NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 35; INDIA; TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200070036-9
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
• Sequence Number: 36
• Content Type: REPORTS

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WARNING
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f
Subsections and graphics are individually classified
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tions are:
(U /OU) Unclassified/ For Official Use Only
(C) Confidential
(S) Secret
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FIGURES
Page
Page
Fig. I
Malaviya, Bridge (photo)
4
Fig. 8
Major ports (table)
14
Fig. 2
Steam locomotive (photo)
5
Fig. 9
Port of Bombay (photo)
16
Fig. 3
Electric locomotives (photo)
5
Fig. 10
Port of Vishakhapatnam (photo)
16
Fig. 4
Assam trunk road (photo)
7
Fig. 11
Boeing 747 (photo)
19
Fig. 5
Rail-highway bridge (photo)
8
Fig. 12
Boeing 737 (photo)
20
Fig. 6
"Country boats" (photo)
12
Fig. 13
Selected airfields (table)
21
Fig. 7
Principal and planned pipelines
Fig. 14
Terrain and transportation
(table)
13
(nzap) follows
24
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i
i.
Transportation and
Telecommunications
A. Appraisal (C)
Although the transportation and telecommunica-
tion (telecom) systems of India have undergone many
improvements, expansion and improvements have not
kept pace with the nation's economic development,
and in some areas the systems are still inadequate to
meet the needs of the large population. Facilities are
fairly well distributed throughout the country, but
many areas, including some which are heavily
populated, have no modern means of transportation or
telecommunications. The heaviest concentrations of
facilities are near the larger cities in the Ganges valley
and in the southern part of the country; the areas with
the poorest service are the island groups and the
Himalayan regions, including the State of Jammu and
Kashmir. There are, however, a few surfaced roads in
Jammu and Kashmir, but normally these are not open
all year, and most other overland routes are
nonmotorable tracks and trails. A rail line being
constructed to link the strategic town of Jammu with
Pathankot' and the rest of the country was scheduled
to be opened to traffic in September 1972. Srinagar
and the town of Jammu are served by civil air flights,
and both have domestic radiobroadcast stations.
The railroads are the principal means of internal
transportation, and the highways and inland
waterways function chiefly as feeders to them. Since
the beginning of the First Five Year Economic
Development Plan in FY1951/52 (1 April -31 March),
the increase in internal traffic has fallen mainly on
railroad and highway transport. During the 20 -year
period from 1951 through 1970, railroad traffic
'For diacritics on place names see the list of names on the apron
of the Terrain and Transportation map and the map itself.
increased about 290 and traffic on the highways is
estimated to have increased almost 600 Of the total
traffic carried in FY1970 /71 by both rail and road
transport, on a basis of ton -miles and passenger- miles,
the railroads carried about 76% of the freight and 55%
of the passenger traffic. Although the percentage of
volume carried by coastal shipping, inland waterways,
pipelines, and civil air� is small, these modes are
important supplements to the railroads as well as to
the highways. Only air and rail services are reasonably
adequate. The other modes have been unable to keep
up with the growing demands for either freight or
passenger service, and this failure has handicapped
economic growth. Coastal shipping is of importance in
that it relieves the burden on overland routes;
however, the improvement of rail services has educed
the demand for coastal shipping.
The most important international connections are
by sea, and the greatest volume of traffic moves
through the seaports. There are rail, road, and inland
waterway connections with Bangladesh and rail, and
road connections with Pakistan, but cross- border
operations with Pakistan ceased during the hostilities
of 1965 and by 1973 still had not been resumed. A
number of road connections and two rail connections
exist with Nepal, and there are road connections with
Bhutan, Sikkim, Burma, and China. The long
coastline affords few good sites for ports. As a result the
port system is not extensive. Foreign irade has
increased rapidly, bringing increased port traffic
congestion, and increasingly taxing the already
inadequate facilities within the ports. Despite
substantial growth of the merchant fleet, it carries only
about a fifth of the country's seaborne foreign trade.
Telecom facilities are similarly overtaxed. The
domestic networks provide fair services within and
I
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i
i.
Transportation and
Telecommunications
A. Appraisal (C)
Although the transportation and telecommunica-
tion (telecom) systems of India have undergone many
improvements, expansion and improvements have not
kept pace with the nation's economic development,
and in some areas the systems are still inadequate to
meet the needs of the large population. Facilities are
fairly well distributed throughout the country, but
many areas, including some which are heavily
populated, have no modern means of transportation or
telecommunications. The heaviest concentrations of
facilities are near the larger cities in the Ganges valley
and in the southern part of the country; the areas with
the poorest service are the island groups and the
Himalayan regions, including the State of Jammu and
Kashmir. There are, however, a few surfaced roads in
Jammu and Kashmir, but normally these are not open
all year, and most other overland routes are
nonmotorable tracks and trails. A rail line being
constructed to link the strategic town of Jammu with
Pathankot' and the rest of the country was scheduled
to be opened to traffic in September 1972. Srinagar
and the town of Jammu are served by civil air flights,
and both have domestic radiobroadcast stations.
The railroads are the principal means of internal
transportation, and the highways and inland
waterways function chiefly as feeders to them. Since
the beginning of the First Five Year Economic
Development Plan in FY1951/52 (1 April -31 March),
the increase in internal traffic has fallen mainly on
railroad and highway transport. During the 20 -year
period from 1951 through 1970, railroad traffic
'For diacritics on place names see the list of names on the apron
of the Terrain and Transportation map and the map itself.
increased about 290 and traffic on the highways is
estimated to have increased almost 600 Of the total
traffic carried in FY1970 /71 by both rail and road
transport, on a basis of ton -miles and passenger- miles,
the railroads carried about 76% of the freight and 55%
of the passenger traffic. Although the percentage of
volume carried by coastal shipping, inland waterways,
pipelines, and civil air� is small, these modes are
important supplements to the railroads as well as to
the highways. Only air and rail services are reasonably
adequate. The other modes have been unable to keep
up with the growing demands for either freight or
passenger service, and this failure has handicapped
economic growth. Coastal shipping is of importance in
that it relieves the burden on overland routes;
however, the improvement of rail services has educed
the demand for coastal shipping.
The most important international connections are
by sea, and the greatest volume of traffic moves
through the seaports. There are rail, road, and inland
waterway connections with Bangladesh and rail, and
road connections with Pakistan, but cross- border
operations with Pakistan ceased during the hostilities
of 1965 and by 1973 still had not been resumed. A
number of road connections and two rail connections
exist with Nepal, and there are road connections with
Bhutan, Sikkim, Burma, and China. The long
coastline affords few good sites for ports. As a result the
port system is not extensive. Foreign irade has
increased rapidly, bringing increased port traffic
congestion, and increasingly taxing the already
inadequate facilities within the ports. Despite
substantial growth of the merchant fleet, it carries only
about a fifth of the country's seaborne foreign trade.
