INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000500740079-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 29, 2001
• Sequence Number: 79
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION POR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
STATINTI.CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT NO
COUNTRY CHINA
SUBJECT INDICATIONS
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
DATE OF May 19-25, 1952
INFORMATION
THIS 50 EMT CONTAINS IN/ONItATIOI AFIICTINI T.. NATIONAL Dtll..I
01 TMt 111115 ItAllS ^ITHIN THS MIAMIN. OF IOPIONASI ACT 60
0. t. CI AMD lt. AO AMIRDIO. ITS TRANSMISSION ON Tnl RIVILATION
OF ITS TIMTR IM ART ^An11EN TO AM UNAUTHORIZED /anion II PRO.
11151115 IT LAW. NIINOSUCTION O? THIS FORM It ?ROMIIITIO.
STATINTL
DATE DIST.
NO. OF PAGES 10
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
C 4' Roport No. 23-A -- COD&TNIST CHINA
(May 19 - 25, 1952)
CONTENTS
A?r2TNA::;2E, Ari ICORRUP1ION, ANTIBUREAUCRACY ....... 1
~L"7,7t,RNERC 1. 4tNU 1w'DUS~T:~RY ................. N .......... 1
FROB.~C.M........... a ................. 4
?r"ROPAOANTtk AND INDOCTRINATION ..................... 7
NkTIONAL MYNCRI IE2 ................. ? ............. 8
1110 C+F L1A NF,O'.73 ............................. s ....... 9
$TATL NAVY NIInM DIMINUTION
ARMY AIR FIX.
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O
of the drive, with f-i've made deputy administrative chiefs and 45 district nhiefs.
Wuhan added (W.y 22) the Chengehow Railway Administration and the Shenchow
Railway Bureau had saved 2 billior_ ydan by reducing costs. Wuhan said (May 25)
that a new democratic atmosphere also existed in the Wuhan Post Office; where
administrative officers now were willing to meet the workers face to face and
openly admit, their wrongs. Workers now praised the Party, saying only Party
members willingly admit their wrongs." Peking stated (May 19) that the anti-
corruption drive resulted in the purging of undesirable elements from the New
Drug Tr&de U ' on fr. Canton . acrd the taking in of 130 "tried and tested" shop
clerks. Pre.Loualy the union was weak, and dominated by capitalist agents.
Chungking asserted ,-may 21) tit as a result of the anticorruption drive the
Alining branch of the China Deportnen'? Store 2.ad r?d,eed transportation costs
through better buying :ft:.ods; rind had so inereasad off'-oienoy t.=,s only nine
sales clerks :,ow handled work f_`ormarly requiring 15. Chungking adCed (May 25)
that the Yur_nh_. .ra c : of the. Chirx I.-;dustrisl Equipment: Compare; increased ita
sales in April. upped cipl:.al turnover 35 percent aabo're that cf December,
and reduced enter'-.lament expoi ses 80 percent under, those of December. T]:.& Chung-
king market report 'M-_y 19) "our, wheat.. rice,, and c*egetable oil selling
at lower prices at he time of the last monitored report o_: Apr. 25. Yellow
beans, millet and 2.orit showed no price charges, while eggs had :Isar: slightly.
In Kunming flcu: was 'areat lower., but rice up about 5 percent;
Kweiyang reported rice up about 4 percent, Yaan showed flour .kr.ch.nged, rice dawn
more than 15 percent .. s. _d whoa:, yellow beans , ?regetabie oil., and eggs higher in
price than on Apr. 25. :fie Shanghai market. report for Fast China cities (May 21)
showed c3.garet':.es dcm-n 2 :J'.:. cowl: 2.9 percent In Nanking;
flour down 2. 7 yel"Ira" dears 2..L, and wheat 6.2 percent -_'n- All
other items were '.S::r.har.ge.i f-om '.he previous week.
Claims oFT~c ss, L'a._re=i 'May 24, t:'.&-. i Movie': ts.".cia?: in he
shops OF-the- _~i_~ec:s_ aar2ola_. noi'1w6.y kind constructed art electric power wheel
polisher that wound save ~,I're aril i:~t?er in fininari_g railway ca. wheels. Peking
said in ni:meral a;ade the Chinese-C'rbngo"rur Rail.w;y had reached 476
kilometers on the Railway Mdr.',siry goal of a. 500-siiora;er?per'-d:_ ?ri-ve? with
the National a-;era&?e raiser from 411;.5 :0 430 ki`t_:r.,etert. M;:.seer: ._ae-rted (May 24)
that workers e n the ` a er. d ^ i ion the Chine ie-C ar.gohu _ Fa. lwa.y _ b?. sat7e:: the
Government 97 million yua . ty adopting Soviet met'ho1s In making up ar.i dispatching
trains. Ft-k1Ig stated, In nursesl code (M'.y 19,' I a . ..ie .~C)rt_t+a t Ccr4a tr& Oti oo_
Company now was at-le to "rr,In Ile workers and ca'..pe `bra In YJJ:: ' :.3 rather than
the 3 years required 'u der e oli i pt'r'e ~i~ e ~yj: y9tecJ, aa; z of adoption
of "prop -essive c ie' `acs:~ loci''' yuk!er, se- ' 'Ma 21; "_:&t Pert '~,,
struction vork.er's r.a~l in c+.t.el 511 t-CC,ia presel'-.&d 10 niceics.. 3 ~ r +:ozss" and
fulfilled April assignments ahead of time.
