PRESS COMMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80B01676R000600130002-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 41
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 6, 2003
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: October 31, 1963
• Content Type: SUMMARY

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PRESS COMMENT
3 1 OCTOBER 1 9 6 3
INTERNAL USE ONLY
Items in this Cross Section of the World
Press do not necessarily reflect any par-
ticular Policy or Opinion
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INDEX
PAGE
Sino-Soviet tensions . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . .
Eastern Europe . . . . . . .
Western Europe . . . . . . .
Near East ... . . . . . . . ?
Africa . . . . ... . . .
Far East . ?
Western Hemisphere . ? ?
New York Times Summary
International
In Mali's Presidential palace, the -leaders,'
of Algeria and Morocco yesterday signed a-'
cease-fire agreement, effective on Saturday,
to end their undeclared Sahara border war:"
Impassive in a rumpled uniform, President
Ben Bella of Algeria shook hands after the.
signing with King Hassan II of Morocco,,
who smiled briefly. The compromise measure,
reached after prodding by Mali and Ethiopia,..-
calls for a neutral demilitarized zone and the
reconvening of a meeting of 30 African for-
eign ministers. [Page 1, Column 8.]
South Africa's case against nationalist n
leaders accused of 'using violence against
the country's racial separation policy was
thrown out of Supreme Court in Pretoria.
The Judge agreed that the indictment was
"fatally defective." [1:7-8.]
Recent asurances to the contrary, it was'
authoritatively reported in Paris that the
withdrawal of a 5,000-man armored cavalry
`,regiment from West Germany had been
planned by the United States. Secretary of :
State Rusk and Army Secretary Vance
have both said that no reductions were''
contemplated. '[1:6-7.]
At the United ,Nations, the chief Soviet
delegate charged that Washington's plan for
.a mixed-manned nuclear fleet was aimed to
give nuclear arms to West Germany. [2:5.]
Paris reacted with despair and frustration
to Senator J. W. Fulbright's criticism of
President de Gaulle's trade and defense
policies. French sources said that the Sena-
tor's outlook reflected "an enormous mis-
understanding," and that he might not agree.
to the necessary reciprocal arrangements
with Washington. [1:5.]
In four separate votes, Roman Catholic
Bishops emphasized their own permanent
collective status with and around the Pope.
In so doing, they set the stage for an even-.
tual increase in their authority in. relation to
the Papal cabinet. [1:6-7.]
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LONDON TINS
2.4 Oct. 63
SINO-SOVIET TENSIONS
P-.EKING.~,.'..,-,C.A-.MPAIGN:',,;' ,TO DEIFY
1,
"_'MAO ' 1TSE-TUNG
.
;;.,RUSSIA'S , SCATHING ATTACK ' ON
PERSONALITY CULT
,MOSCOW, OCT. 23
The Soviet Communist Panty today
directly accused the Chinese Communist,
Party. leaders of trying.-to form a ,new
world communist movement under their
leadership. The latest attack in the bitter
ideological dispute between . Moscow
and- Peking was Published in the Soviet
Communist Party's leading theoretical
journal Komnrunirt and quoted by the
The Chinese were accused of trying
to replace Leninism with Mao Tse-
tungism and adhering to the person-
ality-cult-7-the first time such a charge
has been, made in' a 'responsible party
journal.. .
Western observers interpreted this charge
as' an angry Soviet reply to- repeated per-
sonal attacks on : Mr, Khrushchev, . which
have been appearing in the Chinese-press.
Fhe Konununist editorial article was also
seen as a step towards outlawing the Chinese
party from the world communist movement
if Moscow considered the ,time ripe to do
so. Next month communist leaders will
discuss calling a world communist confer-
ence,' where such an expulsion could be
made.
The leading article `claimed that the
Chinese had moved on from their "splitting
activities " and had decided to create " some
now movement tinder their aegis ". China
was inspiring and supporting "various anti-
party and factional groups ".
" The people in Peking are obviously try-
ing to knock together an international block
out of such groups and groupings, most
consisting of people who were expelled
from communist.parties all sorts of un-
princirxled and corrupt elements ", the
journal said. ,
Kumnrnnist said that the Chinese leaders
needed to defend the personality cult
because their internal policies were based'
on its preservation: : However, 65 'of the
world's 86 communist parties had expressed
"dull solidarity" with, the Soviet position
in the clash.
IMMENSE DAMAGE"
The article stated: " We are witnessing a
campaign against tho very fundamentals of
Marxism-Leninism such as has not occurred
since the days of Trotskyism ". The Peking
campaign against fraternal communist
parties had nothing in common in its
approach with a discussion among like-
minded people.
Immense damage is being done to the
cause of socialism and the entire revolu-
tionary movement; and every communist,
in whichever., country' he may live and
under whatever conditions he is fighting for
his ideals, is in duty, bound to, carry out
his international duty- to do everything pos-
sible to halt the development of events in
the direction which Peking wishes them to
take, '
Tass said that the article exposed in detail'
the special platform, created in Peking in
the theoretical field, in the social-political
life of the country, and in the field of foreign
policy and relations with socialist countries ".
and summed up the " faulty methods ".of
the Chinese leaders. .
"To achieve their aims' the Chinese.
leaders, to judge by their actions, have de-
cided.to demolish the international commu-
nist movement and create some sort of a
new movemcnt.under their own aegis.. As
they see it the shortest way of doing this
is to discredit the Soviet Communisst Parts."
Koni nmiist accused Chinese leaders "of"
resurrecting the ideology and . practice. of
the personality cult. This was necessary
because their !internal policy was based on'
the Preservation of a regime of personality
cult. Chinese leaders pronouncements
against doing away with the Stalin per=?
sonality cult were a call for the support
of the' deification of Mao Tse-tung , in
which Chinese ? propaganda 'is now
strenuously engaged ", the article said.
"The communist movementhhasmet with'
an attempt to replace Leninism witch.' Mao
Tse=tong-ism', The attempt to substitute,
the ideas of' Mao Tse-tung for Marxism-
Lenninism has provoked a resolute protest
from all communists. Our banner has',
been and will be Marxism-Leninism; We'.'
have fought and will fight for.the,purity"
.of Marxist-Leninist ideas.
"The 'people in, Peking do not believe
in the forces of world socialism, in their
ability to. influence world development in'
the interests of the revolution." ?
Chinese 'propaganda limited itself to'
" proclaiming .with fanfares the weld-know n
Marxism truisms about the need of a?'
socialist revolution and dictatorship of the
proletariat ", but diverted attention from the
pressing tasks of ' implementing ' these ,
immensely important principles. The theory,'
of some sort of "special " common interest
of the peoples of Asia, Africa; and Latin
America invented by the Chinese propa-
gandists . fully, contradicted Marxism
Leninism: . . '
TROTSKYIST CHARGE ? .
t
"Such an interpretation of Afro-Asian'
solidarity serves not so much as an instru, ,
ment of struggle against imperialism as an
instrument for isolating the peoples of these
continents from the socialist states."
The article said that the political and
ideological ideas of the Chinese theoreti-
cians in, many respects coincided with
those of the Trotskyists. One example
was the Chinese view "that as long as
imperialism exists the possibility of avert-
ing war is an ' illusion ' " There was
"often almost. verbatim . coincidence
between the pronouncements of the
Chinese theoreticians and those of the
Trotskyists
The Peking leaders were inspiring and
supporting various anti-party, factional
groups in other countries. "Thepeople in
Peking are obviously trying to knock
together an international block. out of such
groups and groupings, mostly consisting of
people who were expelled from communist
parties, all sorts of unprincipled and cor-
rupt elements,
"When petty-tyourgeoise, ' nationalistic'
revolutionarism, leftist phrase-mongering
and leftist opportunism are forced on' a
big communist party, especially one in
'power, they become no less a danger than'
revisionism, not only for this Particular-
party but
' for. the'entire communist, move-
ment. The activity of any' political leader is
'limited by an historical period of time, He
must realize his responsibility to history,
to the peoples for the ? destinies of
socialism; he must think not only of the
present but also of the future'consequences
of his present-day activities. ' -
"No. one, not a single leader, has the
right to split the communist movement, to
undermine the friendship, of, the, peoples:.
of socialist countries, born in battles against,
'imperialism, . 1. 11 . I
"Communists cannot, have no right to,
,adopt nationalist positions.. to en?ann t.,
N;;'1 YORK TThES
30 OCT 1963
PEKING LINE PRESSED
BY CHINESE IN SOVIET
Special to The New York Times
MOSCOW, Oct. 29-A Chi-
nese Communist delegate voiced
implied criticism of a number
of'-Soviet views on Ideology and
foreign policy in a speech here
today.
Chao No-chiang, ' "fraternal
delegate" to the convention of
Soviet trade unions, did not at-
tack Soviet policies specifically,
Hpwever, he reaffirmed some!
Peking positions that led to the'
ideological dispute with Moscow.
?Mr. Chao is attending the
convention, which is closed to
Western newsmen, as one of
about. 80 observers from for-
eign countries.
From the accounts of persons
at the session it emerged that
tl)e Chinese delegate had in ef-
fect attacked the foundhtions of
tile Soviet Union's policy of co
existence with the West.
,Tonight Tass, the Soviet press
agency, published the text of a'
telegram sent by the Chinese
Communist leaders to the Soviet
leadership thanking 'it- 'for its
congratulations on the anniver-
sary a month ago of the Chi-
nose revolution,
HINDUSTAN TI =
20 OCT 1963
e '.
banans
fleeing to .
Yugoslavia
11. Belgrade, Oct. 19 (PTI)--
Hit by poor' living conditions
and persecution, ' a large
number of Albanians have
been crossing the northern border
of Albania into its neighbouring
"ideological foe," Yugoslavia.
The Yugoslav official news
agency, Tanjug, reporting the exo-
dus, said Albanian refugees were
crossing over mainly from Scutari.
Pishkopea and Kuks regions, The
agency did not indicate the num-
ber of persons who had fled Alba-
nia in the last few days, but said
they included intellectuals, work-
ers and peasants.
Circles close ' to the Yugoslav
Government attributed the exodus
to the "repression let loose" by Mr
Enver Hoxha, the pro-Chinese
Premier of Albania, on "Khrus-
chevites" following deepening of
the rift between Russia and
China, Albania's "ideological ally"
in the . international communist
movement,
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_- " tions and hailed the Moscowl
.Shipboard Press 14leet
ggraenient on the prohlbltlon 'of
0 nuclear tests. Needless to say.;
^Sinlrb-' Feud the Soon aand the Rep Chinese
differ on all of these points.
At the working sessions, held
Under over a three-day period inWraps;
m three as , from 40 to so
membe
rs rs each, the lid was also:
tightly fixed on the subject.;
By 31ASARU OGAWA The delegates from Mali and,
Masaru Ogawp, managing edi- Cuba were quite conspicous in;
tor of The Japan Times, and munist China was driticizea- ' their attempts to lead discus
Koichi Ishizaka, director and see only once. And this was done sions away from. Communist'
rotary general of the National ' by ' a delegate from Outer Mon-, China.
Press Club of Japan, recently at- golia at the opening session at "Our task is to find points `?
tended "the Third World Meeting Algiers. He' was promptly re of agreement to bring us closer;
of Journalists held aboard a So- primandEd by the Algerian: together," the delegate from
viet passenger liner cruising the `-chairman who pointed out that Mali, the Minister of Informs-
Mediterranean Sea. This is the it was improper. to , attack a; ? tion ? Hamadou E
first of a series of articles on the Seaside,"
conference and its sidelights.- country which was not present ' Gologo, Said. "Let us put aside;
Editor .... at the conference, our .points of difference,
W
It Js, of course,. to be noted don't want a dialogue
between
rerences go, although the idea
itself of holding meetings on a
ship cruising the -Mediterranean
Sea was quite novel and worthy
of a bourgeoisie imagination.
The occasion was the Third
:. World Meeting; of Journalists,
held from Sept. 19 to Oct. 3
aboard the Soviet "luxury". pas
sen>er vessel, the Litva.
',Within that' two-week period,
the Litva with about 250 journ-,
alist.s on board sailed from
Naples and touched at the ports
of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, Alex
andria, Port Said and Beirut.
The conference may not.
have been 11111 to the Com-.
inunists and the left-lined dole
gates who completely dominated,
the 'aff'air. But it was to the
two of us who attended as.
observers from Japan, because
it did not take long for the con
stant stream of fiery speeches
'.denouncing imperialism, coloni.
alism and neo-colonialism and
calling for socialists solidarity,
to become monotonous to our
It seemed dull to us for yet
another reason." We had at-
tended the conference half-ex-
pecting some public discussion
of the Sino-Soviet differences.
However, it seemed as if every
'precaution had been taken to
keep the wraps tightly fixed on
this subject.
Communist China had, of
course, refused to attend the'
conference. This Red Chinese
decision also kept other Asian
journalists' groups under Peip-
ing, influence from joining.
Delegates who had attended pre.
vious World Meetings from
Japan and India were absent:
North Korea, North Vietnam.
Indonesia and Burma likewise
did not send delegations.
i It was Communist jou nalists were not
willing to wash. their dirty
linen in public-at least not at;
this conference. ` But it was;
also obvious that a great deal
of lobbying was going on in
private-with the African dole--
gates the main target of the,
proselytizing process from the !
