NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 95A; GUYANA; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

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• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200070004-4
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CONFIDENTIAL
95A /GS /M6
Guyana
June 1973
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
CONFIDENTIAL
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
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uy na
CONTENTS
This chapter supersedes the geography coverage
in the General Survey dated July 1969.
A. Description 1
Importance of location and size of country.
1. Topography 1
Brief overview of .'ardforrns, vegetation, drain-
age pattern, physical characteristics of settle-
ments, and transp. )rtation network.
2. Climate 6
Type of climate, precipitation, cloudiness,
temperaiures, relative humidity, visibility, and
winds.
B. Military geographic regions 6
Effect of terrain on operations by conventional
ground forces, airmobile and airborne forces, am-
phibious forces, and irregular forces for the fol-
lowing regions:
1. Wet Coastal Plains 6
2. Forested Plains and Highlands 8
3. Southwestern Savanna 8
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Page
C. Strategic area 9
Significance, population, primary activities, na-
tionally significant industries, important military
installations, key airfields, and refined petroleum
products storage capacity for Georgetown and
other important areas� Linden and New Amster-
dam.
D. Approaches 10
Data on lengths and lagal status of land bound-
aries and extent of territorial waters.
FIGU1t1rS
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 8
Fig. 7
ii
Page
1. Land 10
Conditions for movement in the border zones.
2. Sea 10
Conditions for amphibious approach to the
coast.
3 Air 10
Weather and critical terrain conditions in air
approaches within 200 nautical miles of
borders.
Page
Page
Location and comparative areas (map)
1
Fig. 8
Waterfall east of Mount Roraima
Military geographic regions and
photo)
4
terrain (nap)
2
Fig. 9
Precipitation, cloudiness, thunder
Vegetation (map)
3
storm days, relative humidity,
Forested plains southwest of George-
temperatures, and precipitation
town photo)
3
days map and graphs)
5
Savanna north of the Kanuku Moun-
tains (photo)
3
Fig. 10
Georgetown (photo)
10
Irrigated sugarcane fields southeast
Fig. 11
Georgetown strategic area map)
10
of Georgetown photo)
4
Fig. 12
Boundaries table)
11
Dissected highlands southwest of
Fig. 13
Terrain and transportation
Issano photo)
4
map) follows
11
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Military Geography
F
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WIM 443
A. Description (U /OU)
I
FIGURE 1. location and comparative areas (U/ 0U,'
Topography
Gucana hats an area of almntt K1.1NN1 wpnurr atilt,
and a Impulation of almmt The vi.unlr% I%
appmximatel% equal in %iie to the %tale of Idaho
(Figure- 1) and ha% a 41001% lancer Imynnlatio n. The
maxis lint dinnemiesm an- alNrul :MINI mile.' nnrrth-
wxuth ,d 25 nnilt'% 4.14 -1AN (Figun� 1:31. 1 U'nll for .1
narmU Itch along the cunt. mint of the c.untn r
inuccY�ccible hevalim. of draw� impieal form1%.
't)i \tune'r\ li ra� in .tuh,t mile. fmk.. n:ula 1 m1k. air
\necitiralh \tatrt
hht of th e c,nuntr% I% made up of hot. humid.
.Irtrw�h pupulutt�cl. ftm -%iml plain.: then- an- Wane
4111 of rugged. dr�n fon�%ted hill� and mountain..
muinl% in the month and uml (Figure 2). �fhe onh
large area% of o1m�n fon-o or gram -land� (Figure :3) are
near the vvm%I in the nNtrtht amt and :Tong the Brazil
INonh�r in th e w rulhumt.
The plain, are c IM% flat thing the coact and flat to
ntlling in the int:�rior. 14mtll% %he% an� ct�ere�h
di w tml. Ixuticular1% in the northumt. I.txal relief
(differt� in elmation Ivel%% �en top. and INdtonv of
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1 z
OG 5
4 I
A Mq/
MOUNT RORAIMA 3' Mandia 4
B R A Z I L
S o o
i
i I
t oval Relief
O Plains 0 -500 feet
Hills 500 -2000 eet
B Mountains Over 2000 feet
m m
Oen%e forest
L
Swap, arsh. or seasonally inundated area
�734 Spot elevation fin feet)
j
Military(; ographu.:fegiun boundary
Differences in eli vation between to ps and bottoms
GEORGETOWN I
of adjacent top graphic 1c itures
�y L yd! rl.''. Fort 0 'i0 100 Stato". miles
P y r y rk S Wellington
L I O 0 50 1 0 0 hi lurne t ers
s mid
i f
4 PARAMARIBO
J UZ
r Z -e
1312
t. i.`,� s S 11 R I N A M
44k Z
E v j%
B R A Z I L
i
PROFILE V COASTAL
FORESTED PLAINS AND HIGHLANDS PLAINS
Feet Meters
10000 3000
8000 2500
6000 'rr'' 2000
4000 v i I 15CO
100
I
2000 I 50O
I i
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 140 180 210
A Statute miles B
Approximate vertical exaggeration 30:1
FIGURE 2. Military geographic regions and terrain (C)
2
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r
`1.
