EXCERPTS FROM KHRUSHCHEV'S STATEMENTS ON GERMANY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-02771R000100360001-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 3, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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EXCERPTS FROM KHRUSHCHEVTS STATEMENTS ON GERMANY
pp Rat,
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May 19 `59
,ik- 11 IV.
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EXCERPTS FROM KHRUSHCHEV'S STATEMENTS ON GERMANY
Contents
1. Berlin Proposals page 1
1. 10 Nov 58 - "Time to Renounce Vestiges of Occu-
pation Regime..." l
2. 27 Nov 58 - "Necessary to Conclude Peace with
Germany..." 1
3. 9 Mar 59 - "Would Not Mind Big Four or Neutral
Troops in West Berlin..." 4
4. 10 Mar 59 - "Soviet Union Guaranteeing Power for
Free City..." 6
5. 19 Mar 59 - "Ultimatum Is Misinterpretation of
Soviet Position..." 6
6. 19 Mar 59 - "Allies Have Lawful Rights in Berlin...tt 8
II. Treaty Proposals 10
1. 18 Feb 59 - "If Separate Peace Treaty Signed GDR
Will Become Sovereign State..."
2. 4 Mar 59 - "Promises East German Peace Treaty..." 12
3. 7 Mar 59 - "Will Sign Separate Peace Treaty With
the GDR..." 13
4+. 9 Mar 59 - "West Berlin is Part of the Territory
of the GDR..." 14
5. 19 Mar 59 - "German Peace Treaty Would Normalize
Situation in Central Europe..." 17
III. Reunification 19
1. 7 Mar 59 - "Soviet Union for German Unity..." 19
2. 7 Mar 59 - "Will Not Agree to Reunification Plan End-
ing Communist Control of East Germany..." 21
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IV.
Security Arrangements
23
1.
27 Nov 58
- "Insure Non-Interference in Internal
Berlin Affairs..."
23
2.
12 Dec 58
- "Absence of American Tanks Would Give
Better Security to West Berlin than
Commitments of Four Powers..:"
23
3.
5 Feb 59
- "Access for Allies to Free City..."
24
4.
24 Feb 59
- "Soviet Union Insists West Must Accept
Existence of Two German States..."
24
5.
24 Feb 59
- "United Nations Must Take Part in Observ-
ance of Free City Status..."
25
6.
19 Mar 59
- "Soviet Forces to Be Withdrawn Only If
General Agreement Reached to Withdraw
Allied Forces from Foreign Soil..."
26
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EXCEL TS FROM KHRUSHCHEV' S STATEMENTS ON
GERMANY ARE TAKEN FROM THE FOLLOWING:
1.
10 Nov 58 - Address to Soviet-Polish Friendship Meeting
2.
3.
27 Nov 58
5 Feb 59
Moscow Press Conference
- Speech at XXI Party Congress
4.
17 Feb 59 - Tula Speech
5.
24 Feb 59
- Speech to Voters in Moscow
6.
4 Mar 59
- Leipzig Speech
7.
7 Mar 59
- Speech at Leipzig Rally
8.
7 Mar 59
- Speech at East Berlin Rally
9.
9 Mar 59
- Speech at East Berlin Rally
10. 10 Mar 59 - Berlin Press Conference
11. 19 Mar 59 - Statement Prior to Moscow Press Conference
12. 19 Mar 59 - Moscow Press Conference
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EXCERPTS FROM KHRUSHCHEVTS STATEMENTS ON GERMANY
I. BERLIN PROPOSALS
1. 10 Nov 58 Time to Renounce Vestiges of Occupation
7_ w
Moscow Speech Regime ..
(Pravda
"The time has evidently come," declared
comrade N. S. Khrushchev at a Soviet-
Polish friendship meeting, "for the
powers, signatories to the Potsdam agree-
ment, to renounce the vestiges of the
occupation regime in Berlin and thus to
create the conditions for a normal situ-
ation in the capital of the GDR. The
Soviet Union in its part, will transfer
the functions in Berlin, which are still
exercised by Soviet agencies, to the
sovereign GDR. I think that this would
be right."
"Let the United States, France and Great
Britain form their own relations with
the GDR and come to an agreement with
her themselves if they are interested
in certain questions connected with
Berlin."
2. 27 Nov 58 "Necessary to Conclude Peace with Germany..."
