INDICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04864A000200080001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 13, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 24, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY COIv t1JNIST CHINA.
SUBJECT INDICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES
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DATE OF 13-26
INFORMATION DEC 1951
DATE DIST. 2.4 JAN 1952
NO. OF PAGES 17
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF ESPIONAGE ACT E0
U. S. C., 31 AND 32, AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
OF ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PRO-
HIBITED BY LAW. REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM IS PROHIBITED.
SOURCE. Monitored Broadcasts
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
CPW Report No. 4 - Communist China
(13 - 26 December 1951)
CONTENTS.
Production and Austerity .................. >..........1-,
Ideological Adjustments...... .........................6
Counterrevolutionaries ...............................8
War and the Military ....................b.........0...10
Rural Reforms ............. ........................2//
National Minorities .....s................. ........... ?I-s{
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . 16
The widening campaign against waste, corruption and bureaucracy remains as the
major preoccupation of the regional transmitters. The goals of the campaign are
closely related to the need for a thorough ideological remolding in which
teachers, literary and religious groups are the special groups said to be in need
of reform, There are the usual reports of the punishments meted out to counter-
revolutionary elements, although the recent high volume of such reports has some-
what abated. Greater stress is being given to the training of the People's
Militia, and preferential treatment for dependents of servicemen still is
important. The campaign to resist.., America and aid Korea is being closed, but
new methods for raising money are introduced. Land reform is still highlighted,
with reports of resistance, especially in Southwest China, still frequent. In-
fractions of the marriage law are still a pr ary source of concern. More
attention is being paid to the national miho?ities, with special emphasis on the
increasing number of cadres recruited ,from among the minorities, and on the
benevolent and constructive policy of the Central Government in its relations
with the various minority groups.
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PRODUCTION AND AUSTERITY
Development of Drive: The drive for increased production and austerity has
continued to be the main theme of internal broadcasts, but there has been a notice-
able change in stress. The problem of increasing production has been given relatively
little attention, while the emphasis has been on the austerity angle under a new
slogan. the elimination of waste, corruption, and bureaucracy.
Reports of meetings to map the anti-waste program and plan the drive came from all
districts. Wuhsi (18 Dec.) reported a cadre meeting 14 December, called by the
southern ICiangsu Communist Party, with 1,100 attending. Canton (24 Dec.) announced
that 2,000 cadres attended a similar meeting for South China 17 December. Sian
(25 Dec.) said that the Northwest Bureau of the Communist Party called a meeting
19 December to organize a committee and make plans for the campaign against graft
and corruption. Cadres were ordered to make investigations and report cases of
malpractice. Wuhan (14 Dec.) reported a cadre rally in that city, and added that
the Wuhan Labor Federation is now engaged in a check-up of all industries. The
same station (23 Dec.) told of another meeting of administration cadres with Party
members and Army delegates to study methods to educate the cadres and arouse the
people to an interest in the drive. In yet another broadcast from Wuhan (23 Dec.)
it was reported that the Production and Austerity Committee of Hupeh Province had
warned cadres that the drive had reached the "democratic inspection" stage, and
that the masses had taken no interest because the cadres had been critical of the
public but not of themselves. Some cadres even had utilized the campaign to commit
irregularities.
Chungking (23 Dec.) reported inspections under way in the Southwest to see how well
the cadres were carrying out their duties. A meeting of all circles called by the
Southwest Military Commission was announced for 2 pm 25 December, with a broadcast
of the proceedings. All individuals and groups were urged to listen. Shanghai
_(22 Dec.) broadcast an appeal for more zealous efforts from the Nanking Discipline
Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Mukden (23 Dec.) said that the North-
east Federation of Labor had designated mid December to mid-January as a check-up
period. A Peking transmission told of a Maritime Customs Commission meeting 1-15
December of all personnel engaged in "examining and appraising cargo and collecting
revenue,"?with the following accomplishment:
As a result of the practice of austerity, the expenses incurred in the
course of the meeting were about one-third less than inS?9evious
special trade meetings. (Peking, numeral code, 17 Dec.)
Insofar as production itself was concerned, numerous reports of minor successes in
individual factories, stores and localities were broadcast throughout China. The
only new theme noted was in a broadcast from Chinchow (17 Dec.), which told of a
directive from the Liaosi Provincial Peoples Government calling on all subsidiary
offices to inaugurate a program of "supplementary production" as part of the
austerity program.
A Sian broadcast (26 Dec.) claimed that the drive against waste, corruption and
bureaucracy had made great progress in its early stages in the Northwest. For
example, students in the Northwest Revolutionary University made public accusations
of waste in government offices, while the HSING TUNG JIH PAO sponsored an
exhibition on waste and bureaucracy.
Novel Methods: Peking announced in numeral code (18 Dec.) that the 29th Volume of
the Current Events Handbook would soon be published, with its contents centering
on the production and austerity drive, Peking?s Home Service (18 Dec.) broadcast
an article by Ai Chi-cheng, Ministry of Light Industries, urging the Chinese to
develop the pigskin industry as a way to increase production. Peking in a numeral
code transmission (19 Dec.) claimed that the gasoline that can be made from
bituminous coal by native methods was of a superior quality. "In comparison with
petroleum sold on the market, its efficiency in starting internal combustion motors
is greater, and its price is much lower." Another numeral code transmission (18 Dec.)
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announced that the Engineering Bureau of the Northwest Railway Network would complete
the Tienshui-Lanchow Railway by the end of.1952, six months ahead of schedule. As a
result of "on-the-spot examinations and revision of plans for key projects,"
expenses for repair and reconstruction are to be cut by 50 percent.
Mukden (22 Dec.) reported that cadres in various organs of the Mukden Government have
"learned the difference between bourgeois and proletarian thought, and have realized
the shamefulness of indulging in corrupt and extravagant practices." As a result
work plans are carried out with greater dispatch, and "some units even have saved
50 percent of their gasoline consumption." Another Mukden broadcast (14 Dec.) said
that introduction of the piece-work system in the Fifth Cement Works and the non-
ferrous mines of the Northeast at first displeased the workers because of the high
quotas and the interruptions in the flow of raw materials, but eventually these
were corrected, and now the workers demand that two be allowed to do work that formerly
required three men. Tsinan (15 Dec.) said that building contractors in that city
had signed a pact "promising not to exploit workers and not to cheat on materials."
Peking in numeral code (16 Dec.) reported that the Office of Commerce of the Shantung
People's Government had saved 50 million yuan during the first 20 days of November
by "correcting its extravagant spending on entertainment, the printing of souvenir
pamphlets and the making of souvenir emblems."
Hankow (13 Dec.) reported that Hankow city workers had pledged to save half a billion
yuan by changing their work techniques, reducing the use of materials, and "improving
their working efficiency." Yangchow (18 Dec.) announced that Hsueh Hsu-ko,a
packer in the Chitung Yarn and Textile Mill, had saved 54 million yuan by repairing
2,700 gunny sacks, and by introducing the method of hand-breaking ties instead of
cutting them, thus saving much damage to the bags. Hangchow (19 Dec.) described the
Liang Lo-jen method now used in loading the 180 grain cars in the city. A cloth
carpet is spread from the car to the warehouse, saving three catties of grain in the
loading of each car for a total saving of 32,400 catties a year.
Shanghai (13 Dec.) reported that the South Anhwei. Labor Federation had issued a
directive to all subordinate offices to "keep within their budgets, economize on
stationery, printing and long-distance calls, and to stop personal extravagances
and illegal practices." Shanghai (13 Dec.) also reported that Ku Tso-chen, No. 1
Shangshu Lane, Nanking, received a statement of praise from Mayor Ko because he
wrote a letter to the Nanking PEOPLE'S DAILY charging the staff of the No. 2
Nanking Tax Office with improper conduct.
Canton (20 Dec.) announced that the Kwangtung office of the China Food Company had
adopted innovations in handling gunny sacks reducing damage from 20 percent to a
mere one percent and saving 150 million yuan. Peking in numeral code (25 Dec.)
credited the Materials Bureau of the Kwangtung Finance Office with collection of
30 billion yuan worth of scrap metal and machinery. Canton (23 Dec.) reported that
the Communications Department of the Kwangtung Provincial Government had issued an
order making all automobile transportation in the province subject to the management
of the Kwangtung Automobile Transportation Company. As a result, the broadcast
claimed, "13 units can be canceled, 554 employees removed, and 4.6 billion yuan
saved in a year."
