EX-CIA LATIN AMERICA CHIEF SAYS INTERVENTION INEVITABLE MOSCOW IDAHO

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP91-00901R000500060008-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Document Release Date: April 28, 2008
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: March 26, 1984
• Content Type: PREL

STAT
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UN 1TE.U F=65 INTERNATIONAL
26 March 1984
EX-CIA LATIN AMERICA CHIEF' SAYS INTERVENTION INEVITABLE
MOSCOW,, IDAHO
Former CIA Director William Colby Monday defended American covert
activities in foreign nations, saying the alternative at times is to "send in
the Marines. "
"The alternative of using a small covert action operation in Guatamela in
1954, in the Bay of Pigs in Cuba, or assisting Guatamelans or Cubans who try to
achieve a change in their government, is to send in the Marines, " Colby told a
University of Idaho audience attending a symposium on the CIA's Involvement in
Latin America.
' Now you can say we shouldn't send the Marines -- I can understand that --
but does that mean you can do nothing?'' he asked.
"I think the question is the wisdom of a particular action and not a general
denunciation of the activity, '' Colby said.
Colby said the CIA's budget for covert activity is now rebounding toward
its Cold War level.
There was a tremendous surge of covert action during the 1950s Cold War, "
he said. "Roughly half the budget during that period was devoted to covert
action. That declined by the end of the 1960s and early 1970s to about 3 or 4
percent of the total budget.
"Obviously it has gone back (to more covert action) to some degree since
then,. because of, for one thing, the change in American attitudes as reflected
by the defeat of the Carter administration and the ascension of the Reagan
administration, which has a different attitude about these things. "
Earlier Monday, a man who once headed the CIA's operations in Latin America
said no president can avoid authorizing clandestine intervention into the
activities of other nations.
'American presidents, generally speaking, are going to elect to use covert
activities to further their goals,'' David Phillips said.
' 'Obviously, it depends on the president, but any president, I think, wall
use it under certain circumstances.
Continued
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Phillips said Jimmy Carter used covert activity less frequently than previous
presidents.
"I think Jimmy Carter probably used covert action less than anyone who has
been president since the CIA was founded in 1947. But if someone had gone to
Jimmy Carter and said, 'I know of a covert action that will get the hostages out
from Iran,' I think Jimmy Carter would have said, 'Go.'"
Phillips said he left the CIA in 1975 after 25 years with the agency
because he thought the intelligence establishment as he had known it was going
to be abolished.
He said he later formed an association of former intelligence officers to
demonstrate support for a continued strong U.S. intelligence operation.
Phillips and several other former CIA officials were scheduled later during
the two-day Borah Symposium on the Moscow campus to debate U.S. intelligence
activities in Latin America.
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L March ?964
CASPER, WYO.
COLBY
Former CIA Director William Colby has told a Casper audience the American
public has benfited from a transition in the CIA from the cloak and dagger
days to modern electronic surveillance..
Colby told a seminar at Casper College Thursday the intelligence agency also
has been strengthened by laws passed in the 1970s which give Congress more
authority over the agency.
''We have changed the sytem of intelligence,'' he said. ''We now work under
the constitution. Thanks to this new concept ... we don't slink out of Hong Kong
and sneak through China to see what is going on on the Manchurian border. We
look down to see where the tanks are massed or where there is troop movement. "
Colby said sophisticated intelligence operations mean the country will get nol
strategic surprises from the Soviet Union.
''We may get surprises from Iran, but not from the Soviet Union,'' he said.
There is no chance the Korean commercial airliner shot down over Soviet air
space last year was being used as a spy plane, Colby said.
Reflecting on the history of the agency, he said after the disaster at Pearl
Harbor the intelligence community began recruiting scholars from universities.
''The key was scholarship and study,'' Colby said. ''This was a revolution.
He said cooperation among scholars, chemists, and scientists made possible
the high altitude spy planes that spotted nuclear missiles in Cuba.
Colby said during the agency's early stages Americans were willing to have
spys more ruthless than our adversaries', but that has changed.
''When Congress, in a united voice said stop we stopped -- which we did in
1975 in Angola,'' he said. ''The Congress controls the power of the purse."
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Ex-CIA chief offers overview
on diplomacy and finances
William Colby on the intelligence ' A year or so before, there had been
community, the bid for detente and some very distinct cutbacks in logistics,
and the Vietnamese were forced to 'fight a
;the worlds monetary problems. poor man's war. You don't train someone
Former CIA Director William Colby I in American tactics and give them
,Says the most troublesome challenge to . ? American weapons and then deprive them
-peace today is the "World War I scenario;' of American ammunition.
under which a relatively small event pro- Q; Do you think tit a intelligence com-
pels an unstoppable chain of military munity has recovered from its travails?
events. He thinks the intelligence commu- was. Yes. Essentials it's back to where it
pity has recovered from its trials, sees w_ V -me, the real mark of the recovery
cautious hope for detente in the arrival in - was w eii on ress vvery._properly
power in Moscow of Konstantin Cher- passe that law_to-protectthe names of
nenko, and is enthusiastic about:the sources and agents.
chances of democracy in Latin America. Q: A ou testified, there obviously
But he believes that the rift between poor were some excesses in the -past. Do You
and rich countries will be only solved if think they_eould_occtlr aua-n?
the World Bank adopts more realistic loan .i? A: No, not at present. There's a control
policies and "gets more capital moving:" machinery that we dcu -
have
Mr. Colby spoke to Times diplomatic t_ually, I'd say the excesses were very few
correspondent Russell Warren Howe. i, and far between, for an organization
Q: Tell me something about the book
you're writing. Hasn't everything been
said about Vietnam?