Telecom facilities are similarly overtaxed. The
domestic networks provide fair services within and
I
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between the major urban areas, but in the remainder
of the country they are less reliable and improvements
have been too slc.,v to satisfy the demands of the
public. Facilities for iiternational communications,
which include modern systems, are adequate for
normal traffic requirements.
The transportation and telecom networks are based
on those established by the British during the colonial
period. Many of the basic British policies still
prevail �for example, putting primary reliance on
railroads for internal transportation. Over the 26 years
since independence great effort has gone into
improving the systems. Though significant improve-
ments have been achieved, tney have been offset by
the increasing requirements of a changing economic
structure.
Since independence, the government has provided
for its major transportation and telecom projects under
various 5- and 1 -year plans. Notable achievements
include building about 2,860 miles of rail lines, double
tracking and electrifying many sections of line, and
manufacturing large quantities of rolling stock and
many steam, diesel, and electric locomotives. In
addition, the total length of the highway system has
been ?ncreased by about 160 and the mileage of
surfaced roads by more than 100 The civil air fleet
has been largely converted to jet aircraft, and the
maritime tonnage has been significantly increased. A
pipeline system also has been built under the plans.
The t,lecom networks have also been expanded and
improved. The government's announced policy is to
continue improvements in transportation and telecom
facilities under successive plans until the systems have
a capacity adequate to support an industrialized
economy.
B. Strategic mobility (C)
The movement and supply of military forces in a
sustained operation would be largely dependent on
the railroads and coastal shipping. The railroads are
considered capable of supporting military operations,
but the movement of military supplies by highways
would be hampered by numerous physical bottle-
necks, the low supporting characteristics of the
largely unsurfaced road network, and the prevalence
of one -lane roads throughout the system. Inland
waterways are important in the Ganges valley and the
Assam region of northeast India and would provide a
valuable supplement to the land routes in these areas.
About 95% of India's petroleum pipelines are also
located in the northeast and can be us A to
supplement the major lines of communications.
Refineries at Baruni and Gauhati are the focal points
for the largest segment of the pipelines. Refined
products lines extend from Gauhati to Siliguri and
from Baruni to Kanpur and Calcutta. The 323 -mile
Baruni Calcutta line has a reverse -flow capability for
carrying crude to the Baruni refinery as well as refined
products to the Calcutta area.
The seven major ports are suitable for military use.
Their facilities and estimated military port capacities
are given in Figure 8, a table in Section G, below.
The merchant marine would be of major
importance in sustained logistic support of military
operations. The 182 dry -cargo ships have a
considerable potential for short -haul (up to 48 hours
steaming) troop lift and sustained logistics support in
nearseas operations. These ships ha:e a military lift
and supply transport potential of about 1.5 million
cargo deadweight tons. Their self loading and
unloading capability is enhanced by the fact that 55
units have heavy -lift booms (40 tons or more) and 26
units have both heavy -lift booms and large hatches
(more than 50 feet in length). However, many of these
cargo -type ships are engaged in worldwide operations;
some might well not be available fo; military support
operations when needed. With expansion of the total
normal passenger capacity of about 1,000, the three
passenger and 11 combination passenger -cargo ships
wo,lld have a moderate potential for longer haul
(more than 48 hours steaming) troop transport. The 12
tankers have an estimated capacity of about 3.3
million barrels of petroleum and related products, and
thus could provide a considerable fleet -oiler support
potential for a short period.
Civil air transport facilities in India are government
owned, and all equipment and personnel could be
made available to the military in time of national
emergency. During the 1971 hostilities with Pakistan,
many aircraft from both airlines were used for military
transport services. Although the number of
commercial flights were reduced, the airlines still
maintained operations. The Indian Air Force,
however, temporarily took over most of the functions
of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation.
Of the 372 usable airfields, 28 are military, 20 are
joint military /civil, 38 are civil, and 286 are state
owned, private, or abandoned facilities which could
be used in emergencies.
India's domestic telecom system provides fair
services in and between major cities but are less
reliable in other areas of the country. Telecom systems
and facilities are vulnerable to attack. Sabotage of
open -wire lines would be easy, and the theft of copper
wire is on the increase. Landline communications
C
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could be further interrupted in any area by damaging
selected long- distance switching centers. Although
domestic radiocommunication stations are numerous,
they cannot provide adequate alternate traffic routes.
During past emergencies, telecom services have been
marginal at best, and efforts to improve them have yet
to remedy all deficiencies. Furthermore, some of the
international radiocommunication and submarine
cable facilities, particularly the recently instailed
satellite ground station, are in isolated locations,
making them more vulnerable to sabotage.
C. Railroads (C)
The Indian railroad network is the largest in Asia
and the fourth largest in the world. As of 31 March
1971, the network consisted of 37,152 route miles of
government -owned lines and 129 route miles of
private lines, as follows:
DACE COVEWMENT PRIVATE TOTAL
Broad (5'6 18,299 0 18,299
Meter (3'3% 16,072 0 16,072
Narrow (2'6" and 2'0 2,781 129 2,910
Total 37,152 129 37,281
There were 6,933 miles of double- or multiple -track
lines (6,645 miles of broad -gage and 288 miles of
meter -gage) and 2,303 route miles of electrified lines,
of which 2,200 were broad -gage. The government
owned Indian Railways are the most important and
best developed mode of transportation and are
generally adequate for the country's requirements.
The privately owned lines are entirely local in
cha- -icter and are not discussed here.
Except for the mountainous state of Jammu and
Kashmir, most areas of the country are served by rail;
the network is particularly dense in the heavily
populated Ganges volley. The broad- and meter -gage
lines are interconnected by transloading points and are
distributed generally throughout the network, with
only a few areas where one gage predominates; the
upper Ganges valley has more broad -gage, and the
lower part more meter -gage. In western India, the
density of meter -gage lines is quite high; the eastern
region south and southeast from the lower half of the
Ganges valley to the east coast has broad -gage lines
only. The broad -gage lines carry most of the freight
and passenger traffic; most meter -gage lines serve
areas where there is comparatively little traffic.
Particularly important broad -gage lines are those that
connect Calcutta and Delhi, traversing the Gangetic
Plain and serving the high -grade coalfields northwest
of Calcutta; those from Calcutta down the east co.,st
to Madras and across the southern part of the
peninsula to Cochin and Mangalore; those connecting
Bombay with New Delhi, Calcutta, and Madras; and
those that, in conjunction with meter -gage lines,
connect Calcutta with the extreme northeast.
international connections are road, with the rail
systems of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.