Chungking (13 Dec..) announced that prisoners in (Chingchuan) Hsien were organized
into work competition teams last August, and at the same time were given
indoctrination so they could "realize the errors of their thinking." As a result
they now produce 500 pairs of sandals a day instead of the former 400. Chungking
also said (15 Dec.) that "following intensive political indoctrination," village
cadres and the masses have decided to eliminate "wasteful superstitious, customs"
at New Year's by refraining from burning altar candles and incense. One hsiang
alone, Huachia, will save 32.75 million yuan.
Weaknesses and Failures: Failures in the increased production and austerity program
have been frequent, as radio reports from all parts of China show. Some of these
failures would appear to be trivial, but many are more serious, and have called
for reprimands in addition to the bad publicity.
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Shanghai (16 Dec.) said that because of bureaucratic control of Government warehouses
in that city, large quantities of goods had spoiled. Local Government offices
organized a joint inspection team to make further check-ups. Tsinan (14 Dec.)
reported that wasteful cadres in the Yenfeng Textile Mills had lost 10 to 20 skeins
of yarn a day by throwing materials on the floor. The same broadcast said that a
check among cadres of the Shantung Committee of the Chinese Communist Party showed
that their use of electricity had exceeded estimates by 2.99 million yuan, while
they had used enough coal and water to run costs 5 million and 2 million yuan,
respectively, above the estimates. Tsinan (14 Dec.) also said that Wang Pi-wu,
director of the Shantung Department of Construction, had refused to check his
department properly or consider economy proposals of his workers. Following a mass
meeting he agreed to make public all of his accounts.
The Peking Home Service (26 Dec.) announced that the Quartermaster's Transportation
Department of the Northwest Militaxy District had uncovered 9.9 billion yuan worth
of usable goods while clearing away waste. Wuhan (22 Dec.) reported 30 billion Yuan
lost in Kwangsi Province during the year because of inadequate storage and distribution
of grain and extravagant practices. Wuhan (14 Dec.) announced that Communist Party,
Youth Corps and Labor Union cadres checked on the inventories of the Hengyang
section of the Canton-Hankow Railway and found 126 items worth 126 million yuan not
on the inventory and overstocks on 225 items worth 210 million yuan.
Hangchow (17 Dec.) announced that the Hangehow Railway subbureau of the Shanghai
Railway Administration, according to a preliminary check, had tied up and wasted
30 million yuan. The Chientang River Bridge Engineering Section allowed 130 units
of timber to rot at a cost of 300 million yuan, and spent 101.6 million on entertain-.
ment in 10 months. Hangchow (18 Dec.) said that the Chekiang Province branch bank
wasted 20 million Yuan on printing costs by using quality paper when pulp would have
served the purpose, and by printing enough forms to last six years, many of which
will be out of date before they are used. Hangehow (15 Dec.) reported that because
pest control operations were stopped last year, 10.2 percent of the rice crop was
lost because of insect damage in nine hsien of the Linan Special District, Chekiang
Province. The loss, 2.34 percent higher than last year, amounted to 56.53 million
catties. Yangchow (13 Dec.) reported that the Lilin Iron Works, northern Kiangsu
Province, squandered 10 million yuan during the year on the purchase of unusable
equipment. The same radio (19 Dec.) said that cadres constructing waterworks in
Yencheng, northern Kiangsu, estimated the job at 140 million yuan but spent 260
million. After constriction was finished another 4 million yuan was needed to alter
the plant, and 400,000 to replace an unsatisfactory pump. Building contractors
"cheated on labor and materials," and the cadres were guilty of gross incompetence.
As usual, the most extreme examples of failures came from the Southwest and were
reported by the Chungking radio. One broadcast (19 Dec.) said that the Cultural
Department of the Southwest Military and Administrative Committee wasted 5.8
million yuan merely in repairing its offices. At a Southwest Communist Party
meeting Ho Lung made a summary report in which he charged that "corruption and.
extravagance, under the cover of errors, have been prevalent among the various
organizations directly under control of the military district." Another Chungking
report (23 Dec.) took the joint business shops to task for their wasteful and
corrupt methods.. Joint business shops in Lu Hsien, Szechwan, speculated and
hoarded to such an extent that the soap manufacturers were allowed to make 23.8
million Yuan simply by adjusting prices. The joint business shops in the Third
Chu, Kusung Hsien, exploited the farmers by cutting prices on their goods and
raising prices on. what the farmers bought. In Jenshou Hsien cotton prices were cut
at marketing time.
In southern Szechwan the Luchow Joint Trade Umbrella Center accepted an 800,000-
yuan order from Military District authorities, but one-fifth of the umbrellas
could not be used because of poor workmanship. The photographic trade in Luchow
and I-pin raised prices, lowered quality, delayed delivery dates, and in general
hampered efficient business. The Native Products Joint Trade firm of Luchow city
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evaded taxes of 10 million yuan a month, and at the same time concealed 78.5 percent
of its original capital. According to a Chungking (14 Dec.) report, Loh Cheng-yu
has been removed from his position as acting branch manager of the Chungking unit
of the China Foodstuffs Company and has been turned over to a special committee for
investigation because of his "waste, mismanagement and errors in thinking." Early
in the year he assured Chungking there would be no food shortage, but this fall 3,613
tons of food had to be shipped in at a cost of 560-million yuan. Chungking (lg Dec.)
reported that in Nanchuan Hsien, Szechwan, extravagances in weddings and celebrations
are rampant among the farmers. Formerly 20 hogs fulfilled the needs of Chenchiatsun
village. Now 50 are killed. Tung Kung-wu spent 1.8 million Yuan on his mother's
birthday, while Shang Lung spent a family fortune, one million yuan, on his wedding
Troubles also are reported from Sikang Province. Chungking (24 Dec.) reported only
19.57 percent of grain quotas delivered in all Sikang, including 34 percent in
Kangting, 35.3 percent in the greater Yaan area and 76.6 in Yaan city. The reason
given for the late deliveries is that the season is late and the weather has been
bad, "but local cadres also should be held responsible for not helping to overcome
surmountable difficulties." The Sikang Provincial Government has set the end of
December as a delivery deadline, and cadre meetings have been called.
Corrugation and Squeeze: Cases of tax evasion, graft and fraud by individual business-
men and public workers have been reported considerably more often by the Chinese
radio during the period 13-26 December. This could mean that such instances are
growing more numerous, but more probably is a result of the stepped up drive to get
rid of corrupt practices and punish offenders.
The Hangchow radio takes the lead in reporting cases of fraud. A broadcast (13 Dec.)
stated that for the first 11 months of 1951 provisional business tax evasions alone
amounted to nearly 3 billion yuan in the city, while evasions of the revenue stamp
tax reached 221 million. Cadres in the area have organized farmers and shop clerks
to report tax evasions, with 3,51$ persons enlisted. Such groups have been
organized in Wenchow, Shaohsing, Yungkang, and Lanchi, all in Chekiang Province.
In Shangchang Chu, Hang Hsien, Chekiang, business tax evasions were estimated at
680,000 yuan, and commodity tax evasions at 29 million. In. Wenchow, Yung Yao-fu,
proprietor of the Yung Yuan Oil Shop, and Loh Chia-chi, proprietor of the Fushing
Wine Shop, were fined for tax evasions.
Hangchow (15 Dec.) announced that corruption charges had been filed against
Chang Lan-tien, Chen Shao-ting and Chang Hsiu-feng, lumber mill employees of the
Chekiang Construction Company. The Chuchi office of this same construction company,
Hangchow reported (17 Dec.), was charged with graft in the amount of 300 million
yuan when 11 houses built in August started to go to pieces with the November rains.
Cadres connived with the contractors, and charged 130 million Yuan for a 3-million-
yuan repair bill.
On 5 December, Hangchow reported (21 Dec.), the Yuchang Peoplets Court called a
rally to pronounce sentences on eight merchants for evading taxes and breaking the
law, including Tao Cheng-hui and Chao Hsing-chang. Tao, manager of the Taojuichang
Grocery Store, was charged with evading business taxes of 232,750 yuan. Chao,
manager of the Chichang Grocery Store, was accused of failing to pay business
taxes of 319,200 yuan. Both men were said to have engaged in antirevolutionary
activities prior to the liberation.