Khrushchev Press
Conference in Khrushchev today gave a press conference
Moscow during which he answered numerous ques-
tions from Soviet and foreign corres-
pondents.
The Pravda correspondent asked Khrushchev
why t He problem of liquidating the occupa-
tion regime in Berlin had been raised by
the Soviet government at this particular
moment, and what aims it was pursuing
with this step.
Khrushchev replied: The peoples are ex-
tremely alarmed about the tense relations
prevailing between the big powers today.
We have taken many steps to ease tension,
to attain peaceful coexistence and bring
about a situation in which not only are
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2. 27 Nov 58 there no wars but no conflicts between
Khrushchev Press the big powers either. To this end it
Conference (Cont!d) is necessary in the first place to con-
clude peace with Germany. Enough time
has elapsed--1 years.
But there are two states on German ter-
ritory, the GDR and the Federal German
Republic, states with different social-
economic systems. In West Berlin an
occupation regime is in force. Berlin
is divided. It is self-evident that this
anomalous position must be liquidated.
The division of Berlin would only be jus-
tified if one of the parties were harbor-
ing aggressive designs. Berlin ZTs being
transformed into a festering sore of war.
A failure to liquidate it could lead to
sorrowful consequences. We have decided
to liquidate this sore, and in this way
make a contribution to the establishment
of friendly relations between the states
who waged a common struggle against
Hitlerite Germany. All those in favor of
coexistence and the cessation of the cold
war will support the Soviet proposal.
Those, on the other hand, who would like
to turn the cold into a hot war, will
undoubtedly be aggrieved. But there are
not many such people.
Khrushchev underlined that, although the
present conditions in Berlin were not
normal, the USSR wanted to eliminate them
in a normal way through negotiations.
Naturally, he added, this applies if the
other side does not resort to provoca-
tions and does not take undesirable steps.
Noting that Berlin is the capital of the
GDR the AFP correspondent asked: Why
was it suggested to make West Berlin a
free city?
Khrushchev said: Berlin as a whole be-
longs to the GDR; this follows logically
from the Potsdam agreement. If we put
forward such suggestions now, however,
many would not be able to understand them
correctly.
2
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2. 27 Nov 58 Different systems exist on the territory
Khrushchev Press of Berlin. We want to approach the prob-
Conference (Conttd) lem realistically. That is why we con-
sider that under the present circumstances
the best thing is to create a free city
so that the people who entertain no sym-
pathies for socialism could live under
capitalism.
For its part, the USSR promises to load
the West Berlin enterprises with orders
and supply food better than it has been
supplied until now. Naturally, all this
should be done on a commercial basis. I
do not believe, Khrushchev said, that any-
one doubts the USSR's possibilities.
These measures will lead to a rise in the
living standard and employment of the
population of West Berlin.
The correspondent of the Hungarian radio
asked what would the USSR do should the
Western powers reject its proposals? This
of course would be undesirable, Khrushchev
said, but that would not stop us. We
would go ahead with the proposals outlined
in our notes. We do not have any other
way out, Khrushchev stressed. Under the
Potsdam agreements it is not permitted to
arm Germany, yet West Germany is rearming.
We have protested time and again, but the
Western powers took no notice of this.
Naturally, we are forced to act in the
same way.
Berlin belongs to the GDR, the Monde cor-
respondent said. Does that mean that,
at a certain stage, there will come a
proposal to abolish the free city?
Our proposal Khrushchev replied, does
not mean temporary recognition. Of course,
there is nothing eternal in the world.
Life chan;es, but we will stick to our
proposals until the population of the
free city brings this question up itself.
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2. 27 Nov 58 The New York Times correspondent pointed
Khrushchev Press out that the note said that if the United
Conference (Conttd) States comes out against the Soviet pro-
posals, then the four powers will have
nothing more to talk about on Berlin.
He asked whether that meant that should
the United States reject the Soviet pro-
posals then the USSR would not consider
any other proposals.
Of course, Khrushchev replied, if the
United States flatly turns down our pro-
posals, then there will be nothing to
discuss. But if it is a question of re-
marks, amendments, additions, then we are
prepared to discuss them and even consider
it absolutely essential. That is why we
are giving six months time to weigh every-
thing and think things over.
9 Mar 59 "Would Not Mind Big Four or Neutral Troops
East Berlin Rally in West' Berlin..."
