ~.ndu~s de~loped9 the po~s3.fia.on of b~ss?tapt
ay?tisans also ~~~3 B?do?~Se9 ~d ?~hey too sir?~e~ the colur~as of the ~e~~
of thm t~sae~Aoyedo All of these faotox~s causod ?~n ira~ease in ttae pove~r~ og
the p~ole~~~.ans a~ad led to theip dissatisgaction t~a.th end op_~o.o~n ~ the
~cr~pitalist el$sso p9a~.thtas9 ~~o ser~~:d tze frate~ests of ~e e~paoitin~ o~sses9
attempted to deoci~e the prolet~~ans rind dofend i~ha c~apita~.ist syste:~a and
the~ego~e h? n~opos
his "~'i~oipl es of popta~t~on" four this pta~po~c~ o
A~oording to ?;?.~thus? so-ca~.led ?'~w of Popul~~osa~,~ popug: Lion
ine~e~ses anoo~?din~ to a geametrio x~te9 doubbin~ ea~~n t~ren~=f5L~ ~ea~s t~Y~.le
th? ~tea~ of stab~isfiienoe on~r i~~eases at an a~ithme~.o ~a~ca o Pen~uee ~ch~
~?~te of ir~~?ease of ~ese $~ faoto~s is not sitni~ry the av?r~~ t~ota~t of
~ah~t emoh person 8e~ of the r^e~ns of subsist~e beoomes less land l~a~s o
i1a~$htd~ thou;;ht th~$ in s?~~.e{~9 t10 r~t;:eY' B7I'1~t i.t8 e~o81?fi~Il.f:
St?~?uott7~c e9 popu~tion was (;?ne~lly on a le~ol Frith the supcly of the ma~nc~ o~
stabsisten~eo t?nen th~ou~ mnalti~7,ioation9 the population be~aa~ to exoeed this
le~e~.9 t%ien9 bec~atase of the impaot of ray indi~?eot cheeks 4~aax?9 n~tta~~.
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cala+Aitias, crime) the population would return to this level, and these
indirect checks in tusn arose from the insuffiaisacy of the aaans of
aubsiataoaa.
.Malthus also considered that because of the controlling function of
this "L~ of lbpuiatioa," human society must have poverty and cri~ae. Poverty
is the absolutely certain result of this law, and crime to a easy large
extent is its crsation...The ssajor comoon reason for poverty is seldom or.
aLm~st ewer whether the distribution of wealth is just, or whether rich'
people have the obligation to Supply corking people with work and sustanaace
yet fail to do ao. The reason is that working people, materially speaking,
do not have the right to demand this or that item from rich people. Thssa
aurpins" population. The first one was that of natural limitations, namely,
war and natural calamities as wall as all- tho other factors which act to
increase the death rate. The second was that of preventive checks which
depressed the birth rate and which were also csll~d "moral" methods of
limitation. As an actual Sovernmmnt policy, Malthus proposed that nations
should not recognise the right of the poor to succor, and furtharmbre, that
they should abolish "Poor Laws." Re therefore thought that the poverty of
the poor should be the zesponsibility of the pons, and that relief should not
be given thest in order to avoid population increase. The foregoing are the
principles of Malthus' "Theory of Population."
Mari and Bagels long ago refuted Malthus' "Theory of Population"
which ~rhitewashad the true reasons for poverty and uneaploya~ent under the
main "truths" are all based on his theory and derived fx+om "The Law of
Population."
Malthus further tlsought that there were just two methods of preventing
capitalist system, and this "theory" moat also be declared bankrupt when
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coa~~~?e~ b~ ?~~ ~c~~s o#~ s~~s~q~a~? s~c~ab~ ~~~1 ~c?~wn4~~ dr~eval?p^..~?o
T~l?~~cs oa~9 t~~io 9?F~a ~g I~~~la?~~~a?D as an n?essc~ab c~r~~e~~nb bang ~? ?ob~
fin ?~Q a~~aso ?l~r~g la ~~ ~~sQ?~~~ol p~~f~oa ~~.~ ao~~Q?~ ~s? bn ~op?~llad
~~ t~i~4.~ Aat~ an~~ ~3~~a g~,o~ ?o p~~c~~t~~o si~~P~naaa an:~ ~~~~a C~? ~a? c~c~a ?l~a
~~gl~ ~ff pl~t~s a~~ aa~~l~ $s ne6assng~l~ con?~ll~~J t~ ?~nAg 09la~afl?? ?i~e
~pQ~ra?4c~a ?~ ~~Cc~ ~~~es ~r~sQ t~ a cans?e ?~ sn~~ti pa~aas~?as and l~~a~?$ons ae
wall a3 ca~l~ dea?~o ~~c~~r~l~n{3 ?o ?~~a c~a~ ~g ?~Q~~a~a ~? G~ml~l saes t~aa~
~~~~t~ ~n lf~~Q GIs ~? Ll~?n~ncd ~ ~c~i~al t~~s?~ C~? ids ~.~?e~c~2 do~~~~ed
~~ asp o~a~~al lea ofd n~t~en~sn awl ?~a? ~Q fl,s c?~le?~~.~ ~.o~f~n~;less and
~~~ffisSUgQ ~o~ ~~~pla ?c~ sr~~~~ga a~~,n~? ?~s l~ao
~o ~ret~l ~r~~Q o~ t~~ls ~a~~ is fl c~~ c~c~~Pana tin ~la~mnd ?I~o cap~?ab~a?
s~s?c~o inn ~a?~c~~l~b~~ ~n ~~~~c~ fl~ 9.s R~as~dfl c~~~e~or~a is ~~?up'~~si~@al
~~ ~,n~or~~acgo ~g ids Ro~3 8fl.ace ~~~~ ~f~r~g~d ?~? ghaga ?t~~~ pII~?$s~~~z~
fln~a~p~rf~cal ~~~ og ps?4~c?~?i~ ~a~ ~t~? ~~ a~ccital liras o~ IP~~gae~.oialoco
~~~ cyan ~l~ar~l~y ?c~ll ?~a? ~f~ ?l~c~se ~c~n c~t~ ~?~:~~al~d ~c~c~~?lon ~e~~a fL~nl~ltc'Q
G~~b~ r~? b~ ~~7 ~gc~tt~sLal ?9&~s ?f ~~~a~bo?i.?r~?? appl~,cablQ t~~ f~? t~l~a nr~t~ir~ab
~-~sl'1 anal t~~ inn s~cl~t~~yo &~ra~3 t~Q~~~me ~e acl~~nt~ oil ~rsrs?s c~at~~gala
~s~els end cxi~?~~~Lan~ t~al?~aenn o ?9~~sr}~ ~~ ~'0pe~ga?~C~mpO ~m ~?~f~n0s ~~ a
~~~?fL~~~ ~g I~?lf~?1caA ~~o~~s~i~~l~ ~nc~ c~z~~?~ ~tr~ l~s~ c~n~.le sg~.g& a ~e~?~o
~~ s~n~r~n~3 gflna? ?I~i~~ ?12~i~~' c~as a ~flns~Lstt~~ ??c~c~?~~.c ~p~sc~sa~,or~ ?g o~o?