Soviet members.
In the course of the several:
::plenarv sessions held, Com-j
that Algeria and Communist capitalists and socialist's nor.
a great deal of goodwill in?, `The conference has already ;
Algeria for the Red Chinese, ' accomplished much. Let us not
for We were stopped on the' .attack those who are absent.":
streets on several occasions by The Cuban delegates also,''
smiling youngsters - calling,. asked for 'tolerance of those
"Chinois!" who hold differing/ views and',
It cannot 'be ' determined ?stressed that unity was more"
whether or not the Mongolian important than disunity. Sign
i-'
attack on the Red Chinese was ficantly, the Cuban delegation
planned 'purposely for Algiers also abstained from voting 'on
'to shock the Algerians, but it the resolution approving the
look to the Soviet. Union for, , Soviet differences did-notcneces.'
support, 'the Mongolian delegate ' sarily mean that the Russians',
regretted the difficulties faced '.were backing away from the is
'by journalists in North Viet--, ; sue. It may have been that the
:nam, North Korea and Com-, Outer Mongolians did try toi
munist. China. Peiping is try-: take up the cudgel for the So-i
lag to divide the white and the viets against the Red Chinese'
colored peoples and to drive a? as the Indonesian and Japanese
wedge into the. progressive Communists did for Peiping at:
ranks, he said. the Moshi and the Djakarta A A
-At the Afro-Asian conference conferences.
at Moshi, in Tanganyika, he It was revealing that 'the'
continued, the Chinese and brakes were applied by Algeri-!
their helpers, including Ind'o- an and m,1,
i
d th
i
gaga e
e
nto ests t)r
are the two points where the '
the progressive journalists and Red Chinese penetration of'
atm along to eak their color, Africa has been the sharpest.
te
y g the nes of What would have ha
race and geography. Warning If the Communist Chineseehad
ei in not to hbstru to the great
the attended? Undoubtedly, It Would '
' P
task
Communist Chinese actions a have been a more lively show.''
the Afro-Asian journalist con-. Chit ina was,
was tce shadowly_ i of Red
ference at Djakarta where the Ch conference-and nd the upon It
.,moves were initiated to prevent was. missing. . . dea the spark
the Soviets representatives from., ti+'asmdespite the con..'
attending even as observers: stant flow of fiery oratory,.
By not 'attending the confer-
ence at Algiers, the Red Chinese :
.have shown their utter con
,tempt of the moves toward
solidarity. But'they cannot suc-
ceed, the Mongolian stressed.
And in conclusion, he called,
for peaceful coexistence, health-`
1!ul cooperation "among 'all nad
JAPAN TI MS
21 OCT 1963
2
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?
JAPAN TD4ES.
23 OCT 1963
, Shipboard Press Mee
. .u -,%r
V
Ir 'k.
1'. din
ei ~. 's Race Pitch
This is the second of a series better than the Soviets. The'
of articles on impressions gain- 'Chinese ? belong to the same
ed in the course of a two-week colored race and they are now
cruise on the. Mediterranean Sea. :in the same state of economic'
on a Soviet vessel on which the development as many African'
Third World Meeting of Jouznal- countries. The Russians are
fists was held.-Editor
whites and they are far ahead
Top leaders of the Soviet 'in economic achievements. Thus,
circles turned out in full ; the Communist Chinese would
point out, Peiping leaders" en-
force to the Third World Meet-. derstand African problems much
ing of Journalists to emphasize better than the officials of the
the importance-at least to the. Kremlin.
Russians-of the conference. : Utilizing the. deep hatred felt
which brought together 'about !'by many African Negroes to-,
,250 newsmen from GO,countries.' ward the whites, the Red Chi
The sponsor of. the conference nese are apparently spreading
was the International Commit-' 'distrust toward the Russians.
`tee for Cooperation of Journal- among the African people.
fists: with headquarters in Rome.' At Base With Asians
It is an affiliate of the Interna-. In our own conversation with
,tional Organization of Journal-. Africans, we often heard them
fists, based in Prague. - say that they feel more at ease'
Both are. Soviet front organi-l with Asians than with' the
zations which have been visi- 1,whites, whether they be Com=
bly shaken ' as a result of the munists or not. One African,,
Sino-Soviet split. .1 1 who was present at the A-A
The ICCJ-sporsored World . Conference at Moshi," said he.
Meeting was first held in Her. didn't understand the Soviet'
sinki' In 1956; four years later anger over the events there.,
in 1960, it,was opened In Baden, Communist China and the So.-
-Austria. These 'were times viet Union had the same num
when all. was still sweetness and ber of delegates. "But the Chi
light in. ,the Communist camp: ? nese were more popular because
VIPs From Russia ' we just felt closer to them," he.
said, adding with a motion, of
The. fact that the four-year his fingers across the throat'
stretch between conferences that he could understand Peip--,
Was shortened to three years "to attend this
at this time is indicative.,of the ing s reluctance
conference.
i
vi
t
t
i
f
eve
o re
r
the So
ets
re o
des
. ground lost 'to the ' Communist
Chinese at last year's Moshi
Afro-Asian, Conference. in Tan-
?ganyika and this year's Dja-
karta 'A-A journalists meeting
in Indonesia.
Among the "big names" as-
sembled by Moscow for the -con-
;ference were Pavel Satiukov,
Pravda chief editor and head
.of the Soviet delegation; Alexei
come this African feeling, -the this was a, great honor which
Soviet delegates were quite , should be reserved for delegates.
thorough in seeing that the "That is, a typical Japanese
Africans present 'were not left answer," he said. And he was,
at times that our conversations ' a moment later, "That
with African delegates on' the . joke, of course." ,
decks of the Litva were being Not on Presidium
i f tl b
t
d
interrupte
qu
o requen y, y Later, he asked whether. we
Russians who happened to be,,,,,,,,A hn .,Nino fn nla(P intct
and son-in-law of Premier Ni- h*o Strings Attached
kita Khrushchev; Dmitri Goriu-
nov.. Tass agency director gen- Satiukov, at one. of the com-
1 mittee meetings, said pointedly
.conference, the Asian represen-
tation was quite meager. The.
only. countries represented by
delegates or observers were-
'Ceylon, India, Iran, Japan,.Laos,
'Lebanon, Mongolia and Nepal,. ,
'The usual delegation from.
Japan, comprising of Commun-
ists and fellow-travelers belong-
ing to the IOJ, declined to attend
-and thereby paid, deference to
Peiping. The absence of. this,
group was doubtlessly a disap-
pointment to the Soviet organi-
zers of the conference, for the
Japanese support of ? Red China
at Djakarta was a sore point
,With the Russians.
Japanese Observers
The Soviets, however,' were
obviously elated that we were
attending, even though we were
observers-and had been des-
cribed by a Japanese IOJ leader-
in his letter declining the in-
vitatidn as "conservatives and,.'
reactionaries."
In their apparent, desire to
show that they could work with
Asians other than those sub=
servient to Peiping,. the Soviet.
delegation tried to place Japan,
on the presidium-the highest
committee of the conference.
Although we declined ' a hur-
-ried request by a courier. dur-
ing lunch to serve on the pre-
sidium "because we are observ-
ers," my name was read off at
the opening plenary session at.
Algiers ,as a presidium member.
We protested immediately that
,we could not serve because of.:
our role as observers. This was
"accepted.
Later the same night while
drinking beer at the bar in the'.'
ship, we were asked by a Soviet
editor why we had turned down,
the proposal. We told him we
our name on the presidium list,
if he could persuade the presi-
dium to allow us to : emain as, -
observers 'and "with no strings
drat, Boris Lai KOV, Novostl c rector general; and ' Mikhail that the Soviet Union knows ex-: attached." We promised to
,Kharlamov, Radio ands Televi- ploitation' through its past ex- think it over. And when we
sion director: general. periences ,and will, do every- -failed to give him an answer, ,
This high-powered Russian thing to combat it. He stated : we were not included in the
team, surrounded by a dozen that the USSR was ready to aid final presidium listing which in-
others, moved quietly and effi- Africa and Latin, America. "We eluded 11 from Europe, seven
ciently among the newsmen are not afraid of providing . each from Africa and Latin
present with their friendly funds," he declared, "because it . ' America, two from Asia (Mon-,
smiles and their show of will-, is . for peace." He called it, golia and Laos), and one from
;ingness to listen and discuss, "noble assistance," and said no North America (Canada).
various problems in private. strings would be attached..- It would have been a real
As an indication of the par But if the Soviets' were try-' . , feather in the Soviet cap to have
ticular emphasis of the confer- ing to win' friends among the 'one of us from Japan on the
ence, Satiukov absented himself African countries represented, 'presidium' not , only to spite
.for a few days during the cruise they also showed the 'utmost. Peiping, and Its'lackeys In Asia,'
,to pay a flying visit' to Ghana consideration' toward' us, the ' but also to prove the ideological
for talks with President 'Nkru- ' two observers from Japan. . unbias of their conference.',
:mah- With Communist China. set- a`r
Colored vs. Whites ting the pace "byboycotting the
The Soviets are particularly
enraged over the racial lines
the Peiping propaganda is tak-
g toward the Africans. At,'
in-
Moshi and Djakarta, the Red
:Chinese were reportedly telling
the' Africans that they under
,stood. tae problems of African
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SWISS REVIEW OF WORLD AFFAIRS OCTOBER, 1163
The Conflict in World Communism By Ernst Kux
"Whatever the consequences the Communist conflict may yet produce, the contrasts
between the free world and the Communist world are still greater than those between
Moscow and Peking ... Only by serving its own future, not by opening the doors to
Moscow, will the free world be able to profit from the schism in the Communist camp."
Thus the Neuc Ziircher 7,eitung specialist on Soviet theory and practice concludes this
summary-survey of the current quarrel between Moscow and Peking.
Not very long ago it was being said in Moscow and
Peking that Soviet-Chinese friendship was as ever-
lasting as the Volga or the Yangtse Kiang; family-
proud Mao spoke of "the big and the little brother,"
and Khrushchev based his predictions regarding the
future superiority of the "Socialist camp" on,
among other things, the Chinese population and
economic potential.
Today Moscow and Peking are locked in a battle
waged with government declarations and party
epistles, to the accompaniment of an increasingly
violent propaganda fire. As during Stalin's quarrel
with Trotsky or after Tito's defection, they are
mutually accusing each other of "betrayal of
Marxism-Leninism," "Goebbel's propaganda of lies,"
"racism," "pan-slavism"; Communist rivals are
called "agents of imperialism," or accused of creat-
ing antagonism between leaders and people. Dos-
siers recording the past sins of the opponent are
opened, long-secret treaties or. long-smoldering
border conflicts are uncovered, past statements by
the respective leaders assembled into monstrous
documents. The two big Communist powers indeed
are on the verge of a final break; two camps are
taking shape in the East Bloc, ' and the quake
spreads in waves to the Communist parties and
front organizations all over the world.
Stalin's Heritage
Although factors of national and power politics are
becoming increasingly evident in the quarrel,
basically the Soviet-Chinese enmity remains a con-.
flirt within Communism, and the theoretical and
practical components remain intertwined. Within
the totalitarian Communist system ideology is not
merely a facade for national interests or the ambi-
tions of individual leaders, but a factor of power
in its own right. It is in fact the ideological
character of the quarrel between Moscow and
Peking that endows it with the irrationality and
vehemence characteristic of religious wars.
There was no need of the Chinese reference to
the 2011, Soviet Party Congress and the advent of
"de-Stalinization" to reveal that the differences
began with the death of Stalin and that they must
be seen in line with the revolutionary eruptions in
Eastern Europe in 1953 and 1956. Moscow's author-
ity as the moral and political center was first shaken
by antra-Soviet power struggles for Stalin's inherit-
ance, then moderated by the beginnings of the
updating of ' Soviet rule. Khrushchev's attempt to
transform Stalin's empire into a "Communist Com-
monwealth" was countered by the Chinese demand
for a right of co-determination and advocacy of
"independence and equality of all Communist coun-
tries and parties." Historical differences between
Russia and China and the two countries' unequal
development on the "way to Communism" increas-
ingly conflicted with the uniformity of theory and
practice that Communism demands. Mao was unable
to keep up with Khrushchev's effort to modernize 11
party rule and mobilize Soviet society, because
that would have endangered his still unstable
system and thus damaged Communism in China
and in the world. Very soon the dispute as to
whether the slowest or the fastest member of the
Communi
t cam
ld d
i
i
s
p wou
eterm
ne
ts pace evolved
into a dispute for leadership in the East Bloc and
in world Communism.
In addition to these increasingly sharpening
internal contradictions between Communist theory
and practice, world-political developments added
fuel to the quarrel. Western capitalism was develop-
ing in a way quite different from what Marxist
dogma had prescribed for it. Not crisis and decline
followed upon the second World War, but an
unprecedented upward surge, not bitter and bloody
rivalry, but far-reaching cooperation and integration
among the countries of the free world. Stalin on
the other hand left behind him an isolated and
deteriorating empire heavily burdened by the crisis
over Berlin and the war in Korea.