B R A Z I L
S o o
i
i I
t oval Relief
O Plains 0 -500 feet
Hills 500 -2000 eet
B Mountains Over 2000 feet
m m
Oen%e forest
L
Swap, arsh. or seasonally inundated area
�734 Spot elevation fin feet)
j
Military(; ographu.:fegiun boundary
Differences in eli vation between to ps and bottoms
GEORGETOWN I
of adjacent top graphic 1c itures
�y L yd! rl.''. Fort 0 'i0 100 Stato". miles
P y r y rk S Wellington
L I O 0 50 1 0 0 hi lurne t ers
s mid
i f
4 PARAMARIBO
J UZ
r Z -e
1312
t. i.`,� s S 11 R I N A M
44k Z
E v j%
B R A Z I L
i
PROFILE V COASTAL
FORESTED PLAINS AND HIGHLANDS PLAINS
Feet Meters
10000 3000
8000 2500
6000 'rr'' 2000
4000 v i I 15CO
100
I
2000 I 50O
I i
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 140 180 210
A Statute miles B
Approximate vertical exaggeration 30:1
FIGURE 2. Military geographic regions and terrain (C)
2
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f7
M
I Dense tropical forest
Seasonally flooded ti
with scattered mar:
Grassland or savann
Cultivated land
501736. 4.73
FIGURE 3. Vegetation (U /OU)
adjacent topographic features) is generally less than
300 feet, and most slopes arc Icss than 2Sc near the
coast and less than 105" in the interior. Elevations are
mainly low, ranging from about 4 feet below sea level
at places near the coast to about 2,000 feet above sea
level in the west. I'he plains are covered chiefly by
dense broadleaf evergreen forest (Figure 4), hot there
are two areas of savanna, one in the northeast,
between the Demerara River and Courantyne River,
and a more ex;cnsive one in the sonthwcst (Figure 5),
north and south of the Kanuku Mountains. 'n
savanna areas contain patches of forest, especiall in
the northeast. Cultivated vegetation is confined
mostly to a narrow strip along the southeastern two
thirds of the coast and consists chiefly of sugarcane
(Figure 6) and rice. Most large streams crossing the
plains flow eastward or northward in broad valleys
that contain old stream char jels and marshy
depressions. The majority of the stre uns are perennial
but have great seasonal variations in water level, and
most have numerous rapids and falls in their middle
and upper reaches. 'Those that flow into the sea arc
tidal for about :50 to 60 miles in their to -xer reaches,
and some are tidal to the first falls or rapids ""lie major
streams are generally wide and deep in th middle
FIGURE 4. The dense broadleof
evergreen forest that covers
most of the plains has a con-
tinuous canopy. The trees are
up to 140 feet high and have
umbrella- shaped crowns; the
taller trees are heavily
buttressed. (C)
r; CA"tP`' y t r1 1
rt r fl
is
FIGURE 5. The savanna area near the Kanuku Mountains
is composed of bunch grass interspersed with deep- rooted
trees. The grass is very susceptible to conflagration
during the dry season, September through April. (U /OU)
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FIGURE 6. Extensive fields of sugarcane are common in
the southwestern coastal areas the fields are cries-
crossed
by numerous drainage ditches and canals and are
seasonally Inundated. The sugarcane is susceptible to
conflagration during the harvest season. (C)
r
and lo%%vr reaches. Stream levels cften rise :11td fall
4luickh, and fl(NKling rna% IN- in the suet
The primary �et s4 :as4m is Ma% 111ruugh
August. and it secondary %set Ix�ri(KI, 1) and
Janttar%, (recurs in the n4rrthe�rn half if the c�cr4nttn.
Streanthanks are c�()mrn4Ktlp lo, :and INrtt4rms are
Moistly sandy 1(r nitiddy except in areas :i I:�il_ and
rapids. There are many marsh% areas in the savannas.
FIGURE S. Waterfalls are typical of many streams in
Guyana. Mere, they cascade over the rocky bottoms of
the upper reaches of the Ireng River, which flows
between steep valley wail covered by dense broadleaf
evergreen forest. (C)
ParW-tilark in the n4rthr a! and nnna4-nnas atnP, in
main stn�an4 all4-s. 1 1'14- c4asta) Plain i� Imt ;uad
sarnP.:uNl unPnrtected area� ar4- fl4a4rded h. .4-r.
high tick�.. In tha cnitiul4-d an:as 4rf 1114- c�(rastal plain
ttu�n� are n11nav4r11% drainage c�anal�. dilc�hr�...and heath
nahtral mid tn.uunade
'1 hill and na4runt.ain gromp% are scatt4-n�d and
nraink ntgged. (n 111,. s%4-s1 tlae larevo :area 4f hills and
mountains. the I'ak.araima \144tntain,. e4rtrist� af if
IN�It hitch Irlatvau� that stroulit, f(rralr411t ififlmil4-�
:114rnt the lrarrd4�r� oil fira,*il and 4 netuel.a '1'1 .�.4�
Plafe:uts rise in hitch. ste4-lr esc�arPnu�ttts and ha%r� fl:a1
too r(dling s11n11ner irv a Figure 1 The (tiler hill Mid
nt4o 11tt.ain Nr4111)' care .11.4a na:ailik steep %icl4�d Iut .an�
sharp en�sh�d. 1.4N�al relief t;4-neralk ram!v% (Hain
het4-4-n 5401 Ili 1.114011 f4-4-t in fill- .4111141 t4 as much a�
;.1001 14.4.1 na Plau- in tft4. 1':okarainta \I(rnntaim In
t,eneraI- 114- hill' 11141 111 111111 -6 11 an� nt:u�h 14scer in the
s4outh 11:111 in the test f�:14-caihaas :u4- 11111.11 1N�!N4'('ll
LINN) 141 2.5101 f4.4�t in 114� south fret exceed S.INNI fcct
in m:u4 Places in 111(� %%f-%L \1(1un! R (raima. the
highest Wild it the uminir4. is S).11w feet. The
st�getalinn is primiorilr dense hr4ladleaf v%ergrc�en
(4rn�st 4 -%vept in -.mall area- in 1114 %%t %%here sa%antta
is predcrutinant. IligFtla,111 stn�ants (�(11111141111% fit,%%
thnntgh virgm..4rme :f %hich are (hoer LINN) feet
deep. Orr through n.:rnl1.s %5114-%%. Rapid% and fall.