anal was n s~z~? o~ "~c~~a~s asap ~~.le c~~?~?~.~eo?0 ~vat3~la als? ~a~d ?flna? lg
eye ~~o alor~~ ~asL?~n ?l~n a~~a~a?~s ?~ t~a~g ~c?~gn~a o? t~~n cap ~~e ~ ~e Qom
?&iia? 2~n~ ~a~?~a csas al~~r~~l~ ~~~u;~~lafi~d men w~l~ Ana inn ~3~i3t~G3co1o?a
~3~ flzu~?r~ C~l~~a? ?IhQg~ er~~~?s i~u? cap~ignfl.ilr~? s~?~le?~nffi ~"~a? fls calg~d
~'~?e:lag~.~~ s~nr~g~l~s
~~lnit~.?n~?1 ~~~~ r~~l~?~er~ sangpaen~ ~I~lagf~cns nee ~~~~~
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the ~x~ o~ ~~~Lt~~st ~~at~.o~o ~e ~nc~e~~e ~ p~?oc~uc~alo~ ~rnde~ thca
vap~t~~~st a~te~ ~.~ a~co~~.~a3car~ &~~ ~c~~L~~ ~ , tae o~~a~1c ~o~aoa~.t~?sa ?~
c~~p~t~~o mat tl~e deed ~?s^ A~bo:~ gr~.~a~,be~?~ o~ ;~ s~eo~aa Q~~a~~1) ~.s ra?t
dc~t?~ed 10~ tc cap~t~ bent is ~~~t~~~ ~ete~I.ned o~~ bar the ~~?~,~&~~,a
$ o~ that c~dp~,t~o A~ tech~no~ o~ ~c~~r~xac~s~ ~.e ~~x?iable past oaf tota~,
~np~.t~ de~s?e~~es ~?e~r~tie~e to coxaa~xnt oap3.~~? ~~e~so~~~z9 rm~.ora~ ~3.tS~ the
nc~e ~~- ~t~.?~ eg ~~, grad ~e :9.gac~etsaa ~a ttae o~?~~o at~?~act~e ?~ c~px.t-~~,~
~ ~~:~~~~ g?~ ~b?~ de~~~~ ~@~r~tt~.~ even tpnough the ~, x~~e~ ?~'
p~s'~?~ass ~ thc~ A~'?~1c~t~~,~t ~c~ea~e~~e.~th the ~esu~t that sow t~o~I~~~ ~e
u~a~b~,?~ ~' e~o~~ ~~ ~~e~~ eeom au~~~aso ~'heee trcx~lcex~~ cox~at~.tut~
~~~$ ~.s ~~ed oo~e&~t~L~e au~~u~ ~cpu~~tt~ d~~9 0 t po~?t~.
?~ ~m~ Z~ex~ ~as?o~;~~u
?~t ~~' p~od~aot~.?~ ~ rs x?~~e~ the ~rra~l~s~~a.r~ ~ese~~e ~~~~~~?~e ' ~~' p,?
ed0 rode ~c~~at~.~Q ~e~ ?~ tha ~x~c~~a~~~~ ~e~ ~~' ~rnc~~e~sbf
~ta~~g?~e ~.th tkae go~e~at~.~, ~a~~ oa ~,a~~,~aa mat tae ~e~~ tl~~ta ~~Qac~~
7 ~ pa ~p~~t~,o~ to 4~~e ac~~~ ~.mh~x~, the ~e~~ ~,~ the ~ ?~ n
~?~acA~.a~~,t~d eux~p~~~p~pta~t~.~a ~ e:~hos? ~a~ ~~ ~xa ~~~ee pr~~o ~ ~~~
~a~gat ?~ ~b?$?m o o~~~ ~.~ th? mb~?~~ate ~~a~~, ~at~ ?~ ~~p~st n~c~~~a~
~~~
~~ocs ~kae ~~xa~a~~ ~~~ ?f ~~p~t~~at ~~c~t~~~ ~.~ one ~.ara ?~ the ~~~
~~$~,~~ ?~' ~~e~~ ~t p?~e the a~cuv~~ ?g pc~e~t~ ~t tFao ?ti~o~~
bra ~?~cut~~ ?~ ~~p~t~ ~ the e~a~~e~~t ?~' the ~U~c:t~?:~~~,#3 ~?aQ
dc~4~~ps~~~~. p~?ce~r~ ?~ c~~p~t~~a ~Ls th~~~.~~c~e~~, ~_ ~ Pe~,a~~~ rid ~~?~~~te
~e~sh~e~t ?~ ~e p~??~?~~^lmt6 We ~ ~e@ c~ea~~ ~?~ ~e ~oa~e~;o~~ ~u:cr.~t
~ c~~t~3~t a?~~et~,~ $he: ~ea~o~ ~?g' , ~&ae ~ere~~ ?g ~~ ~b~~x~g ~~a?~ ~
?t r~ ro~~is o~ ~OOp~e t~~~a ~ia~ ch his tae natsa~o ?~ s~ et~~~~.:__-~t~~ g~~ ~,
~,~axt ~~ ~e ~~p~,:~~t ~~at~a ~tae~a
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khen Marx was studying the production methods of ,capitalism as
welt a$ its corresponding production relations, he round un discovering the
law of pop?alation under capitalism whic:~z ':~.~: exoress~i~ as follows: '".tiith the
magnitude of social. capital already fw~.ctioraaz7~T, F.nd the degree of its increase,
Y3th the extens-ton of the scale of ,~rac::~.cfia.c?n, a~;:i the ~ ass of the labourers
set in oration, tirl.tY: the developmen?fi cf ,;.~^ rlrc'r~~,,,,', ~.voi~css of t~leir ],abour,
with the greater brea~it~h anal :il.zllt~.c~su c,':' a:i. ~. ~>>mcr.s of ~~realthy there is also
an extension of t~1e ~CulE C?~1 'vs ':]_i:'-i i" ~ iivT` ?=x'.'~~~'r~I~i~ i~givr?ieans ~vaage e~s~e~ ~s~~luscar glee c?s~6cng~sagi?u~ o~
~a~da ~~ ~g?an~et~ ~~ ~a~~s1~~.b~g~c~ ~ucaarca m~nesn one ~~~ir~~gi~s ~n~l g~b~~~~ ~~
~~?~bva `~f~s is ~gb ~&,.~~ is ~racessr~~o?9 ~at~a eY~ c~~ ffi~a: g~arc ~~aa sic?t~c1
mm~~~c~c~ is ~~~i~~v ~?~ g ~~~~o~ ?~ :I.immigia~~ Psrpsniafiic~~: f~~c~g~s~p ~~ ~x~~ffi?
g~rrsis~~ ~~pg~ ~lo~s ~? ;ire g~~ c~erag~ ~~ mpg?~~cia~E a~~asat~e~ait 1~~~~~~
g~~3i?aus o~ ~og~aagaLi~iu~ ~~s~sigg~ ~~~ ~e~i~r~s ?~ ~~aag~eic~~ $~~resig~a s? ~~mm
~~ae ~itnr ~~ v~.~~ o~ fide c~fla?~e a~~~i~r~ ~ s~cir~~ya p~~s~alz~~ioxa is ~e~gg~ ~??
~l~c~~z~sec~ ~r~c~~s~ ?~ t&~is . L~Lg~i~r$~imffi ~~s g~~ x~T~,~vian~ maLa~~r~l ~iaastt~r~s a
?~a ~~a~ cor~~reas~Pa s~~~e~ ~~ ~c~io~ ?i~ rc~asc~l c~aec~ss e~ ~~~ ~~~~i~t~i?~ a~a~
can o~i~ g~~.r~~?~sce ~a~cg?zs ~v~aicfl~ i~c~r~~se g~~ala~gieano ~T~ c~a ~~ac~g~~?gca seQ
fs&~~a~ ~~~ ~~e ~~ng~?se a~ s?g~ris~~ ~~ange~~ioan prr?~le~s9 ~h~~e ~~~ s?a~a
i~c?ansis~enc~L~s ia~ II$aa~1~ Liar~~=c~ai ? s ~~a~eo~. finis i$ n fla?~~~ramga ~?t~ c~~nr~~~b~
l~fln?~xg~ age ~b~s~s~,l~b~ ~d c?s?sis~~ant~fl ~?t~c~~
~nt~i~sci~.mmt~i~ic the?g~.