The Communists reacted variously to this no
longer deniable contradiction between their dogma
and worldwide reality, sharpened by technical and
social developments that Marx and Lenin had not
foreseen. Through tactical adaptation of dogma
and with the aid of "peaceful coexistence" Khru-
shchev seeks to lead his country out of its isolation,
to join up with the Western development, to even-
tually surpass it in `-`peaceful competition" and thus
to acquire the power necessary to "bury capitalism."
Mao on the other hand clings to the idea of a
revolutionary transformation of reality and inter-
prets events in Asia., Africa and Latin America as
"storm signals of the world revolution."
Khrushchev and Mao
These contrasts in strategy and tactic of the
struggle for the ultimate victory of Communism,
which both Mao and Khrushchev desire, has within
a few years led to the emergence of two centers and
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?
SRJISS REVIEW OF WORLD AFFAIRS
two camps in world Communism. The result thus
far however has not by any means been an erosion
of Communist ideology or dissolution of the Com-
munist camp, but rather a sharpening of their
ideological weapons and instruments, an increasing
competition in world-revolutionary radicalism, and
a new alignment around the Moscow center on the
one hand, and the Peking epicenter on the other.
No Communist party can avoid this polarization
even if, as in Rumania or North Vietnam, it wants
to wangle as high a price as possible for joining one
or the other camp.
Thus far Khrushchev has not been any luckier
with his China policy than was Stalin. On the
occasion of his visit to Peking in October, 1954,
he courted Mao's support in the internal Soviet
struggle for power and in exchange gave him not
only some Soviet control positions in China, but a
right of co-determination in the Kremlin, a right of
which Mao decidedly wanted to avail himself in the
crisis of 1956. By generous gifts Khrushchev wanted
to win Mao for his modernization of the East Bloc,
and not until too late, perhaps, did he realize that
he was merely creating an opponent for himself.
Whereupon with draconic pressure he applied all
those methods against China for which he had
condemned Stalin's rule over Eastern Europe. By
the non-fulfillment of the secret agreement on the
equipment of the Chinese army with Soviet atomic
weapons, by the sudden withdrawal of Soviet
technicians in the summer of 1960 and by' the
promotion of irredentism in Sinkiang-where China
has vital deposits of oil ind*uranium-Khrushchev
was able to disturb China's development, but not to
impose his line on Mao. His "big-power chauvinism"
merely earned him the hatred of the Chinese, who
felt hurt both in their faith in "Communist frater-
nity" and in their national pride. Khrushchev's
attempt at the 22nd Party Congress to isolate China
within world Communism failed. While his Cuban
adventure ended in an embarrassing defeat for him,
Mao conducted his successful thrust against India,
evaluating it as confirmation of his conviction that
Communist thrusts can be made without giving rise
to an atomic war, and which- certain observers in'
Asia already describe as a first indirect attack by
China on the Soviet Union.
Cold War Between , Moscow 'and Peking
The consequences of the Cuban crisis put Khru=
shchev in a precarious situation in which lie found
himself exposed to the Chinese water torture of
ideological attacks. At ]ionic, lie had to face growing
economic. difficulties and, possibly some opposition
within the party leadership, while his quarrel with
Peking wrought havoc with the international Com.-
munist movement. In this situation Khrushchev
however succeeded by the conclusion of the Moscow
nuclear test-ban . m greement to initiate a successful
counter-thrust by 'diich he hopes'to strengthen his
position and to isolate China. Tacking the label of
"atom warmonger" on the Chinese, he seeks to
brush up his.own "peaceful coexistence."
The Chinese did not hesitate to reply. They
concentrated their fire on Khrushchev personally,
describing him as "the ally.of American imperialists,
Indian reactionaries and treacherous Titoists,"
and, for Western consumption, as a fickle politician
and unfaithful treaty partner. Peking and Moscow,
which until now had 'been enemy brothers, have
become engaged in a full-fledged cold war.
Already Moscow describes the Chinese dogmati-
cians as "the principal danger," and it looks as if
the predictions according to which the Soviet Union
would have to ally itself with the West against
China were to come true sooner than expected. But
the Soviet leaders should not for that reason be
expected to abandon the red banner already. Rather
they have made it clear that they want to exploit
the split in the Communist camp to bring about a
split in the Western camp. Also, Khrusliclicv seems
to harbor the intention of maneuvering himself out
of the tiring two-front position in which he finds
himself between Peking and Washington by getting
the United States involved in a controversy with
China, to enable him to emerge from the tangle as
the triumphant third. By emphasizing the idea of a
non-aggression pact between NATO and the
Warsaw Treaty countries Khrushchev attempts to
achieve the success and consolidation he urgently
needs in Eastern Europe-and to thus preclude the
possibility of Washington's and Peking's'pulling on
the same rope, as they did in the case of Poland in
the fall of 1956. Such a development would keep
Moscow's back in Europe free against China and at
the same time not exclude an involvement of the
United States in Asia, for which conditions in India
and Southeast Asia seem already set. '
Although in the United States and in Britain the
Communist quarrel is evaluated primarily as a
conflict between two big powers-to which one
ought to react according to the classical rules of
power polities-Washington does not seen dis-
inclined to let itself be drawn into Khrushchev's
ideological campaign against China. While the
Soviet-Chinese conflict begins to shift the world-
political fronts, it does not make, them simpler or
clearer. Just as suddenly as a split of the absolute
Communist dogma into two enemy components, each
with its particular national emphasis, has occurred,
a return to the common ideological foundations and
aims may take place. The bonmot according to which
Khrushchev's successor upon 'his arrival at the
Peking airport will once again hail the "eternal
Soviet-Chinese friendship" and attribute all respon-
sibility for the quarrel to "that agent of the Vatican,
Nikita. Khrushchev," is not without some foundation
in view of the reconciliation with Tito, the heretic
of 1947. Actually the Chinese leaders, full of hatred
as'they are for Khrushchev, have repeatedly let it
be 'understood to Western observers that they do
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not expect the present quarrel to last
shchev is to disappear before long.
Free World Tasks
since Khru- revolutionary assertions, a remarkably realistic
appraisal of the world situation, as when Peking
points out the superiority of the United States and
the West as against the insecurity of Communist
domination in Eastern Europe and Asia.
While the duration of the currently deep Com-
munist conflict remains uncertain, it would be
rathdr dangerous for the Western powers to blindly
adopt the Soviet assertions on Chinese "atom war-
nmon Bering" and "racism" and at the same time to
fail to recognize the real Chinese intentions and
threats. It ought not to be forgotten that in 1956 it
was Khrushchev who enabled the Chinese to play
a political role in Eastern Europe, and in 1957
promised to give them atomic weapons, while now
he warns of the "yellow danger." On the Chinese
side on the other ]land there exists, for all the
IITAIDUSTAAI TTIES
19 October 1963
Whatever consequences the Communist conflict
may yet produce, the contrasts between the free and
the Communist world are still greater than those
between Moscow and Peking. Nor can it be the task
of the free world to let itself be burdened with
Khrushchev's failures in Peking. The history of the
Soviet-Chinese conflict moreover clearly shows that
the growing strength and cooperation of the West
are of decisive influence on the break between
Moscow and Peking. Only by serving its own future,
not by opening the doors to Moscow, will the free
world be able to profit from the schism in the Com-
munist camp:
Peking's Isolation
London:
THE Chinese Communists, who
have become a sort of
pariah among the nations after
their split with Russia, are try-
ing frantically to break out of
their world isolation. But thus
far their efforts have met with
little success.
When Mr Khruschev decided to
get tough with Mao and to isolate
Communist China from Russia, he
was counting on the fact that the
Peking regime has very few fri-
ends in the non-Communist world.
He presumably hoped that, when
the Chinese' found themselves cut
off from the rest of the world,
both Communist and non-Commu-
nist, they would be forced to come
to their senses and reach an
understanding with Moscow.
Well aware of Mr Khruschev's
intentions, even in the years be-
fore the break the Chinese have
been trying hard to draw people,
parties and governments away
from the Kremlin's wing. Their
efforts have naturally been con-
centrated in Asia, Africa and
Latin America-areas where Mos-
cow's influence is not always so
strong. But the only success they
have had so far has been in the
specifically Afro-Asian "front" or-
ganizations, which have a special
appeal to the "have-not" peoples
with yellow or black skins. It is
this which has given the Russians
some ,,rcunds for accusing the
Chinese Communists of introduc-
ing an element of "racism" into
what started as a political and
ideological dispute.
-China's relations with the rest
of the world on the conventional
governmental level are not im-
pressive. Peking maintains diplo-
matic relations with a number of
governments in Western Europe,
including Britain. But, apart
from their activities in Berne,
the capital of Switzerland,
by David Floyd
where their mission is believ- little more success. It is on these,
ed to be both a training and especially on the Afro-Asian
centre for budding Chinese diplo- trade union organizations, that
mats and the headquarters of their they are now concentrating their
foreign intelligence organization, main efforts. This is where the
the Chinese do not cut much of a next clashes are likely to take
figure. place.
Nor have they found many
friends among the Communist
parties of the rest of the world.
Outside Asia only a handful of
parties have even a pro-Chinese
faction. The Russians admit the
existence of such factions in the
Communist parties of America,
Brazil, Italy, Belgium and Austra-
lia. But in the case of the impor-
tant Italian party, for instance,
the pro-Chinese faction is no more
than a small group of dissident
individuals. In many cases-not-
ably in the Japanese Communist
Party-a flirtation with the Chi-
nese turned out to be just a way
of fighting out an internal squab-
ble.
Next Clashes
A sample of what the Chinese
are aiming at was provided by
their handling of the Afro-Asian
Journalists' Conference, held in
Indonesia last April. There they
succeeded in rallying sufficient
support to exclude the Russians
as full delegates from the confer-'
once and to secure the creation of
an Afro-Asian Press Bureau and
Journalists' Association which are
now largely under Chinese direc-
tion. Though these bodies have
only just got under way, the next
meeting of their Secretariat in
November is expected to reveal
the extent of their influence in
Asia and Africa. '
But the Chinese are coming up
against something more than
purely Russian resistance-to their
Until recently it had appeared efforts to build up an independent
that the Chinese could count on base in Africa and Asia. There
the support of the enormous In- are others who do not want to fall
donesian Communist Party, or at in with Chinese ambitions. Indian
least on its good will. But a trade unionists are not ready to
lengthy stay by D. Aidit, the party's go along with Chinese plans. Mar-
leader. in Moscow this summer shal Tito of Yugoslavia and Pre-
suggests that the Russians are sident Nasser of the UAR have
using all their powers of persua- other plans for the labour move-
sion to correct this situation, ment in the "uncommitted" na-
The Chinese cannot claim the tions. And many potential sup-
backing of any parties in Africa. porters of the Afro-Asian move-
In Latin America they have siz- ment are suspicious of what use
able factions in the parties of President Sockarno may intend
Brazil, Chile and Mexico. But the making of it.
attitude of the Cuban party of Meanwhile, the Russians are
Fidel Castro is still unclear. busy, notably through their own
Though dependent on the Russians Central Asian posses ions and
for material aid, Castro seems in- politicians. trying to scotch
tent on pursuing an independent China's plans, The conference in
course (he has still not signed the Indonesia, if and when it takes
test-ban treaty), and he has, in place, may well turn out to be a
any case, his own plans for Latin major defeat for Mao. It will
America reveal, in any case, whether Mao
In the "front" organizations, really has any real friends or
however, the Chinese have had a allies in Asia.-FNS.
6
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CRIED IN PARIS;
0'9135 UPHELD
ND,l YORK TIjrs
31 OCT 1963
FL8RIFI1 VIEW
'.Senator Would Back Basis
?
GENERAL
Only yesterday Mr. Couve de
Murville emphasized to the Na-
!tional Assembly that although
!France might be a difficult
'ally, she was a loyal one never-
theless.
The French insist that in the
present situation, with France
re-emerging as an independent
power, it is impossible to have
an alliance with the United
French Voice Their Doubts States without some policy con.
of Cooperation He Asks
By DREW MWDLETON
SPeclal to no New York Times
PARIS, Oct. 30-Fren
sources complained today th
Senator J
W
F
l
'
ch
.
.
u
bright
s attack
on President de Gaulle's poli-
cies reflected "an enormous mis-
understanding" of the French
Government's position.
They doubted whether the
Arkansas Democrat himself
would agree to reciprocal eco-
nomic and military arrange-
ments between France and the
United States that would es-
tablish the sort of cooperation
he seeks.
An alliance In which the
United States and its European
partners Invariably agree on
policy seems out of the ques-
tion in the present circum-
stances, qualified sources said.
JIn their view the increasing
economic strength and military
potential of Europe make dif-
ferences inevitable.
Mr. Fulbright, who is chair-
man ? of the Foreign Relations
Committee, said in the Senate
yesterday that for too long
er
can
"France -has been a voice of who they think, have become
negation and dissent" in the! accustomed since 1945 to view
Western alliance. I European nations as clients or
Sharing of Burdens I even vassals.
The failure of France andl Europe's Growing Strength
other allies of the United States1 At any rate, the position as it
to share defense and foreign-I certseen ain critics srofcAmerican pol
aid burdens and to end protec- icy in Bonn and Rome is that
tionist trade policies could drivel Europe has now reached a point
the United States out of Eu-' where its actual economic
rope, the Senator warned. strength and potential military
One reaction to the criticism strength entitle it to make its
was a feeling of frustration and owTheolFrench maintain that
defeat among responsible French they are not isolated as a result
officials, of the drive for military and'
After Foreign Minister Maur- political independence.