Mukden reported i. May 21that the Sungk=:s:, Province rter men t}."d Comm nist Party
Committee held a croiere oe on basic construction attended by 698 pet.--'cns on May 12,
when it was pointed out than 1952 construction would be hear , with national
defense and heavy econoary, construction making up R( -~areent of the total, and that
a cut in cost of 15 percent wuuid be required. ~''kdern said (Wray 24*)' that Soviet
help had enabled workers in the Fushun Steel Mills to discover a synthetic alloy
for steel mak!.rq. Fukirg reported i a -numeral code (May 23) that t e Su Chiang-yu
bricklaying team had set F record 6,000 bricks per car:-day by use of the Soviet
Shavluki-, technique.
Peking announced in code (May 2- .-*f that the Finance and Pecnomy Committee
of the Hopei overnmer.t nrid established a standard blueprint for ec. strue tion
of schools, loverr.'aent, and public buildings that would save the equivalent of
15 million tone of grain annually. :shanghai announced (May 22) that the Nanking
Textile Mill... the first pus?lic:ly-,owned mill in Nanking? started operations
May 20. Wuhan reported (May 2 5) that two Wuhan Telophcne Company employees,
Yu Chia-ohung, who invented 25-second telephone connections, and Wang Chung-shan,
who introduced 11 'r.:cova,ians and was a model worker for 3 consecutive years, had
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ANTIWAS ii ANTICORRU ION, ANTIBUREAUCRACY
Anshan announood (May 19) that the local People's Tribunal on May 18, arming
corruption cases fromthe Tax Bureau, Cooperative Bureau, Construution bureau, and
civil Affjairs.Bureau,:pardoned 17, including Liu Seng-yuan; placed 13 under
surveillance, including Chong Tzu-liang and Chao Wen-fu; and sentenoed eight to
prison, including WeniYuan-wu, Wen Chi-wet,, Chin Kuo-ohiang, Li Yueh-hua, and
Taeng Cht}: Dairen aad (May 24) that local workers and shop clerks were super-
vising the payments'?aadeby 5,000 law-abiding or partially law-abiding merchants
on evade taxes. Tsin~an declared (May 22) that with the adjudication of 195
cases of corruption: d the initiation of the "thought construction" phase of the
anticor_ ption drivethe Shantung People's Court had taken on a new atmosphere,
with man oadres studying political works or applying for Youth Corps membership.
~.Y-.Peoplels Court cadres were accused of being bureaucratic,
During .he drivs.-Man
corrupt, anpleasure seeking, of lacking political consciousness; and of having
bourgeoise leanings.
Wuhan report`ed' (lily :29) that private firms in Chenohiang, Kiangsu, had been
classified,;ith.3, declared law-abiding, and that firms given lenient treat-
ment had joined in they drive to expose major corrupt elements. Wuhsi said
(Mav 24, `,'at in Changhou, Kiangsu3 3,432 of +Ihq 5,600 firms had been declared
law-abldi an' d o
nig? p13r no completely non-law-abiding, with the result that most
of the firms hid,?'ncre sed their capital and were producing goods. Ku Yc-hain
enlarged s_plant;'fr 2 machines to 12, and 39 other firms arranged a :joint
buying trip to: an hail.
.
Peking announced,in.numeral code (May 24) that in Wuhan an anticcrr.ultion
drive victory rally was held May 20 to honor 98 outstanding workers who exposed
corrupt e~l'ements and led the masses in the struggle against them. In t'.e group
were Chen Chen h"siaag~ Tao Shih-tao, Tang Hou-yin, Mai Ching-te, Liu Eisler.-yu,
and Fan Paohua. WubA, said (May 22) that among those commended by Mayor Wang
Jih-chu st the victorylirally were model anticorruption drive workers Wang Hung-tao,
Tung Chung-Chien,?'Ho_ Hp-ying, Chien Ta-mao, Tao Tsu-kuang, and Fisia Chien-kuan.
Wuhan rep' tad. (1* y, 25 ' that 150,-000 persons had attrsnded the local - ive?-snt:1~'s
exhibit, jrrhich exposed the corruption of the capitalists and served as s war-nling
to the ma ses to beon guard against future capitaliac attacks. in order to
highlight, the, achieve nts of the anticorruption drive, Wuhan author_.iea had
organized ainational ?nstruetior. photo exhibit to enable the masses to under-
stand the coming,nationi1 construction program.