1 Figure `t :u4- nuraerm,s.:11t4i 4rnte falk are --meral
hnndn�d (4-4.1 Midi. \141st %freu
:u. are narnin and
sftallmo, 1111 Nader k�vels (often fluctuate rapidh :and
fl4KKling is c�4rtrun4tt during the %%et %ea.4111, Ma%
thnrugh August. FI4Nding a1%41 (recur. in the
P:4karainm \1411tntains chtring a sec�omdary %%et .4-5.4111.
J
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FIGURE 7. The highlands southwest of Issano have oimost
flat topped summit areas cut by deep, narrow valleys.
The slopes are covered by broadleaf evergreen forest
composed of trees about 50 feet high that have heavy
crowns. (C)
FIGURE S. Waterfalls are typical of many streams in
Guyana. Mere, they cascade over the rocky bottoms of
the upper reaches of the Ireng River, which flows
between steep valley wail covered by dense broadleaf
evergreen forest. (C)
ParW-tilark in the n4rthr a! and nnna4-nnas atnP, in
main stn�an4 all4-s. 1 1'14- c4asta) Plain i� Imt ;uad
sarnP.:uNl unPnrtected area� ar4- fl4a4rded h. .4-r.
high tick�.. In tha cnitiul4-d an:as 4rf 1114- c�(rastal plain
ttu�n� are n11nav4r11% drainage c�anal�. dilc�hr�...and heath
nahtral mid tn.uunade
'1 hill and na4runt.ain gromp% are scatt4-n�d and
nraink ntgged. (n 111,. s%4-s1 tlae larevo :area 4f hills and
mountains. the I'ak.araima \144tntain,. e4rtrist� af if
IN�It hitch Irlatvau� that stroulit, f(rralr411t ififlmil4-�
:114rnt the lrarrd4�r� oil fira,*il and 4 netuel.a '1'1 .�.4�
Plafe:uts rise in hitch. ste4-lr esc�arPnu�ttts and ha%r� fl:a1
too r(dling s11n11ner irv a Figure 1 The (tiler hill Mid
nt4o 11tt.ain Nr4111)' care .11.4a na:ailik steep %icl4�d Iut .an�
sharp en�sh�d. 1.4N�al relief t;4-neralk ram!v% (Hain
het4-4-n 5401 Ili 1.114011 f4-4-t in fill- .4111141 t4 as much a�
;.1001 14.4.1 na Plau- in tft4. 1':okarainta \I(rnntaim In
t,eneraI- 114- hill' 11141 111 111111 -6 11 an� nt:u�h 14scer in the
s4outh 11:111 in the test f�:14-caihaas :u4- 11111.11 1N�!N4'('ll
LINN) 141 2.5101 f4.4�t in 114� south fret exceed S.INNI fcct
in m:u4 Places in 111(� %%f-%L \1(1un! R (raima. the
highest Wild it the uminir4. is S).11w feet. The
st�getalinn is primiorilr dense hr4ladleaf v%ergrc�en
(4rn�st 4 -%vept in -.mall area- in 1114 %%t %%here sa%antta
is predcrutinant. IligFtla,111 stn�ants (�(11111141111% fit,%%
thnntgh virgm..4rme :f %hich are (hoer LINN) feet
deep. Orr through n.:rnl1.s %5114-%%. Rapid% and fall.
1 Figure `t :u4- nuraerm,s.:11t4i 4rnte falk are --meral
hnndn�d (4-4.1 Midi. \141st %freu
:u. are narnin and
sftallmo, 1111 Nader k�vels (often fluctuate rapidh :and
fl4KKling is c�4rtrun4tt during the %%et %ea.4111, Ma%
thnrugh August. FI4Nding a1%41 (recur. in the
P:4karainm \1411tntains chtring a sec�omdary %%et .4-5.4111.
J
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FIGURE 7. The highlands southwest of Issano have oimost
flat topped summit areas cut by deep, narrow valleys.
The slopes are covered by broadleaf evergreen forest
composed of trees about 50 feet high that have heavy
crowns. (C)

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MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION INCOIISI

December and January. Banks arc mostly high and
rocky, and bottoms are commonly composed of sand,
gravel, boulders, or rock. Many stream valleys are
swampy.
Culture features are sparsely distributed in most of
Cttvana. Most towns and about nine- tenths of the
Population are in a narrow strip along the southeastern
two thirds of the coast. In the interior there are a few
scattered mining and lumbering settlements, small
Indian villages and, in the southwestern savanna,
some isolated ranching communities. Buildings in the
towns are constructed mostly of wood, although some
of the newer buildings in Georgetown arc of concrete
or stone. Sty ^ets in the major towns generally form it
grid pattern, and the main streets are surfaced. The
roar: network of Guyana is sparse and discontinuous,
and there are no through routes to the adjacent
countries. Most roads are one lane and of earth;
however, there are a few hard- surfaced roads. There
are two single -track railroads along the coast;
however, the =1'8 -gage line from Georgeto%%ti
southeastward has been abandoned and will be
dismantled, and the other, it 3'6" -gage line west of the
Demerara River, is still in operation but probably will
be phased out by 1975. The only other railroad is a
3'0" -gage line in the interior that connects mining
areas with it river port. The principal rivers are
navigable in their lower courses and provide the main
means of access to the interior.