f~s~ttlta~o~ic a
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~~ ~ ~aa~~~.~s~ ~>~~~?~o e9 ~L~~ ~'~ sip ~~e F~~~~ ~k' ~~~~e~~~ ~,~1za~?~rr~~~
e5x~,~~a P~ ~~~~scel ~r~as ~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~ ti;~re ~u~~~~e arx ~~~;y~.~,~~'.~a~
~~~~ &~ &~d. ~~~~~d s~~~~ ~.~ e~ ~~~~d ~a~~h ~~a~~s~~x~~~es9 ~~~~
~~ ~~~. ~o So? ~~~~~~Q~ ~~ &~~~a~S~~ s~ ;oa~~,~~so 1~~ ~~o a~:r~ ~~G
~a`~1 ~~ fog ~~ ~ ~~~is t~~~ ~ ~+c~ d~~~~a~~ e~ ~9 ~ ~a
~ ~?~~.~ ~~ ~~r~~eo ~=c~~a?~o~ ~a~~c~e m~ ~f~~~a fiYe~er~ ~a~s
~~ ~e ~ ~~~e~ ~~ ~~a~o ~~?e ~ ~a~~ ~.~19 so~~e e ~~
~ ~~a &r~c~:~ o~ ~~.o ~ ~. ~ ~~.~~~ ~~aas~2s ~~ ~i~o~~~~ ~~esa~ ~~s
~~~~ ~~ ~g e~ ~' ~%za ~o,~,~g ~~~~o Lis ~?~ ~ d~~Q ~~~~~~
~~~~ ,~he~ ~~e {~aQ~`s~ ~~ ~ Oho ~~ os~~~~.~~3~ ~,~a ~o~
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A ~e~ ~~~ ~~op~.r~ ~i~~~ ~~~ y ~?a~~.~f,~~~:~~r-~ ^~as~~Ao~ o:~' ~;H~~~~ ~ ~:.~?
b:,~;r~:~ ~v.,y ~.
~~g~~~a phi~~ophe~ ~~ ~s~~.o~?~~ ~~ ~~ that th~~ e~~~ d~.~to~t the s~~a~,~g
~~ the a~~~: ~d pop~tio~ p~ ok~~~~~ ?~ Ch~~ ?~ fiat ti..ry~ o ~~ ~epe~~~~.
~~o~ 8poc~~ ha~1 sr~3~D ca~pg~ ~o~r~ ~~g ;~ ~~r~D ~e ~~~~ ~~'iee~?
%~~kae~? the area ? ~~~~ ~ei~eo . ~h~e~o~Q f~r~ ~e~it~ m~ mid i~ ~~
~Q~~ ~ac~ ~~t~ ~~ the ~~~ ~~~e r~a~l tae ~Css ~~t~p ?S ~~L$~e~
p~p~ ~ t~ i~ ~4~ffi r.~ a ~~~$~ ?~ eaa~g~ pe?p7~e~QD ~h~~?~ h~
c~?r~~~~lc~~ ~a~~ GQ~e %~.g~c~ ?~la~ ~~~a ~~t~ o~ ~ ~at~.~9 the ~o~r~~ ~~ ~di~~l
?~ ~~ ?~ ~.~~ p~op~ ~~~ ~e e~~~~ ~.ta e~a8no~'? the ~.~~ i$s cs~,tiu~~
~e~~o?B ~~ ~~~e~ ~ae~a~~ea ~a this ~ fi~ae~r theo~~~3 r~?~at Chi~~~ o
~ ~e~ e pop-i~~ @~ e~~~~ gi~?~a ~ ~t~t~~ ~ e~p h4.grn ~i~~
~atea ~~t S~.gsta b~~ra r~~ ~c~~th ~~te~ ~~ th? ~e~~oa~ ~?~ Chi~~~~ p~~~~ ~?~~~
~~~ 3~ o~~ ~gQ ~~~SD ~~ e~o~?~~ ~~~~a~~io~ ~e~x~i~~~p
~~ ~~~~ ~~ the ~e~ aa~~~~~.~a~s off' ~~~~ ~c~9 ~4~ r~aa~ p~~~~oo
SS~.n~ca ~~ ~o~ p~ob~e~~ i~ ~ p?`~,- t~,ex~ ps~o~~e~~ ~s~ ~h~e~o~e hope ~ ~c~~p~
the ?~~~~aa~a ~e~o~~ ?g se~.e~~i~re ?i~ge ~dl hi~~ ~?a~~?~ ~ ~~~c~ ~
~~?~? e ~~~~~ ?~ ~ pnp~,~~o~ad?9~ ~"?~Ber.~.~~ i~Y~~ ?~~a~ap ~~.~ ~$~~io~nfi~
~c~ ~~t ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~a~g?~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~~^~t ~g ~c~~ CY~~nQ ~ ~op~.r~~.~,
~~~~~ ~~o~.~ be ~ ~~,-;-; , ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~a~$ tho huge p?p~t~.?~ ?~ t
ti~eo WYn~~ h bey ~~.~ ~~? ~e~e~d~~ tsg~ ?p~aiosa~ o~ ~e ~?ousp o~
~~~
~Pra~~at~..o~ thEO~~,?~~ i~ 0~~ Chi~n,~ g~ i~ ~~ ~~~~ tpn~t ~?se thc~~ir~a ~@
~ e~sp~~~ ~@~o~~ ~t~o~aa ?~ F~~t~a~'~ ~~ N~=M~~thra~lra~.~a ~~
~~, di~fi ~I~e c~a~c~ ?~ Ch~~fl a ao~3~~ p~~~ ~~ ~t thQ ~.~a?~e ~~~~
the o~e~eaa~e ?g the ~oi~~~e x~ ?~ ~~ g~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~s ~~
i~~~~~t ng~e~~~?x~ ?~a Chia ixa thc~ o~cfl Chi~e~e ~o~~ ~gt~a
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The Latr of Population Under Socia~lian and Its F1u~iation
The substitution of new socialist pa~oduetion rslatinziship~ for tdio
former capitalist praduetiass relationships cla^~onstrates tree fact tt~?~t thr~
explaitatiiro rc3lationshipa of capitalist aconazic law have last F,ffc~cto The
basic econar~ic law oY modern capitalism has retired from the scone; ~c
gerx3ral last of capitalist accumulation is no lonCer in operation. '.'ith the
birth and dewloixaent of aoeialist production relationships, th? bwsic
eeonanio la4t of aoeial.ism, the law of p].arined and broportional dc3'vr3lopr.~nt
of th~o national. econany and the general ].aw of sxialist accvmul~~ti.an, havin~*
been initiatady began to dovelop ftirth?r and enlar~Q in F~~nc?tion,,
The lair of capitalist accumulation funotions sa as to oavsQ rho
tt+ealth of the oxploitatime alassva to gnat, and to cause the unavoidablo
impo~verisYmient of rho ]~aboring masseso Contrary to th3.s, the l.aw af' sooial.ist
accurmi7ratioti has f ixod the aontirnious incmaso of national. wealth with ono
pert of not 3x~eame to be continuously uaod to onlarge production in order to
fulfil the daily inoreasing needs of the t~iole sn~ciet3~o The i'u.nction of the
law of eoeia].ist accurmalati.~ is both to increase natirna:l trealtl~ and to
cosztinuausl3r ra3.so rho level of t2u~ materiril. aru3 cultural life of rho poonlo,
Uhder tho socialist system, the law' of population undQr capitalise
has now entirely lost effeet9 and th? ]mot of papulatioa under soc5.alis?~ has
begun to functiono 'x'he Textbook of Political ~cona~ canpil.ed by thta L'oonor~ic
a~r~~r rw.rr.Yr~rr+rr~ rrr ~rwrrrr+
??e4ce~rch ~uastitut~ of the Scviet P,caclerr{y or Sci.cor.,~ ~:+>tt prac~ icc
birth control;, The at,ove trends rro~il~? re?~ur~? ,k_e ris:~ ire t?:a ~ x~Frt r~~te
o:f the po~~>t~lation anG even ?~asteti :ice c~ec3.~.a~~~~ "~.e ,~~~ox~e ;~1?_~ f.rcr?.c~ ccnt?:aurs~
the more Pronounced it cri11 be as .dap level oar ma?eria7. e~xd etzltur7l life
rises 3n conjunction wI th the da~.ly develar~~^c,?t of soci2;.is ~, cogs uy~i~c~.ior.~
i3ot~~ we re~examdne the deat.:i rate fis prQViousav~~ stated,, in the
incipient per~.od of sacial.~.st COt16~aY'l2+Ct?iOYly t:'~e desth z^at~a :~apic~l3~ dec1.,'_nes9
but when the decline approaches the Io~~rer :~.im?.t de~er~r;ine~i ray the FI'~-sioloUtcal
conditions of a certain societyy .the rate of ftz~..7, sJ.ct.:s
As a rAsiiltg on the other hand? t}:e t~catdi rate kri;~i ~.ts rate. of
decline retarded in eon~vnction with a bi.rtiZ z?at~ ~ryt~os~: rs ~,e ~~f a.rzc;z~et.~e ir.;s
a].sa been slowedy or an uncliangec] birth rate or a lc~;:~~;d biz?~-, rate ~~~ust
alwa;rs retard the rise fan the rate of naf,LExa? ix:creks~ or .le~cc~ to a dc;cl~ne
3r; taae rate of Yiatural increasQ,
It eAts be seen from this that under the sceialist systemp the basic
econondc law of socialism ehan~;es ways of life and ideological, attitudes
through rais>s has ~radua~lly fall~:n u ti.l by 1950 it hazel k+asic:~Zly x~F~acP~. k ~
3tztble ce~ndtti_~~n, ~t-~rnBing vet~r Ilt:tle. T'tse ctearh xate .ai the Etau.& s~,a,E
?>~~nesl?~ti~n xen#.ail~r dell dt~rin8 the first ~eriad of ssrttelist conis.ttiv~+. tt"axa