(New York Times)
Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev of the Soviet
Union suggested today that West Berlin
might be garrisoned by Big Four or neutral
troops if it became a free city.
The Soviet leader, speaking at an indoor
rally in East Berlin, said the United Na-
tions might participate in guaranteeing
the free-city status of West Berlin pro-
posed by Moscow.
"We would not mind even if United States,
British, French and Soviet troops or some
neutral countries maintained minimum forces
in West Berlin," Mr. Khrushchev said.
The Soviet Premier represented his apparent
retreat from his previous demand for de-
militarization of West Berlin as a conces-
sion to "show how we are ready to keep
the peace."
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3. 9 Mar 59 Mr. Khrushchev's speech, his seventh since
East Berlin Rally his arrival in East Germany five days ago,
New York times) sought to allay Western alarm about the
Cont'd'I) implications of Soviet demands on West
Berlin.
Even though West Berlin really belongs to
the territory of East Germany, he said, the
Soviet Union proposes the free city solution
because "incorporation of West Berlin would
mean a painful break in the social order it
has built up."
He said there was no basis for Western fears
that West Berlin would be insecure in its
new status. Guarantees of its integrity
are available and neither German state
would be allowed to exercise any influence
on West Berlin's affairs, he said.
"The United States says it wontt give an
inch," Mr. Khrushchev said. "There is no
questions of giving an inch. The only
change we propose is to remove a center
of unrest and tension in the middle of
Europe.
"The only difference could be that West
Berlin became part of the German Democratic
Republic," he went on. "But this diffi-
culty has not arisen because the G.D.R.
has formally pronounced in favor of a free-
city solution and will guarantee its un-
hindered connections with the outside world."
Mr. Khrushchev conceded that there was not
much trust between East and West. But the
international situation will not get better
while the middle of Europe remains in an
explosive state without peaceful relation-
ships, he said.
With President Eisenhower evidently in mind,
Mr. Khrushchev accused Western statesmen of
offering to go anywhere in the world to dis-
cuss anything in the interest of peace, but
pulling back when concrete proposals were
made.
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3. 9 Mar 59
East Berlin Rally
ew York Times)
R-ont'd)
4.. 10 Mar 59
Khrushchev Press
Conference in East
Germany (New York
Times)
"They say they want peace," he went on.
"But the smallest incident could unleash
war. We want to overcome this situation.
We want a settlement that heads off war."
"Soviet Union Guaranteeing Power for Free
City...
"I reached agreement in all things with
leaders of the German Democratic Republic,"
Mr. Khrushchev told 900 guests at a Soviet
Embassy reception tonight. "Between us
there are no differences of opinion, not
a trace of a difference...."
Mr. Khrushchev told reporters that he had
proposed the Soviet Union as one of the
guaranteeing powers for a free city of
West Berlin because his country had the
right as one of the victors of World War II.
"We did not sip coffee during the war but
shed our blood," he said....
5. 19 Mar 59 "Ultimatum is Misinterpretation of Soviet
Khrushchev Press Position..."
Conference in Moscow
(Reuters) Schewe, Correspondent of the West German
newspaper Die Welt: President Eisenhower
in his television speech on March 16 ex-
pressed agreement to a summit conference
in the summer of 1959. Is the Soviet
Government willing to postpone any con-
crete political actions in connection with
the Berlin question prior to such a summit
conference?
N. S. Khrushchev: Posing such a question,
you, Mr. Journalist, are obviously influ-
enced by the propaganda which deliberately
distorts our position and alleges that
we have presented an ultimatum in our
notes and fixed the date of expiry of such
an ultimatum. This is a misinterpretation
of our position. We submitted a proposal
for the conclusion ofa peace treaty with
Germany and the liquidation of the occupa-
tion regime in West Berlin.
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5. 19 Mar 59 Fourteen years have already elapsed since
Khrushchev Press the end of hostilities and these problems
Conference in Moscow have not yet been solved, though we
(Reuters) (Conttd) repeatedly made specific proposals aimed
at their settlement. In such conditions
we could not but fix a certain period
adequate to reach a proper solution. For
we know from past experience we might have
to wait one or two years for a reply from
our Western partners. That is, I tell
you frankly, why we carefully took every-
thing into consideration and drew the con-
clusion that six months were adequate. If
nine months are needed to bring to the
world a child, we think that the question
of West Berlin can be settled in six months.