A: No, I don't think it has. It's a very
imperfectly understood event in our his-
tory because it's dominated by a few
rather dramatic episodes, which in many
cases were not typical and often were
misinterpreted or, as with the Tet attack,
reported just plain wrong. I am really one
of the very few Americans who went
through the entire experience in a posi-
tion of responsibility.
Q: What is your basic theme - missed
opportunities?
A: Yes - the things I think went well
and the things I think went badly. My the-
sis is fairly simple: that we actually won
the guerrilla part of the war. The apt com-
parison is between the attacks of 1968
and those of 1972 and the final fall: 1968
was a large guerrilla attack supported by
military forces which actually failed, but
achieved a real psychological victory. The
1972 attacks were.a purely military as-
sault at three points on the border,
,and the (South) Vietnamese held them
off. They fought North Vietnam to a
standstill with the help, not of American
forces, because we'd removed almost all
of them, but with the help of American lo-
gistics and air bombardments. In 1975,
you again had a sheer military assault
from the North Vietnamese at three
points on the border. A few tactical fail-
ures, and collapse.
wtth all that mystique._Nowadays, it's
clear that you_have a good system of-re
view and a_-good legal control.
Q: What are your feelings about the.
new "young prince" in the Kremlin?
A: I think he's essentially a bureaucrat.
He came up by being a loyal assistant to
Mr. Brezhnev, which has one good feature
in it, because Mr. Brezhnev, I think, was
really interested in the whole detente pro-
cess. While the Soviets are very difficult
to negotiate with, I think there was a com-
mitment to detente on Mr. Brezhnev's
part, to try to make it work. I hope that
Mr. Chernenko has inherited some of this.
Q: At least, Mr. Chernenko is not really
an unknown quantity, as Mr. Andropov
was.
A: Well, he's an unknown quantity as a
chief, and, let's face it, he's controlled by
the fact that he depends upon the people
under him. In order to retain power in
that college of cardinals, you have to as-
semble a consensus, or at least a majority,
and that means you have to get the mili-
tary.
Q: If detente doesn't work, and events
go from bad to worse, can you see any
logical scenario leading to World War III?
A: I'm not concerned about a Hitler-
style sudden launching of a war, because
that's impossible. Anyone who has been
near nuclear weapons, which includes the
leadership of both our great powers,
STAT
theless, the scenario that bothers me is
the World War I scenario, where the var-
ious powers get in a tense situation, and
then they gradually depend more and
more on the planning and the pre-
organized actions of the military. How
World War I broke out is very clear -
they got into a situation where they
couldn't turn it off, and the powers found
themselves in a four-year war with 50 mil-
lion people killed, and nobody really
knows what the devil the war was about.
Everything depends upon an enormous
degree of communication between the po-
litical command of the two countries, and
a degree of rationality.
Q: What are your feelings about Leba-
non, and the attempts to relaunch the
Reagan Mideast peace initiative?
; A: What you will get in Lebanon, it
seems to me, is a kind of informal parti-
tion, which will: go on for quite a long
time, because the requirements of the
different parties are so incompatible. I.
think we should bring Syria in. The Syr-
ians see Lebanon as their protege and feel
it ought to be under their protection. And
they're naturally concerned to make
sure that nobody else has a dominant in-
fluence, whether it's the Israelis or the
United States. And unless you begin to fo-
cus on the Palestine homeland problem,
you are not really focusing on anything. If
you focus on Palestine, you have a focus
for solving the Lebanon thing.
In Israel, there's an increasing growth
of the Peace Now movement. The Labor
Party is talking gingerly of some kind of
resolution of the conflict, and you are get-
ting greater realism in Israel about the
long-term implications of continuing to
provoke hostility.
Q: What incentive could we offer to
move Israel forward?
A: The incentive of a better relation-
ship with the Arab world. With every year
that goes by, more Arabs are learning to
drive tanks, and sooner or later, that pre-
ponderance of numbers is going to be det-
rimental to Israel.
Q: What do you think about the Gulf
war?
A: I think the best comparison, again,
is with World War I - masses of people
being slaughtered in trench warfare with
modern weaponry, and without much gen-
eralship, and no use of technology on ei-
ther side to achieve a breakthrough. The
rendous that they couldn't withstand
them, and they'd be very cautious. None- I
rNm1kZWD
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real danger, in my mind, is in the Gulf
Arab states, given the kind of plots the
Iranians have been involved in - coup at-
tempts and things of that nature. There's
a threat to the Gulf states' independent
alignment with the Western world.