However, there are 'no cross border operations with
Pakistan. Since the 14 -day war with Pakistan in
December 1971, rail connections have been
established between India and Bangladesh in three
locations. Equipment is interchangeable with Pakistan
and Bangladesh at most of the border stations; those
where it is not interchangeable are equipped for
transloading, as are both connections with Nepal.
Track structure is light compared to that of U.S.
railroads. On the broad -gage lines, rail weights range
fron 75 to 115 pounds per yard, with 90 -pound rail
predominating; 110- and 115 -pound rail is used in
areas of heavy traffic and high speeds. Rail weights
range from 50 to 90 pounds per yard on meter -gage
lines, with 60 -pound rail predomir�.ring; a majority of
the narrow -gage lines have 50- and 60 -pound rail. Rail
weight standards have been fixed at 105 pounds for
broad -gage trunk and heavily traveled lines, and 75
pounds for meter -gage lines. T- section rails have been
designated as standard, but considerable trackage is
laid with bull and double -head rails. Rail lengths
range from 20 to 42 feet, the most extensively used
being 42 feet on broad -gage and 29 feet on meter -gage
lines. I March 1971 there were 12,184 miles of
welded i il. Over half the rail required is still being
imported, but indigenous supplies are increasing
annually. Ties are made of timber, cast iron, steel, and
concrete. Metal ties predominate on the broad -gage
lines, those F timber predominate on the meter and
narrow gages. Limited domestic supplies make it
necessary to import some timber ties, which have been
obtained from Burma and Nepal. Steel also must h
imported; however, it is expected that domestic
production eventually will supply all tie requirements.
Ballast materials in general use are broken stone,
gravel, mooram and kunkur (soft lime aggregates),
slag, broken brick, sand, cinders, and selected earth;
broken stone is used on most of the important lines.
In March 1971, bridges on the Indian Railways
totaled 104,368, of which 8,424 were considered major
bridges with lengths of 60 feet or more. Most bridges
with spans over 80 feet long are of steel truss
construction (Figure 1), and those with spans 30 to 80
feet long are usually plate- girder type; the shorter
spans are generally reinforced concrete or masonry
arch structures. There are at least 177 tunnels on the
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principal lines. In general, they are adequately
drained and ventilated.
Construction and maintenance are difficult and
costly, primarily hecause of the suhtropical monsoonal
climate that prevails over most of India. Heavy rains
during the southwest monsoon season (June through
September) cause widespread damage to bridges,
culverts, and roadbed �it is normally expected that
after each rainy season whole sections of track,
particularly in the south and northeast, will require
major repairs or replacement. Construction and
maintenance, generally accomplished from October to
March, are still done almost entirely by hand.
Under the fourth Five Year Plan I April 1969 -31
March 1974) the railroad freight traffic was expected
to increase to about 291.2 million short tons and
passenger traffic to increase by about 20 C. however,
as freight traffic has been much below that initially
anticipated, the target has been reduced to 264.5
million short tuns. In order to increase the capacity of
existing lines, the plan calls for double tracking 1,925
miles, electrifying 1,615 miles, and procuring 2,177
locomotives, 163,250 freight cars, and 9,282 passenger
cars. The plan emphasizes the improvement of existing
lines but provides for construction of 1,366 miles of
new lines. Extensions of the network are for meeting
the needs of basic and heavy industries and of traffic
in minerals such as coal and man ore. Provision has
been made for conversion of 280 miles of meter -gage
lines to broad gage. By the end of FY1970/71 (1 April
30 March) 122 miles of new lines had been
constructed; 265 miles of double tracking completed;
288 miles electrified: and 424 locomotives, 26,043
freight cars, and 2,790 passenger cars procured.
During FY1970/71 freight traffic on the railroads
was slightly less t,ian in FY1969/70; however,
substantial net gains have been made over the last
4
0
FIGURE 1. Malaviya Bridge. Rail
highway structure over the Ganges
at Benares (C)
decade. Official revenue traffic statistics. in millions,
for representative fiscal years are as follows:
In FY1970/71 the Indian Railways had gross traffic
receipts equivalent to US81,342 million and operating
expenses of 81,130 million, for an operating ratio of
84.2. However, Nvith the addition of miscellaneous
expenses and agreed payments to general revenues, the
railroads had a deficit equivalent to about 824.5
million. Deficits have occurred each year since
hY1966/67, the first year of deficit.
'rhe absolute manual block system of train control is
in general use, but autcmuatic block has been installed
on short sections around congested areas of large cities.
Two sections of lines it, the northeast, totaling 191
miles, are being equipped for centralized traffic
control. Semaphore and color -light signals (two- and
three- aspect) are in use. Both telephone and telegraph
communications are used on main lines, but branch
lines arc equipped with telegraph only.
Equipment on the Indian Railways is in good
condition but is barely adequate in quantity.
Equipment acquisition has been it major item in all 5-
year plans. Procurement of rolling stock constituted
3:3% of expenditure during the Third Five Year Plan
(FY1960/61- 1967/66), and is expected to constitute
about 38% in the Fourth Plan (hY1969/70- 1973/74);
expenditures for rolling stock amounted to about 40%
of total expenditures in FY1970/71. A major feature
has been replacement of overage equipment; although
the situation has improved, it significant amount of
overage equipment is still in use.
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1961/62
1966/67
1969/68
1970/71
Freight:
Short tons
172
221
228
216
Short ton -miles
60,043
79,654
87,850
87,240
Passengers
1,594
2,190
2,338
2,431
Passenger -miles
48,261
63,425
70,452
73,396
In FY1970/71 the Indian Railways had gross traffic
receipts equivalent to US81,342 million and operating
expenses of 81,130 million, for an operating ratio of
84.2. However, Nvith the addition of miscellaneous
expenses and agreed payments to general revenues, the
railroads had a deficit equivalent to about 824.5
million. Deficits have occurred each year since
hY1966/67, the first year of deficit.
'rhe absolute manual block system of train control is
in general use, but autcmuatic block has been installed
on short sections around congested areas of large cities.
Two sections of lines it, the northeast, totaling 191
miles, are being equipped for centralized traffic
control. Semaphore and color -light signals (two- and
three- aspect) are in use. Both telephone and telegraph
communications are used on main lines, but branch
lines arc equipped with telegraph only.
Equipment on the Indian Railways is in good
condition but is barely adequate in quantity.