COaRUIERCE N D I S
TRY
Gains from' iia irtii,_,?'_ on Drive. Peking ~etated in numeral code (May 21) that
labor unions; in Mukden private business firms had been greatly strengthened as
a result Qf the anticorruption drive. Previously, law-breaking capitalists had
infiltrated their. agen a into the unions to control them. Dairen declared
(May 24) ~hat.ia bid'to "reap the fruits" of the anticorruption drive, the
Youth Cor ips had Called -a 'rally May 22 to mobilize the' city's youth for the
production drive. 'AceQrding to Tsinan (May 24),' State industries in Tsingtao
reported greatly impro. red conditions in April, with higher production, "because
raw materials 'now. are': available. "
Hangehow a . sorted ()~:125) that in the private Taifeng Flour Mill of ii:hs:en,
Chekiang, wc. kere fad; increased daily production from 94 to 107 bags per de.y as
a result of thr; aaioofiiruption drive. Wuhsi declared (May 24) that in Sungkiang,
Kiangsu, workers were-enthusiastically working on processing contracts, as
private industry had;'~a nded production as a result of the drive. In Sungehiang,
Kiangsu, trunreased.political consciousness of the workers had saved millions,
with worker Chang?Hsun=ahien saving 15 million yuan in one plant alone by salvaging
old machine parts. ~~
Wuhan stated (May. 19) that in the Chengohow Railway Administration there was, now
a new democratic spirt' and consequently 254 workers had been promoted as a result
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been sent to a workers? sanatorium at Hangchow in recognition of their accomplish-
ments. Sian said (NL-y 20) that the No. 1 Textile Mill of the Northwest Government
had been formally opened. The Northwest Government on May 17 conducted ceremonies
for the first graduating class of women truck drivers in Sian.
Attempts to Fro!otE -usinFss. Dairen announced (May 19) that the Luta branch of
the China General Merchandise Co. would remain open from d a.m. to 9 p.m. daily
and Sunday "tc give workers ample time to make purchases," and that other State
trading companies also would expand their business hours. Shanghai said (May 20)
that 300 firms that had been "treated leniently" during the anticorruption drive
had been given 4 billion yuan worth of cash and goods on processing contracts.
Shanghai announced (May 21') that tea merchants at the East China Trade Conference
planned to place orders for 7,600 piculs )f tea valued at 4 billion yuan.
Shanghai added (May 23) that plans for the East Chine Conference had been completed.,
that eight industrial delegations from Shanghai would participate; and that a
delegation from south Kiangsu would place orders amounting to 150 billion y an.
Shanghai reported (May 24) that the conference had been opened, with 1.,000 dele-
gates from East China and 170 from other parts of China; that 6,000 merchandise
samples were on axhibitlon; and that a Service Department had been organized to
handle shipping? insurance, taxes, buying, and so forth. "The conference is an
attempt by public enterprise to integrate private enterprise in the barter system."
Peking said _r, numeral code (May 22) that, since April, State trading companies
and cooperatives in East China had been promoting the sale of native products
"to revitalize that market." Fiangchow ar' "raced (May 21) that Chekiang authorities
had palled a meeting to study "trade eonaitions and the encouragement of private
trade." At the meeting 9.8 billion yuan worth of business was transacted, 22.15
percent by pr ivaz,e traders. Fiangchow added (May 22) that, "as the conference had
shown signs of growing activities.," it had been decided to extend Yt. Trade
during the 2d day amounted to more than 6.6 billion yuan worth of goods,, one billion
industrial and the remsindc^ native and specialty goods. Nantung reported (May 23)
that corrupt merchant Hau '2e?-ming "learned his lesson" during the anticorruptior
drive, was now increasing his investment in order to process ?Aovernment orders, and
was cooperating with his workers to expand production.
Sian reported (May 22) that the Party Committee recently had promoted a meeting of
138 public and private businessmen a4 Sinirg to discuss the "revival of private
industry under the leadership of State industrial enterprises," when businessmen
were "urged to cooperate" in increasing production," was reorgarized. Wuhan
announced (May 21) that in April the Central and South China Department Store placed
processing orders with 3..500. private firms, and bought three times as much goods
from private factories as during March. in Canton 600 private firms were given
April orders, with "similar help given to private factories and firms" in Changsha
and Kaifeng. Wuhan added (May 23) that "in order to revive rural economy" the
Hunan Trading Co. had bought 120 billion Yuan worth of native products, while the
Kwangtung Trading Company bought 500 billion yuan worth.
Chungking announced (May 20) that in western Szechwan the China Native Products
Co. was promoting trade by increasing its purchases from the rural areas and reduc-
ing the selling price on 124 items of processed native goods. Chungking added
(May 23) that in eight hsien of the Mienyang area, Szechwan, all cases against
private merchants bad been "basically adjudicated"; shop clerks and State trading
companies were "assisting the revival of private trade" by increasing production
and reducing caste: and merchants who had been leniently treated had turned in
their gold and silver for Jon min piao in order to increase their working capital.
Weaknesses and Shortcomings. Mukden (May 25) quoted the TUNGPEI JIE PAO as
commenting on the "slowness of the production drive" in State industries of Mukdon,
Harbin, and other Northwest cities. Leading cadres were accused cf conservatism,
poor leadership, and a lack of understanding of Chairman Kao Kang's call for
increased production, and were ordered to study documents, accept responsibility,
and mobilize the workers to map production plans and organize work competition.