Hangchow (22 Dec.) said that Kao Li hein, manager of a cooperative in Liusha
Hsiang, Hang Hsien, Chekiang, and two employees, Fan Chi-chin and Chu Shui-chien,
had been charged with defrauding the cooperative to the extent of 28.75 million
yuan, including nearly 8 million on one tea deal. In purchasing tea they diverted
4,244 catties of every 34,000 to their own use, selling this to the merchants, who
later sold it back to the cooperative at higher prices. The same radio (23 Dec.)
reported that Wan Yu-hsin, a clerk in the Workers' Cooperative of the Chekiang
Paper Mill, defrauded the workers of 15 million ydan in three years.
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Hangchow (24. Dec.) reported that the Chekiang People's Court had sentenced Chen
Yen7feng to two years in prison for defrauding the Government of 13 million Yuan,
and evading taxes amounting to 50,000 catties of rice. Hu Mao-fang was fined
2 million yuan and ordered to repay the 400,000 in taxes which he had withheld.
Hsiang Pao-chi was sentenced to two years for pocketing 2 million yuan he had
collected in taxes while an official in Hsiacheng Chu, Hangchow. Hangchow (26 Dec.)
reported that Yeh Tsu-ying, chairman of the Food Committee of the Merchants
Association, and a committeeman, Chao Wei-ling, were sent to prison for defrauding
Hangehow merchants of 1.82 million Yuan.
Next to Hangchow, the Chungking radio has been most active in reporting cases of
fraud. Chungking said (14 Dec.) that corruption and waste had permeated cadres in
charge of cooperatives in nothern Szechwan, where they had deposited expense money
amounting to 6 million yuan, and wasted 100,000 in Nanchuan Hsien alone on drinking
and feasting. These cadres have been ordered to "correct their errors in thinking."
Chungking (15 Dec.) reported that Chen Ko-pei, Tax Bureau deputy director in the
I-pin Special Administrative District, southern Szechwan, and three of the 10 hsien
finance officers in the district, had robbed the Government of money collected as
taxes. Embezzlements by tax collectors in Southwest China for the first half of 1950
were said to total 1,125,000,000 yuan, 29,000 silver dollars, 5 ounces of gold and a
large quantity of goods. Most of the corrupt officials were "carryovers from the
Kuomintang regime." Another Chungking report (19 Dec.) told of a mass meeting of
600 persons in Kuayang Hsien, Szechwan, to charge Chu Chi-yang with corruption while
in charge of the Finance Bureau.
In Kweichow Province, according to Chungking (19 Dec.), Ko Chi-hsing, Cheng Sheh-kao
and Fu Yung-king organized the Yuming Oil Company and handled 40,600 catties of
vegetable oil in black-market dealings. Lu Wen-chung and Chang Chang-fa similarly
operated a tobacco black market. Chungking reported (20 Dec.) that Pa Ya-tung, chief
of the Anshun Salt Bureau, and Kao Ho-teng were sentenced by the Kweichow People's
Court 12 December for selling 230 tan of Government salt. Chang Han-ching was
sentenced for disposing of 54 tan while connected with the Hochang Salt Bureau.
Court Custodian Cheng Hsin-hua was sentenced for embezzling 1.3 million yuan and
selling court property, including 230 Jiang of opium. Pa and Chang were sentenced
to death, while 11 others were given prison sentences in connection with these
charges. However, reports of corruption were not confined to the Hangchow and
Chungking transmitters. Canton (24 Dec.) reported that 1,000 cadres met 15 December
in the Peichiang Special District and turned over Tsai Yuan-tse, Lin Pao and Chen
Yu-hsing to the People's Court on charges of graft. Tsai was called a Kuomintang
reactionary. Dairen (19 Dec.) announced that Kiang Chung-wen, proprietor of the
Wenhua Electric Company, had been fined and suffered confiscation of his motors when
he was convicted of selling motors and failing to turn in the sales tax. Wuhsi
(17 Dec.) reported that at a meeting of 3,700 merchants in Soochow 29 November the
Hsuntai Tobacco Company was accused of keeping false records, while the Tachiangshih
Tobacco Company evaded taxes totaling 220 million yuan.
Hankow (13 Dec..) said that cadres of the Hupeh Construction Company held a struggle
rally 9 December to indict Wang Yung-chun, "a feudalistic carryover from the old
regime," for defrauding the company of 17.84 million yuan and causing businessmen
to lose 457 million on their contracts through his manipulation of bids. Hankow
also reported (19 Dec.) that charges of corruption had been filed against Chin Ying-
chun, chief of the Business Department, and Lu Chi-chang, of the Wholesale Depart-
ment of the Wuhan General Merchandise Company. Wuhan (22 Dec.) broadcast a statement
by Kung Yuan, Director General of Customs, calling on the people to help stop
smuggling. Kung said that during the past year the Government has handled
52,800 cases of smuggling, mostly in "arms, jen min piao and commercial cargoes."
Shanghai (14 Dec.) reported that the management of the State-owned Lungchuan
Tobacco Company had been accused of misusing its capital, and had suffered losses
because of stoppage of raw materials amounting to 294 million yuan; losses because
of defects in building construction amounting to 180 million; losses because of
misuse of capital funds amounting to 134 million yuan used in the purchase of
furniture; and losses resulting from kickbacks to Liang Sze-ming, Shanghai purchasing
agent, of 76 million yuan. Shanghai (15 Dec.) reported that Wang Ke-ming and Kang
Chia-pi of the Nanking Tax Bureau were to be tried for conniving with tax evaders to
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defraud the Government of 249 yuan in back taxes, and of accepting gifts amounting
to 3.5 million yuan and one picul of rice.
An East China Military Control Commission directive, Shanghai said (26 Dec.), calls
upon the masses to join in the struggle against waste, corruption and bureaucracy
by reading Mao Tse-tung's opening speech before the People's Political Consultative
Council, his book "Oppose Bureaucracy," and "all the works of Lenin, Stalin, Mao and
Liu Shao-chi on the struggle against waste, graft and bureaucracy." Among other
things, Government officials are ordered to reward informers. Jao Shu-shih, head
of the East China Government, has set up a special box, No. 657, General Post Office,
Shanghai, to receive information on cases of graft and to "accept letters of confession."
IDEOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENTS
Propaganda Personnel: A Peking Home Service broadcast (19 Dec.) indicates that in
the immediate future less attention may be focused on schools, propaganda media,
and the development of thought reform among the masses of peasants and workers.
Instead, more attention may be devoted to developing efficient personnel for
subsequent use- of these propaganda media and work among the masses. The Peking
broadcast quoted the PEOPLE'S DAILY in disclosing that 1.55 million trained
propagandists now are engaged in promoting the anti-American movement, counter-
revolutionary suppression, and the increased production and austerity program.
It is urged that the authorities continue to develop more propaganda personnel,
with a goal of 4 - 5 million by the end of 1952.
Following the line laid down by the PEOPLE'S DAILY, youth and student groups in East
China, Shanghai reported (19 Dec.), have issued a directive instructing cadres in
the Youth Corps to expand the organization's membership, and to stress thought
reform among all youth groups. Wuhsi (25 Dec.) explains further that Youth Corps
cadres are to support Communist Party cadres "in the organization of a propaganda
network," and that by 7 October, 243 Youth Corps members in East China, or 42.8
percent, had become members of the Communist Party.
In the Northwest, Sian reported (17 Dec.), the Higher Production and Austerity
Committee of Class A Government organs held its first conference, with Chairman
Ma Wen-lieh stressing that "it is necessary to start with a full-scale remolding
movement." Sian (18 Dec.) reported a meeting of 6,000 cadres called by the Kansu
Province Communist Party 15 December, with Party Secretary Chang Te-fen calling on
the cadres to "eliminate their ideological difficulties." Hangchow (15 Dec.)
announced that a Northeast recruiting team was in that city taking applications
for administrative positions in the Northeast from among college and high school
graduates. Applicants had to have police identification cards and a "clear record
for the past two years."
Chungking (16 Dec.) asserted that the cadres, as well as the masses, in Wushan
Hsien, eastern Szechwan, had "changed their attitude after a period of intensive
indoctrination" in 81 study groups. The same radio (17 Dec.) reported that the
Cultural and Educational Department of the Southwest Military and Administrative
Committee had screened 65 sons and daughters of farmers and laborers in the district
and qualified them for entry into the preparatory class of Chungking University.