Equipment acquisition has been it major item in all 5-
year plans. Procurement of rolling stock constituted
3:3% of expenditure during the Third Five Year Plan
(FY1960/61- 1967/66), and is expected to constitute
about 38% in the Fourth Plan (hY1969/70- 1973/74);
expenditures for rolling stock amounted to about 40%
of total expenditures in FY1970/71. A major feature
has been replacement of overage equipment; although
the situation has improved, it significant amount of
overage equipment is still in use.
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Fourth h1Nr Iraf 1 143 1 (.I.%v .IIn,1WI prIMl lei
el"Itir Ix' Il1(t rJ%M1 to 1511 ,till
frtlhel ,n,cl I+ 4uN pnMfLrl,.1 dumnlisvll \lent .1
Ihr frrIFlll flute air- built Ie) inh.Lte- furls 11111 sehlIW .1fr
(im11 m0ml I n UK� n uj. .p mLlneatl IM1it I'xe+cjlLa7 ran
arr 114 mil 1.11 IlK` l4llrg ii[NAI F al,141r) 01
1'rr.4mtwr nce M:,dru� ;4I4 tl} uilmt K4nrmnwol-
oxnrd 'Imi I'livalr 601411ft 111 FY tire Of r I u 1112:,1 01
11_i:rj frright canatKI 1 +r+)Xrr acrr
1111111
I.Ax4i3llellitm ttLe "j. Ilk-WI 111, a1Mx1, L 1711
rlcrkllity owl is I tie Iltludlml (trrl uiid ia,:4111l1c in
IutRr quanlltln 11,11 II 1s ,1f Ix,e01 elualil4', furl (Ii1 I.
itn114utr rhAV f1`011) 111[llwlrlia and IIIr 11[d411r
fa4t. Inllill I. r.Plec t1e- 11ciclll Itl %tur a}Ilt -1l I,
411411 11n .,111 afro (,r.4lk+ liluz 11'al(Y is ura11:e111r al
all 111.4111 s1rU0n1, Ifke {luallty 1, RrtlrMll}' 1p(X1r. alKl
tu117111k Is I," 111 Irr.11 u Stuudard s11k' 19.4
LNu1r11t a l[rlaatl,1K ctttlrgl is I11 Ihr 0n
411144411 M% ul Ihv rlr(9t1r 1111(z Ytdrplllul, utr der
1 511(1., Idt dim(i LvrrmL1 -k ?�1r1n lu usr lerl �n' nfilm lei
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070036 -9
fl4 URE 3, tndten Rw'IwoXt hom slnndordlrofd on CrrCb
o:rttrk looafwflvo to noel a wW@ (crepe M 4lpmr0,11mal
needs 1'he WCG2 iopl for de- -C1101ss -W 111E WAM41
{twttorel For 25 kr. I)Il. WWI 0-10 a W199 n1wnl-Pe of
srandn(d MOW
RCAIRE I lkead�gop� Mrvll kccrrloibs, o 1961
WG {i oul

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070036 -9
D. Highways (C)
tt
ThC Itrlliall bighwsly IWI is Illutlhltlatr for
current evniwnnic nerds lout the lrwrsrmnll an4f
supply of r�uNury Goes v0101Td Im wdutnly hinelw mi
IN) Ihr xvr6 y of wr6ml w4d., the low- cw)ing
cslssoy tnf rshi[rig rcoak ibeyorm- alrrKr or unc4anc
snrfarnl nwds, mrJtaw -rllmeruusphyziraldxsltlrlKv6
IGmugtmont the sy,im. Iilghway-t p owkk- frimki
sotvi(V fat Ills ratitnMill and slwlt�h ULMMS as a
suppklnent to Null facilrt,ro Viitfoway IranslKr_I
vpenillorns are Ilcing espinded, iwrlindatly- In h-hit-
haul s V.ws. but tdwy have mi 6 1 4 pace with Illy
liletrw4 Irintport ,,relied to suppolt camolnlc
desrlopinrld p"ram%.
Tht rltegt of Ihr Irans111alaUun defljil in India Is
irdiratrd lop coirtlss1iw111 with Ir unmi t rrwwren in
the rrumi !der of tlw- wodd. India 9:ol01nts For 411nv1
Is% of the +.vrld's Plilid6llun but for 'Ally a +Trp
tmalf prrrcrllaRc of tho wrrldMide io+al of lnlptn% sl
F0045. raid�f elghl Iraffir. and Iruclt and 1-us
inwrnindrs: Ilwd Irumiwlrt in India k miWetaltl)
uorkrellitmed, Althutigh Ilse rnlmlty 1>< the sewnth
Is rifts! in Ibe wand in tier, wilt n total Un d area of
alrprurimutely 1 2 millirnf kluate m1 and a
p"lation of o6ok t sl mi111on in January IM3. it
7.
lus tar!) ulwut I aaw Inllc, of n4xk c- 4,thkij of
rrWIN air lutlactd and dw trrtsalndtr Art r'onh. floc
hlaolnluar.1 1f flu-b In I lotfi:l 11, c14'.541v Ixatw rout 11
the flainakuatvmlll .Ilium-- Kllrlrrs IllaIa lus unT} 13
Mlles of natl jler 190 5Q1LAM udfcs of afar. Ilse U1111ea1
Kkcnxdnnl I"% S6.9 iolkti Went Grotiwii) 41 4 miles,
France 1611 milrs. ot0 jape, 163.4 nil" the all
India as Crake Is 0.41) (xr mleure lnkle of u rra awl 1 1.
[srr I 111015, by at }'s191rclitrt, 1,1 1471'r
1s aNnldrrrtac 61111x1r fur IclCiraQ111C geld up);radlto><
thr pt-'erlt rival uollr -Age. 1101worK thr rnarr Ihan uticr
Ulf noillion sillaxrs, only Nine out of niter k5 w^T%1 hr
.011 allticux,n rr>;Id. Ili thr 114t1. alkillWUO but IKad
f K1"I P116tl4ril 10 jpj(pnjlV rp1l nwsrrrcnt, G11t the
lnlncllrlrt Ixohkniti ur anda111urc. rtnnll cicrrIvp"xul
171171101!n3cr ikmmh wilimdt.%. atom tetwil Itatic hii%e lyrtn
nrytlydnf.