Ice Couve de Murville conferred NeverthelessIng there is a giow-
with President Kennel awareness that the new
Secretary and West German Government is
Cary of State Dean Rusk less willing to follow General
earlier this month, the French de Gaulle's lead than was that
believed that they had clarified of Dr. Konrad Adenauer. The
and justified their position. most recent evidence was a
statement by Dr. Gerhard
France's Power Reviving Schroder, Bonn's Foreign Mini-
This, they repeat, includes full ster, on West Germany's de.
support of the United States vision to join talks on the es.. -
In any crisis-that over Cuba tablishment of a nuclear choose oose was not forced to and Europe.
surface fleet under the con- c between Paris and I This is a long way a year ago is always cited as I North He said it had French view g Y from the
an example-and a common de- atrol lliance + lliance of the I`orth Atlantici chosen the nuclear force which wh;
that the force
.
sire for
peace securitd
,y an even 3 I Dr. Schroder emphasized in a
tual disarmament. 11.1 interview that his Gov.
Approved Fc Release 20
flicts.
General de Gaulle and his
ministers foresee the eventual
development of other Independ-
ent European policies and, per-
haps, of a collective European
policy forged by those large
states that eventually will con-
trol their own foreign and de-
fense policies.
One basic French riposte to
criticisms like the Senator's is
that those who utter them do
not understand that the path
France has chosen, and wants
Europe to follow, is the only
realistic way to achieve a more
even sharing of defense burdens
in the Western alliance.
The French believe that when
the great powers of Europe are
committed to building effective
national forces; as France is to-
day, their governments will feel
greater responsibility for de-
fense and , Europe will be
stronger. .
There Is a pronounced feeling
that among Americans who,
like Mr. Fulbright, protest
against European economic pro-
tectionism and the refusal to
share aid and defense burdens,
there simply is no understand.
ing of what has happened in the
last five years.
Indeed, some Europeans doubt
that there is 'any desire .to
understand among Am
i
(is to be manned by seamen: United States, is anothe rmeans
from the participating allies, { of tart' continuin th~
becyyause it provided an opportu f g American mili-
nit -i lea
o~~ achieved onl y (h~k~i~e-Can
dependence of,theTJnited States clear forces on then French
l
model.
BALTIMORE SUN
31 OCT 1963
Ally Twice Told
At about the same hour the other day
the Foreign Minister of France was ad.
dressing the National Assembly and the
chairman of the Foreign Relations
Committee was addressing the United
States Senate. They were concerned
with the same subject, the relations
between the United States and France,
and although the two countries are
allies the speeches did not sound much
alike. Senator Fulbright does not speak
for the American Government, al-
though on this occasion he was
undoubtedly giving expression to Ad-
ministration thinking; M. Couve de
Murville does not always speak for
President de Gaulle-only de Gaulle
does that-but his policy review must
be taken as official.
In essence, the Foreign Minister said
that -France had embarked upon its
own defense program, exclusive of
NATO, because the other European
members of NATO had been so sluggish
in their own military precautions. They
had tended to rely wholly on American
power,, whereas France had made its
own private atomic arrangements. By
so doing; he said, France had "shown
herself as having a national will, and
as a ,result is a real ally."
Viewing' the same developments an
ocean away, Fulbright said that as an
ally. France "has been deeply disap.
pointing." De Gaulle, he.said, had been
quick to offer agreement in principle
while withholding cooperation in fact.
France is on its way toward. wrecking
the Atlantic alliance and may even
drive the United States out of Europe,
Fulbright? warned. The Western union,
he said, depends upon political con-
sultation, the proper disposal of mill.
tary forces, economic cooperation and
the lowering of trade barriers. The
Senator saw de Gaulle blocking each
of these goals.
If Couve do Murville wishes to dis-
cover the success of the policies he de-
scribed to the National Assembly, he
would do well to study Fulbright. He
will not get it straighter than that from
any American diplomat. The kind of
plain talk now required of France's
allies is not covered in the diplo.
matic manuals, but its urgency is none
tL_ i
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WASHINGTON POST
31 OCT 1963
France and America
Senator Fulbright's forthright discussion in the
Senate and Foreign Minister Couve de Murville's
review of foreign policy in the French National
Assembly this week have at least revived the
trans-Atlantic dialogue on the future shape of the
Western Alliance.
It is to be hoped that the French will not be
.so annoyed at the Senator's blunt reproaches and
criticism of, French policy that they will fail to
sense the sweep of his constructive suggestions
and the degree to which he spoke for a broad
sector of American opinion. He was, to be sure,
extremely critical. ? "For too long," the Senator
said, "the voice of France has been a voice of,
negation and dissent within the Western com-
munity." He reproached France for an "excess
of pride and assertiveness," for taking the posi-
tion that America cannot be counted on to come
to Europe's defense, for an attitude leading to
disunity in the West. He warned that the United
States will not abandon Europe but that it can
be driven from Europe by isolationist trade and
defense policies.
Couve de Murville, on his part, asked for a
reorganization of NATO with a new distribution
of duties and responsibilities. He defended the
French insistence on a separate thermo-nuclear
deterrent, on' the control of its own forces and
conceded that France may be a difficult ally, al-
though still a loyal and sure. one.
These accusatory and defensive maneuvers com-.
pleted, the debate should move on to the area
where constructive phase's could commence.
If France finds Fulbright's scolding unpalatable,
it should be able to approve some of his affirma-
tive proposals:
The necessary complement of a greater Euro.
pean contribution to the alliance is a.greater
European voice in its vital decisions. Europe
can and should be brought into the strategic
planning processes which govern the use of
America's nuclear arsenal.
Failure to devise the structural' changes of
NATO that would permit this no doubt is behind
some of the trouble in the alliance. It is not
easy to move from the Senator's generalizations
to concrete and particular command arrangements .
to make them effective. Still, it needs to be said
with more frequency and more emphasis that this
country is ready and willing to. consider and
debate proposals for giving these generalizations
practical .effect.
MANCHFSTER (AMIM
28 OCT 1963
South Africa to
'. develop
guided missiles
From our Correspondent
Johannesburg,
October 27
South Africa is to establish
a rocket'research institute near
Pretoria, to develop a ground-to-'
air missile. Professor Louis le
Roux, vice-president of the
Council for Scientfic and Indus-
trial Research, said today "the
Republic has been forced by
events in Africa to enter the.
missile field." He also announced
that the institute would be sup-
plemented by a firing. range l
somewhere in the Republic."
According to the Government l
press, the cost of the missile pro..,,
gramme will eventually run into
millions. Key posts at the new
institute have already been filled'
by scientists, most of whom have
been trained abroad. Professor
le Roux said defence research,,
which began last year, has
already achieved some striking
successes.
Intensified search for natural
oil and plans for further oil
from coal projects are other
moves for countering external
pressures and threatened
;sanctions against South Africa.
Senator Fulbright rightly said:
If the Western Alliance is to remain strong
and united, it must be built on more than bonds
of friendship and high regard. It requires work-
ing agreements for political consultations and
the command and disposition of military forces,
for economic cooperation and the lowering of
'trade barriers.
The trans-Atlantic debate on the future shape
of the Western Alliance is given a curious un-
reality by the close correspondence of the ex-
pressed views of the two countries and the wide
divergence of these views from what each believes
is the other's secret view. In this country, it is
widely believed that France is in the grip of an
emotional nationalism that menaces the unity of
Europe and the solidarity of the free world. In
France, obviously, it is very widely believed 'that
the United States is still essentially too isolationist
and too nationalistic to share in any genuine way
the command of the nuclear forces of the free:
world.
The remarks of Senator ' Fulbright and those
of Couve de Murville have the virtue of bringing
these aspects of our mutual distrust into the open
where.something can be; done about them.
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BALTIMORE SUN
31 OCT 1963
?scowAsks
BY PAUL W. WARD
(Sun Staff Correspondent]
New York, Oct. 30-Moscow's
delegation today called on the
United Nations Assembly to back
Soviet Premier Khrushchev's pro-
posal that an eighteen - nation
summit conference be convened
in Moscow within the next eight
months.
The 111-nation Assembly "would
not he doing its duty" if it did
not appeal. for such a conference,
Nikolai T. Fedcrenko, chief Soviet
delegate, declared.
A meeting of the heads of all
the governments involved in the
disarmament conference begun at
Geneva nineteen months ago is
required to "lift it to the level
of its task" and "produce a radi-
cal change in the negotiations,"
Federenko told the Political and
Security Committee.
Successful Move
Meanwhile, the United States
and Soviet delegations joined in
a successful 'move to arrest a
drive by the Assembly's "non-
aligned" majority to suspend un-
derground atomic tests until an
enforceable East-West agreement
to ban them can be negotiated.
The delegations got the eight
"nonaligned" members of the Ge-
neva Conference to join them in
proposing a resolution that-de.
void of any specific reference to
underground tests - would have
the Assembly simply call on the
Geneva conferees to continue ne-
gotiations for a comprehensive
treaty.
The eight nations are Brazil,
Burma, Ethiopia, India, Mexico,
Nigeria, Sweden and the United
Arab R -M;
Left Scat Vacant
As participants in the Geneva
Conference, they would be. in-
cluded in Khrushchev's summit
parley along with Britain, Bul-
g9ria, Canada, Czechoslovakia,
Italy, Poland, Romania, the, So-
viet Union. the United States and
France, although it has left its
seat vacant since the currently
recessed conference began in
14larch, 1962.
Andrei A. Gromyko, Soviet For-
eign Minister, renewed Khrush-
chev's summit proposal when he
addressed the Assembly last
month, but did not ask that the
world organization support it.
Federenko prefaced his plea to
the Assembly with a 40-minute
speech, reviewing East-West dis-
armament negotiations to date.
proposal not only before it wasp
introduced by Abdel Fattah Has-`
san of the U.A.R. but also before
at least two of its sponsors had
been notified that a backstage
agreement on its wording had'
finally been reached.
Meanwhile, as the Political and
Security Committee put off a vote
on that resolution until tomorrow
afternoon, there were these addi-
tional developments at United
Nations headquarters:
Agreement Reached
1. The Assembly's stage man-
agers arranged for ratifying, in
a plenary session Friday, an
agreement reached yesterday to
end a contest between Czecho-
slovakia and Malaysia for a two-
year term on the Security. Coun.
cil by awarding the seat . to
Czechoslovakia for 1964 and to
Malaysia for the following year.
2. They also arranged for be-
ginning Friday debate on a pro-I
posal to tap all available United
Nations funds to aid in the re-
habilitation of hurricane-wracked
Cuba, the Dominican Republic,
Haiti, Jamaica and Trinidad-
Tobago.
Mindful of the fact that Wash-
ington provides at least 40 per
cent of the funds to be tapped,
the United States' delegation was
still trying as of tonight to get
the pending resolution changed
so that it would ? refer only to
"the Caribbean area" instead of
specific countries there.
Report Prepared
3. U Thant, the Secretary Gen-
eral, prepared for publication to-
morrow a progress report on the
world organization's efforts, -at
Afro-Asian and Soviet bloc behest,
to strip Portugal of all its African
possessions. It is expected to an-
nounce suspension until Novem-
ber 21 of.talks between African
delegates and representatives of
Portugal.
4. Thant expressed his "gratifi-
cation" that an Algerian-Moroc-
can truce was reached today and
his "hopes that this will lead to
a final and peaceful settlement."
He managed thereby to offset
some of the embarrassment ear-
lier today because - of a report
on the situation in Yemen.
The report to the Security Coun.
cil concluded with an announce-
ment that he must withdraw the
United Nations force of 200 "mili-
tary observers" and plans to sub-
stitute for them "a civilian United
Nations presence" in Yemen.
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.1QT. ~'oBackSuin~~aitl
He took stands diametrically op-
posed to those Charles C. Stelle
had taken yesterday for the
United States.
He avoided mention of Wash-
ington's announcement last night
that a group of accused Soviet
spies had just been caught in the
New York area, including three
members of Moscow's United Na=
tions delegation. And also neg-
lected Moscow's ritualistic
charge that disarmament inspec-
tion machinery urged by the
United States would open the So-
viet Union to Western "es-
pionage."
Federenko repeated a charge
made September 19 by Andrei
Gromyko, Soviet Foreign Minis-
ter, that the Geneva conferees
have been getting nowhere due
to "the unwillingness of the West-
ern powers to accept real dis-
armament."
Most of his speech was devoted
to that contention and building
up to his ultimate claim that an
eighteen-nation summit conference
on "both disarmament and sep-
arate measures to achieve the
further alleviation of international
tensions" is imperative. '
"Detrimental To Peace"
He renewed Soviet proposals for
turning various parts of the world
into "denuclearized zones," which
the American had warned, "would
alter the balance of power in a
way that would be detrimental
to world peace."
The Soviet Union insists on in-
ternational control over "disarma-
ment" and "cannot accept con-
said.
He also reasserted, after the
resolution about atomic tests had
been introduced this afternoon,
Moscow's contention that "na-
tional means of detection are suf-
ficient to detect, verify and con-
trol" any underground atomic
tests that might be staged in
clandestine violation of a treaty
banning them.