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Dairen charger. (M y 22) that Tax Bureau cadres in Dairen and Port Arthur had rightist
leanings and lacked a knowledge of tax collection procedures,, with the result that
trading companies bad been allowed to cause huge Government losses. Tsinan announced
(May 21) that inspection committees had been set up in Penglai, Anchiu, Changlo,
and other hsie. if Shr :t,,=., "to prevent superficial implementation of the drive
to promote production." ?sinan stated (May 24) that the Party Committee had been
instructed to r'chastise' Chang Wen-te, manager of the Rsinan Match Co.., for
bureaucracy, micm.nagsment, stopping work:: holding up workers' wages., end threat-
ening workers.
Hangehow reported i. May 20) that workers of the Har,gchow No. I Silk M111, under
the guidance of the Federation of Labor, decided that patriotic pacts must be
revised in order to Sncrease production and reduce losses,. Huainan announced
(May 24) that in the ',.:,inan Colliery the battery shortage for miners' lamps had
been solved by invention of substitute lamps, while the worker shortage was being
handled by overtime work:. Peking reported I-? numeral code May 21) that the Ste.te-
owned Taiyuan Machine Factory had organized special production units to solve the
problems of waste, confused standards, and worker she +-aae., At the end of February
more than 200 Items had been abnadoned without being completed? Wuhan (May 25),
quoted the CiTA' CH'_V?7 T--R PAO as saying Chairm-r Mao Tse-tung had celled upon
Chinohiang flood control project workers to "struggle for completion" or the pro-
ject. 'This manifestation of Chairman Mac''s interest in the pro feet has greatly
aroused the consciousness of the people." On May 21 a delegation of 10 officers
from the Central and South G~_ina Military Zone visited soldiers working on the
project, made an on-the-spot broadcast, and delivered 1F-tters of greeting to the
soldiers from of .er :L f icer3. 1 `he le:.teI's confer red raeri'torious wnr?ds on the 908t1;
403d. 717th, 7i3f, 721:1, a .~. 721s JetaC;t1':.e3r 'admit ,:65 sat iout dif_
culties in canp~leti_.g the pro: jv?: 1' --nd uI'gei the W.:-lers to `re Ueu?L +r the
tradition rf :he oc.;'per? lite'"'ation Arne in ~Orcoiwng 1" s 'm~;z_':ails aifficulties.."
Chungking report-.ed (May 19, 1,'000 '~act.i'vve e' ^-^unts" promoted d-L irg the
anticorruption dri- e in C:,ungsing f',etariee ware 't)eIng given a 10-?aay course to
"familiarize u..a' with their new duties. ?' tha z 6l'. Chunghia_g :?eztile mills
regular mee-t-i-.,gs were I eing held sc. that, the :'new workers can lea'_": from the
older ones,,,' at.'1 In. addf-?t=ors t?h& raw workers were tei:.g taught "ba.-sic Chinese.,"
so that those who 1c many knew only a few hundred Characters were r -5w 3t1e to
recognize more -ten , .casand, Chungking said May 25) that C urig.Kirtg workers
now were aesamt'.1nt _ _ur ,racka 21 no:.t.es rather than, the fo'_cer _!e truck per
month. Peking ars.ouuoea in r:umeTS i code May 1 t % t .9t the trs c,.. _ i the
China Textile "o. had ir.:roi reed a : inspection and a?J.iiting system :c improve -he
quality of t.ne gccas and ',to impiei ant the policy of _i?virg equal benefits to both
public and private en:erpr ::sea.''
Plans and Programs. Pe -king anno l ,Ced in numeral c de that in Joni heal, China the
third stage of the lard reform Frogra;n had been e:,,npleted in 6 months in 208
hsien with 35 mill=o.. people affected. More than 76,000 cadres participated in
the pro ram and also organized farmers associations, which now toasted a
memtj'? ~ i~ G ' TL 1, ions. t_ : nor; :err, Szechwan farmers association membership
had almost doubled and now included 41t p6-cent of .he populatI on. Wuhan reported
(May 21) that land refca?n had been completeed in several hundred key hsiang of
Kwangtung, while the 'a:o was to complete the work in 1,000 hsierfi of 72 hsien by
the summer h>r?zeet. Peking reported (May 22 th t, in the :Nor t' ivsat,, land reform
had been completed ir. 862 hsiang. 97 percent of the original plan. In Kansu
poor and hired peasants now controlled nearly twice as urael land as formerly,
while in Ninghsla poor and bred peasants., making up 45 percent of the population,
had been given Inz-ee ooc each. "The increase of organiryad militia also has further
consolidated the People's Democratic Dictatorship in the r-rr&l areas of Northwest
China." '
A Peking home service broadcast announced (May 22) that the Northeca t Government
was encouraging the use of horse-drawn farm machinery. wangc'how stated (May 24)
that in Sancheng Chu? Sauyan Hsien, 5:iangsu, the cooperative had signed a con-
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tract with the Chen Wei-fang mutual-aid team to furnish salt, cloth, matches,
kerosene, and tools, in exchange for cotton, wheat, beans, vegetable oil, and
handicrafts. Hangchow reported (May 21) that both cooperatives and mutual-aid
teams had made great progress in Chekiang, with the Chinhua Special District
boasting 10 cooperatives and 16,000 mutual-aid teams. The East China Govern-
ment extended 2 billion yuan to Armyme-'s dependents to assist them with summer
farming and giving relief to those in distress. Chinchow announced (May 20)
that the Tahua Hsiang Cooperative of Changpei Hsien, Liaosi Province, had
organized a loan bureau to assist poor peasants by lending them cash, goods,
and animals, at low rates of interest.