Tl lr tiNll li 'At ltl' rot [tw.iln tutuls 613.0Z8 mile, 43
1A111Ch I{1d,bS1 miln arc 9XWrr and Ilktu11
s01lf4ml imcnily lslUmoirulru�5rltfwo' Iredleclt: &S.p.31
nlidrs J IM lttusil. ctIolle"l .little. (It lalrrilc uafamf;
I:11.�171 milm are kIDPlutied ea1[h; and �_.5G,4b9 ore
ugimllroscd earth. Adminislralkrly, Ida hloi ay3 air
clam rd a% national highxa}s (!$,;W ollks), slate
hlglowayx inik urld 11I1141r Jkliki nlads, -01od rural
Nrol %11G'L te' roudi Tlir nallo Gix lk ays a1R
Ibe prindpal nl01trs And ornned tt 011m putk
an stratrgir arse,. SI.1ic IIkgIoA,,yi aw the Iluln uuji
dvlrls witllkp 11w zadon stales; rnajnr 91141 mkn�r
dhtrict crags conrwrl arras of iwndudk ou arKi nla6r h
%11h rilhcr a 14ihri :4:11 WKIVA;t 011 mllrwd and fount
the 1111 Iillla Iwt%wil wir'7IoorirR distdd; and
turil alal sillupr n nads annneti s illap- and fume Ar
tonn�w-riarlrl rvadllet .illoln distds9. ilr~ latter
teach ant cslreutcl) ivadequAlr fur n" rm Heeds
rsstil foe thkt tucad tyke 44 use.
The aatlnrsil hfghxay lwwul) 11 grllrtrdd) +1>+1rsr
and wlr.ruly distr1611nd. II ks Pallrinrcl m s s--mcm
w< toalkrnal IdKllways wlriClo, althouKFo nwntiluting
mily of 1 11c Inlal roa iwk.4gr, furrn% a Mril�
halancra nrlwmic c4 thmNiXh nbutm The hlg6ml rwd
tirWI) b in ItK� XMIIhcm pall -f Ir1,111a. '11111C marls
eucnd mcmw Ilw [xnlnsula and am 11ii6d 6y
uunlc ttsu5 north mouth nxmt& 1101 foltn a .ell -rlc. r 4ilW4
reitkawl Ikj LU& 'th k1+�s5l cfctitlly is in Ihr nollhrrn
PAII or the okunity. +cheic IN rlkgge4 11[uwlay
swuntaim Irasr nude rued roreslr11dG101 cillfic o wKI
opslly, 111r Gangelic 14alfi Iwo a fwkt tiotuiiy of rtwt.
but io Ihr rwltthra.l. Hot- only princilwl mad is the
Assrinl Trunlr Road ttl1twtr -IX Aldcll services Ihr
stales of Assain. Ntmhalsla, and NaKulmd, and the
uulan Icrriluiies 4724 A1aidlo r and T11por�, fn 1114 Aral
mud twoghostslenl Irrrat lslrliallutty the stale of
L
U
mamma
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070036 -9
line imbor>rl NjinllaY aoil 3Ww, awl t1w 3,1100.s�ll
direct currrnl s)ytrtn kn use on 4t} alum of liacs In The
Calcutta area Conscrslon to Ihr 4 _54'.1cn0t
uTtculalinK t trtrnl s) cnl rrrlia3�init 11nc+ k. III
[nlr+ uxlK NI Ibe ftrfnl>,ry atcto.
The lridlan 1laklways me operorrcl ily the 1t Jil 'AJ5
[!turf, undrr the N1In1slry of The Itallwa)
liclanl. uith full ftj"VIbldlty fro admlfoidrathf. alai
technical sulaon f,lnll mod dlrmtlotl of the ulliolds,
colnlsts of o rhalnrrarn, 9 Il nalwial ranlmtalnlorr, and
Istllr� ncrmbem Th: m1 lnatU are dkidnI 1n1r tllnr
laud sy,I 1, 04th 1.0.4k4 Jay axcnrr:Il1132TWArr'A Iwl
it IraFkw 1111e 111 the Il:rltrriy IkUrd fur csprratlrul,
rnainlcninte, atld Ilic financial tw4lJnn of Isk, cull
ljN1C.
[hl 31 11a1c!s 11172 1. 11en.'Arlo 1.3i'9 railluod
cnli>lo)rrs F.mplu)rc tralning is prrrridnl at Iw�lc
tlainlnit crnlrn and advancecl ochuibb, Offltrn air
taoil AI the ilalloc,l) Staff c;Arge m Y.- drldsr,
L
0ur: nor rTy 64 rrKfa I, aln3 cv01rxs for suIxnisnry slalf air
held at the �!110131 fisllwa) Training 506tw11.
Cllandawc Indian IIA1 A y lt atkllli CS at P illar
l
II'OMMI, SCr OPKICroWd. 411141 1 411Lt li sur o4(ar 1si,!-
Irrtl trchnk mane s. Adct)uYlr 13411HIO s 411' 1leason ntl
F
air asallallk and their abilily, 1wdlnllarly In the cant
III cscrutlsm i'l rriwilyd W I'e KwxI.
D. Highways (C)
tt
ThC Itrlliall bighwsly IWI is Illutlhltlatr for
current evniwnnic nerds lout the lrwrsrmnll an4f
supply of r�uNury Goes v0101Td Im wdutnly hinelw mi
IN) Ihr xvr6 y of wr6ml w4d., the low- cw)ing
cslssoy tnf rshi[rig rcoak ibeyorm- alrrKr or unc4anc
snrfarnl nwds, mrJtaw -rllmeruusphyziraldxsltlrlKv6
IGmugtmont the sy,im. Iilghway-t p owkk- frimki
sotvi(V fat Ills ratitnMill and slwlt�h ULMMS as a
suppklnent to Null facilrt,ro Viitfoway IranslKr_I
vpenillorns are Ilcing espinded, iwrlindatly- In h-hit-
haul s V.ws. but tdwy have mi 6 1 4 pace with Illy
liletrw4 Irintport ,,relied to suppolt camolnlc
desrlopinrld p"ram%.
Tht rltegt of Ihr Irans111alaUun defljil in India Is
irdiratrd lop coirtlss1iw111 with Ir unmi t rrwwren in
the rrumi !der of tlw- wodd. India 9:ol01nts For 411nv1
Is% of the +.vrld's Plilid6llun but for 'Ally a +Trp
tmalf prrrcrllaRc of tho wrrldMide io+al of lnlptn% sl
F0045. raid�f elghl Iraffir. and Iruclt and 1-us
inwrnindrs: Ilwd Irumiwlrt in India k miWetaltl)
uorkrellitmed, Althutigh Ilse rnlmlty 1>< the sewnth
Is rifts! in Ibe wand in tier, wilt n total Un d area of
alrprurimutely 1 2 millirnf kluate m1 and a
p"lation of o6ok t sl mi111on in January IM3. it
7.
lus tar!) ulwut I aaw Inllc, of n4xk c- 4,thkij of
rrWIN air lutlactd and dw trrtsalndtr Art r'onh. floc
hlaolnluar.1 1f flu-b In I lotfi:l 11, c14'.541v Ixatw rout 11
the flainakuatvmlll .Ilium-- Kllrlrrs IllaIa lus unT} 13
Mlles of natl jler 190 5Q1LAM udfcs of afar. Ilse U1111ea1
Kkcnxdnnl I"% S6.9 iolkti Went Grotiwii) 41 4 miles,
France 1611 milrs. ot0 jape, 163.4 nil" the all
India as Crake Is 0.41) (xr mleure lnkle of u rra awl 1 1.