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until after 190 trte speed of its fall s3.ackear~ed v~.~rausc it ~: ,~ L~rc:~,c;hac~ 3.ts
lower limit? It is n~:c;essary to ex}~~.r~in a#, tkzis poi.zstA?~:r~t._:?~~ -w whtct~ way,
in fact the recovery period of their nationa~. econor:v ~ ti~~s:,?~ i s t v ;=ay',; t~~.e
period before the start of the First Five Year Plana ~-~ ~ccr~~~er~.n~; the pre
revolutionary ,year 1913 with 19269 increased from 16~%i tca '}3~'?., 3:.is~.zA~ roug~l~~r
one third, 1.f ire exr~mi.zze the cause, ire find ~.t in t2ie fart t"riat .after the
eats"olisY-ment of socl.a~.i.st product~.on relatioo.ships~, t?1a starzdax^~i of 19.ving
of the people continuously rose ir. the .fade of tzzternal. warfare and external.
armed interventtana Thus the death rate fell. quickly; itz this first. period
it Sell by ooze third and tho birth rate; changed Little J not fal7ai.n.g more than
7~~ Because we lack figt7urea from 192b to 1940 tre have no t~asi.s for knowing
in what gear after 192b the net increase rate of the Russian population first
began to faLlo Up to ? 9t~08 because the speed of the fa.1:l a.i the bixttz rate
exceeded that of the death rates the net rate of 3.ncrease ~a.s very low being
otil,y 1304 per thousand, After 195Q, due to the stat~iXiza pion of the birth
rate9 there ties a comparstivel,y slight fa?1, of the deat~l rata rzxzd the net
gFowth rate nhan~ed very littlex rerrr~asintn~; roz?fiba.y arriund 17~ ?':: can. even
more eleas~'ly be seen from the above fxo-izre that where i:,ho biz?~~~n
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and deatr~ rates are bi,t!; fa].~1.an~;b a_#' ~i..~ x~at,~ ua' ~_.:.
eceeeds trot, =,f t~'se a.Yi.r~th ra~:.e rhea .net ram o~' '~.n~~:?~>i~?~t,~,
rate exceeded that of the deatrz rate,; 9nd t,2~i~ ,tQ}t Q.~ ~.~ ~;~ :i r.,c~?~=a;~a
in .turn tender; downward? After tPS?:rd.nat,irra of f.~:~ :~:.c~~.n.a `.?Jrx?~.d ,ti'Fir,! i.za
the periori of the Fourth and b`ifth Five dear ~'1ax3::~ ; th;? txend of the'..,
birth rata had fair~]y ~.~e11 stabilised and the s~>rs,I i~f i'al:t. o.~" tiie diesth
rate rtes Blight and the net rata of increase of the ~,opu3auic,r~ st.absLa~edo
These actual Russian conditions explain the gri~dua.1 trend ~~o stHble '~;ro~?th
.Prom an early rapid x?ate of grewth of the pagul.atioxi i.n ~e .r~oc3&l~i~t
a,~
construction ~~rooess~`~
utab:le ~-rawth refers to the natux?a1 rate of irxcrea.~a of s',papulation
being vasiGrlly at,xbleb c~i~ little cr ~?eciuelay faring. Bu4: ~rl~e
natural rata of increase osn stabilize at a ccnuparati~r~J.y hi.~;tx level or
of For a camraent on t.~ii.s claim see Fa I,ari~aer,, "popu]_ation Policy and
Politics in the Cyst World" in P~ liausar ado F~'~~p7ziat:S.oiy ~anct ;?1o~ld
Politics The FYee Pressor 195$
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yet a relatively loco oneo the natural rate of increase is a product of the
interaction of the birth rate and the death rate When the death rate falls
close tc~ the lo~rest limit ?f phpsiolo~-Lce.l conditions, the Est ia~rtant fact+~r
in#'luencing the natural rate aF inerea$e is tL^e bird rated For tliig x~etsson,
in the last period of socialist conetruction9 trhether tae natural. mate oP
increase stabilizes after all at a rea.e~tively high or ] otr level is decided
by the i7.uetuations in the birth rate and the lava], at tr',z3.c1~ it stabilizeso
According to Ausoian conditions, icae birtu~ rate stabilized after 1950 at s
corapat~atively high level, na~.nely about 2f~, 2~ ilez~, aside from the important
function oi' the lair of poIrul.ation under eocialis~a or flee basic economic lair
of soeialisra9 the population pol.ie~r os" the party a~1d. the nation lies also a
certtuLn aegisting function On .Tune 27, 1936, the Central. Standing Committee
oP Russia as~d tae Comratttee os^ t11e Russian. People proclaimed "Resolutions
concerning flee stopping of abox~i;ion, ineresse in zaateriel eId after b:Irth,
and resolved on $t:ate aid to fau~7.i.es with many sons and uaugliters and to
enlarge maternity aospital.s, nursera.as, Linde;rgarY.e:ns, crtco ~ , on July 7, lglt~?,
tl~e Rus~sien Suprecae Soviet. Prs33diuu also issued $ proclamation ~c~ncerning
tl7e increase oi' r;id to pr~egxzsnt tr~otten, aotliers with raarnf children and unmurr:I.ad
~nOtlaers, as t:etl ss et~~r~~icnii^.~, ~e ~zYxity oP uathez~s axid chl.ldre~a?4 and
3.r~rtucd, a~o-hAL.ttx "concerning flee rair~+.x'c? o:i the I.ioxuarifie $itle hero mothers and
~o'u;zcling t11c3 Iii.ghea?i~
'_ of aaathesl~ood rand the second liighes?t r.~d~al. of
motherhoodo'~=~ These regutationa and la~..*s enco~ ration hp~ci no doubt
a cer~in furzctiou in slackening tltc fell. of the birth rtticQo It csu be und~r~
stood from this that iP the Party and the Governxxsni; do not adopt policies
encoura~ng population, the b3rrh rate trl,il necessar2],y fall. and atabilire at
a lotrer level; if the Party and Government adopt po3.ieies to inhibit population,
the birth rate would sfiabili :e at can even lot~~r lovelo
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In traditional. China, the bis~th raft: ~rt~ Yii.~~ ~ir~ ~ivatli Fete eras
also high, and the natural rate of increase trt~t3 for tl~3s reason co~xirative~y
lowo According to previoust],y quoted 1;~3C esti~tea, ?tlie bi,rtn ra:~ ~ in
traditional China was 3ti, the death rata was 33 enc7, i~ze nat1traJ,.xatee of
increase was 50 Samc3 writers ostimete that in the 3'r mar period ftom 1912
to 1948, according to the surveys of each region, ?i u3 daa~:ii rate ix~ !traditional
China eras Cenerallay fro? 27 to 34, tus birth rate eras bet,reert 25 and ~?5
:~~
(e~voratis~ 3G Por/who1.Q c~tim'tt~r')a .sad the natural r~eto ox' increase dveraged
i3 sash ,rear,
After liberation, 8tto to the ra~.sixu; of ttia gtaxid~ard of 7.~vinr;, ~o
d,eatii tests in this country syxs;,+d31y 3011 but the bi:~li rafie ciitu~+t~. little,
Thus the nature]. rate of iner~e ~nas clearly inot~eas3nG, According to the
19?3 census oY t6e Ministry of Internal Affaitya, the biY?b1~ ~^cte uaa ~ 3`j, death
