INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04864A000300040018-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 6, 2002
• Sequence Number: 18
• Publication Date: January 26, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

Approv F't5 'kLgiOl 20(W86 ;UAIR $ 164A000300040018-5
CENTRAL'1'NTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT NO.
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT INDICATIONS4OFk,PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
*ND~ TS4. OF TNR U.S. 000R. Al AMRNDRD. ITS TRANSMISSION OR RCYC.
.ATION OF 'ITS CONTRNTS TO ON RRCCIPT BY AN UNAUTHONI210 PRRSON PS
SOURCE Monitored Broadcasts
CLASSIFICATION
STATINTL
DATE OF.. 12-31 Dec. 1952
INFORMATION
DATE DIST.26 January 1953
W. OF PAGES
SUPPLEMENT TO
RPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
CPW Report X6.- 65' --,USSR
(12-31 December 1952)
CONTENTS
THE ~~~ ~~'p~p~~1~
THE Y T~ATICAN....V SU8 UKRAITNE r ........ 2
IDEOLOGICAL SHCS.TCa1INGS .......... 5
FCR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
STATE
ARMY
NXINSRS
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UNCLASSIFIED
Th Vatican- Ukraine 't F-i a rcest Ene : RADYANSKA uI AINA reproduces. in four instal-
ments (9,10,11 & 13 December) a recently-published anti-Vatican brochure by
P. Xarmansky who is said to be a former Ukrainian Catholic and student of the Russian
college under the Vatican. The intemperate language used to describe and denounce
the Vatican's activities is in many instances comparable to that reserved for the
Nazis during the last war and the Ukrainian bourgeois-nationalists now. Intrigue,
debauchery, persecution, mass murder and rape are the descriptive nouns and adjectives
punctuating the lurid tales of past and recent papal affairs. Fascism of the
Mussolini and Hitler brand is said to chFTacterize the Pope's political line now.
Obviously written for the benefit of the Ruthenian Catholics inhabitins n"rt of the
West Ukrainian provinces; the brochure traces Ukrainian-Catholic hostility to thj
Middle Ages when the Roman Catholic Church was fighting (vela borotbu) both the
Greek Orthodox and Mohammedan creeds at the same time. Open enmity is said to have
been generated by,the Vatican's first attempts to Catholicize the western Ukrainians
"by crude force and . persecution" as the initial step toward "the conversion of the whole
of Russia. As Pope Urban VIII reportedly declared in the 17th Century: "Through you,
my Ruthenians, I intend to Catholicize the entire East" (Cherez was, moi Rusiny, ya
spodyvayusya navernuty tsiliy skhid). This reference to the Church's intentions,
however, is a paragon of politeness and refinement in comparison with the author's
treatment of other aspects of Vatican business.
Analyzing the development of the Vatican since the formation of the "Papal Church
realm" (papska tserkoyna Oblast) in the middle of the Eighth Century, the brochure
sets out to "prove" that, first, the activities of the Catholic Church has always
been guided by political and mercenary rather than religious considerations and,
second, that' Catholicism is-a creed alien to the Ukrainians, even to the members of
the Uniat Church. The "facts" marshalled in this narrative include confessions made
by Ukrainian defectors from the Catholic fold as well as admissions and quotations
from non-Ukrainian sources. The author begins by stressing the point that the
Christian dogma of the Catholic Church had long since yielded first place to the
temporal concept of "heaven on earth"--for the ruling classes and the Church
hierarchy--with the "kingdom of heaven" (tsarstvo nebesne) reserved for the sub-
missive and exploited masses as a reward for a lifetime of subjection to the powers
that be.
The Ukrainian people, it is asserted, have been:treated as the black sheep of the
Catholic flock, and to drive a wedge (rozkoluvaty) between them and the Great Russian
people was one of the basic aims of the Vatican's "drive to the East." But that is
only one aspect of the over-all pictures says the author, and it is high time the
Ukrainian people realized how they rank in the Church's estimation as a nation.
