NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 35; INDIA; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200070033-2
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
• Sequence Number: 33
• Content Type: REPORTS

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WARNING
The NIS is National Intelligence and may not be re-
leased or shown to representatives of any foreign govern-
ment or international body except by specific authorization
f of the Director of Central Intelligence in accordance with
the provisions of National Security Council Intelligence Di-
rective No. 1.
For NIS containing unclassified material, however, the
portions so marked may be made available for official pur-
poses to foreign nationals and nongovernment personnel
provided no attribution is made to National Intelligence or
the National Intelligence Survey.
I
Subsections and graphics are 'Individually classified
i according to content. Classification /control designa-
tions are:
(U /OU) Unclassified /For Official Use Only
4 (C) Confidential
(S) Secret
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A. Loaatf= irrd dacnipdon 1
L Topography l
I Climate 4
IL NIIUI ry pogrophk "glow s
L Southern Up4ndf 5
2 N*Ahw cstcrn Desert 7
3, Cenlyd Plain a
Northern \boatels Rim 4
G Slraleglc rren 9
1, Cvinrlta
Bombay B
i
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-Irmo me Inc.
FIGURES
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3. Delhi
4. Madras
11
E. Approaches
13
11
1. Land
13
5. Other important areas
12
Fig. 3
Scattered thorny shrubs photo)
3
2. Sea
13
D. Internal routes
13
3. Air
4
FIGURES
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Page
Page
Fig. 1
Military geographic regions map)
2
Fig. 12
Bombay (map)
10
Fig. 2
The southern upland plains (photo).
3
Fig. 13
Western Railroad Office in Bombay
Fig. 3
Scattered thorny shrubs photo)
3
photo)
10
Fig. 4
Sharp- crested sand dunes photo)
4
Fig. 14
Delhi map)
11
Fig. 5
Flat Gangetic Plain photo)
4
Fig. 15
New Delhi, in the southern part of
Fig. d
High peaks in the central Himalayas
the strategic area (photo)
11
(photo)
4
Fig, 16
Housing in old Delhi photo)
11
Fig. 7
Forest in the Himalayas photo)
4
Fig. 17
Madras (map
12
Fig. 8
Glacier in the Himalayas (photo)
5
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Madras harbor photo)
Internal routes (table)
12
14
Fig. 9
Climatic factors (chart)
6
Fig. 20
Boundaries (table)
15
Fig. 10
Calcutta (map)
10
Fig. 21
Land approaches table)
16
Fig. 11
Calcutta's Chowringhee Street
Fig. 22
Military Geographic Factors
photo)
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(omp) follows
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A. Location and description (U /OU)
India has an area of approximately 1,211,000
9 square miles (including the Indian -held portion of
Jammu and Kashmir,' Sikkim, Goa, and Daman),
one -third of the conterminous United States. The
population was estimated at about 578 million in July
1973. The mainland is triangularly shaped, with the
base in the north along the Indian- Chinese border and
t the apex in the south in close proximity to the major
sea route between western Europe and the Far East.
Maximum north �south extent is about 1,900 miles,'
f and the maximum east �west distance is about 1,800
miles.
1. Topography
Peninsular India is characterized largely by upland
plains, scattered hills, and some mountains; to the
north are the Great Indian Desert and the broad plains
of the Ganges and Brahmaputra which in turn, are
bordered in the north and east by high mountains
(Figure 1). The Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea
are mainly flat coral atolls; the Andaman and Nicobar
E Islands in the Bay of Bengal are composed of plains
and hills covered by dense forest.
i The upland plains (Figure 2) of the peninsula lie at
s
elevations between 1,000 and 3,000 feet. The coastal
plains, narrow on the west and up to 120 miles wide on
the east, are flat, low, and less than 500 feet in
elevation. Most hills are rounded to flat topped; slopes
are between 10% and 40 Local relief (differences in
4 elevation between tops and bottoms of adjacent
topographic features) generally is .between 500 and
'For diacritics on place names see the list of names on the apron
of the Military Geographic Factors Map, the map itself, and maps
in the text.
'Distances are in
specifically stated.
statute miles unless nautical miles are
i
1,000 feet, but it reaches 2,000 feet in places. The hills
are less than 4,000 feet above sea level. The
mountainous areas are moderately dissected, with
steep slopes between 30% and 50 local relief ranges
from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. The highest elevation in
peninsular India is 8,841 feet, a mountain peak in the
south. The principal drainage is eastward to the Bay of
Bengal. Most streams have winding courses and are
narrow in upper reaches and more than 250 feet wide
in lower reaches. Banks are high and steep, and rapids
and waterfalls are common in upper reaches. The
main streams are more than 3 feet deep the year
round. Smaller streams are more than 3.5 feet deep
only during the high water period, usually May
through November. Flash floods are common after
heavy rains, particularly in June through September.
Numerous reservoirs (tanks) to store rainfall and runoff
for irrigation purposes have been developed in this
part of India, especially near the .east coast. Most of
peninsular India is cultivated in dryland crops (Figure
2), although in the northeastern plains and along the
coasts, wetland rice is grown. The rice paddies are
flooded du::ng the growing season, sometime between
early May and late January. Dense broadleaf
evergreen forest covers most of the seaward facing
lower slopes of the western mountains and hills.