Q: So, it would be in the interest of the
Gulf states for Iraq to continue the war
indefinitely and keep Iran tied up?
A: Very much so. And it's very much in
their interest to go ahead with the devel-
opment of the Gulf Cooperation
Council, and get their own internal and
external defenses, because of the possi-
bility of intervention from across the
water.
Q: Latin America: Do we have a clear
policy and is it the right one?
A: Once again, we're having a period of
interest in Latin America, largely brought
about by crises there. Tb me, Latin
America is in a period of enormous op-
portunity right now. You have a trend to-
ward democracy. The big nations - Bra-
zil, especially Argentina, and there are
even some stirrings in Chile and Uruguay.
These are major developments, and
could set Latin America on, the right path.
The problem there is an impacted social
oligarchy. But there are some trends
noted by the Kissinger Commission -
with whose recommendations I agree -
where we can help make changes in the
social scene, improve the rule of law,
which is absolutely essential, and do it
positively.
Q: Has there been too much of ten-
dency in the past for us to support all the
George Ills against all the George
Washingtons?
A: No. Sometimes we have, but some-
times we have supported some good peo-
ple down there. We have supported the
democrats in Chile. We supported the
free government of Costa Rica. We
caused change in the Dominican Republic'
when the military tried to steal the last
election. We've had some impact on Cen-
tral America. If you look at the five
Central-American countries, in the last
two years you've had elections in Costa
Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and even in
Guatemala, although the election there
was stolen later.
You have not had one in Nicaragua, and
the government's official position is that
it's not ready for elections until 1985, if
then. You have, in other words, a general
understanding among most of those coun-
tries that you have got to go to the voters.
That is the'real difference between the
democratic process and the others, and I
think that trend exists (in Latin America)
and it's on a growth pattern. It's some-
thing that should be supported, and might
really be productive, so that it's plain to
the lowest peasant that there's more pro-
gress in this direction than there is
through any of that foolish revolutionary
stuff.
Q: Do you believe the spread of educa- Nakasone sort of personifies- this. I think
tion has brought about the demand for de- it was going to happen to Japan sooner or
mocracy? later. It was going to have to take the posi-
A: To some degree. It's the spread of in- tion that its power gives it. But he has
formation. Even the Soviets can't keep done it and I think done it quite well. He's
information away from people. They have aiming for a true East Asian co-
the freedom to talk now that they didn't prosperity sphere.
have two years ago. Our own culture is But the Japanese will take pains not to
surprisingly becoming. more interna- ' be too dominant, because they know the
tional. Some people complain about this fear. I don't see, at any time, what the old
because of the overwhelming idiosyncra- demographic studies suggested we worry
sies of some cultures. But it's behind the about - Japanese industriousness and or-
curve. We haven't figured how to run poli- ganization based on top of China's re-
tics in a way which corresponds to the sources and population. It didn't happen.
reality of the economy and the sociology The Chinese can maintain themselves.
of the world we live in. They're mainly interested in their own af-
Q: I was trying to think of some part of fairs. They're not going to be much of a
the world where outside influences don't threat to the rest of the world.
have much impact. Have you given Q: You mentioned co-prosperity. The
much thought to North Korea? Japanese see the North-South conflict as
A: There are those godawful tunnels. more long-lasting than the East-West con-
There are obvious intentions to conduct flict, and economic aid as a factor for
attacks on the South. They started dig- peace.
ging at the same time they were talking A: Yes, but that formula, is never going
about better relations. It was only the to keep the peace alone. They give about
good sense of the Chinese that stopped 1.3 or 1.4 percent of their GNP as aid. We
North Korea from attacking in 1975, give about 0.1 percent. So they're giving a
lot more than we are. But they won't go
when the Americans were pulling out of over 1 percent of their GNP for military
Vietnam. North Korean President Kim Il- (expenditures) compared to our 6 or 7
'
sung went to Peking, and it
s generally percent. Peace isn't going to be solved by
"
"
thought that he was saying:
Now, boss?
And they-told him to go home, and not to
attack. He could start anything totally ir-
rational.
Q: And there are 12,500 American
troops in the invasion corridors?
A: I think we could stop them, that's the
point. And I think, if he started it, he
would probably not be supported by the
Chinese or the Soviets.
Q: So we would have to be careful not to
go too far into North Korea?
A: Yes, we learned that lesson once, and
we applied it in Vietnam. We never went
beyond the 13th Parallel, except to bomb..
We had that very much in mind.
Q: But they would be able to bombard
Seoul with short-range missiles. So, pre-
sumably, the war would have to be carried
over to Pyongyang, with missiles.
A: And by bombing. ? -
Q: But you don't see the likelihood of
World War III happening by mistake
there?
A: No, it would be in the interest of all
the great powers to contain it.
Q: What do you think about our rela-
tions with Japan? Do you agree with Am-
bassador Mike Mansfield that it's the
most important ally we've got?
A: No, it's not the most important ally.
It's a very important ally, but I would
maybe think of Germany as the most im-
portant ally, if I had to cast around for
one. But Japan is the center of economic
activity, and I think a lot of other action is
moving eastward. And the Japanese are
beginning to play a role with their power
in political and economic terms. Mr.
aid, even if they spend 2 percent of their
GNP on aid.