In'his report to Pope Benedict XV on the sit.1tation in Eastern Galicia, the Apostolic
Nuncio in Warsaw, Ratti (later pope Pius XI), is said to have stated that
CPYRGHT
and that, by supporting the Ukrainians, the Vatican only
compromises itself.
question ae merely a diversionary struggle against Polan
there is no such thing as the Ukraine, that the Ukrainial
Ukrainian version:
CPYRGHT
niyakoi Ukrainy nemaye, shcho ukrainske pytannya 0 tse
tilky diversiyna borotba proty Polshi, I shcho, pidtry-
muyuchi ukraintsiv, Vatikan tilky komprometuye sebe.
The struggle of the Ukrainian people against "the fiercest strangler of all their
aspirations" (naylutishiy dushytel usikh ikh pragnen),.the Catholic Church, is said
to have been reflected also in Bogdan Khmelnitskiy's rebellion of the 17th century,
and later in the works of the Ukrainian revolutionary writers T. Shevchenko and
Ivan Franko:
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The Ehmelnitsky movement was sweeping from the Ukrainian
land the Catholicism that was hated by the people...
In his poem-"Ivan Gus", Shevchenko says about the Roman
Pope: "A pampered monk sits on the apostolic throne."
Ukrainian version:
CPYRGHT
F re katolytsyzm... V evoei-poesy "Ivan Gus"
evchenko govoryt pro papu rymskogo: "Na apostolskim
restoli chernets godovanniy sydyt."
elnichyna zxWvala z ukrainekoi zemli nenavystniy
CPYRGHT
One of the characteristic features of this violent attack on the Catholic'Church
is that no one and nothing is spared. Vatican policy and the personal lives of the
Popes are fitted into a single somber picture and equally abused. Instanced in the
brochure are. a few "typical examples" of crime, moral turpitude end other
"un-Christian" conduct attributed to the Popes themselves. Following are a few of
quotations presented by the author as authentic information on the personal behavior PYRG HT
of some of them.
Pope John III was accused of 70 arises ranging from
murder to raping 300 nuns.
(Papa Ioann XXIII obvynuyachuyaveya v 70 zloohynakh
pochynayucby vid ubrvety I. kinchayuchy Zgvaltuvazmyam
300 monakhyn)
Benedict 1X, having poisoned Pope Damasiue and become
Pope himself, sold the Papal tiara to Gregory VI.
,(Benedict' DC, otruivshi papu Damazia, eam stay papayu,
pptim proday papsku tiaru Grygoriu VI)
Pope Alexander VI Borgia made his own daughter Lucretia
his;cancubine .....~iis son Ceasar killed his brother
Giova rni and himself lived with his sister Lucretia.
(Papa Oleksandr VI Bordzhia-zrobyv svoeyu naloZhnitieyu,,
ridnu dochku Lukretaiu ... logo syn Tsesar ubyv evogo brata
Dzhiovanni i cam zhyv a, evoeyu sestroyu Lukretsieyu)
Treatment of the Vatican as a world-wide organization, though similar in the inteerence
of language, is considerably more expansive. Such unlawful activities as the "sal of
indulgences" (torgivlya indulgentsiami) and other forms of traffic in ecclesiastical
preferment (simony) are referred to as routine Papal conduct and lumped into the same
category with the Vatican's "arch reactionary" politics in the international arena.
The "working partnership" with Mussolini's fascism and later with Hitler's..Nazism is
now superseded by the Pope's complete subservience to U.S. imperialism. A black-
handed slap is administered also in this connection to the Social Democrats and
right-wing Socialists, "the worst traitors of progressive mankind and the working
class," for working hand-in-glove with the Vatican. ..
When Marx and Engels first founded the theory of scientific CommLmism in the middle of
the last-century, says Earmanaky, the Vatican was quick to perceive in it the latent
danger to its own existence and to throw the entire weight of its authority into +HA
fight against the international workers' movement everywhere. "It was Christ, not
Marx and Engels--the Popes shouted-who first proclaimed the equality of men."