rate 1"( and the natural rate of irvereeae ~ra$ 20o AI.IIO, rxecording io the 1954
statistics from 25 provinces .and 1 autonoanous region, ?ivlie birth rats tr8rt
betueeu 3o and. 48, the e~verage tree 3a; the death rato ?,os uet~reea 8 ......'and 19,
nG 15j the natural rate. oi' increase was bet-p ~la~.~e
aomditioxls intensified th~- exp~.~itatian of rural, a~ag by d ~.t:~.ea, ~ f. E; ~'a.',.l.c;?; ~~
that rural-urban oppoeitia~l- awst be intensiYied~ luextr, aa~aen r.!~p~.t~A.t,saa
dsve]rops to the iaperialist stags, the px~po~.on of the agx~.cu3.~.u1?al. popul.a-t:iora
in capitalist nations declines f~rtiier~ For examp].e~ iz~ k~gland ~,t. Gr,e~s 7~,1~
311 192A, 111 America to 1.930 it wsa 22~~.r in France in 193~J i't wne~ 2~i,:~a ~.a
(iermagy in 1930 it ~ 22.2~i; this ie~ be4ause l.n the imperlall.l.st, Ireri.od; t11t4~
aatmtries sr].th overseas colonies use export capite~r1 end.. ~arls~er?:, man~y~al~r ann.
l.s.lur methods ~o exploit end enslave the people of coloniall ~d :~:-mi.~r.~a]..ox~i~.].
nationa and aquae colonial and aemrS.~COlonial nations to :om~ trJe aE,;s~icul~ura;..
and ram-mafi~erial producing d~rp~d~ezrt satellitee~ of ttac~ c:ale~?xi~.n~; ~:auun~rieu~,
Jetpanese imperialistel whose iatenti.oan for China wQa fn ~e ~-st "'[nEluatrl.al,
dapea, Agricultural China" vsra lilac Chia, Tads~Y, the real, pui~~~zw~ ~x' what.
Amerieaa, Bticlglish and Fre~ah inperial.ista give to a.1.1 col,on:~al ea~~d a~eanexa:l.callt;
he~~+au.~+ci natl.an~: unc'tei? ~.:ue Label. ~g `ec~~=aam.c: eu.st,~ ~.r; ti~ ~~- ~-?~~i:
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The ~,-radual.].y incraesin~ d~va7.og:a?~n~>r o~ the ~arc~za~ won ~:?~ t'
industrial. papu].ation z~elative 'ro a~ricui tq~,~~ ~xaPt~xt3ort =. ~-;,r+ ? ? _~
discussed above iet appl.iceble to a1i. soc3al.i~,~ n~,f:lc+ix~.. y~,:~:. tui~~t:*r ~.uc~.~.v1du~~~~.
aircissstances, neamely in nat.~.oa~s in M?1.1d'~ cag:t;rot~?.{ s~ ~.erW-o'1~,:~,~:%~~t: :' ~ li:~gh ~xne.
the ~raportion at ?gricul.tus~a]. papul+~t~.on is ettre~u:,.iy ~~.-, isa .t~a~. aocie~3.ist.
cossatroation praeess of such nations,, fhe px~op?x~~:~c~i apt iixiu~~~: i,~i. wnorkerrr~
relative to agricultural ?x~rker6 ~,ri.a.l. not de~a.nitc~ely con~~~?a~.~v~.~.~1.y ~.ascrease.rrsnat, America emd other capdtslist nations, population iacrtase is
wry slow, tar from a geo~stric rate. Ia 1955, the Ruse-isa birth rate was
25.6, Booth raft vas 8.4 and natures inareart rage cras 12.2 per thouseiud. Whta
thtse ~'igus~es are easpas~ed to those of the pre-rervaluL?icoas'Y ywar 1913 ~fitn the
birth rats vas estinmted to be k7, the death rate 3oti2 and the ne~tural rats of
iaoreast vas 16.8 pas tboysand, than the birth rent can bt saes to hove tatlen
al'ost sot Lalt, the death rats slightly mots then ?,/3 and tbt tall of tho
dse-th rectt is sligt~t]tiy grmsttr thaw the tall of the birth rate. Thi? shows
the superiority o! the socialist systee~. The rats of natural increase,
hvorerv+sr, shoes no aonsp3cuo~us rise as yet. At this point win a9wst pay attention
to tht tenet that Russia adopted a policy of encouraattsg population. In this
co~umts~y, althon~gh the establi~t of the political powsr of the Peoplt~s
Demrocseay and the victory of the socialist revolutiau ovrtr the crhole country
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has only e~tsd far a fev years, the death rate has already rapid]~r fallen
chile tha birth, rate has changed very little, As a.reanlt, the rate of
natural increase, has been conspicuously higho But this is only a condition
of the first period of socialist construction, Some would say it represents
the special characteristic of popnla'cion change in the present socialist.
transitional period and cannot be considered a long term trend in the pop-
ula Lion growth of a socialist nationo tr;e consider that absolute population
figures are certainly growing, year by year, but it is the long term trend
of the growth rate and is not a geometrical progression.
People who support the idea that population increases at a geometric
rate of progression see population increase as something "dust as startling
,ss the figures of the rats of. accumulation of a compound interest loan at
high interest" and also think that the proverb "in one generation tiro, in
ten generations one thousand," 1s well. founded, Awarding to Chia method of
eatimatLah, it is dust as Malthus himself said in the old edition of hia
Political Econrnr~: "one couple could from the birth of Jesus on oduae
so many people that each 8querre yard of earth would bald four p8opleo Nat
only all the planets' but eves all the stars which can be aeea with tZte naked
e3re9 granting that they are inhabitable,~would similarly be covered,n~In
fact Engels long ago. criticized this point of view and method of estimatiano
In 1881 he said in his letter to Kautskys "Eule~r~s (a Swiss mathematician)
calculation has exactly the same value as that concerning the kreutaer
(term for an old German coin) which is put out at compound interest in the
first year of our era, which doubles itself every thirteen years, and
144
which therefore now amounts to about 1 times 2
60
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guilcLea ~terisB tos a coin of G.:rmeny and ~ialland), s lug of silver bigger
35/
then the oarth.'~'` If we donat anolyae each factor of population change and
their interrelations and siaply raltiy an a certain formula to calculate and
deduce population davelopa~ent, we Would get the sane absurd result as the
aethod of aglculatian which Hage]s criticized.
The growth o! the scans of subsistence is not rut arithaetic rats.
Beginning with Nalthus,~ those who advocated this established their theories
ao the "law of diaiaishing returns Eras the laade~' But the "law of
dis~inishitfg return$ iron the l.snd,'' as previously pointed out, overlooks
scientific, technological advance anti the developmeet of produrt?ive power,
and as a result this theory is without basis. The facts speak clearl,~r.