The thing I worry about right now is
that all the banks seem quite happy about
having solved the (Third World's) debt
crisis. They haven't solved it at all. They
just put it on the backs of the workers in
the little countries, and you have a terri-
ble shortage of capital for growth. Yet,
population growth is continuing.
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ARTICLE 1,r NEW YORK TIMES
ON PAGE_J C' 2I February 1981+
t this background, she tw e
~
' ican connection is vital. Ties between
America Be Patient
n
Filipinos and Americans exceed our
Mfith t e links with most other peoples in the
Philippines world. Millions of Filipinos look
warmly to their relatives in the
United States and to their American
democratic heritage. many Amer-
By W111iam E. Colby cans feel a responsibility for the suc-
cess of the colony they freed to start
WASHINGTON - The scenario un- the process of decolonialization in the
folding in the Philippines looks de- ire Moslem insurgent effort is Jim- third world. Economic relationships
Pressingly familiar. Vast protest ited. to a single region and does not are intense. The Philippines' military
movements fill the streets of Manila. ; threaten the state, although it will re- dependence on American strategic ,
An authoritarian President shows main a continuing security infection -support is matched by America's
signs of physical deterioration. requiring long-term political s and need for the military bases made
'Armed Moslems and Communists security attention comparable killto a available to our forces at Clark Field
battle the military in the countryside. Northern Ireland or Basque problem. and Subic Bay.
The security forces had some, unex- llil~ Communist effort is only the Americans must make a
Position serious ef-
Plained role in the murder of the op- nut recent of many guerrilla_ cam- fort to understand Philippine politics. gns; -in Position leader Benign S. Aquino Jr. ;~ the Philippines since the We must be patient with its tempo-
ositirate opposition leaders call for ,1950 s = campaigns that the Phi- , careenings and look beyond the
the removal of American military bureaucracy and security. limited question of support or resist-
bases vital to the strategic balance in . l fog have learned to certain if pot ance to the.Marcos reort
'bases vital Asia. The national debt is eliminate. The opposition to Mr. Mar- the Philippines to meet imets real hele
more than $25 billion and an snot cos may be strident and sincere, but it nmic and social chap
mows payment or reluctant resche- "fragments whenever it has an oppor- this kind of assistance, tengbaa doles-
duting must take this year. tuaity to take power, and is thus Jim- cent nation can go through its present
Y to place
It is easy in its effect.
cry havoc -- to believe The real struggle under way is to trials to reach a maturity that will
that the regime of Ferdinand E. Mar- make its sponsor proud.
cos is toffs
ring and that the Philip- revive the Philippine political system
. ;
pines will turn as hostile to the united and insure a smooth process of suc-
States as Iran or Nicaragua. But a cession after the Marcos regime. William E. Colby, Director of Central
cooler and closer look at the Philip- Rhet
bosses orical hyperbole, regional politi- Intelligence from 1973 to 1976 and a
pines reveals more differences than cal and wealthy establishmen- lawyer, is senior adviser to Interna-
similarities to those unfortunate tartans will continue to play a role on tional Business-Government Counsel-
countries. It may be that the Marcos the Philippine political scene. We can fors, an organization that analyzes
regime is coming to an? end, but the anticipate a series of crises and tur- :ountry, risks for investors.
moil as Mr. Marcos struggles to re-
cultural, political and social funda_
mentals of the Philippines argue for a tam Power against those who oppose
better result than occurred else, him or as his wife, Imelda, backed by
whgre. some (but not all) of the military,
Even in the short term, it can be strives to succeed him.
said that president Marcos is han- But, most importantly, all Fili-
dlit}g the situation with considerable
skill. t op Marcos authoritarians to
. By officially ignoring but not su- the s stridetion ionists, beli eve that
pressing the noisy demonstrations in resolution of Philippine political
the streets, he allows an outlet for the conflict must ultimately be reviewed
irrepressible Philippine personality. the ballot box. Philippine demo-
He-has forbidden police' and security cratsc practices bear a remarkable
forces to use ammunition when fac- ."resemblance to those - the western
ing.demonstrators, thus avoiding an United States during the 1880's and
escalation of violence in a symbolic 1890 s, with problems of vigilante
incident. His gradual concessions _ groups, corrupt political bosses and
in the formation of the commission in- intense factionalism. But the basic
vestigating the murder of Mr. Aqui- reliance on the voter, however much
no, ,changes in the constitutional effort is made to manipulate him or
strpcture to revive the office of vice her, insures that the outcome will be
president and agreement to revise acceptable, if not ideal, to_the Phi-
voting lists for coming legislative .lippine people as a whole.
elections - do. not satisfy opposition
demands for an end to his authoritar
ian rule, but they do drain some inten-
sity, from the struggle to depose him.
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zu reuruary .L 2 +
Experts raps, d~~en- d ?1)____
evil empire, benevolentxorce
By JAMES FfODGE sary, but that it should be controlled to to the ;financial d-ata of hundreds of
A former. CIA chief, an ex-KGB avoid abuses. He said Watergate was a people.
agent, a Watergate burglar and an j 'prime example of how it was used for He would then be in position to take
author on international espionage political purposes, advantage of'someone who fell on hard
came in out of the cold Sunday night to "This is 1984," said Wise, .and times and may be willing to help the
talk about-undercover operations: .Americans should beware. Soviets.