Hangchow reported (May 20) that since the introduction of improved silkworm
cards the silk producers of Chekiang had benefited greatly. In Hang Hsien 143
cocoon growers bad agreed to grow high-quality cocoons and sell them only to
the Government. Chungking announced (Nay 20) that in eastern Szechwan the
Government had issued a directive on summer grain levies, instructing cadres to
draw up levy lists to be approved by chu Governments, with the maximum fixed at
25 percent of the summer yield and destitute peasants to be exempt.
Droughty Flood, and Pasts. Hangehow reported (Ivy 22) that the Party Committee
of Hsinteng Hsien, Chekiang, had issued a directive calling upon peasants to
promote summer planting "in order to avoid a famine." In Lanchi Hsien the drought
prevention office issued an emergency directive calling for action to restore 120
reservoirs recently damaged by heavy rains "in order to avoid summer droughts."
Peking announced in numeral code (May 19) that 6.4 million people were engaged in
insect eradication in four special districts of Honan, including Loyang and
Chengohrni: that two-thirds of the population -re mobilized for combatting the
whea. in Ch-.Leh Fisien, Shansi; and that farmers of Hopei, Shansi, Pingyuan,
and Honan were battling the cotton weevil. Instead of remembering their sufferings
of last yeas, many people were not exerting themselves in destroying insects, but
looked upon them as "a creation of nature that would continue to be reproduced
even if some were killed."
Peasants were instructed to "use their native ingenluty" to devise ways of
killing insects if sprayers and insecticide were unavailable, as did farmer
Chi Kuang-thing of Loyang Special District, who was issued a citation by the
Honan Government for inventing a tool to catch wheat borers.
Nanchang announced (May 20) that the Party Committee of Chian Hsien, Kiangsi,
had issued a directive calling upon rural cadres to lead the farmers in weeding,
fertilizing, and insect eradication, to organize and properly administer rural
water systems, and to settle disputes over water rights. Nanchang added (May 24)
that local authorities in Kiangsi Province had been alerted against flood danger,
as recent heavy rains had raised water levels to "dangerous heights." Wuhan said
(May 21) that the Kwangtung Flood Control Office had reported serious flood
conditions in north, west, and east districts; the Hunan Conservancy Bureau repor-
ted dikes breached in several places around Poyang Lake; Hupeh authorities had
alerted river patrols to be on guard against Yangtze River floods; and Kiangsi
had reported serious floods in rice areas.
Wuhan reported (May 20) that insect plagues were serious in the Kweiyang area
of Kwelchow, while floods were causing anxiety in the Wenshan District of Yunnan.
Draught prevention offices of both provinces had issued directives calling for
mobilization of farmers to fight insects, floods, and water shortages, and warning
cadres that laxity on their part would be severely punished. Chungking announced
(May 21) that in eastern Szechwan a directive had been issued calling for 'nsitive
steps to prevent drought and summer famine. According to Chungking (May 21) the
Government in the Tibetan Autonc-,us Area of Sikang had called upon various hsion
to stress propaganda on pest eradication.
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Resistance and Weakness.i Chinchow announced (May 20) that the Party Committee of
Tiehling Hsien, Liaosi, had sent 30 cadres to investigate and reorganize 95 "sub-
standard" farmers cooperatives. Many members triad failed to pay in their shares,
and those who had paid could not get their money back. Chinchow said (May 21)
that the Liaosi General Cooperative had sent four teams to propagandize and offer
teohnical assistance on the use of insecticides; as some farmers had been unwill-
ing to spend money for insecticides, while others had made improper applications.
Tsinan reported (May 24) that the Party Committee of Chitung Hsien, Shantung, had
taken disciplinary action against rural cadres i16 regain the confidence of the
peasants, as the cadres had been indifferent, had refused to follow directives in
Linkao Hsiang, and militia Capt. Feng Chien-lu had imposed 22 grain levies upon
the peasants.
Hangohow reported (May 20) that a recent c,'rvey of Chekiang State farms disclosed
glaring defects; which had "seriously impaired', farms in Chinhua and Cl "hou Special
Districts. A directive called upon the cadres to exchange experiences and check on
each othe-, to make closer supervision of farm operations, and to eliminate
bourgeois tendencies among the ?orkers? Cadres in Kairua :isien were charged with
complacency following initial successes. Yangchow stated (May 22) that cadres in
TungLai Hsien, Kiangsu, had been charged with failure to implement fully the spring
farm production program, with, paying no heed to farmers' problems, and with showing
an ignorance of farming operations. Peking reported in numeral code (May 23) that
a check in Hsuancheng F'^ien, Anhwei, where cadres became complacent following cons-
truction of large reservoirs. showed some reservoirs located where they could not
be used, some leaking end crumbling,. some irri ation systems in disrepair, and a
need for agreements on water rights.