Fo natter whether in capitalist or is so~cialiat ns-tiasta, the gx?a~rth of the
assns of subsistence has exceeded an arit~ssetic rate, and the rate of
growth in socialist nations is eves greater. In capitalist nations, because
their society and their econaaic systess are not sisilar, even if the growth
of the Weans of subsistence surpasses az:~.thaietic progression, the laboring
sasses still eeanot aseape pover'Cy. In seciw].ist nations, the le~v~el of the
ae~terial and cultural life of laboring people must aantinaa+~a2,y rise as
production continuously d,evelo-ps. The rate o! grarth of agricultural and
industrial production in the extremely short period alter liberation has
never 'been surpassed in history. 'Phc average yearly growth of our in~v
dustrial production is 10,6, of agricultural production is 5p and. it is
estimated that ixt 1957 Wheat the first Five Year Plan is completed, the
value o! tatial industrial end agricultural production will have increased
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sore then ~ over 1952, cad the rate of increase greatly exceeds the
natural rate of increase of the population. Even it ae sia~ly speak in
terms of the mayor item 3a the mesas of subsistence: Yood., totFil. produc-
tion vas estimated to be 2~0 bi].l.ian catties. Ia 195 it was 33; billic~,
in 1954 it ads 339 billion, in 1955 it was 3k# billion and is lg~.. it was
3~ billion catties. The rate of increase grreatly exceeds the natural
rate of tacrease of the population. ~,t present, the averoQe share Por
each persai of our population of X30 =i.113aa yearly is 5$0 catties of toad.
Accordislg to the requirements of the "1956-19u7 National Outline tar
A~rieultural Develop~ent'~ the total amount of the nation?s tool will
in~cresse to 838 billion catties by 1967. Eves it the populatiaa increases
at s astursl increase rate of 20 or 25 per thousand and reaches "170 or #r4O
^illioa by 19E7, the average yearly share of food per person xould stil]. be
1000 catties or soars, xhich greatly exceeds past f.ncreases. Beside raising
par stoat productioa, the additia~al tactor8 of developmrat of aeateland atul
appa"opriat~ transfer of people to the liorthvest sad Souttteeat should stake
the rate of grwth in the stssas of subsistence still greater. Ia spite of
past eeooatic and scientific beclovardaess, to continue to say that in China
tocl~gy, the rate of gravth of iadtastrial and agricultural production is
arith^ietic is to ignore facts and is >ro~reover, sot is accordance xith the
eeooaaic lair of the continuous rise in productivity und,rr the socialist
agates.
Malthus sad his t'o].latars used to tote population aticl the ~terrlts
of subsistence (sate eves used population sad land area or populatiat sad
arable lead area) cad coopers them, using population as a deaamiaator and
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an8 mesas oY subsistence ea s n~erator. They then used the size of this
ratio to calculate the prosperity oY society. We aonst.der that the problem
does not lie in whether it is permissible to compare these factors, but lies
in ttie ~y in which they ass compered. More important is the tact that this
ratio cannot be isolated or superficially exac'~ined and analyzed. Malthus etnd
his follo~rers adopted a metaphysical method of analysis, First by not examining
the basic da~tesmtning fvnatioa of the production relationships of society, and
secondly by overlooking the influence of social and eao~omic life on the growth
of the means of subsistence. As a result they erroneously concluded that tl~e
rate oY growth of the means of subsistence can newer catch up with the rate
of grawth o! the population, and ftnm ulterior motives they cried '?population
surplus" and 'Rpopulation pressure o" Naturallyr Melthusianists are taking the
position of the capitalist classes ea~d their aim is to defend the capitalist
systems Our position and that of Malthusianists are aoatradictory, for it
we also adopted metaphysical methods of analysis it wnu~.d be hard to avoid
falling anew into these erronews conclusions. It can be clearly seen hem
the toreOoipQ analysis o! aondit3ons in this country that in the few yeses
since liberation the rate of growth in the means of pa'~~an cad the means
of subsistence greatly exceeds the rate of population grouch, end that the
terminology "population ps''sasure" end "population stu~p].us" is without basiso
The problem for the entire world doss not lie in "population surplus" and
"PopU7.atioa- pressure a '~ Clearly, despite the destruction of the Second World
War, in the post-war period this la~~ of the faster growth in production than
in population is still applicable. Based on United Nations materials, in the
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~~od 19~ti-1955, the world population grew 1(7~ and world industrial
production on the other hand gre~r 5196 while agricultural production grew
2196../
$inae we have substarrtially achieved the victorf of the socialist
revolution, eliminated the exploitative system and eliminated the basic reasons
Par,unemploymeat act poverty, why should here be a population problem in
China todayt What is the nature and cont,Pnt of our papulafiion problem at
prssentY What sort of solution should we adopt?
We agree with one writer's statement: "the elimination of the
private ~~roperty system only eliminates population prob]sms arising free the
private propsrLy system (although this is the most essential and mast coa-
apicuous problem of private propeacty society) and is not the elimination o!
the whole population problema~~ It has been understood Prom the fors~inQ
analr}rsis that population problems are produced in socio-economic systems and
ass prodvaed by the contradictions between productioD power and. production
relationships in specific soaietiese It is also tazderatrood that as long as
society exists for eves one day, aontradi.ctions bett~een productive power and
production relationships amnot be avoided for an instant. '~fhat is different
is that in socialist eoaieties which have eliminated private moaoPoZ,y systaaoas
and exploitative systems, c~ntrsdictions between productive power and produc-
tion relationships are non-conflicting cantradictioos, Aa a result,
population problems expressed in these ~c:ontradictiQas are not prnbleas and
contradictions of opposiag classes but are problems and contradictions among
the paopleo
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On September 27, 1956 it had been pointed out in the Re ution
of the ire rt o~ Government of the E~ Sew o~ ?~Yi4 Paatianal R~presen~+
Aseeatbl of the Ch__ C~,~ p~~ mat aOur armor internal co~tradiCtioa~
is by notr the caatradiatioz~ between the d,et'ands of she people to es~.abl3sh as
advanced industrial state and the reality of a baalscrard agricultiu-a~, country.
The substance of this contraadiction, under the condition that the sgc3.alist
system lies already been established in this country, is also the co~tradictien
between Ao ardvanced socialist system and the producti~.~o peer of bac~kwsrd
w
soeietyo In its general aspect, this contradiction c2eterrnines thelnature and
substance of all ma3or social and econorn.a problems in tliia country~Ilat present
and siadlarly also deteraines the nature and ssbatanae of the preset populatioxi
problem of this country.