Deciduous forest covers the northeast and the eas.ern
slopes of mountains. and hills along the west coast;
these trees are leafless sometime between early
February and mid -May. Open scrub (Figure 3) covers
many areas in the northwest and south. Settlement is
dense in the south and along the coasts where some of
the country's largest cities are located; the interior
generally has a sparse settlement pattern. The villages
and older sections of larger towns contain multistory
brick or mudbrick buildings built along narrow,
winding streets. The newer parts of the larger towns
contain multistory, Westem -style brick or concrete
buildings on wide streets laid out in a grid pattern. A
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cross country movement conditions for vehicles are
good most of the year on the rolling, cultivated, or
scrub- covered plains in most of the interior of the
region. Hindrances to movement are stream depths
during the high water period, high, steep streambanks,
and irrigation tanks v ar the coast. Conditions become
only fair at times after heavy rains, especially during
June through September, when the soils become miry.
On the coastal plains cultivated in wetland rice,
movement would be feasible only from February
through April, when the ricefields are drained. In the
hills and mountains in the remainder of peninsular
India, steep slopes preclude offroad dispers;a and
cross country movement. Concealment from air and
ground observation is available in the areas of
evergreen forest along the west- facing slopes of the
western mountains and hillE and in structures in the
towns and villages. It is avahable in the other forested
areas (in the east and northeast and on the east- facing
slopes of the western mountains and hills) except from
sometime between early February and mid -May �hen
the trees are leafless. Cover from flat- trajectory fire is
afforded by the newer structures in the large urban
centers and by surface irregularities in the mountains
and some hills. The construction of bunker -type
installations is feasible in the areas of thick, well
drained soils in most of the interior plains. The
construction of tunnel -type installations is feasible
only in the few areas of sufficient relief and hard stable
rock in the mountains and some hills.
The Southern Uplands region is well suited for
airborne and airmobile operations. There are
numerous sites on cultivated or scrub- covered plains
for parachute or helicopter landings. The region has 14
airfields suitable for landings of assault -type aircraft,
and most of the region is well suited for the
construction of large airfields with unrestricted
runway orientations and air approaches.
Clear sea approaches, available transportation
routes, and relatively favorable terrain for cross-
country movement except for delta areas, permit
amphibious operations. During the southwest
monsoon, however, tide and surf conditions would be
unfavorable for amphibious landings.
Generally unfavorable conditions exist for irregular
force operations. Movement on the plains would be
possible almost everywhere, but they would be slowed
when rice paddies are flooded from sometime between
early May and late January. Small units could move
on foot in the hill and mountain areas, but slowly and
with great difficulty because of steep slopes and dense
forests. Cover from flat trajectory fire and conceal-
ment from ground observation are provided in the
r?
rugged highlands by surface irregularities; on the
plains, fair to good cover is afforded by manmade
features, chiefly masonry buildings, railroad and road
embankments, dikes, and irrigation ditches. In the
hills and mountains, concealment from air and ground
observation is available in the densely forested areas,
but only sometime between early February and mid
May in the areas of deciduous forests. Water is
generally plentiful except between January and
March, although most sources are biologically
contaminated, especially near populated places. Small
to moderate amounts of natural food are available in
the hills and mountains; small quantities of cultivated
plant food also are available. Wildlife such as
antelope, deer, and bear provide additional food
sources. On the plains, rice, wheat, corn, and other
crops are available at harvesttimu. Fuel for fires is
limited to the forested areas. The flat to rolling plains
in most of the region afford many sites for helicopter
landings and parachute operations to supply food and
firearms. When the rice paddies are flooded, however,
recovery of airdropped heavy supplies would be
difficult. Principal endemic diseases are: enteric
infections (cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, and
hepatitis); respiratory infections (influenza, pneumo-
nia, and tuberculosis); and insect -borne diseases
(malaria, filariasis, typhus. plague, and encephalitis).
Many species of insects (s ich as flies) and pests (such
as scorpions and spiders) affect health conditions.
Among the poisonous snakes in the region, the most
dangerous are vipers, kraits, and cobras. Dangerous
animals include tigers, leopards, wild elephants, and
rabid animals. Some plants and trees contain
poisonous or allergenic properties.
2. Northwestern Desert
This region is very poorly suited for ground
operations. Water is scarce, and there are no roads;
cross country movement would be slow in loose sand
and dune areas and would be precluded in the
saltflats, mudflats, and flooded areas in the southwest.
Concealment from air observation is lacking and
concealment from ground observation and cover from
flat- trajectory fire are available only in the dune areas.
Additional cover could be obtained by the
construction of bunker -type installations in the many
areas of thick soils and a low water table. None of the
region is suited for the construction of tunnel -type
installations. Roads with long, straight alignments
could be constructed easily in most of the region;
construction would present major engineering
problems in the southwest, where natural foundations
and drainage are poor.
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The region is well suited for airborne and airmobile
operations. There are many sites for parachute and
helicopter landings except in the areas of h gh dunes
and, in the southwest, of poor drainage. There are no
airfields suitable for landings of assault -type aircraft.