Schools and eachers: The Chinese radio has not entirely abandoned the theme that
teachers must carry out thought reform. Peking, in a numeral code transmission
(18 Dec.), said that the thought-reform movement among college teachers in Peking
and Tientsin had "attained results and experience," and would be carried out in
colleges throughout China. In addition, 10,400 Peking high and elementary school
teachers have been enrolled in thought-reform study classes since November. Wuhsi
(19 Dec.) reported that in the Changchow school system the teachers "now realize the
importance of political consciousness in their work." Teachers of Changehow
Normal School formerly thought they were "responsible only to their principal."
Now they realize they are responsible only to the people. Junior high school
teachers in the Chungnan, Chunghsing and City schools are "studying new democratic
thought enthusiastically." Yangchow (20 Dec.) said that high school teachers
now know they must reform their thought to become model teachers, so they have
been organized Into groups to study the Chinese Communist Party, and are
"required to make reports and prepare discussions."
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Shanghai (17 Dec.) reported that the Education Department of the East China
Military and Administrative Committee called a meeting of education officials from
Provinces, chu and cities 10-15 December to "review the training "
stressed that a "judicious plan for 1952, and
guidance of Political thought" must be carried out among
teachers and students. Canton (19 Dec.) announced that the Propaganda Department of
the Central and South China Military and Administrative Committee called two meetings,
7 and 14 October, "to discuss measures to correct confusion in school education."
Another meeting was called 26 October "to review the people's reaction toward
measures adopted by the two previous symposia." No attempt was made to describe
or analyze the people's reaction, indicating that perhaps it had not been entirely
satisfactory.
Science Workers: Dairen (18 Dec.) told of the meeting of 1,000 delegates in a pre-
paratory conference of the Dairen-Port Arthur branch of the Chinese Natural Science
Association. Chu Chi-yang, Mayor of Dairen, called on the scientists to "study the
thinking of Mao Tse-tung and take the proletarian rather than the-bourgeois approach
to science." Mukden (19 Dec.), reporting on the same meeting, said that represent-
atives from 20 research institutes were at the conference. Several speakers, in-
cluding a doctor, stressed the necessity of studying the thoughts of Mao Tse-tung
and of complying with the thought-reform movement for intellectuals. A numeral code
transmission from Peking (26 Dec.) quoted from Volume 6, No. 1, of the "China
Botany." Chang Chin-yueh, Dean of Peking University, in that publication criticized
scientists of China for refusing to give up the imperialistic science of the
capitalistic nations for the people's science of the USSR. He said:
We have refused to accept Soviet science. Ostensibly, it is because
scientists should not easily accept ideas. Actually, this is only a
subterfuge. If so, then why do we accept European and American
science so readily and without question. The slowness of Chinese scientists
to accept the great Soviet scientists, Michurin and Lysenko, is an
example of this attitude. In the past I had been one of those who had
refused to accept Soviet science. But now, after I have studied thought
reform and intellectual criticism, I have realized the error of my ways.
Now I know that science must serve the people. (Peking, numeral code,
26 Dec.)
Radio and Publications: The Peking Home Service (18 Dec.) announced that "great
achievements" had been reported as a result of broadcasting and monitoring activities
in-factories and coal mines of Taiyuan during the past 10 months. Wuhan (l8 Dec.)
reported that in Central and South China many factories employing more than 100
persons have installed radio-listening equipment, with 150 wire broadcasting
stations having been set up in the larger concerns. In Canton, for example, more
than 20,000 industrial workers have received propaganda education regularly through
listenening to broadcasts. t'In fact, broadcasting stations have become a powerful
propaganda weapon for promotion of the patriotic emulation campaign." One concern
in Canton even claimed to have increased its production by .30 percent as a result
of the broadcasts.
Peking in numeral code (22 Dec.) told of the 116th Administrative Meeting of the
Government Administrative Council 21 December, when reports were read by Hu Yu-chi,
Director of the Publications Administration, and Wang Kun-lun, an official concerned
with the examination of documents, or censorship. The trend toward stronger
control and regulation of publications is clearly seen in the resolutions adopted
as a result of these reports: "Rules Governing Import of Overseas Printed Matter";
"Directive Concerning Unified Employment of Productive Power of Lead-type Printing
Presses"; "Establishment of a Nation-wide Newspaper, Book, and Periodical
Distributing Network"; "Provisional Rules Governing Control of Publishers and
Distributors of Books and Periodicals"; and "Provisional Rules Governing Registration
of Periodicals." The nature of publications that will be approved in the future
can be forecast from a Yangehow broadcast (16 Dec.) which said that a people's
magazine in northern Kiangsu had an article in 36 issues on the ideologies of Engels,
which had "aroused much comment among the cadres." However, provision is being made
for those who cannot understand Engels.
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Peking announced in numeral code (25 Dec.) that t ho-Publicity Bureau of the Chinese
Communist Party had awarded prizes to two
~tinese'.colnics. Hankow (1$ Dec.) reported
that the Central and South China News.Pub1ication Administration had cooperated
with the Hankow Municipal Cultural and Educational Bureau in launching a campaign to
reform comics. The first step in the campaign will be a study of the contents of
comics. Then chu by chu meetings of handlers of comics will be called "to carry
out education and political thought," and to make the handlers understand "that to
publish more new comics is a patriotic act, and that they shall unite to develop
the business in common." When the handlers are properly educated an organization
will be formed and patriotic pacts will be drawn up. Then review meetings will be
scheduled. When the entire business is properly organized, public loans will be
granted to the businessmen. The broadcast added that in Wuhan city a comics
reform committee already had been set up.
Religious Countermeasures: During the period 13-26 December anti-religious reports
intercepted were limited to moves against the Catholics in Nanking and in the
Northeastern city of Changchun. Peking in numeral code (24-Dec.) announced that
meetings were held in Nanking 15 and 16 December and the Nanking Catholic
-Promotion Committee of Religious Reform set up. Mukden (21 Dec.) reported that
9 December the Catholics of Changchun called a mass meeting to accuse French
priest (Kao Te-hui) of being "an imperialist disguised as a religious worker," and to
demand his expulsion. The priest was accused of working with the Manchukuo
Japanese regime, and of cooperating after the liberation with Chiang secret agent
Liu Tse- ei, and with a "spy for the American Navy," Yin Shih-kan. The Mukden radio
.(22 Dec.) explained more fully that by 14 December 3,500 patriotic Catholics in
Changchun had signed the "three-self's reform movement to sever all relations with
imperialist elements." Yu Ching-san was quoted as saying that the Catholic priest
connived with the American-Chiang gang, and plotted "to destroy the better and
happier days we gained following the liberation." Mukden (26 Dec.) announced that
the Changchun Security Office had issued an order 21 December expelling (Kao Te-hui)
and three other Catholic priests from China.
Winter Schools: Little was said during the period under review about the winter
schools except to report their openings in various areas. Yangchow (13 Dec.) said
599 schools opened 3 December in 1-cheng Hsien, Kiangsu, with an enrollment of
30,000. The goal for the winter has been set at 40,000. Hangchow (26 Dec.)
reported more than 50 percent of the farmers in Kangchiao Hsiang, Hang Hsien,
Chekiang, enrolled. The station said in another broadcast (17 Dec.) that about
20 percent of the people were enrolled in Ningpo, with teachers being trained from
among better-educated farmers, "unemployed intellectuals, and unemployed workers."
Kaifeng (14 Dec.) reported more than 3 million enrolled in Honan's winter schools.
Chungking (16 Dec.) claimed there would be a school in every village in Tzuchung
Hsien, Szechwan, with an estimated enrollment of 200,000. Mukden (25 Dec.) reported
that the enrollment of 39,730 in Chaotung Hsien, Heilungkiang, exceeded expectations.
Apparently, according to another Mukden broadcast (17 Dec.), the avowed primary
purpose of the winter schools, "to develop political consciousness," was not
stressed in the appeals for enrollment. A circular issued 15 December by the
Education Department for the Northeast was quoted as commenting on the failure "to
activate the broad masses" in rural areas, and urged peasants to enroll in the
winter schools "to learn technical skills for agricultural production."