Sian announced (May 22) that in order to alleviate the farm labor shortage in
Sinkiang Province, members of the Peoples Liberation Army had been helping the
farmers with spring wheat planting. Wuhan reported (May 25) that the Hupeh
Military District had issued an urgent directive calling upon the peasants to
organize and arm themselves to protect the wheat crop, as lawless landlords and
counterrevolutionarier, were sabotaging the harvests. Nanchang stated (May 20)
that cadres in Tungku Fs en, Kiang-el, had been ordered to indoctrinate the pea-
sants in "rational production and :rational welfare," because their irrational
actions led to results, such as th,. loss of oxen, which greatly hindered production.
Li Yun-nung of Ssutso Hsaangregularly hired out his ox for as much as he could
get, because he had bourgeoise leanings, and when he rented it to peasant woman
Tai Chi-chiu she worked t so hard that it died
Nanchang said (hiay 21) that in Chirthuang Hsiang, Yuchiang Hsien, Kiangsi, where
106 families were starving because of last year?s drought and this years heavy
snows, peasants with surplus food dared not make loans for fear of accusation, un-
til after ^' 1 rinationlon the Government policy of free landing, when 36 families
lent 91.4 piculs of grain. Nanchang added (May 23) that in Hsinchi Hsiang, Wantsan
Hsien, Kiangsi, indoctrination was necessary because peasants hesitated to increase
production through fear of increased taxes. III Hsinkan Hsien 90 mutual-aid teams
were organized ir. Chu 6, but no one knew theirlpurpose, while in Chu 3 one-third
of the 100 teams served no purpose, and some ev&n included landlords.
Chungking reported (May 0) `*.Li cadres in Hur ya Hsien, Szechwan, had been charged
with bureaucracy and indifference to the plightlof poor farmers, as an inspection
in April showed 60 percent of the peasants shc.t of fertilizer, oxen, or grain,
though others had surpluses in all these necessities. Chungking added (May 22)
that in Yunnan rural cadres issued only 54 percent of the farm loans, withholding
irrigation loans becausel they thought the farmers did not need them, and delaying
processing loans because they were too busy holding meetings. Peking reported in
numeral code (May 23) that the Administrative Bureau of Cooperative Enterprises of
the Southwest held sessions in April and May to discuss the backwardness of farm
cooperatives, as an araalwith 74 million people had only 1,200 cooperatives with 3
million members. The deficiency was credited to "lack of knowledge" of rural econo-
mic development, underestimation of rural needs,, and "conservative thought."
,I
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Chungking said tMay 25) that the weaknesses in the organization of mutual aid teams
in Loc ih. Iu"anpu,, rind Nanchurg Hsien. northern Szec*h?van, resulted from poor publicity
and ignorance of village cadres. In 'TT?ngc}ta hamlet, Lochih iisien, cadres regis-
tered all individual t?ouseholds and forced persons to Join the teams, thus en-
rolling id_ers and loafers.
Kunming s-tfi tea (May 19) that In _'angkou and Limn Ksia 7, Chu 5, Kum-sing, land
reform haw ur.de nc prcgTa because of the indifference of the peasants and the
strong opposition of landlords and counterrevolutionaries, though with the
arrival of land reform teams the pe.s?nts aided in rounding up ind imprisoning
landlords. in Likan r'sian,;, Tunghai Hsien, Yunnan, peasants feared the ruffian
landlords and to :.`tack them. but. after indoctrination by the cadres
they were wilii:g .o help in confiscation of landlords' properties.
Mass j del on,rira__+_cr,. h-.sh_i,n announced (Way 21) that the secorl volume of the
magazine, IIJNG ,:EN WEt i eontainirg artic'ies Or. Mac lye--tun speeches, industrial
and mining const: uct'i?cn and introduction of new techniques. been issued and
would be sold t"n,rough the post office. Chinehow stated (,,I&y 25 *1 thGt the propa-
ganda activities cf the ie:.ling Broadcasting Station, which had succer?ifully
fanned up the ti. trod of the masses against American bacteriological warfare, en-
lightened them on _anltation and popularized the marriage law, had proved so
popular that- 3? hc`,seh lds 'bad asked for outlets in aooitlon to the 500 sir-eady
installed. Yar:gc_-:cw reported 'May 2l: tr_at 50,00'0 persons ir. northern 'iangsu
were meffbor6 of the newip7.pe:? :oaoir.g groups. which relayed ~'cvernmert
opinion to t .e rr s8es are: i olped overcome hesitancy '.n promr)-.ing- sprtrg farming.
Cadres had been urged :c- r:eop `:Nose groups in cpe_-atioa, though soate ra3 been handi-
capped by a la.::L ":.,f ?_i_ars" e reader's? W.thsi reported (May 25) tbat the E.rsran
Hsien Fanny Coati tee had ordered ee.dres launch a propaganda campaigni aimed at
getting 30 percent of :he popalat tor, enlisted ir, the increased production drive
before the stI im ler fe_''7est At a. meeting It vi-6.s decided that ner.cu lciation of
American bactC~__ ~_og cal 'Warfare lm.ust to included'' In the campaign.