Large airfields could be constructed in most of the
region; such construction, however, would entail a
major engineering effort in the dune areas and the
poorly drained areas.
The Northwestern Desert region is largely unsuited
for amphibious. operations because most of the coast is
fringed by saltflats and mudflats. The Rann of Kutch
is inundated by high tides during June through
September.
Conditions are unfavorable for irregular force
operations. Movement of foot troops would be slowed
or precluded by soft soil and loose sand. Movement in
the Rann of Kutch would be feasible only from
November through May but extremely hazardous
even then because of the varied thickness of salt crust.
Cover from flat- trajectory fire and concealment from
ground observation would generally be poor except in
the sand dune and isolated hill areas, where surface
irregularities provide some cover and concealment.
Concealment from air observation is limited largely to
manmade features. Water, shelter, and fuel are scarce
throughout the year. Food is also scarce in most of the
region except in the southwest, where dryland crops
are available at harvesttime. The few settlements in
this least populated part of India represent the best
available food sources. Duststorms and the intense
heat between April and mid -June would make
operations extremely difficult. Food supply and
firearms could be provided relatively easily by airdrops
or helicopter landings. Endemic diseases are the same
as those cited for the Southern Uplands region; there is
little wildlife.
3. Central Plain
The region is relatively well suited for ground
operations. Onroad movement would be unimpeded
in most of the region. Offroad dispersal and cross
country vehicular movement would be fairly easy ir.
the west in the cultivated areas, but would be slowed
by the irrigation ditches and canals; movement would
be easy in most of the remainder of the region from
February through April when the rice paddies are
drained. Hindrances to cross country movement are:
high, steep streambanks; areas of mangrove swamp;
the many streams too deep to ford; the extensive
flooded areas from June through September or
October; and, near Calcutta, the irrigation tanks.
Concealment from air and ground observation is
available in structures in the towns and villages
throughout the region and in the forests of the east
except from sometime between early February and
mid -May, when the trees are leafless. Cover from flat
trajectory fire is available in the newer structures in the
large urban centers. The construction of bunker -type
installations for additional cover would be easy in the
areas of low relief and thick soils in most of the region,
but it would not be feasible in the perennially wet
areas and near streams because of the high water table
and flooding during June through September or
October. Low relief and deeply buried bedrock
prohibit the construction of tunnel -type installations.
Construction of roads with long, straight alignments
would be easy nearly everywhere; the requirements for
bridging, fill, and drainage provisions, however,
would constitute major engineering problems in parts
of the region.
The Central Plain region is fairly well suited for
airborne and airmobile operations. Sites for parachute:
and helicopter landings are numerous in the cultivated
areas in the west and in most of the remainder of the
region from February through Apri, when the rice
paddies are drained. Sites generally are lacking in the
east because of forest. There are 11 airfields in the
region suitable for landings of assault -type aircraft. In
spite of its flatness, the region is only fairly well suited
for the construction of airfields; foundations and
drainage are poor in much of the region and pose
engineering problems. Furthermore, air approaches
would be severely restricted by the surrounding high
mountains.
Amphibious operations would be impractical. The
coast is part of the Ganges Delta and is a morass of
swamps traversed by innumerable sloughs and
distributaries. Large areas of the coast are subject to
inundation from stream runoff and by high tides. The
sea approaches are obstructed by extensive shifting
shoals, and shallow water extends several nautical
miles off the muddy shores.
Conditions in the region are mostly unfavorable for
irregular force operations. Movement would be
possible everywhere but would be slowed when the
rice paddies are flooded, sometime between early May
and late January, and when the drvcrop fields are
irrigated, generally sometime between May and
November. In places, movement would be precluded
by soft soil or steep- banked streams and canals too
deep to ford. Cover from flat trajectory fire is provided
by manmade features such as masonry buildings,
walls, railroad and road embankments, dikes,
irrigation ditches, and streambanks. Concealment
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y
M
from air observation is limited largely to manmade
features suL,:i as buildings and from ground
observation to railroad and road embankments, dikes,
and irrigation ditches. Water is plentiful, and livestock
and (seasonally) rice, wheat, and corn are adequate
sources of food. Most sources of water are biologically
contaminated, especially near populated places.
Wood for fuel is scarce. The flat to rolling plains afford
many sites for helicopter landings and parachute
operations to supply food and firearms. When rice
paddies are flooded, however, the recovery of
airdropped heavy supplies would be difficult.
Endemic diseases are the same as those listed for the
Southern Uplands region; there is little wildlife.
4. Northern Mountain Rim
Most ground operations would be precluded in the
region. Vehicular movement on the few roads would
be restricted by poor surfaces and steep grades, and
impossible on the tracks and trails. Road construction
would entail nearly insuperable problems of grading,
blasting, tunneling, and bridging. Offroad dispersal
and cross country movement of vehicles would be
precluded because of steep slopes. Cover from flat
trajectory fire and concealment from ground
observation would be afforded by surface ir-
regularities. Concealment from ground and air
observation would be provided by forests in the
eastern mountains and at lower elevations of other
mountains; no concealment from air observation is
available at higher elevations in the Himalayas. The
mountains are well suited for the construction of
tunnel -type installations that would furnish ample
cover by means of short entries. Except locally in
valleys and basins with thick soils, the region is
unsuited for the construction of bunker -type
installations.