Speaking at a Tulane University He said a Senate report on assassina Colby said be thinks the difference
Direction '84 program, espionage bons shows the. CIA also tried 'to kill between the two agencies is that the author David Wise characterized CIA Congo -(now' Zaire); leader Patrice f CIA 'bas reliable but, few sources of
operations as rather ominous. He sair Lumumba"by poisomr g his toothbrush information about the Soviets, while
elected officials need to control the Colby admitted .tbe CIA had"consid '. the. KGB has .an -abundance, of infor-
agency to prevent foreign assassins erred an assassination program" there; i mat
ion about .the United States but
bons and domestic spying. but scrapped if doesn't know which pieces are correct..
Former CIA Director William Colby Liddy backed.Colby in` downplaying Colby also said he thought Ameri-
said the agency is "not an evil, empire." the CIA's intentions'tOW assassinate cans have "sobered up fm
ro the binge"
It was founded to be "more ruthless opposition leaders,.asking Wise if he in the 1970s of being distrustful of the
than its enemies," he said, but the believes?the CIA gave-"Chairman CIA:
agency's abuses "have been few.-and Andropov his bad cold." Colby confirmed Wise's allegation
far between." Liddy said the CIA is more of a, that the CIA once screened 28 mil-
Colby said the CIA has been too con= benevolent force than the KGB. 'The 1 ion letters `of Americans in violation
trolled, that it does not engage -in j difference is that the KGB would throw federal law, but said the letters
assassinating enemy. leaders, although a little lady. into an oncoming train,, were only those coming from the
admitting that in Fidel Castro's case it and the CIA wouldpush,her out of the ..U.S.S.R..
was not for lack of trying." way "They weren't your letters to Aunt
_He referred to the CIA :attempt to Vladimir Sakharov, a: orffier XGB- ` Minny,".tie told the audience,
have the Mafia poison the Cuban dicta- . turned-CIA a ent,'said?`the difference .. Wise then rebutted Colby's conten-
tor as one of its more stupid miscalcu- tretween.the ve; intelligence' opera tion that the CIA has operated-within
lations. ;# ns is one of method. ,the law in the last 10 years
y'also said he would-.-, Kaye r ? The CIA is a think tank, he said, "How do we know?" Wise said. He
cheerfully carried a bomb into Iittler'r .witereas the KGB;spends .most 'nfits said President Reagan -has issued an
bunker:' time setting up communication. executive-order allowing covert
-'Add .to Hitler, Libya's Moammar t Sakharov who was at the heart of domestic operations and has revamped
Khadafy, said G. Gordon Liddy, con KGB operations in the Middle East, the declassification system so that doe-
victed Watergate conspirator and laid his job was largely public rela? uments don't automatically become
former general counsel to Richard .:?ons; "selling the Soviet-point of public after a certain period of time..
:Nixon's Committee to Re-Elect the? "
Niew. Wise also said the CIA is involved in
President 1-vide-spread covert operations around
The-'end sometimes justifies The Soviet agents' try . to- make the world, most notablyi.n Nicaragua.
means. when it comes to breaking the. Jfiends and establish ties,.especially:in Because it's "an. election year, Wise
law, Liddy said. This is as true in spy- f`hird World countries. said, Reagan has discontinued the use
ing as in the case of the husband who le ' He said the. greatest danger to. the of lie detector tests on federal employ.
goes through a red light to get his ?t1nited States is the computerization of .ees.
pregnant wife to the hospital quicker, nformation. If-he were still a KGB
he said. agent, be-said he would open up a car .'
"Spying is the oldest or at least the ;cle lership that would allow him access
second-oldest profession," he said. The
Bible gives evidence that Moses car-
ried on economic and military spying,
he said.
Man spies to determine the capabili-
ties of his enemies and their inten-
tions, he said. The only way to end the
business would be to "change the
nature of man," he said.
Wise, author of "The Invisible Gov-
ernment," said that spying is neces-
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NEW ORLEANS
SPIES
A former CIA chief, an ex-KGB agent, a Watergate burglar and an expert on
international espionage got together but the meeting was anything but secret.
The four men discussed the achievements and the dangers of the CIA during a
forum Sunday at Tulane University.
Former agency director William Colby and Watergate burglar G. Gordon Liddy
spoke in defense of covert operations, while author David Wise characterized
such goings-on as ominous.
Vladimir Sakharov added to the picture with memories of his KGB days.
Colby said the agency was not an ''evil empire.'' It was founded, he said, to
be "more ruthless than its enemies, " but its abuses had been few and far
between.
The former director insisted the CIA does not engage in assassinating enemy
leaders though in the case of Cuba's Fidel Castro it was not ''for lack of
trying.''
Liddy, former general counsel to Richard Nixon's Committee to Re-elect the
President, said the end sometimes justified the means when it came to U.S.
agents breaking the law.