But since the cable which contained our
proposal for the normalization of the situ-
ation in Berlin was sent on Nov. 27, 1958
the six months period expires on May 27,
this year. But this is not an ultimatum,
it is an approximate date. If we solved
this problem not in 6 months but in 1 or 2
months, and it could really be solved in
1 month, everyone would sincerely welcome
this. If it is believed that this problem
is intricate and cannot be solved in 6 months,
but can be solved, say, in 7 months, we will
not object. Such is the truth.
In this question many distortions are made
and intentions are attributed to us which
we do not have. We declared unambiguously that
if the Western powers refused to conclude a
peace treaty with Germany, that is, with
both German states, we would enter into
negotiations with the GDR.
The Western powers proposed a foreign minis-
ters meeting. We informed them of our stand
on this question and are now waiting for
their reply. According to information avail-
able to us and obviously available to you,
the Western powers intend to suggest a
foreign ministers meeting in May, mentioning
even the date, May 11. We are already
hastening to reply to this proposal though we
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5. 19 Mar 59 have not yet received an official notice.
Khrushchev Press I am disclosing a secret, but still I say
Conference in Moscow that we shall accept the proposal for con-
(Reuters) (Cont'd)
vening a conference on May
11.
Comrade
Gromyko tells me that this
concession by us.
is
already a
Berezhkov, correspondent of the weekly
New Times: The latest proposals on the
conting ne is of troops in the free city
of West Berlin and the extension of the
time limit for a solution of the Berlin
problem have given rise to allegations in
the Western press that the Soviet proposals
are the result of Western firmness. How
do you assess such statements?
N. S. Khrushchev: Yes, I read such state-
ments in the Western press. But they
distort the real state of affairs. It
must be said that there has been no
"extension of the time limit," because
as I have already explained, no ultimative
time limits have been set for implementing
our proposals in the Berlin issue in gen-
eral. I mentioned this during my visit
to the GDR and mention it today. This is
why there is no place for a question of
anybody's firmness in this case....
6. 19 Mar-59 "Allies Have Lawful Rights in Berlin..."
Khrushchev Press
Conference in Moscow N. S. Khrushchev: Yes, I believe that the
(Reuters) United States, Britain, and France have
lawful rights for their stay in Berlin.
These rights flow from the fact of German
surrender as a result of our joint struggle
against Nazi Germany. But 14 years have
elapsed since the end of the war and there
is no need for the further occupation of
West Berlin. That is why we proposed, at
last, the conclusion of a peace treaty with
both German states. When a peace treaty is
signed with the GDR and the Federal Republic
of Germany the right to occupation becomes
invalid.
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6. 19 Mar 59 If the Western countries do not want to
Khrushchev Press sign a peace treaty with Germany, the
Conference in Moscow Soviet Union will still sign a peace
(Reuters) (Cont'd) treaty with the GDR. The rights, flowing
from the surrender of Nazi Germany, extend-
ing to the territory of the GDR, too, will
then cease to operate.
The GDR is an independent and sovereign
state and if it signs a peace treaty with
the USSR, peace conditions will consequently
cover the entire territory of the GDR, and
West Berlin lies on the territory of the
GDR. We do not intend to hurt the popula-
tion of West Berlin by abolishing their way
of life, and that is why, by agreement with
the Government of the GDR, we propose that
West Berlin should enjoy the status of a
demilitarized free city.
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II. TREATY PROPOSALS
1. 18 Feb 59 "If Separate Peace Treaty Signed GDR Will
Khrushchev Speech Become Sovereign State...
at Tula
(New York Times) Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev has asserted
that the Soviet Union and its allies are
prepared to sign a separate peace treaty
with Communist East Germany. Moreover,
he has warned the West that East Germany
then would be a sovereign state and any
attempt to force passage through it to
West Berlin by land, by water or air "will
be fittingly rebuffed.,...'"
"We Soviet people have nothing to concede,"
.Mr. Khrushchev said....
Premier Khrushchev, speaking to workers,
collective farmers and party and Govern-
ment officials in Tula, an old arms
manufacturing city, linked the problem
of West Berlin with the question of a
German peace treaty.
"Some Western leaders say that if the land
roads to West Berlin are blocked they will
resort to an airlift," he said.
"The untenability of this stand is obvious.