COUNTERREVOLUTIONARIES
Reports of Activities: A relatively small number of actions by counterrevolutionaries
was reported by the Chinese radio in the two we-eke 13-26 December, and those reported
were not centered in any particular area. Hangehow (16 Dec.) reported that the
Chekiang Frontier Defense Corps clashed with pirates, with 166 of the latter being
killed and a large quantity of arms captured. Wuhsi (15 Dec.) told of special
guards being placed near factories and railways of Tanyang, Changshu, Chinchiang,
Wu and Chiangning Hsien of Kiangsu, Ningkuo of Anhwei and Wuhsing Hsien, Chekiang
Province, and of women's teams being stationed in the towns during the day to
watch for "questionable characters," but called these moves part of the normal
winter defense measures of the People's Militia.
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Hankow (13 Dec.) reported dissension among the workers of the Shenhsin Textile Mill,
Hankow, with counterrevolutionary plots and "exploitation of the workers'
feudalistic ideas," but claimed than after a political propaganda campaign the
"Kuomintang feudalistic gangs" among the workers were smashed. Tung Ling-ching
made a public confession of his rumormongering and promised to reform. Canton
(21 Dec.) reported that Chen Sheng sabotaged factory equipment in the Kwangtung"
Machine Factory. He was a special agent masquerading as an enthusiastic worker,
and became a member of the Factory Control Committee and team leader in the
factory labor union. Chungking (14 Dec.) announced that in the recent "pacification
campaign" the Militia in the Paoteng Special District, Szechwan, captured 993 "bandits,
reactionary landlords and Chiang agentsy'? as well as 385 :rifles, four machine guns
and other equipment. The Militia will train additional men for border defense work.
Chungking (19 Dec.) also reported discovery of oil-soaked materials in the
Chuanchiang Shipyards,. where fires broke out 16 November and 7, 8, 9 and 10 December.
Punishment: Insight into the extent of counterrevolutionary activity is gained from
reports of arrests and punishment of agents. Mukden (18 Dec.) announced that
Han Tso-chou, Meng Hung-ping and Yang Ching-ho had been arrested in Changmin Chu,
in the Mukden suburbs, 14 November. They had been officials of the People's
Government, had usurped all local administrative posts, and had commandeered 665
laborers. The same broadcast reported that in Liuchung Chu, Haining Hsien, Antung
Government cadres read off a list of wanted counterrevolutionaries at a mass
meeting of 1,300. A committee of 190 was organized into seven teams to go out after
the men. Chinchow (13 Dec.) said that people in Chiukou village, Suichung, had
recovered from their fear of reprisals following talks by Government cadres, and
had turned over to the authorities Chao Yuan-fah, Yu Tse-yang and Kao Hsiao-wu.
The same broadcast reported a public trial attended by 300 in the Sixth Chu of
Liaotung 17 November, with a rich farmer, Tsui Chi-chang, accused of committing
crimes under the Manchukuo regime.
Wuhsi (13 Dec.) reported a public trial in Soochow 11 December, with 8 of the 97
defendants executed, including Ching Fang and Shen Ching-tung, who were charged with
organizing an underground and murdering important Party cadres. Four others among
the 97 were given the death sentence with a two-year stay, three were sentenced to
life imprisonment, and 55 were given varying prison terms. Yangchow (14 Dec.)
reported that courts in the Taichow district, Kiangsu, had handled 250 cases
involving counterrevolutionaries during the year. Hangchow (18 Dec.) reported that
Yung Kang-seng, former magistrate of Iwu Hsien, Chekiang, and Lan Tai, former
deputy education chief, were given prison terms and expelled from the Party for
complicity in counterrevolutionary activities. Hangchow also reported (13 Dec.)
that counterrevolutionaries Wang Te-mou, Hung Chi-heng, Kuan Cheng, Liu Kao-feng,
Chi Shao-ming and Chang Tung-yuan were sentenced to death by the Hangchow People's
Court and executed 12 December.
Hankow (19 Dec.) reported the public trial at Wuchang of counterrevolutionaries
Chang Ying-chieh, Chang Wen-ching, Li Wen-chu, Chen Ying-chu and Li Chen-po, all
of whom were executed on the spot. Two others were sentenced to death after two
years. All seven men were accused of having been secret agents of the Japanese
during the Japanese occupation. Wuhan (19 Dec.) reported that Ma Te-chieh, owner
of the Yuehfeng Coal Mine, and his employee, Sze Yao-ching, were found to be
counterrevolutionaries after they cheated the Honan branch of the China Mining
Machinery Company out of 23 million Yuan on a coal contract.
From the Southwest Chungking reported (21 Dec.) that in Yaan Hsien, Sikang, the
Chengtu People's Court 12 December called 3,000 Army and Government, employees
to condemn 35 counterrevolutionaries following a six-month investigation. The
men had entered the Army with the intention of launching a rebellion. Nine of the
35 were condemned to death and executed immediately. The same broadcast said that
in Tesheng and Yungfeng Hsiang, Chengtu Hsien, western Szechwan, (Chou Chi-ju)
former mayor of the hsien, and (Tao Yung-hsien) were sentenced for killing 30
soldiers and burning 300 houses after launching a rebellion, and executed immediately.
Chunking (24 Dec.) reported that the People's Court in the Sixth Chu, Lu Hsien,
Szechwan, on 10 December sentenced to death counterrevolutionaries Shou Yu-chin,
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Chang Yao-chang and Chu Pei-jen, the latter a Kuomintang-trained secret agent.
The Third Chu Court of Lu Hsien sentenced to prison Ching Ying-fang, former head
of the Chingi Normal School, and Cheng Pei-chi. Nine counterrevolutionaries were
sentenced 4 and 10 December, respectively, in the First Chu of Yungchuan Hsien
and the Sixth Chu c I-pin Hsien.
A Hangchow broadcast (19 Dec.) reveals a new approach. The Tientsin People's
Court proposed in the recent sentencing of Chiao Ming-chu and Li Tung-ko that 10
million Yuan be taken from their confiscated assets to reward persons who gave
information leading to their apprehension.
Labor Reform: Forced labor seems to be recognized as the best cure for counter-
revolutionary activities, next to the firing squad. Canton (19 Dec.) reported that
counterrevolutionary prisoners have made progress during the past five months while
repairing houses and dormitories, making brick, breaking stone, planting 9,000
fruit trees and caring for 6,800 head of hogs and poultry. "!Compulsory labor and
political education have been coordinated to cope with slowdown strikes, pretended
illness, sabotage, or attempts to escape or commit suicide." Peking in numeral
code announced that 65 percent of the counterrevolutionaries are "undergoing labor
reform." In Omei Hsien, Szechwan, they operate a brick factory, a tile factory
and a lime kiln. In Chichiang Hsien, Szechwan, 200 work in a coal mine, while
the entire group in this hsien earn enough to pay for their keep plus 13 million
yuan a month.
WAR AND THE MILITARY
Training of Militia: Peking in a Home Service broadcast (16 Dec.) announced that
registration of Militiamen for training had started in North China, where 110,000
peasants from 5,321 villages are to be trained. Peking in numeral code (16 Dec.)
said that winter training had been suspended this year in the Chahar Province famine
area, but in Hopei eight officers' training centers have turned out 61,000 Army
instructors. Conferences on People's Militia affairs will be called this winter and
spring in Shantung, Fukien, Chekiang, Kiangsu and Anhwei, along with conferences
of Militia representatives in the various hsien of the areas to discuss training
problems and the organization of mobile training units.
Chungking (13 Dec.) announced that Militia cadres and civilian workers in Paoshan,
Yunnan Province, have been given training so that they may be integrated with the
regular border defense units. Tsinan (13 Dec.) reported that with the arrival of
two model Militiamen, the 24-man Militia of Toulan village, Eighth Chu, Chuyeh
Hsien, Shantung, had been reorganized, trained in handling arms, and given political
indoctrination. Now 20 more villagers want to join the Militia. In Paihu village,
Sixth Chu, Wenshang Hsien, Shantung, two Militiamen returned after an indoctrination
course at the county seat. Now Chang Yin-kuan has entirely lost his former in-
different attitude, and .all the Militiamen have a fuller realization of their
patriotic duties.