Speaking in support of the test-
ban resolution a few 'minutes
earlier, Stelle stressed the United
States insistence that "national
means". are technologically inade-
quate at present and that, there-
fore, international machinery is
required.
Besides proclaiming Moscow's
persistent opposition to "on-site
inspections," Federenko jumped
the gun on the test-ban. resolution.
He began speaking about the
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Manchester
IAN
Monday, October 28
Five minutes from destruction
One year. ago this morning, the world
seemed nearer than ever before to a nuclear
disaster. As one of President Kennedy's advisers
said afterwards, they felt in Washington that
they could be "within five minutes of destruc-
tion." By mid-afternoon, Greenwich time, the
crisis was almost over. Mr Khrushchev had
undertaken to dismantle his missile bases in
Cuba and to let United Nations representatives
verify the fact. On both Mr Kennedy and Mr
Khrushchev the crisis must have left a deep
mark. Neither will willingly venture so near the
brink again. They had been brought to it by
misjudgments on both sides-presumably, by
advice to Mr Khrushchev that the Americans
would not react so strongly to the placing of
missile bases in Cuba, and by advice to Mr
.Kennedy that the Russians would not be so
foolish as to try putting offensive missiles there.'
But the Russians tried it, and the Americans
,reacted.
By October 28, eleven days after President
Kennedy first 'heard what the Russians were
doing and four days after the. blockade of Cuba
had been imposed, a choice had to be made in
Washington. Mr Khrushchev had been warned
that, one way or other, the Russian missiles must
be removed. No time limit had been stated, but
f unless Mr Khrushchev gave way soon Mr Kennedy
had to act-by,pinpoint bombing of the sites, by
a parachute assault,, by a massive invasion of
Cuba, or by a nuclear strike on the bases. Ameri-
can forces, including a great invasion fleet off
Florida, were ready for any of these courses.
Throughout the world, at the same time,
American and some allied forces were on a full
alert-the first ever called, and so far the only
one-while on the Russian side intercontinental
missiles must also have been manned and ready
for the countdown. But Mr Khrushchev saw ,the
folly of persisting?and a settlement was quickly
reached.
It was a near thing. The most reassuring
aspect was that both men, soon afterwards, made
plain that they understood this. Out of the acute
tension over Cuba, and assisted by the Russian
breach with China, came the improved relations
of the past year. The agreement on a "hot
line " linking the White House and the Kremlin
was one immediate physical result, and that line
is now in operation. Mr Kennedy and Mr
Khrushchev both knew and acknowledged that
disaster was averted in October, 1962, only
because they maintained, constant diplomatic
contact-and because U Thant, on behalf of the
United Nations, found a formula for giving both
time to think at the beginning of the blockade.
The agreement on a test-ban treaty wasanother.
,benefit that followed the crisis., President
Kennedy felt bitterly that he had been personally' -"
deceived by Mr Khrushchev, both over the
nuclear tests moratorium in 1961 and over the
missiles in Cuba. The test-ban treaty this. year
was part of Mr Khrushchev's attempt tb.make
amends-and within twos weeks of the Cuban
settlement last year "Pravda" and " Izvestia "
were showing plainly that he wanted to use it in
this way.
The lessons of the crisis are . many. Inter-
nationally, we need to go on looking for..agree-
ments. We need. also to remain armed--and
ready to use force when confronted,,- though
always the least force that will, be. effective.
Russia was and is an expansionist Power: Mr
Khrushchev has learned the risk of expansion ;
his successors may not recognise it. Agreements,
however, can help to .reduce the dangers"
-agreements that, at the next stage,.. should
move towards nuclear-free zones; towards a
.thinning out of troops in forward areas, and
towards eventually removing all nuclear weapons
from foreign soil. There is also the, need to
stop the spread of nuclear weapons tq,further
nations. If the threat to the world was great
when only three . nations possessed -.nuclear
striking forces, it will be far greater when ten
or twelve nations do so ; and it is lamentable
that, in the past. year, no practical steps. 'have
been taken, apart from the test-ban, treaty:
Within the alliance, the chief lesson. is that
Governments ought to consult each other and that
decisions ought to be shared. In the last resort,
in a fast-moving situation, one man has to decide ;
and nobody now is likely to challenge the skill
and sanity of Mr Kennedy in his action'. But
the fact remains that senators frpm California
and Arizona were flown back to Washington for
urgent and secret consultations ; London and
Paris were no farther away, but senior Ministers
were not invited to take part in the. White'
House discussions. For decisions to be shared,
and for the European members of the. Atlantic
Alliance to have full confidence in what is being
done, ' a stronger system for planning and con-
sultation is essential. Mr Dean Rusk yesterday
pointed once again to the failing of NATO
members to meet their commitments in- forces
and to the uncertainty on " who speaks , for
Europe." These are fair criticisms, and they
were made at the time of the Cuban crisis. But
the United States, too, in spite of the generous
way it has shouldered a disproportionate burden
within the alliance, could still show itself.to be
more of a partner in taking, decisions.
10
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VE'd YORK T1ME8
31 OCT 1963
,3 AT U. N. OUSTED
iN SO VI1 SPY CASE
Russians Must Leave U.S.
Within 2 Days-2.Others
Are Held Without Bail
Three members of the Soviet
mission to the United Nations
were ordered yesterday to leave
the United States within 48
hours.
The expulsion order, Issued by
the State Department, followed
`accusations that the three were
participants in an espionage
'ring that was said to have re-
kceived data on a worldwide
communications and control
system being developed for the
Strategic Air Commands
A New Jersey engineer who
was accused of passing the de-
fense secrets to the Soviet diplo-
mats and a Russian chauffeur,
who lacks diplomatic immunity,
were being held without bail in
the Hudson County Jail at Jer-
sey City.
U. N.'Agreement Cited
The Soviet mission called the
ouster a "deliberate provoca-,
tion" against those who sought
.to better relations between the
two countries.
The State Department's note
said the three diplomats had
flagrantly abused their privilege
of residence in this country and
were subject to expulsion under
an agreement between the Unit-
ed States and the United
Nations.
The Federal Bureau of Inves-
tigation moved against the ring
on Tuesday night after seven
months of surveillance.
Four of the men were seized'
at a clandestine meeting at the
Erie-Lackawanna Railroad sta-
tion in Englewood, N. J., dur-
ing which classified information
was said to have changed hands.
The four were the engineer,
John W. Butenko, 38 years old,
of Orange, N. J.; ,Glob A. Pav-
lov, 39, an aVtT he; Yuri A.
Romashin, 38, third secretary of
the mission, and Igor A. Ivanov,
33, described as a chauffeur at
the New York office of Amtorg,
the Soviet state trading com-
pany.
The third Soviet diplomat
whose ouster was ordered, Vla-
dimir I. Olenev, was said to
have been present at earlier
meetings of the group. He was
not taken into custody.
Had Top-Secret Clearance
Mr. Butenko,?, a husky six-
footer with black hair, had been
employed since 1960 by the In-
ternational Electric Corpora-
tion of Paramus, N. .J., a sub-
sidiary of the International
Telephone and Telegraph Com-
pany. The F.B.I. said he had a
top-secret security clearance
and was in charge of maintain-
ing a master schedule for the
Air Force project.
Because the F.B.I. was aware
of the spy plot and said it had
shadowed Mr. Butenko at four
previous meetings with the Rus-
sians, it was assumed that the
material that came into his
possession had been altered to
preserve defense secrets. How-
ever, the Federal agency would
not comment on this.
Nor would the F.B.I. suggest
a motive for Mr. Butenko's as-
serted spying.
Both his parents were born
in Russia. His mother died in
1957. Mr. Butenko, a bachelor,
lived with his father, a semi-
invalid in his eighties, in a
modest three-room apartment in
a turreted private house at 366
Park Avenue.
Neighbors there described him
as a quiet, friendly man, but
withdrawn, and apparently
without major extravagances or
expensive hobbies. His salary
was $14,700 a year.
He was born in New Bruns-
wick, N. J., and -:served in the
Navy for 11 months before re-
ceiving a medical discharge in
1944. He was graduated. from
Rutgers University with hon-
ors in 1945.
Before joining the Interna-
tional Electric Corporation, he
worked for the Radio Corpora-
tion of America in Harrison,
N. J., the Armed Services Elec-
trostandards Agency at Fort'
Monmouth, N. J., and the Civil
Aeronautics Administration,
now the Federal Aviation
Agency, in Jamaica, Queens. }
Constant Surveillance
Mr. Butenko and Mr. Ivanov
were being held In maximum
security cells at the Hudson
County Jail, under constant 'ob-
'servation. Both men were de-
scribed as completely calm.
Both pleaded not guilty at
their arraignment, early yester-
day and were held in $100,000
'bail each. But during the after-'
noon David M. Satz Jr., United
States Attorney in Newark,
moved successfully to have bail
revoked on the ground that both
men might flee the country.
Face Death Penalty
Mr. Satz also pointed out that
'the offense carried the death
penalty. The wording of the
charge against the two is "de-
livering to a foreign govern-
ment information relating to
the national ? defense of the
United States."
Mr. Satz said he hoped to
present the case to the grand
jury within two weeks.
In relating the events that
led up to the arrests Tuesday
night, the F.B.I. said Mr. Bu-
tenko had carried a briefcase
to the meeting at the railroad
station, as he had previously.
When the Federal agents
stepped from the shadows
around the station, deserted af t-
ler the evening rush hour, they
found it in the automobile in
which Mr. Pavlov and Mr. Ivanov
were sitting. The car was said
to be fitted with a miniature
document camera powered by
the cigarette lighter. Mr. Rom-
ashin, who was said to, have
acted as a lookout, was seized
near by.
All four were taken to the
Hudson County jail, which is
used for the confinement of Fed-
eral prisoners in northern New
Jersey, until Mr. Pavlov and Mr.
Ivanov established their diplo-
matic immunity to arrest.
The F.B.I. reported that it
had observed earlier meetings
that followed much the same
pattern in Closter, N. J., on
April 21 and May 26, and near
Paramus on Mar 27 and
Sept. 24.
The arrests marked still an-
other episode In a year in which
an unusually large number of
espionage incidents has been
made public around the world.
A table compiled by The As-
sociated Press lists 19 major
cases.
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EASTERN EUROPE
BALTIMORE SUN
31 OCT 1963
Economic Decisions Linked
To Control By Khrus4chev
By LRNE'ST B. FURGURSOY
[Moscow Bureau of The Suit]
! Moscow, Oct. 30 - Soviet' eco-
~nomic decisions to quit the moon
,race, buy Western grain and ex-
pand chemical output are all
major political decisions demon.
strating how firmly Premier
Khrushchev is now in control.
There is little doubt among ob-
servers here that Khrushchev's
stated unwillingness to compete
with the United States in sending
men to the moon-if it is to be
taken at face value- is primarily
motivated by lack of funds rather
than advance concern for the
,safety of those men.
Enormous Cash Outlays
There is even less doubt that
the Russians would slow down
their prestige-winning space pro-
grain if it were not for the
enormous cash outlays demanded
by the other two decisions, which
have been given foremost short
and long-range economic priority.
Khrushchev, although he has
based his recent career on the
promise of more and better things
for Soviet consumers, probably
would not-or even could not-
;have forced through those deci-
sions as recently as seven months
ago.
Although they differ as to the
genuine significance of the coin-1
cidence, close followers of Krem-
lin policy note that a shift in the
Premier's public attitude imme-
diately followed the sudden seri-
ous illness of Frol R. Kozlov, the
party secretary who long was
Khrushchev's heir apparent.
Speculate On Backdown
Last February, there was grow-
ing speculation that Khrushchev
was in trouble in the wake of'
his Cuban backdown. In the view
of outside experts as well as some
Communist party members, the
hard-line opposition to him was
led by Kozlov.
On February 27, Khrushchev
told a Kremlin "election" meet-
ing that arms spending would con-
tinue to take priority over meet-
ing the people's daily needs.
"We would like to build more
enterprises putting out things for
the satisfaction of man's require-
ments.... To give more good
things to the people is the main
aim of the Communist party....
On the other hand, life demands
the spending of huge sums on
keeping our military might at the
required level. This fact dimin-
ishes, and cannot but diminish,
the people's chances of obtaining
direct benefits," Khrushchev said.
tinov, longtime arms production
chief, was named head of the new
Supreme Economic Council and
joined Anastas I. Mikoyan and
Alexei N. Kosygin as a First
Deputy Premier below Khrush-
chev.
Another month later, Kozlov
made the last appearance before
his illness. He has not been seen
in public since.
Another Public Speech
And exactly two weeks after
that, Khrushchev, in another pub-
lic speech, hinted at a turn in
official thinking.
He denied that Ustinov's ap-
pointment meant the Soviet Union
would "produce only rockets" and
said one of his duties would be to
oversee efficiency in the secret
defense industry.
"The defense industry is coping
successfully with its task to cre-
ate and produce modern arms,
but it could be solved more suc-
cessfully with less spending," the
Premier declared to industrial
and construction workers at the
Kremlin.
Again on July 19 Khrushchev
told ? a Soviet-Hungarian friend-
ship, rally that the expansion of
chemistry would bring "increased
production of beautiful high-qual-
ity consumer goods." 1
Dramatic Announcement
Last week's broad-ranging 'in-
terview with Communist and left-
wing journalists, including the
dramatic announcement that the
Soviet Union would not race
America to the moon, seemed to
set Russia firmly on the changed
course.