[srr I 111015, by at }'s191rclitrt, 1,1 1471'r
1s aNnldrrrtac 61111x1r fur IclCiraQ111C geld up);radlto><
thr pt-'erlt rival uollr -Age. 1101worK thr rnarr Ihan uticr
Ulf noillion sillaxrs, only Nine out of niter k5 w^T%1 hr
.011 allticux,n rr>;Id. Ili thr 114t1. alkillWUO but IKad
f K1"I P116tl4ril 10 jpj(pnjlV rp1l nwsrrrcnt, G11t the
lnlncllrlrt Ixohkniti ur anda111urc. rtnnll cicrrIvp"xul
171171101!n3cr ikmmh wilimdt.%. atom tetwil Itatic hii%e lyrtn
nrytlydnf.
Tl lr tiNll li 'At ltl' rot [tw.iln tutuls 613.0Z8 mile, 43
1A111Ch I{1d,bS1 miln arc 9XWrr and Ilktu11
s01lf4ml imcnily lslUmoirulru�5rltfwo' Iredleclt: &S.p.31
nlidrs J IM lttusil. ctIolle"l .little. (It lalrrilc uafamf;
I:11.�171 milm are kIDPlutied ea1[h; and �_.5G,4b9 ore
ugimllroscd earth. Adminislralkrly, Ida hloi ay3 air
clam rd a% national highxa}s (!$,;W ollks), slate
hlglowayx inik urld 11I1141r Jkliki nlads, -01od rural
Nrol %11G'L te' roudi Tlir nallo Gix lk ays a1R
Ibe prindpal nl01trs And ornned tt 011m putk
an stratrgir arse,. SI.1ic IIkgIoA,,yi aw the Iluln uuji
dvlrls witllkp 11w zadon stales; rnajnr 91141 mkn�r
dhtrict crags conrwrl arras of iwndudk ou arKi nla6r h
%11h rilhcr a 14ihri :4:11 WKIVA;t 011 mllrwd and fount
the 1111 Iillla Iwt%wil wir'7IoorirR distdd; and
turil alal sillupr n nads annneti s illap- and fume Ar
tonn�w-riarlrl rvadllet .illoln distds9. ilr~ latter
teach ant cslreutcl) ivadequAlr fur n" rm Heeds
rsstil foe thkt tucad tyke 44 use.
The aatlnrsil hfghxay lwwul) 11 grllrtrdd) +1>+1rsr
and wlr.ruly distr1611nd. II ks Pallrinrcl m s s--mcm
w< toalkrnal IdKllways wlriClo, althouKFo nwntiluting
mily of 1 11c Inlal roa iwk.4gr, furrn% a Mril�
halancra nrlwmic c4 thmNiXh nbutm The hlg6ml rwd
tirWI) b in ItK� XMIIhcm pall -f Ir1,111a. '11111C marls
eucnd mcmw Ilw [xnlnsula and am 11ii6d 6y
uunlc ttsu5 north mouth nxmt& 1101 foltn a .ell -rlc. r 4ilW4
reitkawl Ikj LU& 'th k1+�s5l cfctitlly is in Ihr nollhrrn
PAII or the okunity. +cheic IN rlkgge4 11[uwlay
swuntaim Irasr nude rued roreslr11dG101 cillfic o wKI
opslly, 111r Gangelic 14alfi Iwo a fwkt tiotuiiy of rtwt.
but io Ihr rwltthra.l. Hot- only princilwl mad is the
Assrinl Trunlr Road ttl1twtr -IX Aldcll services Ihr
stales of Assain. Ntmhalsla, and NaKulmd, and the
uulan Icrriluiies 4724 A1aidlo r and T11por�, fn 1114 Aral
mud twoghostslenl Irrrat lslrliallutty the stale of
L
U
mamma
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070036 -9

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070036 -9

4'
fleet tonnage goal of 4 million g.r.t. and about 6.4
million d.w.t. As of February 1972, 59 ships (about 1.9
million d.w.t.) for Indian registry were on order for
construction by foreign and domestic shipyards,
deliveries scheduled between 1572 and 1976. Forty
two ships totaling about 1.7 million d.w.t. are being
built in foreign shipyards as follows:
The remaining 17 ships under construction in
domestic shipyards are as follows:
NO.OF
TOTAL
COUNTRY
SHIPS AND TYPE
D.W.T.
West Germany
3 dry cargo
44,850
Hindustan
1 bulk cargo
108,000
Japan
2 bulk cargo
251,960
Netherlands
1 bulk cargo
66,300
Spain
1 container
16,880
Sweden
1 ore /oil carrier
100,600
United Kingdom
4 bulk cargo
289,200
East Germany
8 dry cargo
106,000
Romania
10 bulk cargo
150,000
U.S.S.11
4 dry cargo
66,400
3 tanker
48,900
Yugoslavia
2 tanker
230,000
2 ore /oil tanker
216,000
The remaining 17 ships under construction in
domestic shipyards are as follows:
About 86% (215 ships) of the merchant fleet is
foreign built; only 36 ships (33 dry cargo, three
combination passenger cargo), were built in domestic
yards. The necessity of buying most of the ships from
foreign shipyards involves a substantial expenditure of
foreign exchange. To partially offset this foreign
exchange drain, facilities at the Hindustan Shipyard,
Vishakhapatnam, are being expanded to increase
annual construction from three to six ships, each of
about 12,000 d.w.t. In addition, a new shipyard at
Cochin, being built in collaboration with Japanese
interests, will begin construction in the latter part of
1973 of one of two 66,000- d.w.t. bulk carriers to be
built annually.
In addition to ships of 1,000 g.r.t. and over, there
are about 130 Indian merchant ships in the category of
vessels between 100 to 999 g.r.t. They total about
50,000 g.r.t. and are utilized primari'.y in coastal and
nearseas trade. The fishing fleet consists of about
86,000 small craft and operates in nearby coastal
waters. Of this fleet, about 2,500 vessels are motorized.