2. Climate
Guyana has a tropical climate, with uniformly high
temperatures and humidity, generally heavy rainfall,
and moderate to abundant cloudiness (Figure 9).
Persistent 'least and southeast trade winds from off
the tid-in n,: and the intertropical convergence zone
(ICZ), which is between the two trade systems, are the
principal climatic controls. The north �south
migrations of the IC,Z across Guyana produce
recurring wet and dry periods over the country. In the
northern portion of the country the primary wet period
is from April or May through August, when monthly
precipitation averages over 10 inches. A short
secondary wet period occurs in December and
January, with similar or slightly smaller ma nthly
amounts. The remaining months, February through
March and September through November, are
comparatively dry periods when monthly rainfall
decreases to 3 to 8 inches. In the southern part of the
country there is only one wet period, mai�ly May
through August, during which rainfall averages i to 15
inches per month. In the long dry period that follows,
6
September through March, the frequency of rainfall is
sharply reduced, and monthly amounts total only
inches or less. "Throughout Guyana precipitation
usually falls as heavy, brief showers. The heaviest
downpours occur on Eic windward slopes of the
Pakaraima Mountains, where thunderstorms probably
are very frequent all year. Thunderstorms are
infrequent over the coastal and interior lowlands
except in July through November, when about five per
month occur.
lit the coastal sections the moist, onshore winds
during the day produce large amounts of clouds,
which reach a maximum (near 8W(' in the early
afternoon. Cloud amounts decrease during the night,
to between 2W( and 5051, as the onshore winds
subside. and this daily pattern varies little from month
to month. Inland, mean cloudiness is generally less
than 5051 at any hour mest of the year. However, on
windward slopes and over the mountains cloudiness is
usually much greater than over the adjoining
lowlands. Irritating aspects of the climate are the high
moisture content and the high temperatures which
cause oppressive conditions everywhere except in the
mountains. At most places daily temperatures rise to
mean maximums in the 85� to 95 V. range and
decrease only to mean rninimuns in the low or middle
0's (of-). The daily range of relative humidity is from
early morning maximums in the 90's (ii to afternoon
minimum:. in the 60's or 70's; in some sections,
however, the afternoon hurnio..Y does not get below
SK Visibility is normally good all year aver most of
the country; brief periods of rain or fog are the chief
restrictions. Winds are light everywhere and strong
winds occur only during thunde,tornns.
B. Military geographic regions (C)
Based primarily on differences in terrain, Guyana is
divided into three military geographic regions �Wet
Coastal Plains, Forested Plains and Highlands, and
Southwestern Savanna Figure 2). The combination of
environmental conditions within each region would
have a relatively uniform effect on military operations,
but there would be marked differences between
regions.
1 Wet Coastal Plains
This region consists of a narrow belt of low, flat
plains along the Atlantic Ocean ranging in width from
less than 10 miles near the mouth of the Essequibo
River to about 50 miles near the Venezuela and
Surinam borders. Most of the region is either
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perennially wet or subject to seasonal inun
predominant vegetation types are dense broadleaf
evergreen and semideciduous forest in the northwest,
cultivated crops along the central and southeastern
pa -ts of the coast, and savanna inland from the
cropland in the southeast. Ili addition, there are
scattered areas of swamp and marsh throughout the
region, particularly near the Venezuela border.
Although comprising only about one -tenth of the total
national area, this region contains most of the
country's population, culture features, and transpor-
tation network.
The Wet Coastal Plains are unfavorable for
conventional ground operations. 'ross country
movement would he seriously hindered or stopped by
dense forest and swamps and, in the cultivated areas.
by wet ground, the dense network of drainage ditches,
and dikes. Movenent on the sparse road network
would he hindered by narrow widths and Moorsurface
conditions. Most roads become very slippery or
impassable during the wet seasons and are subject to
flooding during exceptionally high tides. Potential
bottlenecks include -veak timber bridge: and ferry
crossings. Conditions for offroad dispersal are
generally very poor because most roads are built on
embankments that are flanked by drainage canals or
ditches. Road construction would he very difficult
because of poor natural foundations and drainage
conditions, the necessity for much clearing in most
places, and the lack of rock and soil suitable for
construction uses. Good concealment from both air
and ground observation would be afforded troops and
vehicles by dense evergreen forest; ad
concealment for troops would be afforded by mature
sugarcane. Cover from flat trajectory fire world be
provided by road embankments, (likes, and drainage
ditches and to a limited extent by tree trunks in the
forested areas. There am few sits suitable for
constructing hunkers because of extensive swamp and
permanently wet ground and no sites for the
construction of tunnel -typ(. installations (.cause of
insufficient relief.
Only parts of the Wet Coastal Plains are moderately
suited for airmohile and airborne operations; r nv�h of
the area is unsuited because of dense vegetation
,and /or
wet, miry ground. Parachute landings would
be limited mainly to the savanna areas in the
southeast. Helicopter landing areas are more
numerous and landings would he possible on much of
the crciplarrd as well as the savannas; however,
flooding and fields of mat,rrc sugarcai(. would present
seasonal restrictions. Sites for assault -hype aircraft
landings would 1w restricted to the one large airfield
and the few, mostly small, airstrips. Constnrction of
airfields would he hindered by dense forests, drainage
problems, and the lack of natural construction
materials.