Huainar_ arnr, ..Le,: 23 .-__ . at t h& Chiulurgkang o' lier y 70 percent of the
workers had been en.roiled in. 3t Ere--.ime schcoir:.. so that, they nigh'. gain a wetter
under3'tnrcdin o '_+nt-1on i affairs. IaI uar. reported ;11(a.y 23'1 hat the 31411-7i
Party Commltttec .. d ss.;sd a d:reotive calling for mea.s":,ras in the
handling of ra.iioos :iced in p'. ~.erE76nr]n wcrG an, specifically or er"ir.g propaganda
cadres ni-,t t. rLpc T *- a:o . ,since the -Uog?r._ing _f the year 123 rajios had been
reported ~TJisv:i i.i1ro f pr.co_:s" c. 'hea- a.ucn hsisr. .:o-veir71m!rt", w:iie in Kuo
Helen eight radios were re2;ortaa oL' of order in 3 days. T61pian said ?May 24)
that the increa.se-i political con.ciolisnesa of the masses had increased newspaper
circulation trv 7L5 000 conies '. S.,hansi. the KUA = JENM 'N JIH P.10 increased
33 000 copies .,. 2+, percen-t .e F:AN : J.i?r PAC, 1?.7CC and the .?Eta MIN im PAO,
1,OO0. Churgxi_lg sai:j (%y 23' that the ':uniting Party Committee hru cabled a
meeting of industrial caaired "'to Study the problem of coordination between the
Government and the messes.' cadres were accused of limiting their responsi-
bility to carrying' out ' o- ernmer,t or-!ors, an-d failing to pay attentior. to the
opinions of the workers and the ma_~aes. They were ordered to "convey the will of
the masses to the autngri',?16s."
Cultural and j1pais. =r'oac_ . Peking's home service broadcasts (May 22) gave
considerable attention to Mrio ?Tse-t: rg''s speech on literature and art delivered
at Yenan in 1942, reported meetings throughout China commemorating' the 10th
anniversary of the speech, and stated that Korean literature and art circles and
the "progressive. press" in Eur'::pe gave considerable publicity to the speech.
Peking it numeral coda (May 23) said that the All-China Federation of Literature
and Arts held a commemoration meeting, while reports of similar loop"' meetings
were broadcast by NFncbrang., Wuhan, isinan, Hangehow, Shanghai, Mukden, Dairen,
and Sian (May 22-23). Mukden (May 23) gave one entire broadcast program to the
speech, and reported editor e.l comment in the TU'N3PEI JIH PAO and the TUNGPEI
WEN I.
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Peking sale in e !ICCti aor--,`_ o croaicast (Msy 23; ttar, Mao's speech was translated
into Ko afar. ar_e tCic c':`ltural workers ha been greatly impressed by his
knowledge of :orasn art and lit?er?sture.
Anshan reported (M v 20 thst 403 cadres who were met:`er's of Anshan industrial
unions ar.d -_'ee prcfmctei in April new were undergoing an intensive course in
political irdcctr;ratl~- and _nrproved work techniques. Dairen asserted (May 22)
that though`, ref.,rr., :mod 'ree-i s`.lccessful=y r.arried out among the teaching staff of
the Dairen ins'itute of _ec .no?c,gy .nd the Dairer. M..dical :rstitute and that after
irdoctrd.ij `ior. tj c'ar -ty Committee the. professors had "overcome their
hesitancy ar_a expreese:s f',il': s::ppor. .tor Ch.ircDan Mao's progr;a;e" S2 rghai
announced 4s;y 23' zr.a- the iocif_ offices Of the Chirac ^eds ttio.^ of Labor bet
a symposium on A..". paace, r.trcduct:or: of rew work techniques, ,-.d trade union
orp-19.AtIoT,, of tire; World Federatian of Trade Jn:.or_s in attendance.
Sba ghai said 24'; f-ar:y Gorrmittee. in order to strengthen
its control over e:v7::CdiC r - + ert e6 3d seieotsd SLOG cadres from is Party
schools for' 'Hor: in ione as8?gued fld=rlistr?titive pcsiti^cs aril. others
to the Pe rty r~'z':1:?9'I.C:!;?`i?#ie ca Tres "ire of a higher cultural l.e'lel and have a
better ur,serst~.::i of Fry pc,~:c3 ," and were expected to '.azc5 ,he lead in Party,
administr-etive. a.r:,: iou':Y: Corps aOtivi'vies in their re.Spec:.79 or 'ar:izations,
Agriculturhi ~e laloLmemt i'e!:'irtr:; repor,:ed In rc.nrera'_ code May 21 ? that t-y tag use
of the People's I e d':ior kciiy L. rei gious insti":'.iti.ons;. ~nd :.ocal loin
Committ8es, ` e 1'eop 8 Jeer 't e: .r_d -t Le Fec.ple's
Changtu 15549 ~_.._. ) vii-Br, it. Tow'-ir,:erec A_id ._=tt,e:aa:-?free 1C?_::z
to farmers, h r.iioraft wor"er's, .'id them i s solving
their &eed, 'I'te :hiE7?a'..se Peopld If. risen: also
issued large seE-e _.::ins Wt i'L? :1wcttrg ...nd :o311 lie:.. f 1Clb and
Changtu Civ'y, csiE _eed ar.::t f;o?I 't?%SZ.E. Or Mac 20 the :7i e S7~7_ .orLfj2i:a9
purchased 4C' 'ci.i._c,c. V- wc---'G Of wo..l from. 4 1C, w:.. - 16alars, :off of 'WLIC._ hal
been held b;r t;s ye;''rs?