Parallel to this ' shift in eco-
nomic emphasis-and it is a shift
in emphasis, rather than a drastic
about-face-still more spectacular
political events were taking place.
The signing of the atomic test-
ban treaty and the relaxation of
the crackdown on intellectual ex-
pression were moves in the same
direction as the new drive for
consumer satisfaction.
And it was a direction Kozlov
would not have liked.
There is no public proof that
Khrushchev was bound by a cabal
Iled by Kozlov when he made his
"guns-before-butter" speech in
February, or that Kozlov's dis-
appearance from. active politics
freed Khrushchev to turn the
other way. Events inside the
party presidium are as secret as'
those inside Soviet rocket bases.
,But the difficult decision tot
spend Soviet gold on wheat!
abroad, even though Khrushchev;
said that with rationing the peo-;
pie would have had enough to-eat '
in , this disastrous farm year,'
could not have been made by a
Premier in the same political sit-
uation as the Khrushchev who:
made last February's speech. f
To cut back the rate of steel-
production production increase, . and report-,
edly oil-output growth as well, in
order to fund plastics, fertilizers
and artificial fibers, also is not
.the., sort of decision a "guns-be-
fore-butter" leader would make.
Exactly how extensive the sac-
rifice of more traditional produc-
tion to boost chemical output will
be'should be concluded at a party
Central Committee plenum sched-
uled for next month.
:The fast-moving economic and
.political developments of the past
summer and fall, along with the
projection of domestic and interT,
national policies to ;follow them
tip, also will be docketed at the
plenum.
Personnel Problems
A decision on whether to retain
Kozlov on the party presidium or
remove him because of his last-
ing illness may' be made, Other
personnel problems . exist at the
top party level.
Mikoyan is reported sick, as is
Mikhail A. Suslov, theoretician
and presidium member; Otto V.
Kuusinen and Nikolai M. Shver-
nik, presidium members, are
aging into inactivity.
'The political future of Ustinov,
the former arms industry boss
who by background would have
been one of the main opponents
of the recent economic shifts, may
be determined. Soon after he be-
came First Deputy Premier, there
was a hint in Pravda that h
would be moving into the top
party hierarchy, perhaps as Koz-
lov's replacement.
But since then he has been in-
conspicuous, while Kosygin, long
known as a light industry advo-
cate, has become more and more
prominent on public occasions.
Because of these pending deci-,
sions, and because a stiff breeze'
of change is blowing through the
Kremlin, next month's party meet-
ing will be a plenum to watch.'
I L\\'V hll:IW lp1.L1, Lllll\lll 1.,VJ-' I
App d For Release 2003/05/05 :CIA-RD1 B01676R000600130002-2
THE WASHINGTON POST
A 2 7 Thursday, Oct. 31, 1963
Soviet Cuts
Purchases
From West.
By Preston' Grover
MOSCOW, Oct. 30 `(AP)--
Western businessmen in Mos-
cow report a sharp reduction
in Soviet orders for commer.
cial products and industrial
machinery.
There is always a lull in the
weeks before the annual So-
viet budget comes out in late
November or December, for
the budget gives purchasing
agencies a line on how much
they can spend. But the lull is
more marked than usual this
year. .
Some representatives here
have been told frankly that
there is a shortage of funds
clue to the nearly $1 billion
that has been s p e n t for
foreign wheat to make up for
a poor Russian harvest.
"The hold-down is about 50
per cent due to the budget
and about half due to the
need to buy wheat" a West-
ern diplomat said today.
Fertilizer Machinery Sought
One exception is machinery
to make chemical fertilizers.
A demand persists for that,
though there is pressure for
long-term credit. Increased
use of fertilizers is one point
in Premier Khrushchev's
program to boost agricultural'
production. {
British, Italian, Japanese and
West German firms are;
among those feeling the pres-
sure. All are chary of men-
tioning figures.
Italian suppliers have been
told that much of their deal-
ings must be switched over to
fertilizer equipment. Orders.'
for textiles, shoes and various
chemicals were reported can-,
celed.
"They have told us to come
around again at the end of
1964 or the beginning of
1965," one business represent.
ative said.
Soviet purchases outside'
the Communist bloc normally,
run about $1 billion to $1.2
billion a year. The United.
States shares in only a few
score million dollars of this
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?
Money Reserve Unknown
Just how much spending,
money the Soviet Union has
is always a carefully guardedi
secret. Gold production re-
putedIy runs from $200
million to $300 million a year.
That amount of gold has
been sold annually on the Eu.
ropean markets for several
years to make up the chronic
deficit between whab Russia
sold in the West and what it
bought.
, Some diplomats were taken,
recently on a tour of the Far
Eastern Siberian gold mines..
They said production is being
stepped up. The mining is dif-
ficult and expensive since
many of the deposits are in
areas where the ground is per.
manently frozen.
Costs of mining gold in
some places are estimated at
about twice the world price of
gold, but of course such costs
are paid for in rubles, not in
foreign exchange..- '
MANCHESTER GU.ARDI
28 OCT 1963
Mr K. puts agriculture
before heavy industry .
By VICTOR ZORZA
Mr Khrushchev has proposed that the industrial
'development of the Soviet Union should be slowed down
to make resources available to cure agriculture of its
perennial crisis, but his views do not appear to command
,the full support of his associates in the leadership.
The burden of Mr Khrushchev's argument, in remarks
to a meeting of journalists published in the Soyiet press
yesterday, is that agricul- , ---_-__
Mr Khrushchev's new tactics of
advocating openly the slowing
down of industrial development
in favour of chemicals can hardly
mean that his view has now
prevailed. The language he uses
sug.r"ts rather that the moment
of decision is near, and that he
is therefore going over to the
attac': in public. Mr Khrushchev
has used these tactics on pre.
vious occasiorr,,, when he made
public speeches advocating cer-
tain policies on which the party
Praesidium was still divided,
20,000 million roubles
The Soviet leader said that the
Provisional estimates of , the
11 enormous sum " required for
the development of the chemical
industry in the next seven-year
plan period were put by econo-
mists at 20,000 million roubles. . i
He emphasised that the.
development of the chemical
industry was intended to provide
consumer goods as well as ferti-
liser, and indicated that the
debate. about the allocation of
resources also touched on the
After this, when a sensitive subject of defence. He
chemical Indust powerful did this by the usual Soviet.
established it could serhad ve a been the device of attributing to the
basis to make. th imperialists" some of the
the developmentoof other indus- sews thbe t the Soviet leaders:
lists fight.
tries "which we have held back The seem to imperialists arguing
..a little." A more powerful mh think
c h e m i c a l industry would that the Soviet Union was s going
guarantee the accumulation of to spend large funds on the
development 'funds " that would ensure more industry of the chemical
rapid progress in other industries. Khrushchev ry and irrigation, d. Mr
From the economic Point of wou whuld therefore n saidnot that it
view," he argred, ot allocate
"it is worth- money to armaments. Therefore,
while to hold back the develop- they might reason " We will out-
ment of some other branches." strip the Soviet 'Union in the
Judging from hints Mr Khru- development of armaments,
shchev has dropped in the past, . " But, 11Mr ' K h r u s h c h e v
this is something he has believed . exclaimed, "this will not c-me
for several years. Other hints off, Messrs Imperialists. Do not
dropped by other Soviet leaders rejoice! We have done and are
su
ggested that his beliefs were doing whatever is necessary for
not
'failureaofahe Soll of them. The defence. The Government already been built, etthey are-
to adopt a policy Mr Khrushchev standing where they should."'
has clearly favoured for so Iona Mr Khrushchev's argument
.would appear to have been due does sound as if he were reassur-
to the difficulty of coming to a ing Soviet critics of his policy.
unanimous decision.
rather than foreigners.
tural failures of the kind
that occurred this year could
be' averted only by much
g r e a t e r use of chemical
fertilisers. ,
The chemical industry that
could produce these in sufficient
quantity could be built only if
sore of the present industrial
development plans were tem-
porarily shelved. ? The indica-
tions are that Mr Khrushchev
favours the ? slowing down of
industrial development !.i steel
and engineering, and that this
.has been opposed by some of his
associates.
Mr Khrushchev said that speci-
fic plans for the development of
chemicals would be discussed at
the meeting of the Central Com-
mittee next month. " Perhaps it
will be necessary," he added, " to
slow down somewhat the develop-
ment of some branches (of
industry) in order to give
priority to the development of
chemicals In the next three to
four years."
Rapid progress-later
13
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MANCHESTER GUARDIAN
28 OCT 1963
. DIPLOMATIC COMMENTARY
apparently of no consequence
that 17 million Central Euro.
h
l
ou
Puns s
d continue to be
ruled by an alien tyranny. This,.
? they think, is either .'Hitler's
o fault, anyway ",or a logical con-
cession to political expediency:
These people think that they
can create a settled, happy'
E
urope on a basis of wrong
- by Terence Prittie doing and evil. They are the
present-day ":men of Munich.'".
THE Ulbricht regime in East ls immediately suspect. Rightly
Germany achieved its most so, for he needs to be as obsti- Less obviously cynical are the.
brilliant success so far when on rate and determined as views of those who think that
October 20 99.9 per cent of the Baalam's ass, or as brave as any all dictatorships are "bGd," and.
people of East Germany voted Christian martyr. Is it surpris- therefore equate East Germany
for the single-list candidates ing that only 0.10 per cent of , with Spain or Portugal (or even
of the Communist ? drilled the East German population Gaullist France). Recently a
" National Front." This did not acted in this way on October 20? correspondent ,;rote t^ me that ortu have the publicity it deserved East Germans are pressganged East Ger indeed an be d Pe actl l
in this country. should
to the polls. When they y'
I think it was a pity that the there they are frighteneinto equated and that I would do
British public was not more voting for the regime. Their well to mete outs f r Ulbri ht.
fully informed of this event. votes will have no influence on cism for Salazar as for lbricht
Walter Ulbricht, the dictator . the composition of the East The true answer to this cor
of East Germany, was pre- German Parliament, or " Volks. 'respondent is as follows :
sumably in his sixth heaven, for' kammer"; this has been settled Portugal is not a detached
he had gone closer to achieving in advance. For instance, the part of another country and its,
total conformity among his sub- ruling Socialist Unity (Com- people do not wish to be reuni
jects than any other totalitarian munist) Party usually gets- 55 fled with that other part of their-
ruler, Nazi or Communist, in per cent of the seats in the own country. East Germany is
e fa fantastic figure if we believe "Volkskammer." This year it not, never will be a State in its
the
only a stone's gure of 99.9 e from per r will ' get 59 per cent. The own right, and Its people wish-
cent, seats have been to be reunified with their 55.
the end of the rainbow, the 100 divided up between puppet poll million West German brethren.
per cent which eluded Hitler tical parties and purely Com- ' Salazar is not an alica dic
and Stalin so much more easily. munist mass organisations." tator, installed by a foreign
He stands today on a lonely Apart from all this, last week's Power. Ulbricht is. Nor would
pinnacle in the annals of the huge majority of the Portu?'
electoral forgery. East German elections were 11 guese people disown and reject'
For one must analyse this 99.9 months late ; the Constitution Salazar, given free elections..
per cent result. In the first lays down that elections should The huge majority of East Ger
place, East German electors , be held every four, years and mans would disown and reject
have only the option of casting these were due in November, Ulbricht. Finally, Ulbricht has
a vote for the single-list National 1962. driven more than 3 million East
.Front candidates. Not only is One last fact about last week's Germans from their homes. Only
there no legal political opposi- '. elections should be recorded. P few thousand Portuguese (it
tion to the National Front, with The East German electorate . may only be a few hundreds)
Opposition candidates, it is not continues to shrink. In 1958 it have suffered a similar fate.
even possible to vote "No" to, amounted to 11,848,000 ; last Unreal equations can only Cloud
the. National Front. It was week it was 11,604,000. In East ' issues.
when possible to do this backed Berlin the electorate was down Mr Harold Wilson has his own
cted ' from 916,000 to 873,000. You theory about the Ulbricht
w n then bayonets and aa fan-
fare of one-way play all sorts of tricks with regime. This is that its
y propaganda- percentages'; even Walter
were only able to secure a 60 Ulbricht has hesitated to invent like iete" t t ofd an recognised,
per cent " Ja " vote. . Today e "that of an elephant."
one may not vote "No"; one more subjects. This, again, is a false analo
can only stay away from the
The East German electoral: the elephant is a noble animal
polls. system . has been described in and its existence is a fact whch
detail before now. In fact, ora does not wart to challenge.