Preferential Treatment: The plan introduced several weeks ago to give preferential
treatment to wounded servicemen and their families, and to the families of those
fighting in Korea still gets considerable attention, though the drive seems to have
slackened somewhat. Peking in a Home Service broadcast (24 Dec.) announced that four
organizations had issued a directive making the comforting of Army dependents a
special project of youth and children during the spring festival. Peking announced
in numeral code (26 Dec.) that the North China Affairs Department of the Central
Government had issued a directive 12 December calling for preferential treatment
during New Year's and the spring festival period. Gifts are to be presented during
the holidays and cadres are to make a check-up to be sure dependents receive pre,
ferential treatment in getting jobs and get assistance with their farm work..
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Canton (19 Dec.) reported that the expansion of preferential treatment was one of
the accomplishments of the Third People's Representative Conference of All Circles in
that city in December. Wuhan (22 Dec.) said that Wuhan city has designated January
as a special preferential treatment month. All organizations must set up committees
to carry out the work. The same radio said (21 Dec.) that 10,000 forms had been
sent to merchants to obtain information for checking on the extent of preferential
treatment. Mukden (22 Dec.) reported that the Sungkiang Provincial Government had
issued a directive calling on people to pay courtesy calls to servicemen and their
dependents. Of the 4,145 servicemen's farms given help under the preferential
treatment program in Liaosi Province, 70 percent had bumper crops. In Liaosi gunny
bag or quilt factories have been organized in 16 hsien to give employment to
dependents. Among persons elected chi delegates are 212 relatives of servicemen,
and 1,800 children of servicemen have been given free schooling.
Dairen (18 Dec..) quoted Sun Chung-shan, chairman of the Dairen Ricksha, Pedicab and
Horsecart Workers Committee of the China Transport Union, as saying at a 10 December
meeting that his organization had-contributed 1,117,500 yuan to dependents, had
even free or reduced-rate rides, and planned to give New Year's gifts. Dairen-
13 Dec.) said that people of the Sixth Chu, Port Arthur, assisted 10 families 54
times with all their farm work, and 38 families 208 times with part of their farm
work.
Resist America, Aid-Korea Donations: The donation drive to supply planes, guns and
other equipment to the Chinese fighting in Korea is being allowed to die quietly,
with orders from local branches and no centralized action. Wuhan (25 Dec.) reported
that the Hunan branch of the Resist-America, Aid-Korea Committee issued a directive
15 December calling upon all cadres to cease the drive and devote their attentions
to increased production and austerity. Chungking (26 Dec.) anounced that the drive
had ended in Yunnan 18 December with 26 hsien exceeding their quotas and a few
backward hsien ordered to complete the di'ive at once.
Despite the closing of the donation drive, the resist-America, aid-Korea committees
have been maintained, and it seems that only the direct donation drive, not the
program to raise money for purchase of military e uipment has been abandoned. New
and less direct methods will be adopted. Hankow (19 Dec.), for instance, reported
that the Wuhan Department of Education and Culture called a meeting 17 December to
map plans for the showing of a resist-America, aid-Korea film that will "give people
a better understanding of the Chinese Volunteer. Forces, the American atrocities,
and the struggle for world peace." Director Feng of the Central and South China
branch of the China Film Company was quoted as saying his office plans to spend
320,000 yuan on publicity for the picture, and the public will be urged to see it.
Canton (24 Dec.) announced that the movie would be shown in 40 large cities,
starting 28 December. 1n Canton it will be shown in 19 theaters simultaneously,
indicating that no other films will be allowed to offer competition. The entire
income from the showing of the movie will go to the resist America, aid-Korea
donation fund, and cultural and educational units in Kwangtung, including the Sino-
Soviet Friendship Association, have organized to promote the picture in the various
localities, and to "map out concrete methods to mobilize the broad mass of the
people to see this film.t-
Another new development in connection with the Korea fighting was announced by the
Peking Home Service transmitter (24 Dec.). A volunteer group of radio technicians
recruited in Peking, Tientsin and Mukden left early in December for the Korean front,
carrying 1,000 radio receivers and much other radio equipment. They will set up a
radio broadcast reception center for the Chinese Volunteers, and training classes
for monitors will be started among the soldiers.
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Land Reform: Continued pressure to enforce land reform, as well as continued resist-
ance, has been reflected in Chinese broadcasts, especially in the Southwest. The
Peking Home Service'(19 Dec.) announced that 5,600 students and teachers of
universities in Canton had left for the various rural regions of Kwangtung to
carry out land reform. Kaifeng (14 Dec.) reported that "following intensive
indoctrination," cadres had been selected for a land reform reinspection group.
The extent of the indoctrination is seen from a quoted statement of Jen Min-chu, a
Youth Corps member of the group, who "expressed his enthusiasm for reinapection
by saying that the implementation of land reform is everyone's patriotic duty."
Wuhan (19 Dec.) announced that nine work teams had launched land reform work in the
Central and South China region, along with "scrutiny of land reform implementation,n
which seems to be as important as the actual redistribution. "In all localities many
unlawful landlords were uncovered before and after the land reform work and its
reinvestigation policies.... The broad masses of farmers actively heightened their
vigilance against the destructive intrigues of unlawful landlords and disclosed
their hidden properties." A further insight into the pressure put on farmers to
betray the landlords and disclose their secrets is gained from another broadcast:.
After land reform was in full swing cadres carried out large-
scale publicity on policy by which the shameless subversive plots
of the landlord class were exposed.... The cadres lived with the
poor and rich peasants, with whom they ate and worked. Since
they have had the cadres to depend on, they have become very
active in the reform. (Hankow, Hankow Regional, l$ Dec.)
Active participation by women in the land reform program is reported by Wuhan
(16 Dec.). At Nanling village, Chungahan Hsien, Kwangtung, half the women of the
village took part in the struggle against reactionary landlords, the broadcast said.
At Liling, Hunan, 140 women are engaged in land. reform work; 40 participated at
Enshih Hsien, Hupeh; at Lichia village, Honan, Li Hsing-jen helped convince her
husband that he should support land reform.
Chungking (24 Dec,) announced that "because of effective propaganda in awakening
farmers to the evils of hiding goods for landlords," many farmers have exposed these
hiding places. For instance, it was disclosed that Kao Chang-ching hid 128 pounds
of wax worth 5 million yuan in his house for a landlord in Luchun village,
Kingtsun Hsiang, Hochuan Hsien, Szechwan. Another Szechwan farmer of Yaoho village,
Tungking Hsiang, Omei Hsien, Chang H'si,-wu, hid 400 packages of silver and wax in
his house. In Tatung Hsiang, Nanchuan Hsien, Szechwan, two rifles, two pistols
and 500 rounds of ammunition were found hidden in a farmer's house, while similar
finds were reported from Szechwan hsien of Changning and Hsingwen. In spite of
these disclosures, Chungking said (17 Dec.) that in Szechwan areas where land
reform has been completed some landlords have taken over farmers' houses and "even
forced the latter to pay rent." Some landlords have been found destroying forests.
They also have disseminated rumors, and "even bribed the farmers with money and
women." A Chungking broadcast (16 Dec.) complained that landlords in villages
along the Yangtze River have refused to "do public service by hiring others to work
for them," and still continue to waste money on feasting.
Chungking (19 Dec.) also reported difficulties in Yunnan Province. In Mengtzu,
Chuching,.Chengehiang and Kunyang Halen, and in 23 other hsien, "land reform work
has been carried out very slowly because of the shortage of leadership of cadres
and imperfect reform plans.." Only a few areas have made any progress. Some land
reform committees in Yunnan ",seated reform as a sort of experiment," and did not
carry it out fully. Plans call for reform in 355 hsiang in April of next year.
Yet in the best season, January to March, only 129 hsiang were reformed last year.
Not all difficulties have been in the Southwest, however. Hangehow (18 Dec.)
charged chu cadres in Yuhang Hsien, Chekiang, with laxity, and revealed that in
Jenan Chu only seven percent of the reformed land was under cultivation, while in
Jenmin Chu only half of it could be worked because only 2,200 oxen were available
for 200,000 mou of land.
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A Peking Home Service program (24 Dec.) carrying a report from Taiyuan revealed that
in Shansi Province, state farms harvested better crops than did peasants on their
individual holdings, and asserted that farmers were "impressed by the new farming
implements and scientific cultivation." This might be an indication that land
reform as it has been practiced will soon give way in some areas to a system of
collective farming.