Although offshore approaches are generally clear,
the Guyana coast is poorly suited for amphibious
operations because of a wide shallow nearshore zone
and poor beaches. The coastal terrain is wet, largely
impassable, and contains few roads. to several places,
however, small -scale amphibious landings could
prcbabl' be made by laureling craft during higher tide
stages.
About half of this region, the an-a uorthwest of the
Essectuiho River, is fairy well suited for irregular force
operations, whereas the remaining half is poorly
suited. 'I'll(- primary determining factors are th(.
existence of sufficient vegetation for concealment in
the northwest and the general lack of available year
round vegetation for concealment in the southeast. In
addition, the pucrcit% of surface transportation routes
and tle extreme difficulty or inpossibility of vehicular
cross country nuy(.nc'nt in the northwest would
render irr -gular force activities difficult to detect and
combat by conventional forces. By contrast, the
southeast contains the ['lost extensive road network as
well as the densest popul,ticm in the country. In most
of the region, movement by small groups of irregular
force personnel cu foot would he feasible but woild be
.arduous because of dense Vegetation or periodical)
wet, miry g.onnd. Cover from flat trajectory fir(.
would he a% iiable locally from surface irregularities
east of the I ?sseyuibo River and to a limited d egree
from thick trey trunks in the northwest. Small groups
of personn geft erally could obtain basic sustenance
by exploiting local resources. Cultivated food croups.
particular) rice, would b avail .-.able in much of tla(�
southeast; n,;tiurai sources and local areas of
sbsistence agricilture court be utilized elsewhere.
Airdrops of supplies would h limited to the savanna
areas in the southeastern part of the region, and suppiy
by s(.a would be possible in several places along the
coast but would be greatly restricted !y shallow
nearshore approaches and by Nvet ground along the
shore. Irregular force personnel operating in this l gion
"'Mull he ubiect to several adverse physiological and
psychological conditions, the most severe of which are
th(. almost continually high temperature and
humidity and ti numerous poisonous reptiles and
disease- carrying insects. Border crossings would h
easy and could be accomplished with little of
detection along the forested V (.nezuela boundary but
would he difficult across the wide. uuforclahle
Courantyne River comprising the Surinam boundary.
d
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2. Forested Plains and Highlands
This region, comprising nearly 9050 of the counts,
is covered almost completely by dense forest and
contains a variety of landforn types. The :)illy
significant exception to the dense forest canopy exists
in a small part of the northeast where savanna and
open forest are predominant. The terrain generally
increases in relief -end elevation from the northeast to
the southwest; low, flat to rolling plains make up
much of the� northeast; dissected hills and tabular
mount are common in the west; and lower. sharp
crested hills and mountains are scattered throughout
the south. In general, the region is sparsely populated,
and there are very few roads and only one short
railroad. Large areas are accessible only by means of
air or river travel.
Conditions are generally unfavorable for conven-
tional ground operations. Except in the small,
relatively open plains areas in the northeast, cross
country movement would be very difficult because of
the dense forests, numerous streams, swamps and
marshes on the plains, and steep slopes in the hills and
mountains. Dense undergrowth in many places would
be a further hindrance. Co�ditions are poorest during
the wet seasons because of soft ground, swollen
streams, and large flooded areas. Movement on the
few existing roads would be slowed by narrow widths,
sharp curves, and poor surface conditions, and most
roads would break down quickly under heavy military
traffic. Practically all the roads are of earth, and many
sections become impassable during the .yet seasons.
Offroad dispersal would be difficult in most places
because of dense vegetation. Construction of roads in
most of the region would entail much cearing and
bridging, and, in the hills and mountains, extensive
grading. Alignments would be restricted by the dense
network of streams on the plains and by steep slopes in
the hills and mountains. Good concealment from
ground and air observation would be provided by the
dense evergreen forests that cover most of the region.
Cover from flat- trajectory fire would be available in
the hills and mountains, but on the plains would be
afforded only by streambanks, other minor surface
irregular ities and, to so.ie extent, by thick tree trunks.
Sites suitable for the construction ai bunkers are
available in many places in the extensive plains.
Construction of tunnel -type installations would be
limited mostly to the areas of hills and mountains,
where in most places there is adequate relief.
Conditions in most of the Forested Plains and
Highlands are unfavorable for airmohile and airborne
z
operations. As with ground operations, the only
significant exceptions are in the small, mostly
savanna- covered areas in the northeast where
conditions are generally favorable for all airmobile
and airborne operations except assault hwe aircraft
landings. In the bulk of the region the dense forest
greatly limits the number of sites suitable r:r
parachute landings. Landings of assault-type aircraft
would be restricted to the few small, scattered landing
strips. helicopters could land in clearings in and
around the scattered small settlements. Large airfields
having unrestricted runway orientations and air
approaches could be constructed in many places on
the plains; however, clearing would be a major
problem.
Most of the Forested Plains and highlands region is
well suited for irregular force operations. 'I'll(
predominantly dense vegetative cover affords
excellent concealment fmn. both air and ground
observation as well as hnaited cover from small arms
fire. In the areas of irregular terrain, there are
numerous opportunities for cover from flat- trajectory
fire and concealment from ground observation.
Although the dense vegetation rind /or rough terrain
would hinder movement of irregular forces these
factors would restrict or preclude opposition by
conventional ground, airoobile. and airborne forces.