Maritime policy and legislation are administered by
the Ministry of Transport and Shipping, through the
Director General of Shipping. India is a member of the
18
Inter Governmental Maritime Consultative Organiza-
tion (IMCO) and a party to the Safety of Life at Sea,
1960; Prevention of Collisions at Sea, 1960; and Load
Lines, 1966 conventions.
Major merchant marine policy has been predicated
on the deficit in the balance of payments that has
persisted in the Indian shipping account. The national
objective is that at least 50% of the nation's total
seaborne foreign trade be carried by Indian -flag
vessels in order to reduce this deficit by lessening
India's dependence can foreign shipping.
Although no direct operating subsidies are provided
shipowners, the government, under the Development
Rebate System, allows Indian shipping companies to
deduct 40% of the cost of new ships and 20% for used
ships from their annual taxable income. The
government also grants a "tax holiday" concession,
which exempts from income tax profits up to 6% per
annum on capital involved in the operation of new
vessels, and extends loans at reduced rates from the
Shipping Development Fund for the acquisition of
new and used ships from abroad.
Cargo preference is extended to Indian -flag ships
and those countries which have entered into bilateral
shipping agreements with India (U.S.S.R., Czecho-
slovakia, East Germany, Egypt, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, West Germany, and Yugoslavia). Coastal
shipping is generally reserved for domestic ships;
foreign -flag ships operating in Indian coastal trade
must be licensed by the Director General of Shipping.
In 1972 there were about 50,000 Indian seafaring
personnel. The supply of trained seamen far exceeds
the demand, both domestic and foreign; in January
1971, a total of 42,366 seamen were registered at the
Seamen's Employment Offices in Bombay and
Calcutta for 27,096 jobs aboard domestic- and
foreign -flag ships. Compared to European standards,
Indian maritime wages and compensation are low;
however, certain fringe benefits complement the
modest wage schedule. Four maritime unions (one
officers, three seamen) are officially recognized by the
government.
There are six merchant marine training schools
(three each for officers and seamen). The Directorate
of Marine Engineering Training provides pre -sea
training for engineering officers and the Nautical and
Engineering College offers post -sea training for
navigation and engineering candidates preparing for
various grades of examinations. Navigation officers
receive instruction prior to sea duty aboard the
training ship Rajendra. Seamen qualifying for deck
and engineering billets receive pre -sea instruction
aboard the three training ships, Bhadra, Mekhala, and
Naulakshi.
a
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070036 -9
No.OF
TOTAL
SHIPYARD
SHIPS AND TYPE
D.W.T.
Cochin
1 bulk cargo
27,000
Hindustan
7 dry cargo
72,731
7 bulk cargo
150,150
Mazagon Dock
2 passenger
19,000
About 86% (215 ships) of the merchant fleet is
foreign built; only 36 ships (33 dry cargo, three
combination passenger cargo), were built in domestic
yards. The necessity of buying most of the ships from
foreign shipyards involves a substantial expenditure of
foreign exchange. To partially offset this foreign
exchange drain, facilities at the Hindustan Shipyard,
Vishakhapatnam, are being expanded to increase
annual construction from three to six ships, each of
about 12,000 d.w.t. In addition, a new shipyard at
Cochin, being built in collaboration with Japanese
interests, will begin construction in the latter part of
1973 of one of two 66,000- d.w.t. bulk carriers to be
built annually.
In addition to ships of 1,000 g.r.t. and over, there
are about 130 Indian merchant ships in the category of
vessels between 100 to 999 g.r.t. They total about
50,000 g.r.t. and are utilized primari'.y in coastal and
nearseas trade. The fishing fleet consists of about
86,000 small craft and operates in nearby coastal
waters. Of this fleet, about 2,500 vessels are motorized.
Maritime policy and legislation are administered by
the Ministry of Transport and Shipping, through the
Director General of Shipping. India is a member of the
18
Inter Governmental Maritime Consultative Organiza-
tion (IMCO) and a party to the Safety of Life at Sea,
1960; Prevention of Collisions at Sea, 1960; and Load
Lines, 1966 conventions.
Major merchant marine policy has been predicated
on the deficit in the balance of payments that has
persisted in the Indian shipping account. The national
objective is that at least 50% of the nation's total
seaborne foreign trade be carried by Indian -flag
vessels in order to reduce this deficit by lessening
India's dependence can foreign shipping.
Although no direct operating subsidies are provided
shipowners, the government, under the Development
Rebate System, allows Indian shipping companies to
deduct 40% of the cost of new ships and 20% for used
ships from their annual taxable income. The
government also grants a "tax holiday" concession,
which exempts from income tax profits up to 6% per
annum on capital involved in the operation of new
vessels, and extends loans at reduced rates from the
Shipping Development Fund for the acquisition of
new and used ships from abroad.
Cargo preference is extended to Indian -flag ships
and those countries which have entered into bilateral
shipping agreements with India (U.S.S.R., Czecho-
slovakia, East Germany, Egypt, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, West Germany, and Yugoslavia). Coastal
shipping is generally reserved for domestic ships;
foreign -flag ships operating in Indian coastal trade
must be licensed by the Director General of Shipping.
In 1972 there were about 50,000 Indian seafaring
personnel. The supply of trained seamen far exceeds
the demand, both domestic and foreign; in January
1971, a total of 42,366 seamen were registered at the
Seamen's Employment Offices in Bombay and
Calcutta for 27,096 jobs aboard domestic- and
foreign -flag ships. Compared to European standards,
Indian maritime wages and compensation are low;
however, certain fringe benefits complement the
modest wage schedule. Four maritime unions (one
officers, three seamen) are officially recognized by the
government.
There are six merchant marine training schools
(three each for officers and seamen). The Directorate
of Marine Engineering Training provides pre -sea
training for engineering officers and the Nautical and
Engineering College offers post -sea training for
navigation and engineering candidates preparing for
various grades of examinations. Navigation officers
receive instruction prior to sea duty aboard the
training ship Rajendra. Seamen qualifying for deck
and engineering billets receive pre -sea instruction
aboard the three training ships, Bhadra, Mekhala, and
Naulakshi.
a
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M
I. Civil air (C)
Since World War II, civil aviation in India has
gradually expanded to provide service for the
sprawling country and to attract badly needed foreign
currency via the tourist route. The government well
realizes the value of civil aviation, and since 1953 it
has carefully controlled the development of Indian
airlines. In that year the government nationalized the
air transport industry and established two govern-
ment -owned air corporations, assigning each to a
separate area. Air India (AI) was designated the
international flag carrier, and Indian Airlines
Corporation (IAC) was assigned the scheduled
regional and domestic route structure of India and
nearby countries. In addition to this division of air
services, the government set up Air -India Charters in
September 1971. This airline, a wholly owned
subsidiary of Air India, operates point -to -point charter
services in an effort to promote tourist traffic to India.