Indeed, if a peace treaty is signed with
the two German states, or with one of
them--and the Soviet Union and several
other states that fought against Hitler's
Germany are prepared to sign such a
treaty--then the German Democratic
Republic will acquire all the rights and
obligations of a sovereign state.
"Moreover, these rights of the German Demo-
cratic Republic will be guaranteed by
international law. Therefore no encroach-
ment on the territory of the German Demo-
cratic Republic--in the middle of which
Berlin is situated--either by ground, air
or water can be allowed.
"Any violation of the German Democratic Re-
public's sovereignty will be fittingly re-
10
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1. 18 Feb 59 buffed, regardless of how the violation
Khrushchev Speech is made: by water, ground or air. The
at Tula (Cont'd) imperialist gentry must take all this
into account...."
"To this we can answer: you gentlemen may
recognize it or not as you please!" the
Premier exclaimed.
"The German Democratic Republic. will not
cease to exist because of that. You
haventt been recognizing it for nearly
ten years now. But it is not only exist-
ing, it is also successfully developing..."
"It is common knowledge that there are
Soviet troops in the German Democratic
Republic," he declared. "And mind you,
they are not there to play skittles.
Attempts are being made to scare us by
saying that if we interfere they will
begin to shoot. However, everyone realizes
that if anybody starts shooting that would
mean the beginning of a war.
"We advise all who try to rattle the saber:
if you've got the jitters, take a cold
shower and calm down. Otherwise it is
perilous for peace...."
"With the people who adhere to such more
sober positions we can come to an under-
standing," he said.
"One may well ask, what is he conceding
to us? Mr. Khrushchev added.
"No one is conceding anything to us. He
simply reasons soberly and rationally."
Mr. Khrushchev said that on the other
hand Chancellor Konrad Adenauer of West
Germany and other Western leaders talked
about demanding "a concession for a con-
cession."
"What kind of bartering approach is this
to the solution of important international
problems?" he asked. "And what should
we concede?"
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1. 18 Feb 59 "We have made our proposals without, asking
Khrushchev Speech too much," he declared. "We approach
at Tula (Conttd) these proposals not from a bartering
standpoint but honestly. We express
the vital interests of the people...."
_..."A
2. 4 Mar 59 "Promises East German Peace Treaty
Khrushchev Speech
at Leipzig Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev promised
(New York Times) the East German people today a peace
treaty whether the Western powers liked
it or not....
"There are some hotheads in the West,"
Mr. Khrushchev said, shaking a finger.
"They are not functioning right. They
say we propose something impossible.
Well, what do we propose? After fourteen
years we propose a peace -treaty for Ger-
many and the elimination of the boiling
kettle of Berlin."...
"If the Bonn republic does not want to
sign, there will be a treaty for the Ger-
man Democratic Republic alone," Mr.
Khrushchev continued in excited phrases
outrunning`his interpreter. "What we
want is peace, peace, peace...."
"We say to the West, let us have a peace
conference with the two German states
taking part," Mr. Khrushchev said to-
day. "It would be a powerful contribu-
tion to relaxation of tension and would
create good possibilities for the two
German states to get together."
"The only way to reunification is'through
negotiations between the two German
governments,." he added....
Premier Khrushchev taxed Western powers
with refusing Soviet proposals to settle
the German question, yet failing to offer
counter-proposals to the demand that the
West withdraw from West Berlin and turn
it into a demilitarized free city.
"Some people threaten us," he said. "Those
who want war are those who have never
fought. We ~fussians and German fought
in two wars and we want peace....-"
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7 Mar 59 SWilll Sign Separate Peace Treaty with
Khrushchev Speech the GDR...
at Leipzig
(TABS) "It is known that the Soviet Government
has put forward the proposal to conclude
a peace treaty with the GDR and the Fed-
eral Republic of Germany. I will not
take long in dealing with this question.
The proposal has been made, and we are
waiting for a reply. From our point of
view, it would be better to sign the
treaty with the two existing German states
but should this not take place, we will
have to sign a peace treaty with the GDR.
What is wrong about that? Which is
better, no peace treaty or one with the
GDR? The signing of a peace treaty with
the GDR will be of great constructive
importance. The German people will get
the long awaited peace treaty. Should
the government of the Federal Republic of
Germany decline to sign a peace treaty,
the position of the Federal Republic
will become more complicated. Indeed,
any honest person will have a legitimate
question: Why is the Government of the
Federal Republic of Germany unwilling to
sign the peace treaty? That must be
because it wants to keep up the state of
cold war in order to start a hot war at
an opportune moment. It is afraid of
ending the cold war, because if there is
none, NATO may well fall to pieces.