The Northern Mountain Rim region is also virtually
unsuited for airborne and airmobile operations. Sites
for helicopter and parachute operations and the
construction of airfields are available only in a few of
the wider basins, but even here the surrounding high
peaks severely restrict approaches. There are four
airfields in the region suitable for use by assault -type
aircraft.
Conditions in the region favor irregular force
operations. Small units could move on foot in most of
the region, but only with great difficulty because of
rugged terrain and dense forests. Movement would be
slowed or precluded at times by deep snow and, from
April through November, by flash floods. Dense forests
provide excellent concealment from air and ground
observation on lower slopes; above 11,500 feet
concealment from air observation is generally lackinf
The numerous surface irregularities and buildings in
the few towns provide additional concealment from
ground observation, and cover from flat- trajectory
fire. Water is plentiful in most of the region except in
the northwest; as elsewhere, most sources are
biologically contaminated. Food is scarce except for
the crops and some livestock in the settlements in the
mountains, and the forests provide wood for fuel.
Airdropping supplies would be restricted to a few sites
in the wide basins. The physiological and psychologi-
cal factors affecting irregular force operations are
similar to those cited for the Southern Uplands region.
C. Strategic areas (C)
India has numerous large cities which are important
industrial, commercial, and transportation centers.
Four Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, and Madras �are
most significant as strategic areas (Military
Geographic Factors map at the end of the chapter,
Figure 22).
1. Calcutta
Located in the Ganges Delta area near the
Bangladesh boundary, Calcutta (Figures 10 and 11) is
the largest urban area in India, one of the most
important commercial and transportation centers in
Asia, and the major industrial center and second
largest port in India. The 1971 population of the
strategic area, which includes the city and its environs,
was 7,005,000. Production here accounts for more
than half of the goods manufactured in India and
includes railroad cars, motor vehicles, and many
military items, such as weapons avid munitions. The
Calcutta strategic area contains the largest
concentration of jute mills in the world. The airfield
east of the city is an international airport; a smaller
field is located to :;ie north. The total storage capacity
in the strategic are. refined petroleum products is
2,913,000 barrels.
2. Bombay
Located on a peninsula on the west coast, Bombay
(Figures 12 and 13) is the second largest urban area,
largest port, a headquarters of the Indian Navy, and a
major transportation, commercial, industrial, and
telecommunication center. The 1971 population of
the strategic area was 5,969,000. The port, with an
excellent deepwater harbor and extensive storage
facilities, handles 40% of the tonnage of imports and
9
F
0 d
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Road i2l,
Railroad
canal
Airfield
0 1 4 6
Statute miles
22
lJ
229
72
rrrr
ir on
11.4
it W
FIGURE 13. The Western Railroad Office in Bombay
reflects the combination of Western and Indian
architecture typical of older buildings (C)
exports of the coontrc. '11w naval haw. in the
southeast, has extensive storage facilities for guns, gon
mounts, and other naval equipment: the main
FIGURE 11. Calcutta's Chowringhee Street is the center ammunition (1vjN)t is on an island about �1 jjjije% t the
of one of Asia's greatest commercial districts (C) vast. An international airport is located in the north-
10
0
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FIGURE 12. Bombay strategic area (C)
FIGURE 10. Calcutta strategic area (C)
Road
Railroad
Airfield
ti tardmR Hej, h
S miles
FIGURE 13. The Western Railroad Office in Bombay
reflects the combination of Western and Indian
architecture typical of older buildings (C)
exports of the coontrc. '11w naval haw. in the
southeast, has extensive storage facilities for guns, gon
mounts, and other naval equipment: the main
FIGURE 11. Calcutta's Chowringhee Street is the center ammunition (1vjN)t is on an island about �1 jjjije% t the
of one of Asia's greatest commercial districts (C) vast. An international airport is located in the north-
10
0
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FIGURE 12. Bombay strategic area (C)
FIGURE 10. Calcutta strategic area (C)

r ,0
f -f! /M �4M
s
3 aA` f
i
FIGURE 14. Delhi strategic area (C)
central par', of the Oralvizic irc.i. morthrr srnallvr field
i, heated in Ihr� nmrll)ssrst 11;,inkis rnntaim the� nruo
iinportmit rrnurntr.ilinn of ti3O1c mill. in India mid
ha% ream lir;ht Cllljmrv�rimt;. rmrrtnr srhirlr. and
rnnsrtnn�r t;mid far tnriv 'fl)r nits :rl%n k Ihr� rrntrr fir
I Ii.i N alnrnir rnrri:s n w. .n h. �ind the r nimin
I.irct-4 pelrnlrimm n�linrrs j% ssrli a. %rsrr.rl rhrm)ir�il
plant, an� Inr.ilcd here 'I tn.il 0nraL u.ilrar'iIs in
li*rrmrlr.n fir relined lr.�Inrlrnm) lrnrdnrt i I5.