The region is sparsely populated and has very few
surface transportation�, routes; trails and the larger
streams are the only avenues of surf transportation
in large areas of the region. In general, fresh water,
food from natural and cultivated sources, and timber
for fuel and shelter construction are available. Snpply
by air from outside the area would be feasible by
utilizing the scattered vleared areas. Conditions that
could cause adverse physiological and psychological
effects on irregular forces are similar to those prevalent
in the Wet Coastal Plains. 'I'll(- international
boundaries of this region are either forested or along
forest -lined streams, are inadequately patrolled, and
c ould be crossed by small groups with little chance of
detection.
3. Southwestern Savanna
This region is largely flat to rolling plains except in
the north, whore flat- topped hills cut by deeply incised
stream vaileys are predominant. 7'he plains portion,
which is nearly split into two equal parts by the
Kanuku Mountains, is generally less rolling in the
south; however, there are numerous isolated forest
covered hills and mountains that rise directly 500 to
2,:00 feet above the plains. Savanna or open forest
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cover% most of the region. Although the major streams
are deeply incised and seldom overflow their hanks,
lakes and ponds develop in hollows and smaller
tributary streams periodically flood extensive areas.
Scattered small groups of natives engaged in shifting
subsistence agriculture and the inhabitants of a few
cattle ranches comprise the regions sparse population.
For the most part, the surface transportation network
consists of a few dry- weather roads and tracks.
The central and southern portions of this region are
generally favorable for conventional ground
operations during the dry season. September through
April; in the north, however, operations would be
largely compartmentalized by many areas of steep
slopes. Gross country move ment would he fairly easy
on the predominantly flat to rolling, grass covered
plains, but streams, marshes, and patches of forest are
hindrances. During the wet season, cross country
movement %ould be difficult because of soft ground
and extensive flooding. Movement on the sparse
network of roads and tracks would he hindered by
poor surface conditions and narrow widths. In many
places the roads and tracks are flooded during the wet
season. Conditions for offroad dispersal are generally
good during the dry season. Roads having straight
alignments and gentle gradients could be constructed
in most of the central and southern parts of the region
with only minor clearing and grading problems.
Constructing roads to connect the more level areas in
the north %%ould be considerably more difficult
because of steep slopes. Concealment from ground
and air observation would be limited mostly to
scattered forest patches commonly associated with
surface irregularities. Cover from flat trajectory fire
would he provided by the numerous areas of steep
slopes in the north; elsewhere, however, cover would
be onl locally available, generally where provided by
the slopes of isolated hills and mountains and the
banks of scattered streams. Many sites suitable for the
construction of buuke�rs are available, but sites suitable
for the construction of t installations are
limited mainly to the northern part of the region.
Conditions are generally favorable for airmobile
and airborne operations during the dry season. There
are numerous sites suitable for parachute and
helicopter landings on the flat to rolling surfaces,
particularl in the central and southern parts of the
region. During the wet season, extensive flooding
would limit operations. "rhere are a few small landing
strips suitable for assault -hype aircraft scattered
throughout the region. In mane places airfields having
unrestricted approaches and runwav orientations
could he easily constructed with little grading and
clearing.
Conditions for irregular force operations are
unfavorable in most of the region; locally, in the
northern part, conditions are moderately favorable.
The main determinants are the general lack of
sufficient vegetation for c�onceahnent from air
observation and th(` overall suitability of the region for
conventional military operations. Moreover, personnel
would have to contend with .yet, miry ground and
extensive flooding at times during the wet season. May
through August, and a scarcity of 1'resh drinking water
the rest of the year. Food and timber for fuel as well as
shelter construction are limited. Supple by air would
be possible almost ei erywhere but conditions are most
favorable in the central and southern parts of the
region. Although irregular force activities would he
possible in parts of the north, they would be restricted
to the forested areas, most common on the steeper
slopes and in incised stream valleys.
C. Strategic area (C)
Guyana has only one strategic area, the city of
Georgetown (Figure� 10) and its environs (Figure I I
Georgetown is the capital, largest city (estimated
population. Georgetown and environs. 170,000).
principal seaport, and the commercial, industrial,
telecommunications and cultural center of the
country. Roads connect the city with towns along the
coast and inland with Linden. The railroad leading
east from Georgetown to Rosignol has been
abandoned and is being dismantled. The line leading
.vest from freed en Hoop is still in operation but will
probably he phased out by 1975. The Demerar, River
IS navigable for oceangoing vessels up to Linelca.
Industrial installations in the strategic area are small;
the most important include sawmills, a small shipyard,
and food processing plants. Timehri International, the
only international airfield in the country, is located
near I -lyde Park, about IH miles south southwest of
Georgetown. POI. (refined petroleum products)
storage facilities that have a capacity of about 18:3.00
barrels are located in Georgetown and in the vicinity
of Timehri.
Other important areas are as follows:
Linden formerly Mae-
Second largest town (esti-
kenzie, Wisner, and
mated population 30,000).
Christianburg)
Center of third largest
6 0 00'\., 58 18W
bauxite deposits in the
world. Site of largest baux-
ite processing plant in
country.
New Amsterdam
Third largest tuwn (esti-
6 15'\., 57 �31 "N.
mated population 23,000).
Trade center and trans-
shipment point for area pro-
ducing sugar, rice, bauxite,
and timber.
9
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U. Approaches
�Y.ANTIC IK'h'.4. sn !M
re+rtr
RR one s..
Weed en 1.100 GEORGETOWN
Bagotville IW t i
45'
t
Wale
i -Potosid
j
6
Airfield
j Road
Hyde Park
Railroad
0 7 4 6
r
Statute miles
FIGURE 11. Georgetown strategic area (C)
H
The Ix�rimeler of Cii%ana is apprximatcl% 1.885
stiles, of which ahoul I'MM) milt�s an� land homidarics;
none are fortified. The coastline is about 2S5 miles.