'Spying is the oldest or at least the second oldest profession, '' said
Liddy.
Sakharov, a former agent for the Soviet intelligence department who later
worked for the CIA, said the difference between the two was a matter of
method.
The CIA is a think tank while the KGB spends most of its time setting up
communications, said Sakharov, who worked at the heart of the agency's
operations in the Middle East.
He warned the greatest danger to the United States was the computerization of
information. If he were still in the KGB, he said, he would open up a car
dealership that would allow him access to financial data on hundreds of people.
Wise, author of ''The Invisible Government," said spying was necessary but
its abuses should be curtailed. He said Watergate was the prime example of how
the mechanics of espionage could be used for political purposes.
' 'This is 198411 he warned.
STAT
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ARTICLE AI E USA TODAY
ON PACE 17 February 1981.
Update
^ US. intelligence agencies
should share their information
with the public, former CIA Di-
rector William Colby said.
Reported by Bill Nichols and
Richard Benedetto
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 STAT
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UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL
16 February 1984
BOSTON
Colby
U.S. intelligence agencies should give up ''the old myth'' of secrecy and
share their information with the public, former CIA Director William Colby
Says.
Colby, the CIA chief under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, said
Wednesday the agency could use its information to correct erroneous information
in Congress and the news media.
''Intelligence can contribute to the public debate,'' he said in a speech at
Simmons College. ''The functions of intelligence have to be shared with the
people. This is very much a change in the operation of intelligence.
''It's an old myth of intelligence that everything should be secret.''
Congress and the media are already receiving more information from the CIA
than 10 years ago, he said, because of a greater congressional oversight.
''We have another meaning to the initials CIA -- Constitutional
Intelligence for America," Colby said.
He defended covert CIA operations in Nicaragua and other countries, saying
the agency has followed U.S. laws.
''That's the way the American system works," he said.
Colby said it was "fact of life' that other nations are attempting to
interfere with the U.B. government through covert activity.
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 MOSCOW
CIA
UNITED PRFSS TNTRP TTnmTAT
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STAT
The CIA's Latin American operations will be studied at the 55th annual
Borah Symposium on War and Peace scheduled for March 26-27 at the University of
Idaho in Moscow.
Ralph McGehee, former case officer on covert operations who left the agency
after 25 years, will be a featured speaker.
Former CIA director William Colby and Larry Birns, editor of a bi-weekly
publication on Latin America, also will speak.
McGehee said he left the CIA after becoming disillusioned with the agency.
He said his decision was largly based on his last four years with the
organization, when he had access to almost all information about its worldwide
intelligence and covert operations.
McGehee, who had assignments in Japan, Thailand and Vietnam, said he decided
the CIA is primarily a covert arm of the presidency. In that capacity, McGehee
said the CIA generates ''intelligence'' operations in foreign countries to
overthrow or support a government.
Symposium officials sa Birns
y publication, "Washington Report on the.
Hemisphere," is often used as a source on Latin America.
The annual symposium brings American and foreign government officials,
diplomats, scientists and political analysts to Moscow to examine causes of war
and solutions for peace.
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ARTI. CLE APPEAFM M0TH JONES
ON PAGE / f February/March I P84
DID THE CIA TOPPLE THE
AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT?
In the red moonscape desert of central Australia last November, 116 women climbed a chain-link
barrier and invaded a spy-satellite base run by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.
The women. who had traveled hundreds of miles to stage their action, said they were expressing
solidarity with British women camped at Greenham Common in England to protest the deployment
of U.S. Cruise missiles at that site. But the facility in Australia was targeted for another reason as
well. As a major CIA base, it is a reminder to Australians, who elected a Labor party government
Just one year ago, that the last Australian Labor government was thrown out in what the Aussies call
'-the Constitutional Coup." The Australian women who climbed the fence at Pine Gap-like most of
the country's Labor party supporters-believe the CIA has never been brought to account for its
role in that coup.
Born in Australia, Phillip Frazer is now
a freelance writer living in Croton Falls,
New York. Support for this story was
provided by the Mother Jones Investiga-
tive Fund.
To Henry Kissinger. Aus-
tralia was just another
minor annoyance in
November of 1972. The
president's national se-
curity advisor had spent
most of that month in Paris desper-
ately trying to sell "pease with honor"
to the Vietnamese. while rebel forces
closed in on Saigon. Back home, stu-
dents were plotting revolution in col-
leae dormitories. In Chile, a Marxist
president had expropriated American
banks and copper mines. And in the
Middle East. our ally-of-preference.
Israel. stood on the brink of another
war with our Arabian allies-for-oil.
The fact that Australian voters
might elect their first Labor party gov-
ernment in 23 years would, however,
.create a diplomatic vexation for Kis-
singer. Under a succession of pliable
conservative administrations, Aus-
tralia had sent 50.000 troops to Viet-
nam. If Labor won and carved out its
campaign promise to withdraw, the
U.S. would lose one of its handful of
allies in Vietnam.
Had Kissinger been able to pay
more attention to Australia, he could
republic but of one of its major allies. . Canada. Australia and New Zealand.