Debunking this dictum as false and hypocritical, the author goes on to shcr that
the-Church's real attitude toward social progress belies such professed noblo cRnti-
ments. Thus Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) who was particularly disturbed by Marx' and
Engels' writings is reported to have.delivered the following message "against the
labor novement, democracy, science and art:"
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It is the duty of every sovereign to take decisive
srt,4 against all revolutionary tendencies. Any sov-
ereign making concessions to the masses undermines
not only his own rights but also those of other rulers.
Ukrainian versi> o
Obov?yazok kozbnogo volodarya ahynyty rishuchu pro-
tydiu vain revolutsiynym techniam, Yakehcho volodar
daye deyaki polegshennya masam, to vin pidryvaye ne
tilky svoi viasny prava, ale i prava inshykh penuyuchikh.
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
The religious motive behind the Vatican's drive against the international workers'
movement wan that "Christianity is incompatible (nesumisne) with socialism."
The sincerity of this slogan is again vehemently denied by the author who points to
the "Papal, reactionary socialism" embodied in the church-sponsored Catholic trade
unions and other organizations brought into being as a counter measure against
genuine socialism and scientific Communism. The truth is, he claims, that the
Vatican had aiwayr, striven to protect the economic and social status quo of any given
historical period and, failing in that, sought to replace it with something even more
reactionary. Thus all through the medieval period the Church fought to preserve
the existing feudal system, changing its tactics only when faced with the fait
accompli of economic and social advancement. Since the 1917 October Revolution the
dual policy pursued by the '"Holy Fathers" (svyaty ottsy) has been to uphold
capitalism with all its evils, on the one hand,-and to plot the eventual destruction
ofothee USSR,, on the other. Even now, it is argued, when peace-loving mankind has
dying hatred for fascism, Hitler's brand of national socialism and
Japanese Shintojsm, the Vatican's affinity for those social monstrosities are still
manifested throughout the world.
The Church's animosity toward the Soviet Union is said to have reached a crescendo
during the last world-wide depression of 1929-1933 under Pope Pius. XI. Anxious to
alleviate the economic situation of the capitalists "at the expense of the USSR"
(za rak hunk Radyanskogo Soyuzu), the Pope published an open letter to Cardinal
Pompilius in 1930"...calling on the capitalist world to start a crusade against the
land of the Soviets" (...zaklykav kapitalistychniy svit do khrestovogo pokhodu
proty krainy rod). The attack was to be spearheaded by Ukrainians under the
"ideological" inspiration of bourgeois-nationalism, and the Uniat brand of Catholicism
was to serve.as the spiritual guide of the crusaders. Nor was that idle talk on the
part of Pius XI, according to Karmansky. An espionage-diversionist (shpigunsko-
diversiyna) organization known as the Ukrainian Catholic Union (or UKS) was actually
opened in Western Ukraine in charge of an Ukrainian nationalist and "super-spy"
(obershpigun) Sheptitskiy whose duty it was to prepare the ground for an all-out
Vatican-inspired attack on the Soviet Union. This contention is "supported" by a
quotation from the organization's newspaper META (GOAL) which reportedly declared on
17 April 1932:
Ukrainian nationalism must be prepared to employ
any method in the fight against Communism, not excluding
mass physical extermination, even at the cost of millions
of human lives.
Ukrainian version
ainskiy nationalism musyt buty prygotovanniy na
syaki zasoby borotby z komunizmom, ne vykluchayuchy ma-
ovoi fizychnoi eksterminatsii (znyshchennya) khocha b i
bertvoyu milyoniv ludskikh fizychnykh isnuvan.
UNCLASSIFIED
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That the Vatican's policy is wedded to the concept of war of conquest has allegedly
been manifested on numerous occasions beginning with the Japanese invasion of
Manchuria through the present period of America's preparations "to dominate the world."
Thus Japan's imperialist policies in China were welcomed by the Papal Nuncio in
Berlin Pacelli (now Pius XII) as a possible portent of war against the Soviet Union.