kirri-k. rrndr nil ohrrati i, .i. 11�i.INNI h.irrvk
FIGURE 16. Substandard living
conditions in dilapidated structures
are commonplace in the older
northern sections of Delhi (C)
FA
FIGURE 15. New Delhi, in the southern part of the
strategic area, contains large, multistory government
buildings with spacious, landscaped grounds (C)
HIMIlf
I� cMed in n( India. Ihr nrntinnal s�apilol
Ihit;nn�. I I and 15) i ANo the principal Irlr�rrnn-
ninnicalinn rrntvi aII .i lcmhllj, Ir.in'lrnrl,itinn.
linanrial. educ linnal. and r�nllnr.il rrntrr Thu 197 1
lrnlmlat it )it rn1 thr `Irate6c irv.i \s v, )6 30.000 Mfn t
of Ihr pf rle lisr in thr alder. rnmtctcd nnrthrrn lrart
nl thr nits i I i> ire 161 I %imihrrn hart rrnnkh nl
\rss I)cI Ili 1(1( .11 of t;nsrninn�nt hnddinr;'.
(it lrinm .iIir r.ta th nk. and a h ri!r tniIiI.irs
rwwrs.itinn Ihr (its mils .rirlirld. Inr.rtcd in Ihr
nnthssr,t. i .im intrrn�itirnial .iirl)nrt Ilhr hrlal
Inrar r.ipm its in thr %Iratrs it am ,i Inr rrlmn�d
pornlrnm prwim1% i 225 (NN) kirrrl
d. Madra%
Ihr fnnrlh lart;i t nits I ioirr. I .aid 1" 11.1 .1
lmlmhti-if IT II,INNI. and i Ili Ib)rd I.rrti -I 1 rt rn
.0,4 M
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-uuio me In c.
13 10'
r
o;
C
h i
0_6
0
V
1
T
13 M
l a 80.110
Rnad Radroad
Canal Airfield
tandinR peach
77n; j 3 4 5
p I ia !uto mdo
FIGURE 17. Madras strategic area (C)
term-, of cargo handled. The cr.mmrrc�ial. telecorn-
roonication. 1 docMional. and coltl+rul enter of Sanith
India and u gro%ing industrial (-enter. Widra%
manofactlrvs railnrad can and rnotor .chicle'. The
airfield inlrnvdiatel 11111%%est of the hoilt arra i%
.rn international airp)rt, I '.mallvr airfield i% located
farther North The ratcQic Irra has a refined
12
FIGURE 18. Madras harbor, on the
Boy of Bengal Is o principal port of
call far vessels proceeding to and
from Cokvno (U OU)
v
2
petroleum products storage capacity of 1,28
barrels.
5. Other important areas
NAME AND
POPULATION
SIGNIFICANCE
Agra
Major transportation center; raii-
038,000
road transshipment point and
important joint civii- military
airfield; significant commer-
cially; administrative seat of
Agra district.
Ahmadabad
One of leading industrial (cot
1,588,000
ton textiles), transportation,
uad commercial cities; large
civil airfield; religious and
cultural cents.
Allahabad
Important agricultural trading
514,000
and communications center;
important civil-military air-
field, main Iiindu pilgrimage
place; seat of large univer.
sity; district headquarters.
Asansol Durgapur complex
Important heavy industry (steel,
580,000
aluminum, railroad cars an(i
locomotives, mining machin-
ery) and marketing center;
rail junction with large yards.
Bangalore
Major industry (aircraft and air
1.(#8,000
crai. engines, machine tools,
communications). transporta-
tion large civil airfield), and
commercial center; capital of
Mysore State.
Cochin
important west coast port (11rc-
4 N,000
and to Bombay) and cum
metcial center; naval training
and operating ba P. military
airfield.
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1
I yderabad- Secunderabad
Important transportation (rail-
1,799,000
road, workshops), light in-
dustry, cultural, and commer-
cial center; capital of Andhra
Pradesh State; large military
base; a military airfield and a
large joint civil- military air-
field.
Jamshedpur
A principal iron and steel manu-
465,000
facturing center; major Indus-
trial city.
Kanpur
Major industrial textiles, leath-
1,27,.,000
er goods; jute mills), com-
mercial, and transportation
center; largest city in Uttar
Pradesh State; major ord-
nance plants, large fertilizer
plant.
Nagpur
Principal transportation and
888,000
commercial center of central
India, growing industrial cen�
ter textiles, ordnance); ad-
ministrative seat of Nagpur
district; large joint civil -mili-
tary airfield.
Vishakhapatnarn
Important cast coast port and
362,000
commercial and transporta-
tion center; site of large ship-
yard, naval training base, and
petroleum refinery; -torage
capacity for refined Petro-
leum products QQ5 900 bar-
rels, crude capacity 645,000
t
barrels.
D. Internal routes (C)
1
j
i..