Marriage Law: Considerable attention is still being given to the marriage law,
with reports of punishment for violations, broadcast illustrations of the evils
of the old marriage customs, and the issuance of general informational publicity.
It appears that more attention is being given to a systematic training, especially
of cadres, and less attention to the punishment of offenders.
Shanghai (14 Dec.) declared that cadres and the masses have abetter understanding
of the law since a series of six talks was presented over the Hangehow radio. Round-
table discussions also helped, and 50,000 letters, messages and phone calls were
received by the sponsors of the talks. Chu Kung-lien of Hsiengshan Hsien, Chekiang,
as a result of her new information on the marriage law, has preferred charges against
local cadres for laxity in enforcement. Wuhsi (15 Dec.) reported that the Women's
Democratic League of Soochow examined cadres of knowledge of the la*, and dis-
covered that the average grade was only 76, while several failed the test entirely.
Tsinan (15 Dec.) reported that in Kaoyuan Hsien, Shantung, cadres now are given*
regular examinations on the marriage law. Canton (21 Dec..) announced that speakers
on the marriage law would appear on 21-25 December at seven places in Canton and
its suburbs. Chinchow (20 Dec.) reported a conference of Liaosi rural cadres to
study the marriage law. Dairen (16,Dec.) announced that 28 new-type marriages
recently took place in one village. Wuhsi (19 Dec.) told of a mass marriage in
Soochow, with 21 couples wedded. "Instead of wasting money on weddings, these
young people saved their money to buy fertilizer and farm equipment."
Examples of the evils of the old law were contained in a Hangchow broadcast (23 Dec.)
concerning an "anti-feudalistic marriage rally" 20 December by women workers of the
Fuhua No. 1 Silk Mill. Chiang I-ling testified that she became a concubine at 14,
was resold twice in one year,. tried to commit suicide three times, and was forced to
commit infanticide three times. Yu King-feng testified that she was forced to
marry._a tubercular and contracted the disease. Her husband died, but she was not
permitted to remarry. Chinchow (13 Dec.) broadcast the story of Yu Feng-ying, Sanking
village, Fifth Chu, Shuangliao lsien, Liaosi, who was forced by her father to marry
Chen Chien-Chung, vho sold her to Wang Feng-shan.as a concubine. After the
liberation she was granted a divorce and became a member of the counterrevolutionary
suppression committee. Hangchow (20 Dec.) told the story of Wu Chang-tse, Penta
village, Wuting Hsiang, Changsze Chu, Twu Hsien, Chekiang, who was forced by her
parents to marry at 16. After four years she petitioned for a divorce, but the
cadres refused to discuss her case, and attacked her reputation instead. Finally
she committed suicide.
Wuhsi (17 Dec.) announced that Chang Chi-ping had been sentenced to prison for
five years by the Changsha People's Court for mistreating his wife, Hsu Hsi.
Yangehow (13 Dec.) reported that Chen Fu-Chang, Kangshan Chu, Tai Hsien, Kiangsu,
was sentenced to death for the murder of his wife, Chu Feng-ying, who was betrothed
to him at the age of five. His accomplices, Chen Wang-chi and Chu Yu-chu, were
given prison terms. Tsinan (15 Dec.) reported that King Pao-yu was sentenced to
death at a public trial attended by 30,000 persons, and executed immediately. He
was accused of beating his wife, King Wen-sze, for burning too much firewood and
for not working hard enough after childbirth. As her feudalistic parents would not
take her in when she returned home, she drowned herself in the canal. Hangchow
(21 Dec.) reported. the sentencing to death of Chien Wei-hsiang 30 November for
murdering his wife, Wang Ai-lien of Tashann Hsiang, Tashan Chu, Iwu Hsien, Chekiang,
when she carelessly killed a chicken. She had been sold by her parents for two
suits of old clothes when she was 17. Her husband sold her to another farmer for
4.5 million yuan, who later traded her to Chien for five tan of rice.
?Ot4f1UEN1I.
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Hangchow (16 Dec.) said that Loh Ying-piao, an employee of the Hangchow office of
the Shanghai-Nanking Railway, was sentenced to one year in prison, divorced from
his wife, and ordered to pay the cost of her confinement. She,-in turn, was re-
primanded-for slandering Chou Chien-chang by pointing him out as the father of her
child under pressure from her husband. Hangchow (20 Dec.) told of the sentencing of
Tu Yu-ken to two years in prison for interfering in the marriage of Chou Ho-ching,
Farmers Association president, and Li Chieh-chun. Chou's failure to provide a
lavish feast for the villagers angered them, and they aided Tu, a former suitor, in
beating up the newly wed couple.
Chungking reported a number of marriage law violations. One broadcast (18 Dec.)
said that Yu Wen-kuang, a farmer of Jenho village, Chung Hsien, Szechwan, was
accused of beating his wife 14 December. Yuan Ming-hsien, a farmer of Wukan Hsiang,
Third Chu, Jenhua Hsien, Kweichow, and his son, Yuan Ming-chu, were accused of
putting the younger man's wife, Yeh Shao-ying, in a gunny sack and beating her. Yuan
Feng-shen of Leipo Halen, Szechwan, was accused of drowning his wife. Another
Chungking broadcast (19 Dec._) reported that Li Keh-hsiang, Hungchiao village,
Chung Hsien, Szechwan, was charged with beating his wife for going visiting. Jen
Seng-shan, Koming Hsiang, Fourth Chu, Jenshou Hsien, Szechwan, was charged with
beating and drowning his wife 7 November. There are "repeated cases of mistreatment.
by husbands and mothers-in-law in Szechwan and Kweichow," the broadcast said.
NATIONAL MINORITIES
Following the.conference at Sian 14 December sponsored by the Nationalities Affairs
Commission of the Central People's Government, a considerable expansion of comment
on nationality problems by the Chinese radio was noted, especially by the central
broadcasting station at Peking. Sian (17 Dec.) announced that the conference was
attended by representatives from 14 national minority groups, with'several of the
speakers selected from the minorities. Peking in numeral code quoted the Commission
chairman, Li Wei-han, at the second session of the conference as follows:
This conference is convened as a result of the unprecedented
unity of the various peoples of China. Therefore I hope that
the various nationalities will exert every effort to carry
out the decisions of this conference and to offer criticism
freely for improvement in the administration of nationality
affairs. (Peking, numeral code, 1.5 Dec.)
Following this appeal by the chairman, Minister of Education Ma Hsu-lun declared it
was necessary to push the training of cadres among the nationalities in order to
develop education and hygiene. Other speakers stressed the need for granting.
regional'autonomy in the areas where minority nationalities are heavily concentrated.
Numerous Central Government officials seem to believe that the necessary steps.
already have been taken. Peking in numeral code (15 Dec.) declared that 50,000
cadres from national minorities are working for the Chinese Communist Government,
including 23,000 in the Northwest, where each of the 16 nationalities has its own
administrator, and more than 10,000 in the Southwest. Administrative cadres in
176 villages in the three helen of Paisha, Paoting and Lotung "in Central Chinas"
are from the Miao and Li nationalities, "which predominate in that area." Peking
in a home service broadcast. (18 Dec.) quoted from PEOPLE'S DAILY and KVVANGMING
DAILY articles lauding the expansion of national minority cadres to 50,000.
In his report before the 112th meeting of the Government Administrative Council
reported by Peking in numeral code (21 Dec.), Minister of Education Ma Hsu-lun
declared that there are 126 education officials from minority groups. The groups
have 13,960 primary schools with 943,000 pupils, 607 high schools with 45,600
enrolled, and 15 colleges with 4,150 students. Besides, there are 23 cadre schools
with 4,400 trainees. Ma said the following suggestions had been made toward improve
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ment of minority education: Adoption of an education policy salted to the needs
of the minorities; strengthening of educational leadership; placing of greater
emphasis on patriotic education and the wiping out of imperialistic and Kuomintang
influence by overcoming pan-nationalistic and ultra-nationalistic thinking; and
close adherence to the system of education promulgated by the Central People's Govern-
ment. Apparently there is some confusion here as to whether the minorities'
education should be permitted some leeway or be patterned'.fully after the Chinese
educational. program.
Other progressive steps in the relations with national minorities are claimed.