This, too, Is only theoretically , . sheer repetition has dulled this' The Ulbricht regime is ignoble
possible. In practice, all East . particular picture -of tyranny;, German citizens are registered, East German elections areo ' embodiment alofA Machiavellian
and all are expected to vote. In longer "news." This is under- principles it is a threat to Euro-,
order to ensure that they do so, standable, but it has led to some pean and world orities htroducomnunist spauthof fun, curious theories being pro.. 'pity that Mr Wilsonccannotsbe
Towns, villages, and welen. pounded by citizens of Western ' clear about this. And it is
tow v llage eandr whole ol corn- democracies who ought to know : equally a pity that all of us
petitions with enter
another in better. There are in this coun- were not told about Ulbricht's,
order to be the oiret to record in try, for ' instance, some very 99.9 per cent " Ja " vote, a mile-
order t eel, theffrst t r 100 c per a vocal Left-wing Labourites and stone of . megalomania which.
completed, Communist function some more inhibited but finan- even Khrushchev -? in his:
cent herd ommu from fu th- cially more interested Conserva? . present magnanimous mood-'
homes at seven o'clock or even fives who want the Ulbricht apparently can no longer control.
earlier on a Sunday morning, regime to be recognised. These
drive them like cattle to the people want Germany to stay,
polling booths, and see to it that divided: to them it.~ is
they vote the right way when
they get there.
This Is done by employing
overt intimidation. East Ger-
man elections, according to We
East German Constitution, are
both "free" and "secret." Their
degree of fr..;dom has already
been indicated. Their secrecy
is equally nonexistent. Not only' -
are East German citizens forced
to the polls. When they get
there, they are invited to par-
-ticipate in a "spontaneous,"
open declaration of faith; they
? fill in their forms publicly and
hand them to an industrious '
Communist aye-teller. one ' 14
who refuses to ,loin in tree
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WESTERN EUROPE
WASHDOT ON POST
31 OCT 1963
ole of Soclea-ast's M*- C
By Leo J. Wollemborg
The Washington Post Foreign Service
ROME, Oct. 30-A new
chapter and possibly a new
am in 4h. ,.C ..+..A.......
e s.L1.ii
Italy opened yesterday when
the Socialist Party Congress social and aiministrative
formally authorized direct structures was largely re-
participation by the Party in sponsible for continued Com-
' a coalition government with munist gains, even though
the pro-Western Christian- the country was experiencing
Democrats, Social-Democrats unprecedented economic ex-
and Republicans. pansion.
As underlined by party Now, the outcome of the
leader Pietro Nenni today, Socialist Congress offers at,
this decision does not only last a concrete opportunity
mean that the Socialists are for a departure in Italian'
ready to start official negoti-
ations for the formation of Platform Draws Opposition
such a center-left regime as - To be sure, the platform,
soon as Premier Giovanni: which has been approved by
Leone's caretaker govern-
meat resigns early' next the Congress and which re-
week. It means that the ma- `fleets the views of almost 60
jority of the Socialists are per' cent of the rank and
determined at last to join file, cannot be considered
full satisfactor b th 1 d
y
jority of the Socialists have
reaffirmed their support for
the political and economic
integration of Europe, which
should include Great Brit-
actively in the effort to turn
y y e ea Government Awaited
ors of the Christian Demo
Italy into a modern democ-
; racy, without letting them- cratic Party and their al-.
selves be hamstrung any lies.
more by a doctrinaire "class'" . In foreign policy, the ma-
approach.
Time and again, since. the
Socialist Party was first
formed in 1892, its refusal
to share in the government
with the "bourgeois" forces
was responsible for "lost op-
portunities" to strengthen
democratic institutions and
promote the interests of the
Italian workers-as Nenni
himself acknowledged in his
opening speech to the Con-
. gross last Friday.
Stand Helped Fascists
That continued refusal
played a major role in pav-
ing the way for the Fascist
dictatorship in 1922.
After the downfall of fasc-
ism, the Socialists partici-
pated in the governments
formed during the last
months of World War II and
its aftermath. But those
were emergency coalitions,
and had the support of all
the anti-Fascist parties, in-
cluding the Communists. .
In the early post-war years,
Socialists joined in a close
alliance with the Commu-
nists to oppose the demo-
cratic and pro-Western coali-
tion governments that ruled
Italy after 1947. This in turn
gave Italy's conservative
forces a controlling influ-
ence within those coalitions.
The consequent failure 'to
adequately modernize Italy's
ain and pursue an outward
looking course in economic
and commercial affairs. They
now accept Italy's member-
ship in NATO and the con-
sequent obligations.
But the Socialists show a
marked distaste for the
whole idea of a multilateral
nuclear force for NATO.
In domestic policy, the ma-
jority of the Socialists agree
that the Communists must
be excluded from the pro-
jected center-left govern-
ment's majority. They have
taken further steps to loos-
en their ties with the Com-
of a faction within the so-' by Riccardo Lombardi, tor- -
cialist majority which, on pedoed a tentative agree-
several domestic and foreign ment on. negotiations for a
center-left government. The
policy issues, favors a line Lombardi faction, however,..
somewhat different from that appears to have emerged
pursued by Nenni. from the Congress somewhat,
Last June, this faction, led weaker than it used to be.
NEv YORK TIMES
31 OCT 1963
ITALIAN CABINET
EXPECTED TO QUIT
Complex Negotiations for
By ARNALDO CORTESI
Special to The New York Times
Rome, Oct. 30-Premier Gio-
vanni Leone and his stop-
gap Government are expected to
resign next week, perhaps on
Tuesday. The formation of a
new cabinet is expected to be
difficult.
It is almost certain that the
dominant Christian Democrats
will first ask their party secre-
tary, Aldo Moro, to form a
new government. He is expect-
ed to try to bring into being a
center-left coalition that would
include Pietro Nenni's left-wing
Socialists.
The 35th congress of the So-
cialist party authorized Mr.
Nenni yesterday to open nego-
tiations with the . Christian
Democrats with a view to part-
nership in forthcoming govern-
ments. Socialist participation,
however, was made dependent
on a number of conditions that
the Christian Democrats may
not accept.
munists in the local admin
istration. But they still hesi-
tate to go all the way in
that direction.
Press for Reforms
At the same time, the
Socialists are pressing for
speedy implementation of
broad economic and social
reforms which, while more
typical of a modern democ-
racy than of a Socialist
society, are opposed, not only
by the conservative groups.
but also by many moderate
forces within the Christian-.
Democratic camp itself.
Another question mark is
represented by..the attitude,
His Votes Needed
Mr. Nenni will be in a strong
position to negotiate with the
Christian Democrats. The 260
Christian Democrats, 33 Demo-
cratic Socialists and six Repub-
licans don't have a majority in
the chamber, which has 630
seats. They are in'absolute need
of the 87 left-wing Socialist
votes.
On the other hand, Mr. Nen-
ni's position will be weak be-
cause his majority in the Cen-
tral Committee of his party is
not firm. Riccardo Lombardi
controls some of the seats that
Mr. Nenni includes in his ma-
jority 'and it was Mr. Lombardi
who last June rebelled against
a Nenni plan to give parlia.
mentary support to a govern-
ment Mr. Moro was seeking to
form.
It will therefore be Mr. Lom-
bardi who will be dictating the
conditions for a left-wing So-
cialist entry into a government.
The negotiations to ' form a
government will take place
while the country is in a diffi-
cult situation.
Charges to Nenni
Mr. Nenni is committed not
to permit a policy of deflation.
The Socialist Congress also
charged him to organize a
planned economy and to intro-
duce major reforms in the or-
ganization of the Italian state.
The Christian Democrats will
certainly find some of these
positions extremely unpalatable.
Despite the difficulties, the
negotiations are generally con-
ceded to have a 50-50 chance.
Either they will succeed or
Parliament will probably be dis-
solved and general elections
held. Deputies of all parties are
strongly opposed to this ide
15
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NEAR EAST
Little of this wealth, however, program and electoral reforms, includ
trickles past 'he politicians and bureau-, ing woman suffrage. Land redistribu
TEHERAN. crats to the people. In spite of $750,- tion is the key issue by which the pro-
000
000 in A
ri
,
me
can economic aid over gam will succeed or fall.
OHAMMED RIZA PAHLEVI, .
M Shahinshah (Shah of Shahs) ? the' past decade, the average family The Shah's intention is that ulti-i
of Iran, has stepped off his income is $170 a year. The population mately all farm land in Iran will be
is 80 per cent rural (10 per cent live broken up into individually owned'
Peacock Throne. That bejeweled em - in
blem of pomp and empire is stored Teheran and 10 per cent in smaller plots ranging in size from a ' maximum
away in a downtown bank vault. At the cities) and 80 per cent illiterate. The of 100 to 600 acres, depending upon its'
palace, the Shah has. turned his at- countryside is sparsely and primitively fertility. The
tention to the more plebeian matters settled. Roads and communications are former landlords are to be''
of what he calls a "white revolution." crude. paid - in 10 annual install-
After 2,500 years time has run out A few tribes-the Lur in the west ments a Price based
on
and the Bakhtiari i
for feud
l Ir
th
t
d th
l Z
Sh
k
THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE
OCTOBER 27, 1963
agros s
a
an an
n
e cen
ra
e
ah
nows -
former tax assessments, the
44 C+...v..,....., ,.. ......, r.. i,,...o t.:_ tho TIn..A~ .., ...:..t i...,.,..a,..... ... '
. ~~a..y wuecr.ea and
try out of archaic stagnation and he - Azerbaijan and the Turkmen in the income derived from the
wants to be remembered as the leader northeast Khurasan - cluster around peasants. The . farmers them-
of that march, not as possibly the last isolated water holes or ? live a semi- selves are to repay the Govern-
king of the world's oldest monarchy. nomadic life, fighting each other for ment over a 15-year period.
He is determined to be his own Nasser. grazing fields and warding off outsid- So far, officially, the lands
Whether the Shah will succeed in his. ers. But most rural Iranians are farm-. surrounding 8,000. villages,
purpose of transforming Iran into a ers-or, more properly, serfs, working : with a tax value of $86,000,-
self-reliant, self-confident modern na- not for themselves but for great ab- 000, have been purchased from
tion in the Western mold Is still un-. sentee landlords. A few years ago, it former landlords, and those of
certain. Undeniably, he has made could be said Iran was owned by not . 6,000 villages have been dis- T
some progress, but even well-wishers 'more than 1,000 families. Their hold tributed to 230,000 peasant.
feel his programs have been hastily ings were enormous. families, representing a popu
conceived, and they have aroused bitter lation of 1,200,000. But Iran
PP ele- has some 50,000 villages.
0 osition among many powerful HE Shah's father, - Riza Shah viousl
H
ments in Iran. y, only the surface has
has
Pahlevi, was not a rich man to begin been scratched.
The fact that any reform program at. with, but during his reign he became'
all has taken so long getting started is . Iran's largest landowner, with more
a comment on Iran, its people and its than 2,000 villages. Others were not URTHERMORE, he place-
political and social state, far behind. It was traditional for Min- of tlandlords dto take s must t he stab.
Iran is a land of 628,000 square miles isters of State and Parliamentary Dep of the
listed to supply be ea-about the size of the United States - t supply seeds,
uties and Senators to come from "the fertilizer, equipment, loans and
nd
east of the ? Mississippi River - with thousand families.'.
21,000,000 inhabitants. Although about help in marketing. The de-
three-quarters of the land is too moun- Feudalism was so fixed a tradition velopment of such coopers-
'tainous and and for that only five years ago the Shah found tives is not keeping pace with
is pnot farming, overoptimistic the in esti- Shah it necessary, in the interest of progress redistribution, but without
is probably ro,
to invoke a decree ordering landlords helping hands the inexperi
mating that his country could support to stop taking gifts, such as chickens,, enced able peasant
'three times our present population at eggs and "marriage dues" from peas-
to use owner s land will not
the European standard of living." ants. When a landlord's daughter mar-: ciently for several years.
Fertile hillsides around the Caspian ried, it was the custom for all his peas- In that event, food produc-
.shore produce excellent fruit, vegetables, ants to tion may fall, peasants be-
rice and tea, although the area is more produce-sometimes in gifts for of good animals measure,and, come disillusioned and mil-'
famous perhaps for the caviar that lions go hungry. The copse-'
'Comes from the sea thereabouts. The a month or two of labor. When a peas-
ant's daughter married, her father paid quences could be disastrous to
semiarid plains of Khurasan and Fars the landlord a fee. 'the Shah. The outcome will
grow wheat, cotton and sugar beets. When he quarreled, be touch and for at least
go
with his neighbor, he was subject to
five
a fine to his landlord. ?1 i years.
indication of the prob-
water 'reserves Why the peasants did not revolt long 1
lems,
there is the case of a
have been largely unexplored but are ago is still a question. Certainly, they. village in Azerbaijan. Re-
known to exist extensively. So, too, ex- ? , would not have stood such inequality formers from Teheran tried to
ist deposits of minerals, notably iron much longer in these days of airplane introduce a modern combine
and coal. And Iran is one of the world's . travel and transistor radios. The Shah harvester. The villagers, who
major oil producers. The oil fields have. decided it would be better to act while ? for hundreds of years had
been nationalized since 1951, under the been allowed to pick up the
administration of the National Iranian he retained the choice of decision.
gleanings, were enraged by'
Oil Company, which deals with a con-, the machine, which left none.
? sortium of foreign oil firms. This year, HE "white revolution" is based on, They burned the combine.
a record half-billion barrels of crude a six-point program. Briefly it calls One land-reform official was
oil are in prospect and Iran's 50-50 for land redistribution, profit-sharing murdered in Fars Province
share of the profits may well be' for factory workers, nationalization. of last winter. He may have been
$400,000,000. forests, a literacy corps, the sale of a victim of bandits seeking.
some state factories to help finance the & clothes and food, or he may
'JAY WALZ has been reporting from the Mid-
have blundered into the rival
dle East for The New York Times.-since 1959. grazing claims of local tribes.