I
In orcLer to solve vur ma,~or internal, contradiat~.ons, end i~ransPorm
this country es soon as possible from s backward eariaultural anti into an
advanced industrial nation, we should fully utilize the advantage o, an
advanasd socialist sYsta?, end under the condition oP production relationship
basically suiting the nature of productive power, concentrate and mo~bilire all
~r'4V ~ develop and raise the level of productive poa~r in the society in
the shortest possible tins, and then to fLrthar perfect and solidify] socialist
production relationships and also promote the d~welopaen~c of social Illpr+oduetive
potirer on a still higher level. After removing the exploitative syatsm end
eliminating the baaia re+ssons for unemployment and poverty, the basic path to~
g sol~ati.on ~~ the population prrblem oi' thi+~ cuuritx~y l.s u~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ s~, Jn~1~r' ~
to davslpp and raise the level of productive power of tt~e society asl~,soon ag
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possibleo At the same t3,me9 the party and the government must determine a
suitable population policy based on socialist economic law and population lax
in combination with the differing conditions under different stages of the
socialist construction process in this cauntryo
The sire of our population has groin rapidly ~ the few years since
liberat~io~ao In the foregoing passages we have analyzed this rapid rate of
growth as due fn the main to the rapid decline in the death rate, It reflects
the rise in the standard of living and the superiority of the socialist systemo
We should re3oice is this and not be pessimistico But sinoe the level of
productive power of our society is not high in the transitional periodp contra-
dictioas still exist among the people between the need for the rapid development
of the econom?r and culture and the condition that the econonp and sulfurs cannot
suffice people at presento As aresult~ if the birth rate of the population
continues to maint~n its original comparatively high level at the same time
that the death rate rapidly dc~clines9 it will cause a continuous and rapid
growth in the popu]ation sire which would create a certain obstacle to raising
the standard of living rapidly, As the result of previous aaa]ysis of the lax
of populatim under socialism, hoxever9 it is understood that the present rapid
g~:trth ~:f po~ulatioa is only characteristic of the inc3.pient stage of socialist
constrnatian9 and that by the last period of socialist construction it must fora
into a stable rate of growth, It is entirely necessary and eorrect9 however9
that the Party and the Qovernment determine suitable population polioy in ota~
transitional period accccding to the inevitable developmental trend expressed in
the lax of population under socialism and the demands of the people jn order
to aid the decline oY the birth rate and soften the trend of vapid growth of
the popu].Etion in the first period of socialist constructiono They must also limit
and prevent the detrimental effect on the rapid raising of our standard of
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living caused by the rapid growth cif .population indicated by this ~3.rst period?
Thereby they wig. lessen the specific difficulties zrhich population growth in
the transitional period in this country creates for rapidly raisin; the
standard of li~vingo This is the basis for the adoption o1' suitable birth
control policy under present historical conditions,
To push the analysis furthers we consider tha~E: them: are the following
reasons why births must be appropriately controlled iri this ccu~.try toc3ayo
First, in order to meet the needs of the peoples and to improve t!~eir health
in the interest of the nations individual families and the new f-erAer~ationq
suitable birth control moasures must be adoptedo As ras F~eez v~~id ~~,reviously,~
the rise in the standard of living has been universal an:t cct~s~~ic~a~f.ta in the
few years since liberationo But because in the past this o~~untry suffered
exploitation and slavery under imperiaLisms feudalism and bureaucratic capitaLsm~,
it is very badsward economically and culturallyo The improvement of this back?
ward condition will require a period of tHenty or thirty yearsn Naturally this
backward condition cannot but limit the speedy improvement of the sfiandard of
7.aving and naturally cannot but leave to us many difficulties which wi 11 not
be quickly and easily overcomev These difficulties are oft a spe;~ially
conspicuous in the case of parents c:ith many childreno many white collar and
industrial a~aa~kers who are parents are seriously and detrimentally affected in
their own worke study and personal health because of heavy burdens in lifer and
their family life and the education of their children is impaired and made
difficulto As a resulte all parents urgently need birth cammtrol in the
prc_~:;::ir,~ i~rtet~~;s~ of the~rselves arad t.ieir chiluren~ r~r .. ,. 1?: i~ ~~.i~x:~a::~a
3~
birth aantrol o This demand is entirely rational ~ Based on tta e !'o::?e go3.a g
analys~.s oi' the l.aw of population under socia]_3..sm, we can ~~eut:~:r c,nc:e:c?sta?~d
;hat this demand is produced to a cer'~in extent by the gr~2i; scc:~.r,-ecc~artt3.c
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revolution in the country and the operation of bask economic law under
socialias through ehangee iu the way of; life and the rise in the standard of
]wing.
Secondly, based on the program "of giving coorsideration to every
detail ~d to have a oompreheaaiiae' general plan in whi.eh everything has ire
Pr'y' P~~" ~~ imP~ ~ Perteat arrangements tour the material well being
of people even more quidc]y~ and under the premise of considering the develop~rt
of prrodnat3aa. and the raising of productivity as oP primary in~ort-suce~ we
should adapt suitable birth control methods to cause the population of families
sad the population of the Watson to_girow a little more slowly. As hsa been
analysed'.ia the foregoingf the Fgricultvral and industrial production of this
aouatry is growingnuoh tasterr than population, This guarantees that the
st~dard o! living of this couetxy can still i.~prave yearly. But, if population
~rotrth aloirs a littler there the imps+o~vement in the standard of living will be
a little taster. This is especially tree in viers af' the unusual past eeanom~dc and
aultnral backwardness of this aouatry sad the huge population bases a~].though
it is Clearly `raoogpiaed that in this there is not the slightest el.emeat of
so-called."pCpvlatioa pressure" ar "populat~30a snrplua."These conditions
inevitably bring certain ditf'ieulties to the rapid i.mproveewnt oY the standard
of living in the transitional and even in langaar perlodso Far same facnili~e
at prer3oua inaaes levels too ~ ehildrari inevitably affected Yand.lq life,
For the sake of mare rapddly and more perfect>,y arranging for the material
Troll being of the people it is compSretely necessary to actively make propaganda
and advecate birth-coaitrol as a natiorswlde scale in order to rhan~ birthcoatrol
~pn an instiactSve maveaent of people to a largely self-conscious maveme~t.
At the same t3.ms~ we insider that this policy is based on the ob~eetive
necessity of the lav of population under socialism and therefore VrI.11 certainly
have a successful resulto
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b?
For 3ust such reasons9 the Party and the GovE,rnx,en hFrv:r expressed
approval and now support appropriate birt~~ cantrcl based err fiu,e `?r?o?ad national
needs of farmers and industrial and w:.i~`4e collar wark~Y?s ~~z~,~l ire ~~r:~E~;;nee to
the concrete sitlration of the countryo It has fttrthE-^~.;_:rne ~rd~r?r:d .~r~;a:~iLaw
tune concerned to tike the correspondt.ng necessary mr.~sures~, [;i Pf.+rch 195~,~
the Central 6ommittee of the Party explicitly pointed ot.tz "Pir'yr control is
a mayor policy problem ~rieh concerns the livelihood of the r~asaes~, tJnrler
present histora.cal conditions and in the interest of the rati.~~~~~, t~-,FT i'amily
and the new generations our Party approves appropriate= bi:s?'uYi :::~ncxct'~_n" In
the Faighth National Representative Asser~bly of the Chinese Cor,~mi--li.si; Forty of
September 195fis Comrade Chou I,n-1ai said in the report ~iriic4~ he Made can behalf
of. the General Committee of the Party called Resolution Concerni.n~; tye Second
Five Year Plan for the Development of the National Econoaz~ty when he spoke on
improving the health of the peoples "For the purpose of safeguarding women
and childrens for a better education for the second generations and irz the
interest of ?the health and prospects of the races we appr?ove apc~x?opt-ia to
birth control~> The 1'~inistry of Health should assist concerned or~~;ariirationg
to implement appropriate publicity abo~xt birth control and furthermo:re9 to
take effective measures o"
While publicizing birth control we must stil? pa;~ attent:i.or; to the
people of the nations especially tc impleMentir_g necessary education? for the
farming masses in the hope of gradua:L"!,y eliminating thought zahich is incorrect
sc-~nta~'f ?~ a a ,
hr rE'rtU..~~, a e1i~~~.~. ~Ti?. i'47T` f.h:~i:';~)~ ? : ii*.' '' e `.` ? '2 . &
grown he sriould zrlarrys wren a raom i~ the itat~are: ,.
This way of t~ and point of vie~cr is obviAUS.I.y di ~ arcc~ ~'?ro~ reality ~:
In this problem, there ax'e certai.~al.;~ quite ~ ~'e:r l,~,p,J a ,rho axe
e~ocessively eager to adopt the "world? s moat advaaced ~ "'i Y ~-~-~ ~~" x~r
n
"Batxtoms~tic equipment 4 They consider that in the I.on1; viet~r theee~ things are
necessary and ecauoo?ical~ but they av~ss~aphasi~,e tLe i'tix~ure anci ovarl~iols
present reality and overlook t~iie contradictions bete caaoaoot only te~oe titre
latiert techniaat equipment as a aat~ay but must p7rart ,ari omrreant teohaica]. equip-
me~-t asad act-d~ste8 teahnieal equip(~t.