Catholic Church.leaders at the same time were urged "to support the Fuehrer"
(pidtrymaty Furera) of Germany and refrain from criticizing his "new order" under any
circumstances. The same Pacelli is reported to have gone into raptures over the
establishment of a fascist regime in Italy and declared that Mussolini "is the man
sent by Providence" (ye ludineyu poslanoyu bozheskym provydinnyam) to save the
country.
The Ukrainian question, it is claimed, still looms high in the Vatican's postwar
plans. In his encyclical of 19 January 1946 issued on the occasion of the 350th
anniversary of-the Uniat Church, Pius XI listed the '"advantages" (vygody) bestowed
upon the Ukrainians by that creed and urged them "to do penance for the sin they had
committed in.1939--the reunion with Soviet Ukraine--promising to wheedle out of
God an absolution for the said misdemeanor," (Pokayatis u vehynenomu v 1939 rotsi
grikhu--vozztednanri z Radyanskoi Ukrainoi--obitsyayuchi vyprosyty za tsei grikh
proshchennya u boga).
The Churches present political orientation is said to differ very little from its
previous philosophy which continues to be anti-Soviet and anti-Ukrainian. The only
change that did occur was in its sponsorship. Since the United States is now
"heading the camp of war," it was,only natural for the Catholic hierarchy to align
itself with the "new forces of reaction" in the hope of kindling up a new war against
the USSR and the,countries of People's Democracy. Hence the "united front"
(edyniy front) of American "imperialism" and the Vatican. The,Pope's eagerness to
please his Anglo-American backers is seen also in the fact,that
CPYRGHT of the 32 new Cardinals ordained by the Pope in 1946 only
4 were Italians, the rest were American and English.
Ukrainian version
CPYRGHT
Z 32 novykh kardynaliv, posvyashchennykh papoyu v
v 1946 rotsi tilky 4 italiytsy, reshta--amerikantsy
ta-angliytsy. ,
The U.S. ruling class and even Pope Pius XII himself, Iarmansky concludes, would now
like to see Cardinal Spellman, "the loyal servant of Wall Street," succeed to the
Papacy so that their "collusion. against democracy" may be carried.to fruition.
There is no intimation in the above-discussed brochure that the unrestrained
attack on the Vatican is prompted by any other than the familiar Soviet motive which
is to disinflate the prestige of the Catholic Church among the West Ukrainian members
of the Uniat Church.
IDEOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
The bulk of the available output on ideological themes in the second half of December
comes from the non-Russian areas of the USSR, primarily the Ukraine, Daghestan and
Lithuanian SSR. Most of them speak of the necessity of improving the qualitative
make-up of the Party ranks, and an intensified political suggested as the only means of achieving that end. Specificcreferencegto ram
Russian chauvinism and local nationalism is heard for the first time in a talk for
political school students on 11 December. Referring,to the difficulties encountered
in the formation of the multinational Soviet State, the anonymous speaker says that
the two major tendencies the Party had to deal with at the time were Great Russian
chauvinism and local non-Russian nationalism:
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CPYRGHT
The Party conducted a relentless struggle against the
Great Russian chauvinism which,-manifested-itself in the
disdainful attitude toward the non Russian people and
their culture The Party also conducted a resolute
6truggle against the deviation toward local nationalism
'which was manifested in the trend to segregate people,
to isolate them and enclose them in a national shell of
their own....
Partia vela neprimirimuyu borbu protiv velikorusskogo
shovinizma, vyrazhavshegosya v prenebrezhitelnom
otonoshenii k nerusskim narodam, k ikh kulture, Partia
vela takzhe reshitelnuyu borbu protiv uklona k mestonomu
natsionalizmu, kotoriy vyrazhalga v stremlenii raz'edenit
narody, oboso-bitsya i zamknuteya v svoyu natisionalnuyu
skorlupu...
Friendly cooperation and mutual assistance among the various Soviet nationalities would
have been impossible, it is asserted, without the liquidation of Great Russian chauvinism
and local nationalism.-- Although the above-quoted statement is made in historical con-
text, the nationality and race theme is brought up to date with the assertion that the
Hitler-invented race theory has been disproved in the USSR where all the nationalities
enjoy equality and freedom.