"Our proposals for the conclusion of a
peace treaty with the GDR and the Federal
Republic of Germany, as well as the pro-
posal for making West Berlin a free city,
are said to have caused some disquiet
among certain sections of the population
of West Germany and West Berlin. But is
there any reason for that disquiet? What
will happen to West Berlin if it becomes
a free city? Will the order of things
change there? To this question one can
reply: Nothing bad will happen. No one
is going to make the population of West
Berlin accept a scheme of things unaccept-
able to them. If they like the capitalist
order of things, let it continue, by all
means. Evidently the conditions are not
ripe as yet for a new scheme of things there.
There is a time for everything, however."
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4. 9 Mar 59 "West Berlin is Part of the Territor
Khrushchev Address of the GDR...
at Berlin Rally
An important step toward a healthy inter-
national situation would be a peace settle-
ment with Germany. This question has
matured. The German people and all peoples
of the world expect this solution. Could
it possibly be considered normal that
14 years after the end of the war there
has still been no peace treaty signed
between Germany and the states which took
part in that war? The conclusion of a
peace treaty and the liquidation of the
occupation regime in West Berlin would
further a rapprochement between the two
existing German states and create the op-
portunity for the peaceful development of
all of Germany. The conclusion of a peace
treaty would eliminate many of the causes
which are producing mistrust in the rela-
tions between the states and would thus
strengthen peace and the security of the
peoples....
"The signing of a peace treaty would also
mean the solution of the West Berlin ques-
tion, which as part of Greater Berlin
forms part of the territory of the German
Democratic Republic. When we discussed -
the question of doing away with the remnants
of the occupation regime in West Berlin
and the normalization of the situation in
the city, we took into account the fact
that in the postwar years different econo-
mic and political conditions have developed
in West Berlin than in the GDR. We view
matters in a sober manner and we understand
that the integration of West Berlin in the
GDR would cause a painful break with the
customary way of life of the people of West
Berlin. The Soviet Union therefore put for-
ward the proposal to accord West Berlin. the
status of a free city. Realization of this
proposal would cause no change whatever in
the existing situation in West Berlin ex-
cept for the elimination of the occupation
regime. The present social system would
remain. No change whatever would take place
in the conditions of social life.
:L4
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4. 9 Mar 59 "Some people in the West express the
Khrushchev Address fear that someone would threaten the free-
at Berlin Rally dom and independence of West Berlin. Such
(Cont'd) fears are of course devoid of any founda-
tion. We suggested nevertheless that the
great powers guarantee the independence
and free development of the free city. No
state, including the two German states,
must interfere in the internal affairs of
the free city. We have no objection to
the United Nations cooperating n such
guarantees.
"If necessary, we would even agree to the
United States, Great Britain, France, and
the USSR, or neutral countries, maintain-
ing some sort of minimum number of troops
in West Berlin to guarantee its status of
free city. If such guarantees exist, no-
body would dare to disturb the independent
life of the free city....
"Permit me to ask: By what interests are
they guided? We are told that our pro-
posals cannot be accepted because the
necessary trust does not yet exist between
the countries of the socialist camp and
the Western powers. True, this confidence
for the time being does not exist, but this
is no argument for the refusal to conclude
a peace treaty. This would mean that, with
the existing tension in the international
situation we would not conclude a peace
treaty at all with the GDR and the German
Federal Republic. However, the international
situation will naturally not improve as
long a there are states in the center of
Europe with which no peace settlement has
yet been achieved. This kind of logic can
lead to a dangerous cul-de-sac and have bad
consequences for peace....
"We want everybody to understand clearly:
Our proposals to conclude a peace treaty
with both German states and to liquidate
the occupation regime in West Berlin are
dictated by the desire to separate the
armed forces of the two camps and to nor-
maliZe the situation in this part of the
world. We shall not spare forces or energy
in order to eliminate the dangerous sit-
uation which has now arisen in Germany.
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4. 9 Mar 59 "May the imperialists then try to prove
Khrushchev Address to the people that they are acting in
at Berlin Rally their interests by making an attempt to
(Conttd) continue the state of war in the center
of Europe.
"Should the Western powers refuse to sign
a peace treaty with both German states,
we shall still sign a peace treaty with
GDR....