Chungking' repor-_'e1 all need ,. cc of er Ence
in Cheli rsie near :rta buroa toroar, and approver resolc.:IIor,s t:. increase the
production of ;.=-i o:lien , elegy".ea rtli7 "proci ^" g'uatl t he Nation's
borders and w .e ou`.. 5 ^e: i~:5: C::2 ,.Yid 1 sn i t n who dare t o t3":'.: 3T' ? e i 'terr i t?ory. "
The uoverTkmant t.c+rit5:: `,6je-., S1,6-app . _: ueo 33,1-_'_t tons of ._ i.r ':?O 11Det+in
farmers in -he `abet .ii =ia`tor14eo'_:s trc._ .o proac`te spring pl"odu ti:r for wh,ch the
Tibetans expressed pro May _20 that raofc,
Tengkoy Patartg, aT_r i. ten ien. of the ri'Letan- . J1 :_. inc. s AreC Sr,a-e terra were
formally org ni zed _., :SFr: ' w 'th most ire hind already to wneidi corn,
cotton, kaolin?1ce. ben.'ns, r%n,:i ?iegaT9t'.ies
Pew f_:uidyr:c6a Fe iIFg repor':ed in numeral IMay 19J that ro::-r! Day tied
been celebrated in lrtasa May . under the newly ~.gnr.i~ed Lhasa Committee of the
Democratic `_ciut_r Corps, whic airs was eaiing Y.i;ns to celebrate the E:rza versary
of Tibetan :I.Sber?allor.. Puma s:a.i.d (Ma't 23; t_r,at the Dalai lama and Panchen lima
both exchanged greetings with Chair- to :mad on the anniversary of Tibet's libera-
tion; the :Northwes.. Ching M1lir::s:y and C ;mmittee sent- greetings to
the Dalai Lama end +ne reople"a Liberation F..ri y ir: 'iitet; and greetings were ex-
changed among the : itetsr. r'eop"_.e?s ove_?rment., Sikang :'ibetar.s; and Chang Yuo-hua,
commander of : abet era People " l i>;er. ati on Army forces,
Peking ariuouncea in rturleraal :rte (May 20) thatl,under the protection and encourage-
ment of the Feople e s Llbor.a .Ton Arrry and State '-`.-Lading companies, private merchants
since last winter had shipped 170,000 catties of tea from tihua Hslen, ?Sikax to
Lhasa, with the price cut from 52 Tibetan yuan per jar to 32 yuann In return, Lhasa
had shipped out herbs and 3b1?. tun. Peking reported (May 25) that the new Sikang-
Lhasa motor road now nad crossed the Erhiang Mou_*rtain, the Tatu River, and the
Sikanw Plateau to Kantz`.I, crossing the fiaoerh Peak, 5,30c meters high, with an
ice pack 2 meters t hick,
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Tibetan merchants formerly required 100 days to traverse the route by yak during the
4-5 months of the year that it was passable. "Hundreds and thousands" of workmen
were killed in constructing the road, but the people's Liberation Army Engineering
Corps was pushing the highway on to Changtu. "Though the road is paved with blood,
yet it must be pushed through; otherwise ire could not face our Tibetan comrades."
Sian reported (May 20) that the Minority Public Health Group of the Central
Ministry of Health had arrived in Sining to start work in Tsinghai Province,
carrying all kinds of modern medical equipment and drugs, including penicillin.
Besides organizing a public health program, the group also planned to train a
large number of minority health cadres. I
Counterrevolutionaries. Chungking reported (May 23) that in the bandit suppression
campaign for So'xthwest China, exclusive of Yunnan, 116,708 bandits were killed by
soldiers and militiamen, 4,072 bandit chiefs and secret agents were captured, and
100,000 guns, 290 machine guns, and 2 million rounds of ammunition were taken.
New Marriage Law. Nanchang announced (May 19) that the Party Committee of Hsinkan
Hsien, Kiangsi, had ordered 8 months of labor reform for Chao Te-fu, chu secretary,
for violation of the new marriage law. While serving as chu secretary, Chao began
to "assume airs," and demanded a divorce so he could "marry a suitable woman."
However, before obtaining his divorce he started living with cadre Yen Liang-hsiao,
and had a child by her.
Preferennial Treatment. Chinohow said (May 23) that the Liaosi Government had
issued directive calling upon the masses to present gifts to dependents of
Ariw;,een during the Dragon Festival. Anshan reported (May 23) that r3sidents of
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