Ctiyi ma c Mims jtiri.dic�tion over (urrittrial %t iters for 3
nautical stile% from shore. Figtire� 12 presents data ern
land bomidaries. (1' 'OI' i
1. Lund (C)
Approaches to CiiN; mt h% land :In� e%treme1% poor.
Cro s.- cotmtr% mo%vilivilt in tht� border areas %%oltld he
,t�vt�r�h hinden�d or .toP1t�d b% exlenske. dense
tropical forests. b% %%%amls, h% Ov. deep streams. or
by rltf~>;ed hilk and nmunlains. %o roil or railr �ads
cross the borders.
0 ku (C)
The coast of (:u%ana is not suited for large -scale
angchihiow. landing%. Offshore approaches are clear
etc�t�pt for it small mired er of .!coal% and wn�c�!cs. hilt
nearshon� approachc% are encumbered h% shoals. an
v%Irrmcl. flat Iettom gradient. and 141.11 tnudflats
that eNte�nd far from short. Snrf I feet and hither is
most fretluent during; the period Jarman thrmigh
June..t,hen it mast% occur about 25', of the tithe on
s;tert�% full% ex{xsed to the northeast. The tides are
.entidiurnal. and the spring rans;e varies from about -1
feet al the northwe.term end of tit.- coast to S I: feet
m-ar (:corlp-town and altoid S) feet farther to the
southeast. E%tcn.i%e tnudflats front tl v coast in most
places and uncover several mile, .e:ee� and at lo.% tide.
Umler the infllre�t::c of coastal curmrt, and gene�ral1%
Io%% but effective surf. the mudflat% migrate along the
coast from semlheast to northwest. Be�hvccn the
migrating mt0flat�. the s ;ton� in places is s:utd%.
although sometime mil% near the high %%ater line.
These tran%itor% witch Ie�ac�he., which n.nally have
�lithtl% deeper waler in the direct approachcs than on
the flanks. emnpri,v the only sites where ainl4 ibious
landintgs arc feasible. Recerttl% obtained evidertc�e of
the imix�rimmenc% of the sand% shorts and the
migration of ob%tructint nntdflals make% the selec�timi
and de�.c�ription of lwache. impractical.
3. Air (U /OU)
flit appnachc�.' In Gu�una from the north are o%er
the Allantic 0vean; from the %est. over the� plains and
highlands of eastern Vviiezltela and northwestern
The (64.11�.41111 /Cali,� flat air apprCaache�. e.11.10% allprmincate�I%
21N 11a11tiviel mil.'. bvvr11d the lrmirn Cat Ginana
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FIGURE 10. Georgetown is the most populous city in
Guyana. The streets, which ore surfaced and fort: a
grid pattern, are lined by buildings primarily construct sd
of concrete or stone except In the older sections, whr .-re
they are wood. (C)

'0 0 \F11)1.NTLU.
FIGURE 12. Bourlaries (U /OU)
BOUNDARY LENOTII STATUS TERRAIN
Venezuela........... 405 Demarcated in extreme north and delimited Across flat swampy plains near coast, rolling,
in remainder. Entire length in dispute �all densely forested plains in interior, and pri-
territory west of Essequibo River claimed marily rugged, grass- covered hills in south.
by Venezuela.
Brazil 745 Dema.rea:Pd and undisputed Mostly across densely forested, rugged hills and
flat to rolling plains; central section marked
by streams which flow across predominantly
flat to rolling, grass- covered plains.
Surinam 450 Defined but disputed along southern one- Aligned almost entirely along Courantyne
third, specifically the area between New River, which flows mostly through densely
River and headwaters of Courantyne River. forested, flat to rolling plains.
Brazil, from the south, over the Amazon basin and an
area of hills along the Brazil border; and from the east,
mainly over the plains and highlands of Surinam,
although also over ..Hall parts of western French
Guiana and northeastern Brazil. The best approach is
from the north, where there are no topographic
hazards and excellent weather conditions prevail most
of the year; in the other approaches, unfavorable
weather conditions seldom exist for long periods at a
time.
All approach areas are south of the usual tropical
storm paths, and only on rare occasions is the northern
approach affected by tropical cyclones. In all
approaches, severe turbulence and aircraft icing are
usually encountered only in thunderstorms and
towering cumulus clouds. In the approaches over
Venezuela and Surinam thunderstorms are quite
frequent in May or June through October or
November, when 7 to 15 thunderstorm days per
month are normal, but are comparative. Iy infrequent
during the rest of the year. In the approaches from
Brazil thunderstorms occur on 2 to 10 days monthly in
the western sections and 3 to 15 days monthly in the
eastern sections throughout the year. Thunderstorm
activity is least over the Atlantic Ocean, where
thunderstorms occur only occasionally during May
through November. The greatest risk of aircraft icing
CoNF1uFNTIA1,
in clouds is above about 15,000 feet, the average
height of the freezing level all year. Cumulus clouds.
which often tower above the freezing level, are most
prevalent in the afternoon over the land approaches,
where mean cloudiness averages W4 to 80I during
these hours. Over the water, towering cumulus clouds
are most likely to occur at night when convective
activity is greatest. At other times, partly cloudy skies
prevail, and the risk of aircraft icing is minimal.
Generally, tipper winds are light and easterly in all
approaches except from about November through
June, when winds are predominantly westerly behycen
25,000 feet and 50,000 feet. Winds are strongest near
40,000 feet in November through June in the extreme
north, where mean speeds are less than 40 knots, but
actual wind speeds may occasionally exceed 60 knots.