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The Shah considers him a
martyr to reform.
For their part, the land-
lords are far from reconciled.
Charges abound that the Shah
is a traitor to his class, ex-
ploiting the peasants for poli-
tical expediency - that he is
promising the peasants more
than he can deliver and will
suffer disaster when they be-
come disillusioned. The land-
lords are supported by some
Teheran bankers when they
complain that the Government
will not - indeed cannot -
keep its promise to pay the
landlords for so much land..
This, they say, is just one
tragic consequence of having
rushed into land reform, pell-
mell, without careful planning.
000 men. His American mili-
tary advisers argue that a
,smaller force could be more
efficient. Many Iranians be-
lieve its real function is "to
protect the throne."
One veteran observer of the
imperial court says he is dis-
But a new seriousness has
come.over him. The lines of his
face cut deeper grooves than
they used to. His thin lips
move tautly, his gaze sharpens
and his voice becomes more
authoritative as he discusses
his plans.
It is perhaps only natural
that the landlords should pro-
mayed by the Shah's "almost "My job is to prepare my
complete reliance" on the . country for democracy," he
army and on his secret police,
the Savak,. for information.
Too often, it is feared, the
generals isolate the Shah from
unpleasant facts and close his
ears to constructive criticism.
During the past crucial year,
for example, the execution of
the reform program has been.,
in the hands of the mild Pre-
mier Asadollah Alam. He was
chosen for the job largely be-
cause he is a completely un-
questioning supporter of the
Shah, a friend since their
school days together.
Some critics declare the
Shah's only interest in reform
is his hope of perpetuating
the monarchy for his new, son
and heir. Certainly the Shah's ?
new approach has been more
evident since the birth of
Crown Prince Riza three years
ago this Thursday. But any
king naturally hopes to per-
petuate the kingdom.
Skepticism is frequently
voiced by educated Iranians in
places of responsibility in
government and the pro-
fessions, partly perhaps be-
cause one Iranian is always
reluctant to trust another.
They fear the Shah has
plunged blindly into an ad-
venture of political fortune.
Not a few doubt he intends to
fight to the finish; they pre-
dict he will relapse once he
has reaped the rewards of
showing himself "a hero to the
peasants."
"This land-reform stunt was
ill-conceived and not planned
at all. It will not work," said
a Teheran businessman bit-
terly.
test they have not been paid
fair prices for the land taken
from them, but the Shah
pooh-poohs their, cries of an-
guish. "What do, they expect?"
he asks. "The Government is
paying them what they them-
selves let the land be as-A
sessed at for years, when they
paid their taxes. They never
complained before that assess-
ments were too low."
Landlords - and bankers -
are not the only opponents of
the Shah's program. "Black
reactionary" is an epithet he
uses with increasing frequency
these days, and it is directed
most vehemently against the
Shiite mullahs, the ultracon-
servative Moslem leaders, who ?
not only oppose land redistri-
bution but say that the emanci-
pation of women defies Islamic
law. It is generally agreed that
the mullahs provoked a demon-
stration last June in Meshed,
Iran's most holy city, in which
a policeman was killed.
THE Shah makes much of
that incident, but he is not
inclined to discuss the rioting
that broke out a day or two
later in Teheran's old bazaar
-the hotbed of conservative
merchants and usurious money
lenders. On this occasion, in-
fantry and tank-corps men,
under orders, fired point-
blank into a mass of demon-
strators. The estimate of 100
killed. and wounded is con-
sidered conservative by wit-
nesses.
The army's show of strength
- coupled with the jailing
of several of the Shah's more
outspoken critics - effectively
decided the course of the
campaigning . for this fall's
Majlis (National Assembly)
election. The Shah's hand-
picked slate won almost in its
entirety. The consensus in
Teheran is that the voting
was more on the up-and-up
than usual-a reform in itself.
But that the election was far
from "free" by Western stand-
ards was all too evident.
The size of the army is a
frequent source of criticism.
With United States aid, the
Shah has built it up to 200.-
a * ?
THE Shah turned 44 yes-
terday and may be said
to be near the midpoint of his
life and career. He began his
reign in 1941, a bright, hand-
some youth with a European,
education and a supreme lack.
of confidence in his own abil-
ity to fill the shoes of his dom-
ineering father. He retains his
youthful and athletic leanness,
although his dark, wavy hair '
is graying, but he has devel-
oped an air of complete self-
assurance.
ing. Doing away with stuffy '
formality, he walks around his
.desk to greet visitors with 'a
smile and a handshake as they
enter his office. To an Amer-
ican, he speaks vernacular
English, punctuated with an
occasional slang phrase; "So
what?" he will say when ho
.takes exception to something..
told a recent visitor, "but we
cannot yet have democracy-
American or British style. It
is not the time.
"I suppose in time we might'
have a monarchy such as they
now have in Britain or Sweden
-when a king might play a
different role [i.e., reign not
rule]. But our people are not
ready for that. Our people
need the King. Without the
King, Iran would have been
gone long ago.
"Some Western correspond-,
ents who come here do not re-
alize that discipline is still re-
quired in my country. Without
discipline we, cannot have a
revolution like this.'
He speaks passionately of
land reform: "It will be com-
pleted because the people de-
mand it. We have started it.
We cannot turn back. The peo-
ple will not let anyone, even
those who give lip service to .
reform, stop it."
IS journeys around the
country have obviously con-
vinced him this is so. Every-
where, peasants have greeted
him with wild acclaim, and
such popularity is a heady
brew. The sour opposition of
landlords and mullahs and
Teheran skeptics has not
spoiled his enjoyment of his
new friendship with the mass
of his countrymen.
It can be argued that the
only way to accomplish land
reform is to plunge into it as
the Shah has done. I; would
take years to prepare Iran
completely for this desperately
necessary change, and then .
it might well be too late. The
Shah has many supporters who
believe that action - abrupt,
sometimes mistaken, often
fumbling, but action - to
right the injustices of its
ancient system of landholding
is Iran's greatest need.
THROUGH it all, the Shah,
if he really wants to win his
"election" as leader in fact as
well as in name, must build
new confidence among his
people in new ways of life.
For "black reactionaries" have
not been the only enemies of
reform and change. The tradi-
tional Persian cynicism and
apathy have been a paralytic
'disease for centuries. To get
Iran moving, the Shah will
need to ride a white charger
of 'mythical endurance and
speed.
17
Approved For Release 2003/05/05 CIA-RDP80BO1676R000600130002-2
 Approved For Release 2003/05/05 : CIA-RDP80BO1676R000600130002-2
NEW YORK TEES
31. OCT 1963
CHIEFS OF ALGERIA'
AND GIOROCCO SIGN
i 9A meeting of the foreign,'
ministers' council of the 30-
ination African Unity Organs-
:zation "as soon as possible"
at Addis Ababa, capital: of
Ethiopia.
CEASEFIR1J PACT , Arbitration Group Planned
The council would set up; an;
Ben Bella and Hassan-Yield
to Selassie-Shooting Will
Stop Friday' Midnight"
PLAN IS REACHED IN MALI
Neutral Zone Will Be Set Up
in Disputed Sahara Area
-New Meeting Slated:
By PETER BRAESTRUP
Special to The New York Times
BAMAKO, Mali, Oct. 30-
Morocco and Algeria agreed to-,
night to a cease-fire in their
border hostilities. It is takeef-
feet at midnight Friday.
President Ahmed Ben Bella
of Algeria 'and Bing Hassan II
of Morocco signed a delicately
drawn 'compromise. The fight-
ing has cost both sides several
hundred casualties in an area
300 miles southwest of Colomb-
Bechar. The first incident in-the
dispute was Oct. 8.
As Emperor Haile Selassie of
Ethiopia, the prime architect
of the compromise, looked on,
the Algerian and Moroccan
leaders signed the accord, and?
then' shook hands and parted.
Hassan smiled briefly while .. Mr.
Ben Bella remained impassive.
Terms of Accord Listed
Mr. Ben Bella was clad- in
the same rumpled olive-drab
uniform that he wore on his
arrival yesterday. King Hassan
wore a business suit. The sign-
ing took place in the Presiden-
tial Palace of Modibo Keita,, the
chief of state of Mali.
The agreement was reached
after considerable pressure had
been put on the negotiators by
the Ethiopians and Malians.
The accord calls for these de-
velopments:
qThe cease-fire.
gThe establishment of a com-
mission of Malian, Ethiopian,
Algerian and Moroccan repre
sentatives to set up a neutral,
demilitarized zone in the border ,
area from which both sides
would withdraw.
9Supervision of this zone by_;
Ethiopian and Malian officers.
arbitration committee. This
committee would seek to deter-
mine which side was at fault for'
the outbreak of hostilities and
would inquire into conflicting:
border claims and submit its
conclusions to. both sides.
In addition, both Morocco ;and
Algeria agreed to cease all
propaganda attacks by press or
radio after Friday and each side;
reaffirmed a policy of "nonin-
terference" in the affairs of the
other.
Each side gained and lost "cer
tain points. King Hassan gained
ap agreement by Algeria to the ,
principle that the frontier prob-;
lem and the Moroccan demands
for Tindouf and Colomb Bdchar
should be negotiated.
The Algerians won Moroccan
agreement to the conference of?.
the African Unity Organization..
which Morocco had opposed:
The neutral zone under the..
accord gave the Algerians as-
surance surance that their condition for
a cease-fire-the withdrawal of
Moroccan troops-would be met
even if it meant withdrawal of
Algerian troops as well.
However, Western observers
warned that such pacts'in the
Arab world, as elsewhere, had
collapsed quickly before.
Neither side seemed overjoyed
by the agreement. When the
signing ceremony ended there
was a burst of applause from
Mali officials.
The Presidential Palace, an
imposing structure on a hill,
overlooking the Niger River,
was protected by United States
trained paratroopers wearing
green berets and armed with
submachine guns made in Israel.
The entrance to the. palace is
flanked by two enormous stat-
ues of crocodiles.
The three visiting chiefs of
state were lodged in the palace
after their arrival last night.
Emperor Haile Selassie was
given a suite between those of
Mr. Ben Bella and King Hassan.
The Algerian and Moroccan
leaders met separately yester-
day with the Ethiopian Emper-
or and their Malian hosts. The
members of the Algerian and
Moroccan delegations carefully
refrained from mixing.
The Algerians were clad in
baggy ? olive-drab uniforms in a
show of their country's mobili-
zation against what they term
Moroccan "aggression."
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,The New York Times . ' Oct. 31. 1983
SAHARA TRUCE IS SET:
Algeria and Morocco have
agreed on a cease-fire
near Tinjoub.(cross), in
the disputed border,region.'
Rabat Awaits Text
Special to The New York Times
RABAT, Morocco, Oct. 30-
There was' no 'official reaction
in this. Moroccan capital tonight
to signing -of the cease-fire.
Government officials said they
would await receipt of the text
of the accord. ,
Algiers Busy With Plans
Special to The New York Times
ALGIERS, Oct.' 30-Algeria's
celebration of the ninth anni-
versary of the beginning of the'
war of independence 'against
France appeared tonight to be
likely to turn into a peace cele-
bration as news came of the
cease-fire accord. .
For two days there has been
practically no reports of any,
,fighting on the Algiers radio.
All efforts are being devoted
to the two-day celebration
planned for Friday and Satur-
day. Delegations have been ar-
riving and a four-and-a-half-
hour parade is to he held Friday.
Thant Hails Accord
Special to The New York Times
UNITED NATIONS, N.' Y., ?
Oct. 30-U Thant, the Secre-
tary :General, hailed the cease- .
fire accord today.
He said he hoped the agree-
ment would 'lead to a "final
and peaceful settlement" of the
border dispute.
He paid tribute to King Has-
san, President Ben Bella, Em=
peror, Haile Selassie and Presi-
dent 'Modibo ?.Keita for their
parts..
Delegates Go Shopping
While their chiefs were talk-
ing, members of the Moroccan
and Algerian delegations went
(shopping in Bamako, a city of
100,000, mostly black and most-
ly Moslem.
The visitors bought masks
and alligator-skin bags in the
tumultuous market on the Ave-
nue de la Nation, a street of
tin roofs and graceful, brightly
clad womens where a beggar of
two sighs in the heat.
After shopping, the exhausted
delegates went back to the
Grand Hotel in their official
cars, which are requisitioned
taxis, past the decaying villas
left by the French. In the hotel
they sat in the cool lobby and
shook their heads wanly 'at thei
newspapermen and waited for
developments in which they had
no part except as window dress-
ing.
Outpost Reported Captured
MARRAKESH, Morocco, Oct.
30 AP-Defense Minister Mah-
joubi Ahardane said today that
Moroccan. troops had captured
35 Algerians in an all-night
battle around the outposts of!
Merkala and Oum el-Achar,?
near Tindouf. 1
Moroccan officers said the
troops had seized Oum el-
Achar from its Algerian garri-
son. About 40 Algerians were
said to have been killed in ac-
tion around Tindouf yesterday.
The Defense Minister said
fighting also had broken. out
around Figtg,^1ar