Aircraft are rented from the parent company when
required.
Civil aviation in India is supervised and controlled
by the Ministry for Tourism and Civil Aviation. The
Directorate General for Civil Aviation (DGCA) within
the ministry administers all civil aviation matters. This
directorate is responsible for the operation of civil
airfields; licensing of aircraft and air and ground
crews; conducting air and grounderew training; and
certification of registration and airworthiness for all
aircraft based in India. It also operates and maintains
navigational aids, enforces air regulations, and
investigates accidents.
The government has entered into formal or informal
bilateral air agreements or arrangements which permit
the exchange of scheduled air services with 37
countries. Under the terms of these agreements or
arrangements, 31 foreign air carriers, including
Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R., serve India on
scheduled international flights. These flights link
India to 66 cities in 48 countries in Africa, Asia,
Australia, Europe, and North America. India is a
member of the International Civil Aviation
Organization and is a party to most of the other major
multilateral conventions governing international civil
aviation. Both IA and IAC are members of the
International Air Transport Association. Air India is
also a member of the International Society of
Aeronautical Telecommunications (SITA), and the
Acro Club of India is a member of the International
Aeronautical Federation (FAI).
Air India provides scheduled international services
to 28 cities in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East,
North America, and Australia over a network of more
than 86,000 unduplicated route miles. The company's
airfleet consists of four Boeing 747 (Figure 11) and 10
Boeing 707 aircraft. Future plans consist of an option
to purchase two Concorde supersonic transports. The
carrier staff of over 9,000 employees includes about
210 pilots and about 1,400 skilled maintenance
technicians.
IAC, the Indian regional and domestic carrier,
operates an extensive passenger and freight network
throughout the country and to Afghanistan, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Burma, and Sri Lanka. IAC also operates
a night airmail service linking Bombay, Delhi,
Calcutta, and Madras. Its airfleet consists of seven
Boeing 737 (Figure 12), 16 HS -748, 12 Fokker F -27, 7
BAC Viscount Series 700, and nine DC -3 aircraft. IAC
has purchased seven additional HS- 748's, which were
scheduled for delivery in 1972, and has plans to
purchase five more Boeing 737. IAC staff of over
14,000 persons includes about 425 pilots and 4,500
maintenance personnel. In addition to the govern-
ment -owned carriers, six privately owned companies,
which hold government permits, provide nonsched-
uled services. These nonscheduled operators are Air
Survey Company of India, Ltd.; Airways (India),
Ltd.; Bharat Commerce and Industries, Ltd.;
Cambata Aviation Private, Ltd.; Jamair Co. Private,
Ltd.; and Kasturi and Sons, Ltd. These nonscheduled
airlines are quite small, averaging about tv o or three
DC -3 aircraft each, and to insure they remain small,
the government assigns them routes that will not
interfere with or be competitive with IAC's scheduled
services. Many of India's flying clubs also hold
government permits to operate nonscheduled services,
and several small private companies are engaged in
charter and airwork services. The central government
also operates 18 Curtiss C -46 (Commando) aircraft
and the state governments operate a total of 18 to 20
Douglas DC -3 and C -46 aircraft.
Pilot training is conducted by the 25 government
subsidized aeroclubs operating under the direction of
the Directorate for Civil Aviation. The goal of these
clubs is to provide elementary flight training in light
z r
FIGURE 11. Boeing 747 of Air India, popularly described
as the "flying palace" (U/OU)
!:k
t;6
19
Stisa] L' yFF- cauYa+ s% rG.:: assssxtWlAlswera> yxerusrtlerK'::' R! aa:.r.S.:wean=mslarre:+;axa;.i[ Intl'. s'% i iyt. rr,' r: 3.: 3 c%!� i4 ...,.e.
4
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070036 -9
f
li
North America, and Australia over a network of more
than 86,000 unduplicated route miles. The company's
airfleet consists of four Boeing 747 (Figure 11) and 10
Boeing 707 aircraft. Future plans consist of an option
to purchase two Concorde supersonic transports. The
carrier staff of over 9,000 employees includes about
210 pilots and about 1,400 skilled maintenance
technicians.
IAC, the Indian regional and domestic carrier,
operates an extensive passenger and freight network
throughout the country and to Afghanistan, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Burma, and Sri Lanka. IAC also operates
a night airmail service linking Bombay, Delhi,
Calcutta, and Madras. Its airfleet consists of seven
Boeing 737 (Figure 12), 16 HS -748, 12 Fokker F -27, 7
BAC Viscount Series 700, and nine DC -3 aircraft. IAC
has purchased seven additional HS- 748's, which were
scheduled for delivery in 1972, and has plans to
purchase five more Boeing 737. IAC staff of over
14,000 persons includes about 425 pilots and 4,500
maintenance personnel. In addition to the govern-
ment -owned carriers, six privately owned companies,
which hold government permits, provide nonsched-
uled services. These nonscheduled operators are Air
Survey Company of India, Ltd.; Airways (India),
Ltd.; Bharat Commerce and Industries, Ltd.;
Cambata Aviation Private, Ltd.; Jamair Co. Private,
Ltd.; and Kasturi and Sons, Ltd. These nonscheduled
airlines are quite small, averaging about tv o or three
DC -3 aircraft each, and to insure they remain small,
the government assigns them routes that will not
interfere with or be competitive with IAC's scheduled
services. Many of India's flying clubs also hold
government permits to operate nonscheduled services,
and several small private companies are engaged in
charter and airwork services. The central government
also operates 18 Curtiss C -46 (Commando) aircraft
and the state governments operate a total of 18 to 20
Douglas DC -3 and C -46 aircraft.
Pilot training is conducted by the 25 government
subsidized aeroclubs operating under the direction of
the Directorate for Civil Aviation. The goal of these
clubs is to provide elementary flight training in light
z r
FIGURE 11. Boeing 747 of Air India, popularly described
as the "flying palace" (U/OU)
!:k
t;6
19
Stisa] L' yFF- cauYa+ s% rG.:: assssxtWlAlswera> yxerusrtlerK'::' R! aa:.r.S.:wean=mslarre:+;axa;.i[ Intl'. s'% i iyt. rr,' r: 3.: 3 c%!� i4 ...,.e.
4
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070036 -9

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070036 -9
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