Maximum elevations are relatively logy in all of the
approaches. In the western approach, several peaks are
aver 6,000 feet in elevation; the highest 9,094 feet, is
Mount Roraima, located at the junction of the
boundaries of Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana.
Elevations in the southern and eastern approaches are
mostly less than 1,(X1) feet; however, the hills along
the border in the southern approach reach 2.603 feet
and several peaks in the eastern approach exceed 2,000
feet. The highest elevation in the eastern approach,
4,035 feet, is in central Surinam.
YO FOREIGN /,S,S/i.1/
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Y ea.
Places and features referred to in this General Survey (u /ou)
('OOR DI NATFS
0
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o
a li
o I`.
X11.
Ankoko Island (island)
6 43
61 08
Port -of- Spain, Trinidad.................
10 3t)
61 31
Annai
:3 57
:i9 06
Potaro River (stream)
5 22
58 :i2
Barima River (stream).
8 35
60 25
Rockstone
5 59
58 :32
Bartica
6 24
58 :37
Rose Hall......
6 Iti
:i7 23
Berbice River (stream)
6 17
57 32
Rosignol
6 16
Si 3?
Best
6 50
58 11
Rupununi District ,adrr:. distrir
3 00
:i9 00
Canje River istrearn
(F 16
57 :32
Rupununi River Istrcarn)................
4 03
58 3.1
C harity
7 24
58 36
Skeldon
5 52
:i7 ON
Coeroeni Rivier, Surinam (stream)
:3 23
57 36
Sparendaam (plantation)
6 49
5S 06
Corriverton
5 52
57 10
Spriuglands
:i 5 -1
57 09
Courantyne River (stream)
4 45
57 50
Takata.........................
5 :3.1
:ii 5;)
Cuyuni River (stream)
6 23
58 41
'rurnatumari............
5 20
59 00
Demerara River istrcami
6 48
58 10
Turkeyen (plantationo
6 49
58 07
Essequibo River (stream)
6 59
5 23
Vreed en (loop.........................
48
:iti 11
Everton
6 12
57 :31
Waini River Istrcam)
8 2:3
:i9 is
Georgetown
6 48
58 10
Wismar (scrtion of Linden)...............
ti 00
5S is
Hyde Park
6 30
58 16
Ireng River (stream)
:3 3:3
59 51
I
Selected airfields
ssano
5 50
59 26
Ituni
5 :30
59 14
Aishal ton
29
i9 I!)
Kaituma River (stream)
8 11
59 40
Annai..
3 47
59 14;
Kanuku Mountains (rnountains)-
:3 12
59 ;0
Apoteri
Kutari Ri� er (stream)
2 22
56 52
Rarimita
.1 02
7 25
58 36
60 :31)
Kwakwan
5 17
58 03
Bartic� a
6 22
:i8 39
Lethem
3 2:3
59 �18
Good hope....................
3 :i2
59 :3:i
Linden
6 00
58 IS
Itbaimadai.....................
5 1:3
tit) 17
Mackenzie (section of Linden)
(i 00
58 17
Kamarang
:i .):i
till .i7
Mahaica
6 41
57 55
Karanambo
3 4(i
59 21
Mandia
5 13
59 09
Karasabai
1 00
5!1 :31
Matthews Ridge
7 :30
60 10
Kato..
4 :39
59 :i0
Mora Passage (tidal creek)
8 20
59 45
Lethem
:3 22
59 .17
Mount Roraima (mountain)
5 12
60 4.1
Lumid Pau............................
2 24
:i9 21;
New Amsterdam
6 15
:i7 31
acKenzie.....
M
5 58
58 It;
New River (stream)
3 23
57 :36
Monkey %lountain.....................
1 26
5!) 38
Pakaraima Mountains (mountains).......
4 05
61 30
Ogle
Parika
6 52
5S 25
O rinduik
t; 48
1 13
.5S O6
fit Off
Pomeroon River (stream)
7 :37
58 44
Timehri International
ti :30
:i8 1:5
Port Knituma
7 11
59 53
Wichabai
2 53
r
:T.1 .ill
0
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6
to
Pat Kanuma
e s
MaltAewa e I r
l Ridge J
ltardy
f o%
Venezuela
Suddie l O
j
Spring Garden
enaaR erpnse 0 t o as
SAP Flh,l(a J6 Qam
J1 i
t.. E` ;:uibr./ a Enmore
un A' J ir Vreed en
>.jndq �Op Hope
`A:: %o.%o a i i .a i '6 ahaica
,c de Park Mahaic
Y
M t r V 1 Ud! o Eiast
Der pr Tara
Ba Majtouria
i
I o goer
c 4 mereng tL 6
r 1 t p,
La Ee:alsra� in in
N
eweigek j
ROt:kst1
r Vo f T ee Friends
f q akama
1 1
'4 goo Kangaruma i e r b i c e
Tumaturnan .9r9 iKwakwani
ur 1
j t
Goy nil
U i
tprinduikN 1
Santa Elena
'987
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:!1 National capital Aishalton C
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Surfaced road Ishe ton
Unsurfaced road or track
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.1480
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Populated places 1 ..240.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070004 -4
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Railroad
Surfaced road Ishe ton
Unsurfaced road or track
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Major port
.1480
Kassik9ityu
Populated places 1 ..240.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070004 -4

60
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200070004-4

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t
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58
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070004 -4

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Names and boundary representation j
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it Use Only Terrain and Transportation Figure 13
V
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070004 -4