Discussing the importance of Marxist-Leninist training of Party members, Secretary of'the
Daghestan Party Danialov says (12 December) that many an ideological shortcoming could
have been eliminated and even forestalled had the Party been more alert to the proper
dialectical orientation of its membership. It must be admitted (neobkhodimo priznat),
however, that despite "the unprecedented upswing in our ideological life" (nebyvaliy
podyom v ideinoy zhizni) the Daghestan Party's attention to matters of ideology leaves
much to be desired. The Secretary points out that the anti-Marxian and national-
bourgeois interpretation of Daghestan's history still breaks into print here and
there. "Bourgeois-objectivist distortions" (burzhu-azno-obyektivistskie
izvrashchenia) are attributed to the works of certain local historians who have
apparently not yet been cured of their anti-Soviet views on the nation's past. Cited
as an example of "distorted historical facts" (iskazhenie istoricheskikh faktov)
is Prof. Smirnov's 1952 brochure "The Reactionary Essence of Muridism and the Shamil
Movement in the Caucasus" published under the auspices of the All-Union Society for
the Dissemination of Political & Scientific Knowledge.
The professor is said to have stated among other things that czarism strove "to over-
come the fanatic resistance of the mountainers ... by force of arms," and that their
resistance was encouraged by the Moslem clergy and Turkish agents. Curiously enough,
there is no attempt on Danialov's part to disprove the fact of czarist expansion into
the Caucasus. He merely takes issue with Smirnov's interpretation which, in his
opinion, should be modified to convey the idea that Russian domination per se was
not necessarily unwelcome to the Caucasians and that whatever resistance they did
offer had been aided and abetted from the outside--from Turkey and Great Britain:
First, it is incorrect to lump all the mountaineers
into a single pile and thereby implicitly suggest 1 t
all of them offered fanatic resistance to Russia. Secondly,
it is not enough to say that Muridism and the Shainil move-
ments were merely encouraged by the enemies of Russia.
Vo-pervykh, nepravilno valit vsekh gortsev v odnu kuchu,
izobrazhaya delo tak, budto vse oni fanaticheski soprotiv-
lyalis Russii. Vo-vtorykh, nedostatochno skazat, chto muri-
dizm i dvizhenie Shamilya tolko podogrevalis vragami Rossii.
UNCLASSIFIED
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Nor is it true that the Russian forces had pushed the Daghestan people into the moun-
tainous interior of the Caucasus thereby allegedly "dooming them to a life of poverty
and privation." The Russians, it is emphasized, never captured or settled a single
Daghestan soul (village), and the mountaineers were never pushed into the interior.
This unfortunate misunderstanding need not have arisen but for the Party's failure
"to expose in time" (vo-vremay vskryt) the serious errors and perversions that still
crop up in history, literature and science. The ideological work in our Republic,
Danialov concludes, must be substantially improved since "the survivals of the
accursed past are still tenacious in the minds of certain backward people" (Perezhit-
ki proklyatogo proshlago eshche zhivuchi v soznanii nekotorykh otstalykh ludey).
RADWiSKAAINA (13 December) complains that lecture propaganda of Stalin's
friendship of peoples, "particularly of the-friendship of the Ukrainian and Great
Russian peoples" (zokrema druzhbu ukrainakogo narodu z velykim roslyakim narodom),
is still far too inadequate. Political and ideological lecturing, it is pointed
out, is for the most part entrusted to people of uncertain qualifications and the
result is the familiar "low ideological level" (nyzkiy ideiniy riven). Political
lectures, the paper says, must always be angled to expose (vykr~yvaty) Ukrainian
bourgeois-nationalism and mongrel cosmopolitanism Here too the personnel-training
program im said to be largely at fault, especially in the rural areas. The editorial
does not list any special details, however, beyond the remark that cultural and
political-educational work in a number of unnamed places has been neglected to such
an extent that many clubs, libraries and reading rooms have been turned into stores,
grain-storage places and warehouses.