In eumoeoary, that ire. do not agree with the paint of view which
considers that the basic ecooroe>3c ].der of socialism itself requires that the
birth rate tall, is not equal, to saytag that the oaiatenance of the present
rate of osctusal increase is n~eaary sand anitab]+e to oooQre'tA conditions in
this country. Ke have said poceirl+ouslY that to east the Hoods of the woarking
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and,Yr~ng masses, for the health of the people anti the beasfit of the new
generation, for a little impz~ovement in the familyr arran~nts of the people
at a certaia income level, we approve appropriate birth control in order to
depress thv birth rate and retard the rapid growth of the population,
~1e must still point out that the theoret3.ca1 basis on which we
publicise birth control. at present is entirely difYereat f'r+oan the theoretical
basis on which Msl.thusieaiets propose birth controlo t~te must discriminate
this pout clearly and cauryot tolerate the sligl1test misideatification~
bialthusiaaists propose birth control on the bas~.is of their erroneoeas
and even absurd populatioa~ theory, This ?population theory" from Malthus to
Vogt can be called a 3umms Thoo].o?icn of vulgar and reactionary sociology,
economics and biology, .They open],y defend the capitalist system and they corm
sidex the unemployment, patrerty and crime of society as something created by
what is called a natural, eternal lav of population ~lhiab seems to be without
relation to the social system itself, and say that the povr:rty of the laboring
masses is brought on themselves and should not be a3.3kviatedo They even say
that the people of colonial backc~~ssY3 cations and ghat they call their "iafes~ior'~
races "deserve" disaster, and, that the best thing for the lwmelauda of these
peoples is that their so?caLled "superior" races mite and conquer them,
Aside from proclaiming that uar end aatural calamity are necessary methods
for eliminating, what is aaLled their ' surplts popu3.atioa", tliey declare while
pretending false compassion that birth control is th+e only thing to improve
the ].i.fe of tY-e ls~boring masses," Their inte2lt i.s to ~5~1?;~) ~khe ]:siar3xag
massea Fromm overthrowing the capitalist system and from strumsling with the
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capitalist alasils. We have p~rervious~,y critieissd sad ana]yssd the esrora
and B~N~t1' ~s Ot 'fr~~ ~le~`gwN .
Our preMDt prOpOSal t0 a~dq~p~t appTOpriate b3rtii cCUtrol 3.s baald
~ ~'lar~dst papulatiaa~ ttrsosy, on the law o! papu~].aticai wnd~er sociel.iss ea~d
is p~aposed acs the basis o! aoaaarete conditioc~s in this aoimtry at present.
garx and l~els Long since pointed out that there is na such eternal, asturai
laa~r o! poyuLat3caa 'appliaeble to all societies sad that the lgw of popvLs~Gio~n
o! a eocitty is born t'rom and exists on the basis of the s~ of pstiduatioa
o! thecti soc3~aty. Ia class societies, including cspitalist.societies, to
? salve ~ p~+ohtear o! sv~rpl ns working pop~ulstion it is n~e~easery to solve the
basic eoots~adictidan betaeepa . ~a relationships and p~+oductiv~e paoosr.
TeB~ey, this oouutry has basically , w+oa~ ,the sonialiot rev+atutian, te~cmdnstsd
the His+cor~r o! the class o~lQitstive aystam o! the pest several tboa~sand
yeavs, estsbsished s socia].iat system oo t1~ lann~iaal o! tshs o!
public o~arsbip o! the meatas o! production, and elimiaeted the basic raasoans
!or noeaq~0.oymeat, parvesrt-y sad mime. Oa this loundat3+aoa the law o! po~patatiou
tmdsr soaLe~7.ism 'beg~su to operate. Since t~ material. end cultura~]. lile o!
mocking psvpl+e has been guaranteed and caa~tinvooi~a~ly rises as production
~~~s ~ ~'~e app~ropr3ats birth cants~al in rs~onss to the nNds o!
the people, This is entirsly ditlerent fYoos the pocb~poasls o! Ntatthvsiaaists,
l~e~.s has pouted out that a~ahieviag oomsamism (including the lust stage oY
soQialist soatatY~ ~lY give rise to the :waessity o! bdrCh control. He said:
"'The abstiraar possibility aocists o! th?e coact o! gs~a~h in ei.sae of ssnlciad
~laich would lead, moaesavrr, to tba xisaessity o! Lindtdng this gfiowth, But, if
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aoamu~i~ aoaiety . st same time in the lliture noels tq aot~trol, the births. oP
tho per, it wauLd be the same m, its pra~rioe'm ognta+ol o~ the means of
prctduati+ott. Heaas ~1Y is avah soaiertaes aan t~tis bye ~e vitho~ut the
s].i~teKt .dif`lteult~.~ The eohivnrs~nt nt Otis tmeu].t .planning in
such eooi~ties is ;li1~e the aahfsvc~meoat of ooosdit3otar art ~aaesant day, Fs~e~nce
amd saut~rn J-vst~ria sthiah have dea+elo~pod apontsneovsly #md vithotxt .planning.
I thi~t this is not s very bas+d thing. Bat the people of ao?awnist dooioties
s+o~ald fiheeselves d~ecid~e what~r ' or aot to tsk~e measures, and ~+hen, how and
ghat .. to. fate. J
iii .quote this passe?a from gels quite uithaut inteo~tioa of
ea~Sa3aing ~thst to impLemeao~t plannsd bdrfi~ . coaats~os in t~ ~atriat seas. in our
pr~saorrt sta?s is to costts+a2. tb'o . produotias~ o! #bs popvila'4ioe as wee eb tho
he~t~ia]. o! ~p~oduatiart. We urslerrstittad this is suet acids f'irsCj ~
s~iiog (ioQ].uding the soaiaZipt sta?s~ the poaabuity eocis4s oi'
the necessity 'of' bdrth oaa~trgl bemuse oT tbs d g:+c~tt o! papulsCiron~
8eootai; thai, i! neeessarY i~ is eo~tirsly possible t4 xbalist plsnpied ` bdi~h
s~os to regulate the pcq~L'iron oi? the pdp~aR~iroa. This oate~ot be , do?e
imQer !~ anarchiefi3~ aapdtalist social q~/st~A. ~ Third, ehslrL~etr or not to
this situatiaa cad aoaerat~ely, how to imp7,emet7~t it will be deaird~ed
bpl the pea~pl+s of tLe oomoamist, soai+ety of flat bole 'sGiwowalves. In tes~ms
od' pote~o~ti oooditioos iai this ~tYy~ ~ pao'AU s~,i~-1, yo~o~ais Mess
spoa~aaso~us-ty in fate ~ main, and ere not able to i~gpLeosat pleneaed bisth oon-
ts+vil in the strict swse vtt~iin s ehourt tiwp. Hat this. aattm can oawte
~'~ Prey aavd aQt~ostiastss, pub~.3aitat to y ~e t'ro't
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ouch ^pontan?cais acts to eats sfiicb~ to s certsfa exsbeat are aelf~?op~cious.
Tlsyce~tbse~ is tho psea~st st~a?e~ sAt coa~e~tdear that it ~ ~recsesaaury to ~ and
it~esd, ae can oily do tLe t'c7,.'L~oryrtnQ tam things xith resDoat to this oous~t:y~ s
pis P~q/s !'isst, oft planning tl~e natione~l econoa~r,' no mw-tter
tether tbor ~i~cn and i>dustMal psoductio,~~ or !or the e~Lop-Laent o! wrY4rsg
peop~+e, or l+ar the Leval of the matrerisl sad. ?ultusal lit+s of the people, it
is at~ys narcessary to fW,lgrt tbs ratarsdasld of "givia~; aonaiderat3.as to every
detail and to have a ?ompa~hensive genes~7. plats in which everything has ita
props pleas" is eatima