The internal route the easiest acrnues of
movement lwtwren strategic arras. twtwrrn land
,I pproaches and strategic arras, and between
atnphihious Iandiccg areas and strategic areas (sec rnap
at the end of the chapter). are dv%c�rihed in Fignrr 19
E. Approaches
The periinrler of Indic I% I I.I-So rni;e% (r %cltadieg
Sikkim). of which AX111t .SSO inilr% are Lund
hotand.arie% and thu ra- maitder i% %ear mo The
roa%tlinr of the mainland i% Ax,fnt .s11i411O rude% long
.and i% alrrrot r(Iraa11% di%idrd IN�Iwrerl the 11.1% of
Ttengal and the Arahcan tic�,a Al,00l nor -Inalf of the
%horrs are %�end%, the rrmaining %horn% are ncrtl%
formed b% mndflat% The c�rtir thne of the i %land grotaps
)n The B.r% of Bcng.nl arid the Ar.al,i,an Sea totals alrrnnl
mile% The island% are pretiominantl% fringed h%
c,u.a) turf% India �I um% 12 naotiv al milr%of trrritnnal
water Thr Lmd arr diw u.wd in Fignrr
2(1 (1 Ot')
L Land (C)
Lund approaches to India are greatly restricted by
difficult terrain and poorly developed transportation
facilities. The seven selected approaches are the hest
means of access from adjacent countries (sec map at
the end of the chapter). Of these, only two, the
approaches from Pakistan and Bangladesh, are across
plains. The approaches are described in Figure 21.
2. Sea (U /OU)
The cast, south, and west coasts of India border the
Buy of Bengal, Laccadive Sea, and Arabian Sea,
respectively. Offshore approaches are generally clear
except for a few shoal areas several nautical miles
offshore, and widely scattered islets, rocks, and wrecks
off the central and southern parts of the west coast.
Nearshore approaches are partly obstructed by
scattered islets, rocks, rnudflats, shoals, and fishing
stakes. Surf 4 eet or higher is common on all coasts
May through October. During the remaining months
surf is light along the west coast, along the northern
part of the cast coast, and moderate elsewhere. Along
the west coast tides are largely mixed and range from
about 2 feet in the south to about 13 feet in the north.
The amphibious landing areas shown on the rnap at
the end at the chapter provide access to strategic arras
or to rotate: leading to them.
The atnphihious Irmdim& area at Madra% consists of
three beaches totaling 26 mile%. Thry are sand% and
tanked h% lagoons (Figure 17). This stretch is
separated h% harlmu and iotrrriipted h% %v%cral
streams hot has a usable length of 21 miles Sea
approaches are clear, but oear%hore bottorn %lope�% ;ry
tyro, flat off most of the lwach for dr% -ramp LST
landings The spring tidal rangy is .3 2 feet Surf I feel
or higher crc�cnr% frryaenth The Irr�ac�ine% front a partl%
rulti%ated plain rxlending %ecer,al miles inl.0 d to loss
hill% 'The- renter part is inimedi.alrl% hacked 6% .a
wauall anti Ilia cih of Madras Thr remainder of the
(reach n% hauled i,% low %,end% Ground 111.11 i% partl%
coy rrrd h% c,.snarina mid palm trees. and which
e%trnd% 10 a canal 1.21XI card% l0 1 ii ntalc% inland 'I he
C.111.11 roughl% parallel% the coa %thee Exit h% track%
and Ir.u1% to a %offacvcl coa %t.d road ..tad the orrrt% of
'.1.e' ic,e%
The arnphnhiou% landing ar .e at Pun i%
hc-,ch 19 miles (onp, Offshore approach,% are rlc�ar.
hot the nr anhorr inn, e% partl% o1,%1rurtrd h% 1mr%
%rar%hore Irrrllorn %1o;" are %och that an INI' would
II
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FIGURE 19. Internal routes (C)
ROUTE
1
OFFROAD DISPERSAL AND CROSS- COUNTRY
ROAD RAILROAD MOVEMENT
Between Delhi and Calcutta; One to four lanes wide; Double track, 5 gage; Restricted by narrow, congested streets
across densely populated
mostly bituminous sur-
electrified between Allah-
in numerous towns and villages, irri-
and intensively cultivated
faced and in poor to good
shad and Calcutta,
gation ditches, canals, miry soils in
lowland plains drained by
condition. Many narrow,
cultivated areas, and many streams.
the Ganges.
low- capacity bridges are
Movement precludes a: times by
major bottlenecks.
flooding during high water period,
June through September or October,
and in ricefields between early May
and late June.
Links Calcutta to Madras;
One to two lanes wide; bitu-
Mostly single track, 5'0"
Restricted by irrigation tanks, ditches,
through poorly drained
minous surfaced and in
gage.
canals, miry soils, and narrow, con
eastern coastal lowlands
fair to good condition.
gested streets in towns and villages.
with numerous streams and
Movement precluded by flooding dur-
ricefields.
ing high water period, and in rice
paddies during growing season.
From Madras to Bombay;
One to two lanes wide; con-
Predominantly single track,
Generally easy, but hindered in places
across mostly plains and
crete and bituminous sur-
meter gage. Madras-
by narrow, congested streets in towns
some hills and mountains.
faces in fair to good con-
Bangalore and Pune
and villages, and by irrigation tanks
dition. B Atlenecks in-
Bombay lines 5 gage,
and canals. Restricted by miry soils
elude narrow bridges,
double track. Pune -Born-
for short periods between May and
tunnels, and sharp curves.
bay line also electrified.
November. Precluded by steep slopes
in hills and mountains near Bombay.