Pursuing the theme on 18 December, the paper declares that lack of control from
above has brought about a situation where communist political students no longer care
to widen their own theoretical horizon. It is the direct duty (pryamaya obyazannost)
of every Party committee to see that the rank and file Communists master "a minimum
knowledge in the sphere of Marxism-Leninism" (minimum znania v oblasti Marxizma-
Leninizma). But ideological training, the paper continues, is obviously not on the
agenda of the Kursk and Vologda oblast Party Committee which until recently prefered
to avoid that issue altogether. Similar weaknesses are reported to have been revealed
in Tashkent and Fergana oblasts where the Communist Party is doing "a poor supervisory
job" in the ideological training of their own personnel. The "historic" documents
produced by the 19th Party Congress must be studied seriously and. thoroughly, and only
in that way will the Party be able to "conduct a resolute struggle against the dogmatic,
scholastlb and superficial approach" (vestia reshitelnuyu borbut protiv dogmaticheskogo,
nachetnicheskogo and poverkhnostnogo podkhoda) to things ideological. Stalin's heavily-
publicized article on the economic problems of socialism in the USSR-is urged as "must"
reading matter for every Communist and candidate for Party membership.
Dogmatism, scholasticism and irresponsibility are referred to also as characterizing
the ideological activities of certain Crimean Party committees. The lecturing
propaganda at Yalta, 'eodosia and Kerch is, according to KRYMSKAYA PRAVDA (16 Dec.)
anything but "high level." The ideological tasks outlined by the 19th Party Congress
are not being fulfilled, and "a sharp improvement" (rezkoye uluchshenie) in the
quality of lectures should now become the focus of Party attention.
In a long PRAVDA article of 22 December (not broadcast), the Lithuanian Party boss
Snechkus says'that although much work has already been done in the Republic to expose
"the aggressive activities of the American imperialists and their Lithuanian
bourgeois-nationalist servitors...", there is still much to be done iii t ,t dircctin.
The blasting of these counter-revolutionaries, the Secretary avers, is not pursued
with sufficient vigor in the Party's political education network. We must always
remember, he says that "any weakening of the influence of socialist ideology means
a strengthening of bourgeois ideology." Snechkus does not mention any specific
names or places but his allusion to the continued existence of ideological weaknesses
in the Republic is seen in the warning to all Party Committees against any relaxation
of political vigilance:
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It is our duty to intensify our efforts toward the
exnosure of the slightest manifestations of bourgeois-nation-
alist ideology, and to create an atmosphere of intolerance
toward it.
Russian text:
Nash doig - usilit rabotu po razoblacheniu maleishikh
proyavleniy bourzhuazno-natsionalisticheskoy ideologic,
cozdat atmosferu neterpimosti x po otonosheniu k nei.
Recommended also is a little more attention to the Marxist-Leninist education of the
Lithuanian intelligentsa not all of whom, it is implicitly admitted, have as yet
embraced the Soviet doctrine:
... the conciliatory attitude of certain officials toward
the survival of bourgeois-nationalist- ideology as well as
the un-Marxian attitude of certain comrades toward the old
intelligentsia ... present a grave obstacle in the matter of
Marxist-Leninist education of the intelligentsia.
Russian text:
...seryoznym tormozom v dole marxistko-leninskogo voepi-
tania kadrov intelligentsii yavlyequtsya primirenoheskoye
otnoshenie ryada rabotnikov k perezhitksm burzhuazno-aatsio-
nalietioheskoy ideologii, a takahe nemarkeistskoye otnoehenie
nekotoryith tovarishohei k etaroi intelligentsii...
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
It is inadmissable, Snechkus continues, that even at this date certain university
professors should be truckling to foreign influences (prekionenie pared inostrahshchinoy)
and stick to the outworn theories of Morgan and Mendel. Bourgeois $obJectivism,"
it is claimed, is still discernible in a number of university lectures because the
faculties of the higher institutions of learning have not been imbued with the spirit
of intolerance toward ideological perversions.
UNCLASSIFIED
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