CQ NrTEV W_V
have channeled a few million dollars exclusive and powerful club on earth
to conservative candidates, and they -tied together by what is formally
might have won. But Kissinger be- known as the UKUSA Agreement.
lieved the prediction from his embassy James Bamford, author of the recent
in Canberra, the nation's capital, that study of the U.S. National Securita,
Labor would lose; and in the years Agencyf The Puzzle Palace. describes
that followed, a minor vexation be- UKUSA as "quite likely the most Be-
came a diplomatic nightmare.. For cret agreement ever entered into by
probably the first and only time in its the English-speaking world." The
history, the United States felt com- pact was signed in 1947 by the SIGINT
pelled to meddle in the electoral poli- (for signals intelligence) organizations
tics not merely of a small Third World of the United States. Great Britain,
Ten miles west of Washington.
D.C., at the Langley. Virginia. head-
quarters of the Central Intelligence
Agency, James Jesus Angleton had
his own reasons to fear a Labor victo-
ry in Australia. Angleton had spent 29
years with the CIA. On Australian
election day in 1972 he was in charge
of the agency's most secretive divi-
sion, counterintelligence, and he had
a good many friends in Australian iq=
telligence. The Aussies were mem-
bers of a spy elite-perhaps the most
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ARTICLE MIDDLETOWN (CT)
r I N PrsKr C,7 7
IDEA
Current research
? CHEMISTS SYNTHESIZE
SPY POISON
Wesleyan University chemists have
announced a laboratory synthesis for
a natural substance once gathered
clandestinely by the Central Intelli-
gence Agency as a potential suicide
pill or a weapon because of its ex-
traordinary toxicity.
Less than a milligram of this poi-
son, called saxitoxin, can kill a per-
son in under an hour. It is produced
by red tide algae and is responsible
for shellfish poisoning when red tide
invades beaches.
But for Peter Jacobi, associate pro-
fessor of chemistry, and graduate stu-
dent Michael Martinelli, saxitoxin's
vice is its virtue: The powerful paral-
ytic effect it has on nerve impulses
makes it ideal for the study of nerv-
ous disorders such as multiple scle-
rosis. Until now, however, the scarce
supply of saxitoxin has limited its
Winter 1984
by Wesleyan faculty.
laboratory use. Saxitoxin is impos- taking no chances with their danger-
ingly difficult to isolate from clams- and is kept
ous product. The minute quantity of
one ton of clams yields one gram- saxitoxin they have on h
and has proved to be equally trouble- secure. Not until the latter stages in
some to make in the laboratory. the synthetic process does the sub-
Jacobi and Martinelli say their syn- stance become poisonous, so they
thesis, although not the first, is a plan to keep the bulk of their supply
practical one that with further devel- in a non-toxic form, ready for conver-
opment promises to make saxitoxin sion to saxitoxin only when needed.
,available to the medical community. The achievement has brought Mar-
The project, supported by the Na- tinelli a. coveted fellowship sponsored
tional Institutes of Health, took seven by Proctor & Gamble Corp. and
years to complete; Martinelli took awardad ann
over the problem 3'/2 years ago. Society uallyt he A
to fouz students
Chemical The CIA was not pursuing medical nationwide.
research when it began experimenting with saxitoxin in the 1950s at Fort - A curious footnote to the saxitoxin
Detrick, Md. The CIA reportedly used story is provided by the puffer fish,
the poison in suicide pills provided to which inhabits waters near Japan and
its own agents (including U-2 pilot contains a closely related and equally
Francis Gary Powers); ? the Agency deadly neurotoxin. Far from being also reportedly developed dart guns feared, however, the puffer fish is
and other clever means to deliver the considered a delicacy when prepared
poison to troublesome guard dogs by specially licensed chefs. They
when entering embassies or other know how to reduce the toxin level
.buildings. so that it produces merely a tingling
destroy its supply of saxitoxin to con- Almost all of Jacobi's projects are
form with the draft convention of the concerned with naturally active prod.
U.N. Disarmament Conference, but ucts. Another of his students, Hal
in 1975, CIA Director William Colby Selnick, recently completed the first ,
revealed to Congress that 10.9 grams laboratory synthesis of a substance
of saxitoxin remained in agency labs known as gnididione, derived from 2
in downtown Washington.
Since the CIA held nearly the en-
tire world's known supply of saxi-
toxin, the scientific community
breathed a sign of relief when the
agency decided to distribute the sub-
stance to researchers. Much of the
supply went to scientists at Yale
University.
Jacobi and Martinelli are, of course,
plant native to Kenya that produces a
number of biologically active sub-
stances. Gnididione is toxic to living
cells and is therefore of interest to
medical researchers as well as chem-
ists. An advantage of laboratory syn-
thesis is that controlled modifications
can be made easily to alter activity.
Selnick's synthesis of this compound
(was the first and was supported by
.the National Science Foundation.
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UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL
31 January 1984
CASPER, WYO.
1.984
Former CIA Director William Colby will speak at a seminar on George
Orwell's celebrated book ''1984'' scheduled for March 1 and 2 at Casper Collage.