Connects Bombay with the
One to two lanes wide; ^on-
Restricted near cons .t by steep slopes;
Delhi Calcutta route at
crete and bituminous sur-
elsewhere by streams and irrigation
Agra; across rugged hills
face in fair io good con-
tanks locally. Movement difficult in
and mountains near west
dition. Bottlenecks in-
some plains areas because of miry soils
coast, and rolling upland
elude numerous narrow
June through October.
plains elsewhere.
bridges and sharp curves.
Links southern approach from
Two to four lanes wide;
5'0" ga., double track in
Fairly easy but slowed by numerous
Pakistan to Delhi across
mostly bituminous sur-
north and single track in
irrigation ditches and canals, hindered
predominantly cultivated,
faced in fair to good con-
south.
by flooding and miry ground after
flat to rolling plains.
dition. Bottlenecks are
heavy rains between June and
narrow, low- capacity
September.
bridges.
Connects northern approach
One to two lanes wide; bite-
Precluded along most of route by steep
from Pakistan with internal
minous and bituminous-
slopes and by extensive flooding dur-
route at Jullandur.
surface treated, in poor to
ing April through November.
fair condition. Bottle-
necks include many nar-
row, low capacity bridges.
sharp curves, steep
grades, and tunnels
From western approach in
One to two lanes wale.
Precluded by sleep slopes
China to internal route at
gravel and bituminous
Srinagar: across rugged
treated surfaces in poor to
mountains with narrow vat-
good condition. Sharp
leys and parses.
curves and steep grades
mosC common. bottle
necks.
Links approach from sepal
one to two lanes wide; hitu-
Single- track, meter -gage
greatly rrstricled by numerous Irriga-
with internal ro' to at Barhi,
minouo and Mtuminous-
lint` in northern part of
tion ditches, canals, and streams
mainly I las low plains of
WAted surfaces in fair to
rnuto
Precluded seasonally by rxtensive
Ganges
good condition. Many
flooding
narrow, low- caparity
bridge* and sharp curves
E1
l
.v
t`
It:a
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VI
FIGURE 19. Internal routes (C) (Continued)
LF-40T11
RTATi'.
OFFROAn WSPERRAL AND CRASH- COONTRY
ROUTE
IIOAD
RAILROAD
MOVEMENT
From eastern approach from
Single lane; bituminous-
Predominantly single track,
Precluded by steep elopes in mountains.
China through Sikkim, con-
surface treated in poor to
meter gage; between
Elsewhere, movement hindered by
necting with internal route
good condition in moun-
Siliguri and Mukuria,
numerous irrigation ditches, canals,
at Baruni; northern third in
tains; many sharp curves.
5 gage,
and streams; precluded by extensive
steep, rugged mountains,
Two lanes wide, with bi-
flooding during period June through
remainder traverses pain�
tuminous surface in good
flat to rolling alluvial plains for about
October.
of Ganges.
condition across plains;
200 mi.; and very rugged, predominantly
many narrow, low- capac-
barren mountains in the remainder.
ity bridges and sharp
China
1.640
Mostly undefined or is
curves.
Approach from Burma joins
One to two lanes wide; bitu-
Single track, meter gage in
Precluded by steep slopes in hills and
internal route at Siliguri;
ruinous, bituminous-
plains.
mountaina. Movement restricted by
southern third across steep,
treated, and gravel sur-
numerous irrigation ditches, canals,
rugged hills and mountains;
faces in poor to good con-
No-pal
and streams; precluded by extensive
remainder traverses Brah-
dition. Sharp curves,
flooding seasonally.
maputra plains and some
steep grades, narrow
rugged mountains that are barren in
hills.
bridges, and ferries are
north and forested in south, western
principal bottlenecks.
Between approach from Bang-
One lane wide, bituminous-
Double track, 5 gage line
Difficult i, et, poorly drained low
ladesh and Calcutta; across
treated surface, in fair
roughly parallels road.
lands; precluded by flooding during
flat low -lying plains with
condition.
plains.
period June through October.
many streams.
!tR0
Drmarrat -d most of its
fligh, rugged, and forested mountains.
Connects amphibious landing
Single lane with bituminous
Restricted by numerous irrigation
area near Puri with internal
surface; in fair condition.
ditches and !anals. Movement pre
route at Cuttack; across
eluded by flooding June through
poorly drained plain.
demarcated.
November, and in rice paddies during
Bongladrsh
2,500
Demarcated except for
growing season.
FIGURE 20. Boundaries (U /OU)
7101*4nAR�
LF-40T11
RTATi'.
Te,RR A IN
.If i le
Pakistan...
1,38P
Demarcated...........
From the coast inland, across flooded low-
land plains, saltflats, or mudflats for
about 200 mi.; flat to rolling, sandy, or
stony desert plains for about 700 mi.;
flat to rolling alluvial plains for about
200 mi.; and very rugged, predominantly
barren mountains in the remainder.
China
1.640
Mostly undefined or is
Small area of plains in northwest;
dispute. Onl,v 140 -mile
remainder high, barren, rugged
China Sikkim border
mountains.
demarcated.
No-pal
1,050
Demarcated
Short eastern and western segments In
rugged mountains that are barren in
north and forested in south, western
part mainly along stream. Main seg-
ment of bo.indary arrrna flat, cultivated
plains.