Sian (17 Dec.) asserted that in Tsinghai Province the amount of native products
bought by trading companies increased 45 percent last year, while its total value
increased 260 percent. Canton (18 Dcc.) said that a health center for Yao people
had been established in Kwangtung, with 217 tribesmen treated. Chungking (23 Dec.)
reported that medical treatment had been arranged for national minorities in
Sinkiang. Peking's Home Service (15 Dec.) reported that "in accordance with the
principles" of the nationalities democratic front autonomous governments numbering
100 have been set up locally by the Meng, Tsang, Huei, Miao, I, Yao and other tribes.
Wuhan 23 Dec.) reported that the first conference of minority cadres.in Kwangsi
Province 22 December decided to establish minority group governments where the.
minorities predominate on hsiang, chu and hsien levels. By spring minority govern-
ments will be set up in Hailung, Hsilin and other border hsien where Miao, Yao, I,
Tung and Chung tribes constitute the majority.
Large-scale attempts to indoctrinate the national minorities are reflected in some
broadcasts. Peking in numeral code (23 Dec.) announced that the Nationalities
Affairs Commission in the past two years had printed books in Tibetan, Uighur and
Kazakh, including six of Mao Tse-Tung's writings and one by Liu Shao-chi, "in order
to publicize Marxism, Leninism and the thoughts of Mao Tse-tung among the national
minorities." Also 102,000 copies of the PEOPLE'S PICTORIAL, and "A Supplementary
Reading of the PEOPLE'S PICTORIAL" have been printed in Uighur, Tibetan and
Mongolian. Chungking (24,Dec.) reported that three Tibetans, Yija, Wewejada and
Namaja, had been given awards for outstanding service in leading the People's
Liberation Army forces that entered Tibet. The three men were among the eight
Tibetans in charge of a yak transport team consisting of 180 animals. Peking in
numeral code (16 Dec.) said that Mull tribesman in Sikang recently organized groups.
and toured Yuan and Sichang, 'and now are ardent supports of the resist America,
aid-Korea movement. They have organized three Militia corps and equipped them to
wipe out remnant bandits and secret agents.
Peking reported that in Kungshan and Pichiang Hsien, northwestern Yunnan, the Lisu
people have established autonomous hsien governments. Though there are some Mo,
Po, Tibetan and Minchia people in this area, the population is predominantly Lisu,
and most of these people are Christians. Some of the problems facing the Communists
there and their claims to have solved them are seen in the following quotations:
American imperialist elements, under the cloak of religion, carried
out activities here for a long time. They have sown dissension
among the nationalities and fabricated disputes between them so as
to make them dislike each other.... The People's Government adopted
a correct policy. The political understanding of the Lisu, Nu, and
so forth, has been heightened The priests and administrative
workers of the churches also have orgaized themselves to carry out
studies. Deputy Magistrate of Pichiang Hsien Fei A-chien, a Lisu
priest, has personally led wore: teams to go to the country and
publicize religious reform. At present in the aforementioned areas
there are 5,000 priests of the various nationalities who have signed
the declaration on religious reform. (Peking, numeral code, 17 Dec.)
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Another Peking transmission reveals weaknesses in Central Government claims to have
gained the friendship of the minorities and to have done much for their advancement.
After recounting the improved condition of the national minorities, and reporting
the organization of cooperatives and trade teams, the transmission declares:
All in all, the people in most minority regions are facing
hardship. Although trade operations have achieved a certain
progress since the liberation, the demands of the national
minorities in various localities still remain to be satisfied
and the minority trade to be developed. (Peking, numeral code,
21 Dec.).
River Control: Peking announced in numeral code (20 Dec.) that the Peking Motion
Picture Company had made a movie showing progress on the Huai River project during
its first year. According to a Shanghai broadcast (19 Dec.), the East China
Military and Administrative Committee issued a directive in an attempt to break up
the traffic snarl caused by priority shipments to the Huai River project. The
broadcast said that by 23 November 476 boats with a capacity of 10.42 million
catties were tied up for as much as two weeks at a time, with the number still
growing. Hofei (20 Dec.) reported that the Political Department of the harnessing
project at Fuyang issued a directive 10 December reading in part as follows:
"The correct way of launching an emulation drive is to elevate political con-
sciousness among the workers, improve tools and work methods, and study progressive
experience. Under no circumstances should a drive be carried-to such an extent as
to affect a worker's health." The directive was said to have been inspired by
reports of physical injuries from overwork following a new record by Chu Chung-i of
removing 19 cubic meters of earth in a day. Wuhsi17 Dec.) said that letters from
home are great morale boosters among Huai River.,project workers. Cigarettes, towels
and soap have been donated and a theatrical troupe sent to provide entertainment.
Chungking reported that this winter and spring a project to irrigate 3.5 million mou
of land will be undertaken in the. Southwest, following repair and restoration work
during the first half of the year to irrigate 2 million mou. However, difficulties
apparently are being encountered, as the following quotation indicates:
Various local authorities should pay attention to the people's
reluctance to take the trouble to repair the works and to pay
money for the repairs, and to their concern about higher
agricultural taxes along with higher production.... The ex-
penditures for the work should principally be borne by the
peasants directly benefited by the work, with Government loans
as a_subsidiarr?y. (Chungking, Southwest Regional, 16 Dec.)
Overseas Chinese. Shanghai (13 Dec.) reported that the Fukien Overseas Chinese
Affairs Committee called a Provincial conference on Overseas Chinese Affairs
20 November to review the work accomplished during the past two years. Fang I,
Chen Chung and Wang Tien-hua criticized the cadres for their lack.of understanding
of the affairs of the Overseas Chinese and called for a strengthening of patriotic
education among dependents of Overseas Chinese. Peking Home Service (26 Dec.)
quoted 17 Chinese seamen who were returned to China by the U. S. Government to the
effect that American officials, especially immigration authorities., are extorting
money from the Chinese.
Labor Organizations: Mukden (18 Dec.) reported that the Antung People's Court
held a public trial with 1,000 persons present to try Yang, Yao and seven others
for violating Government decrees, ruining security equipment and violating the
rights of other laborers. Hankow (19 Dec.) said sanitation workers of the
Second Chu, Wuhan, succeeded in driving gang bosses Lo Kung-yao, Chang Shan-Wen,
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Wang Hsin-chi and 23 others from their ranks and on 17 December organized their own
union under the leadership of Hsu Ta-chin and Wang Yeh-ching. Telecommunications
workers expelled 32 "gang leaders" and organized their own union under the guidance
of a 106-man working committee -13 December.
Soviet Examples: Mukden (24 Dec.) asserted that with the introduction of the Soviet
five-tier system of education in all grade schools of the city, the teachers now
have a new purpose in their work, and the children, have taken a new interest in
their studies. Hankow (20 Dec.) announced that the Wuhan highway office of the
Reconstruction Bureau has studied Soviet methods and as a result is paving the Ta
Cheng road in Wuchang with sand and stone at a saying of 100 million yuan in labor
and materials.
Control of Distillers: Wuhan announced (20 Dec.) that regular distillers of spirits
and refiners of sugar from wheat and rice-must now have permits. .Farmers who engage
in part-time distilling or refining-must register with the local village authorities.
Processing, transportation or sale of unlicensed products are strictly prohibited.
People's Letters: Following directives concerning encouragement of the people to
write letters and criticize local authorities, Mukden reported (18 Dec.) that the
Penshi Municipal People's Government had set up an interview office to hear opinions,
And had set up four mailboxes. Chinchow (18 Dec.) devoted as little attention as
possible to the directive, broadcasting as follows and adding no comment: "The
Liaosi People's Government has issued a directive on 13 December to its subsidiary,
governments to take action on all letters sent in by the people." Apparently the
Chinchow radio considered that the less said about the matter the better.
Income Taxes; Chinchow (20 Dec..) reported a rally of merchants in Chin Hsien
13 December to "urge early payment of income taxes.for the fourth quarter." They
expressed a patriotic spirit, and some made. their payments a day ahead, of schedule.
No other mention of income tax payments was monitored during the period under
scrutiny.
Language Reform: Peking announced in numeral code (26 Dec.) that the Central
People's Government has organized a committee to study reform of the written
Chinese language. Ma Hsu-lun is chairman of the committee, Wu Yu-Chang vice chair-
man, and there are 12 committee members.
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