CC social sciences professor Bruce Iollefson says the seminar will examine
intelligence gathering and the use of computers in today's society.
t'We want to see if Orwell's predictions, premonitions and warnings or
whatever are coming to pass,'' Tollefson said.
Other speakers scheduled to address the seminar include Houston Police Chief
Lee Brown; Frank Snepp, a former CIA analyst who currently teaches classes
censhorship and journalism at the University of Southern California; New York
Times reporter David Burnham, who specializes in computers and communications;
author Leon Martel and Minnesota polygraph specialist David Lykken.
Because the year 1984 has now arrived there have been extensive articles and
discussions about Orwell's warnings of a totalitarian society, but Tollefson
does not believe people are tired of the subject.
On the cantrar'y, he said the books ''is really a major topic of discussion. I
see a lot of things that show we are headed in that direction.
it bothers me when we have central data banks, where we are listed in
places we're not even aware of. And I see a lot of politicians doing a lot of
what 1 would call 'doublethink' and 'newspeak.'''
Tollefson said the seminar, funded by $18,000 in private donations, will be
free to the public.
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T cL : AP?EARED
( PAGE
WASHINGTON POST
2 January 1984
Chiets Fff_'kLd--t_Ma'r
By David Hoffman
W.-shington Post. Stlff writer
Three former directors of the CIA
yesterday faulted the role of U.S.
Marines in the multinational peace-
keeping force in Lebanon and sug-
gested that they should be moved
from their positions at the Beirut
International Airport.
Adm. Stansfield Turner, CIA di-
rector under President Jimmy Car-
ter, James R. Schlesinger, who held
the post briefly under President
Richard M. Nixon, and William E.
Colby, CIA director - under Nixon
and President Gerald R. Ford,
echoed the growing restiveness in
Congress about the Marines' pres-
ence in Lebanon.
"I think the Marines are not on a
mission which is a Marine mission at
the moment," Colby said in a joint
interview with Turner on "Meet the
Press" (NBC, WRC). "You should
not send superpower forces to a
peace-keeping mission. The Marines
are not a peace-keeping force."
Colby said that 'tf the United
States intends to support the gov-
ernment ' of Lebanese President
Amin Gemayel; "We should be doing
it with a military aid system and
advisers and not with Marines."
Speaking on "This Week With
David Brinkley" (ABC, WJLA),
Schlesinger said that unless the
United States is prepared to change
the "balance of forces in the region,"
then the other option is to withdraw.
"The worst of all policies is prob-
ably simply to hang in there, because
.under those circumstances the cost
to the United States will rise. It is
probably a blunder to have gotten
in," Schlesinger said.
President Reagan is under grow-
ing pressure from members of Con-
gress and senior military officials to
reexamine the role of U.S. forces in
Lebanon and possibly pull them out.
Reagan is said to be "adamant" in
his opposition to withdrawal, but
administration officials, with Con-
gress scheduled to return Jan. 23,
are planning to intensify their dis-
cussions about Lebanon this week
after Reagan returns from his Cal-
ifornia vacation.
Rep. Nicholas Mavroules (D-
Mass.), a member of the House
Armed Services subcommittee that
issued a report., critical of security
measures in effect before the Oct. 23
Beirut terrorist, bombing that, killed
241 U.S. servicemen, -predicted yes-
terday that. Reagan will face "many
initiatives" seeking to pressure him
to redeploy or withdraw the Marines
when ' Congress.-returns. Democratic
presidential candidate Walter F.
Mondale called over the weekend for
an immediate withdrawal of the Ma-
rines. Many Democrats oon Capitol
Hill, including Mavroules. and House
Speaker Thomas P. (Tip) O'Neill Jr.
(D-Mass.), supported a War Powers
Resolution compromise with -Reagan,
allowing the Marines to stay for.up
to 18 months, but have begun to
express doubts about the compro-
mise since the Beirut attack.
Both Turner and Colby suggested
that some U.S. presence be main-
tained -in Lebanon. Turner said Rea-
gan could use' an option for pulling .
out gracefully" by redeploying the
Marines to ships offshore, rotating.
some back to the airport-an option
the White House has ruled out in
recent days. Colby: suggested that.
Reagan "step' =up" U.y ,training'' of
the Lebanese army;,".sp*e-can show -
that we're 'not withdrawing entirely.
Last -week;.a'special Pentagon
commission investigating-4he Beir
bombing -crificized;,LIB..eutbacks:in
:so-called"`hirmaii"' iii' ! genee-path-
.ering capability, as compared'tri1hab,R-
using -jechnology -such as satellites,,..
and :presidential 'spokesman Laid;"'
Speakes faulted the. Carter- -adiz
istration for these cutbacks.,-
Turner said the Carter adminit=
'"tration had -"cut some of the-'#1$, -
out".of the CIA, for example,, birt'
denied that the human .intelligenoe''
gathering capability had been weak-
! sue.
ened.
Yesterday, one member ;of mfr??a
commission, former undersecretary
of the Navy Robert Murray, said he
believes. that "there' was never 'a;
great.possibility of courts-martia.lrat;i
least .a successful prosecution; b:
cause of the enormous extenttating
circumstances."
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