Burma
!tR0
Drmarrat -d most of its
fligh, rugged, and forested mountains.
length; remainder ac-
cepted and bring
demarcated.
i
Bongladrsh
2,500
Demarcated except for
Moati) flat, poorly drained alluvial plains
sevrral srgmentu
Forest d hills and mountainq in east
i
Bhutan
.77o
Demarcated
Iligh, rugged, forested mountain,.
t Sikkim
i
no
do
c
IS
....;a.ieJ a...evn. ar.sr
-r .acaeirG.
aa.�a.r -.:.e J.:,u'..r.a...r, ..,r.,:.:q's.,.�...
.....w.r;+..4"P.A f;Mx�au:.rid' c n _...sx�
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OFFROAD DISPERSAL AND
CROSS- COUNTRY
RAILROAD MOVEMENT
FIGURE 21. Land approaches (C)
APPROACH ROAD
From Lahore, Pakistan, across
flat to rolling, intensively
cultivated plain cut by numer-
ous Irrigation canals.
From Rawalpindi, Pakistan,
through wide valley plain in
hills and In narrow, steep
sided valley in mountains.
Two to three lanes wide; bitumi-
nous surfaced; in good condition.
Bottlenecks include narrow
bridges.
One lane wide, with bituminous
treated surface in poor to fair
condition. Steep grades, sharp
curves, and narrow bridges are
major bottlenecks.
From Cha -hsi -kang, China,
along narrow valley in hills
area.
From Kitt hmandti. Nepa..
through rugged, steep moun-
tains in the northern segment,
and across forested or culti-
vated plains in the south.
From Lhasa, through Sikkim,
across rugged hills and moun-
tains.
From Shwebo, Burma, through
hills and mountains.
From Jessore, Bangladesh,
across poorly drained, culti-
vated plains cut by numerous
.streams.
One lane, improved earth; in fair
condition. Bottlenecks include
sharp curves and steep grades.
One to two lanes wide; bituminous
and bituminous- treated surface,
in fair to good condition. Bnttic-
necks include stec!) grades, sharp
curves, and narrow, low- capacity
bridges.
One lane; improved earth surface
in fair condition.
One lane wide, earth or gravel .sur-
face in poor to good condition.
Bottlenecks include ferries, nu-
merous fords, narrow bridges,
and steep slopes.
One lane wide, bituminous treated
surface in poor condition.
ground several yards off the beach. The spring tidal
range is 6 feet. Surf 4 feet or higher occurs frequently.
The beach is immcdiably backed by Puri and its
su b urbs, which extend Pimut 1.5 miles inland on a Flat
sandy lowland. The lowland r xtends several miles
inland behind Puri, is traversed by streams and dikes,
and is covered by grass, scattered casuarina trees,
cultivated fields, and wooded areas. The streams
empty into a lake about 2 miles inland. Numerous
Villages dot the lowland. Exit from the beach is by a
track or cross country to the streets of Puri and to a
surfaced road leading inland.
The amphibious landing area at Bombay consists of
3 beaches (Figure 12) with a total usable length of 5.2
miles. They are sandy and have fair trafficability.
Offshore approaches are partly obstructed by fishing
stakes 1.5 to several nautical miles off the beaches.
Nearshi. e approaches to the 2 southern beaches are
restricted to rock- and reef fringed bays and are partly
obstructed by shoals, rocks, reefs, and scattered fi:
stakes. The ncarshorc approach to the northern beach
16
Double track, 5 gage... Hindered by irrigation canals.
`v
Feasible on plains except in
July and August when
ground generally wet. Mover
ment cross country precluded
in mountains because of steep
slopes.
Precluded in most of approach
by steep Slopes.
Single track, 2'6" gage near Precluded by steep slopes in
border. mountains, difficult in for-
ested areas of plains, but
generally easy in cultivated
areas.
Precluded by steep slopes.
Infeasible, because of steep
slopes.
Double track, 5 gage, Infeasible because of numerous
and electrified. streams, nearly perennially
soft soils, low dikes, and
flooding.
is partly obstructed by shoals, rocks, reefs, an(]
scattered fishing stakes. Flat nearshore bottom slopes
preclude LST dry -ramp landings at low tide, but
because the spring tidal range is 12 feet, an LST will
ground only several yards off the beaches during high
tide. Surf 4 feet or higher reaches a maximum during
May through October when it is estimated to occur
5% to fr3% of the time on the northern beach but is
infrequent during all months on the remaining
beaches. The northern beach is backed by
discontinuous seawalls, a grass covered embankment 3
to 16 feet high, a sandy area, and a reclaimed swamp.
Exits from the 2 southern beaches are directly to the
street of Bombay. Egress from the northern beach is by
trails and tracks to a surfaced coastal road.
3. Air (U /OU)
Air approaches;' to India from the north are over
southern U.S.S.R southwestern China. Nepal,
'The diVCUVVion mnc for air apprrwchm cVtendV appnnirnatch
20( nautical mile, beyond the lender% of India
L]
N
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070033 -2

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070033 -2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070033 -2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070033 -2

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070033 -2