"We propose to solve questions in which the
danger of a new military conflict is
inherent. The armed forces of the con-
fronting military groupings meet in Ger-
man territory, especially in Berlin, and
the slightest carelessness on any side
may produce the spark which starts a
blaze over it and explodes the powderkeg.
"We want to separate the contacts so as
not to cause the spark and so as not to
confront the world with the danger of
the greatest disaster: a third world
war. Such is the position."
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5. 19 Mar 59 "German Peace Treaty Would Normalize Situatioi
Khrushchev News Con- in Central'Europe...
ference in Moscow
(Reuters) "As you know, quite a long time has already
passed since the publication of the Soviet
draft peace treaty with Germany and of the
proposals for endinW the occupation regime
in West Berlin....
"We have been saying all along that the only
aim behind the Soviet Government's proposals
is to put an end to the after-effects of
World War II, to normalize the situation in
Berlin and throughout the whole of Germany,
and thus make a good start toward ending the
'cold wart"
"It is our firm conviction that the conclu-
sion of a peace treaty with Germany and the
ending of the occupation of West Berlin
would accord with the national interests of
the German people and with the interests of
strengthening peace and security. The
international climate can and must be cleared.
The only thing we are seeking is to have
the storm clouds of a new war disappear
from the international horizon forever....
"We value this very much and we shall do all
in our power to put an end to the after-
effects of World War II, bring about the
conclusion of a peace treaty with Germany
and contribute in this way toward creating
a normal situation in Central Europe. This
will be a start toward clearing interna-
tional relations of all kinds of unwanted
factors which are obstructing normal rela-
tions and a peaceful coexistence of states
with different social systems....
"In the meeting with Macmillan, it was recog-
nized that talks should be held between the
governments concerned in the near future
to smooth out the differences of opinion,
including those on a peace treaty with
Germany and on the Berlin question....
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5. 19 Mar 59 "One cannot at the same time fail to notice
Khrushchev News Con- the statements by some Western political
ference in Moscow and military leaders which distort the
(Reuters) (Cont'd) true nature of the Soviet proposals con-
cerning a peace treaty with Germany and
Berlin, imputing aims which we do not have.
"The Soviet Government submitted its proposals
concerning a peace treaty with Germany and
Berlin without seeking to obtain any advan-
tage at the expense of the other side, with-
out seeking to prejudice anybody's interests.
"After all, no one will lose anything by the
Germans' receiving a peace treaty and West
Berlin being rid of the occupationists who
are lingering rather too long in the place.
All peoples will be satisfied with the aboli-
tion, through the signature of a peace treaty
with the two German states, of the after-
effects of World War II..
"All will gain, and the cause of peace most of
all, because the climate in the heart of
Europe, where disputes and military conflicts
have flared up so often, will become
healthier.
"We urge the Governments of all countries which
took part in the war against Nazi Germany
to sit down at a conference table and settle
the urgent problems, to conclude a peace
treaty with Germany....
"The people want cooperation and understanding
among the states on which peace mainly de-
pends. As for the Soviet Government, the
will of the people is law. We have sub-
mitted proposals for a peace treaty with
Germany and the normalization of the situa-
tion in Berlin. It is now up to the
Western powers to act. If they are really
ready to talk, they will not find us wanting.
We shall do everything within our power to
make the talks a success."
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III0 REUNIFICATION
1. 7 Mar 59 "Soviet Union for German Unity...."
Khrushchev Speech
at Leipzig "The world population is about 2.5 billion,
(TASS) of which there are about 80 million Ger-
mans. The question of societyts movement
to communism bears upon all peoples of
the world, whereas the German question
bears mostly upon Germany. Naturally,
it is an acute, an important question.
We stand for German unity, and the German
people need it. But can the peoples of
the world exist without the reunification
of the two German states? They can, and
not badly. Can the Germans live without
reunification? The can, and even well.
Consequently this, t oug important, is
not a fundamental question.
"The most reasonable way out would be to
sign a peace treaty with the two German
republics. In the present circumstances
that would be the most correct solution
of the question. The signing of a peace
treaty, without altering anything that
came into being after the war, by putting
on record the existing situation in
Central Europe, would represent a deci-
sive step toward normalizing the interna-
tional situation, toward establishing
a climate of confidence between the two
sides....
"The Soviet Union, the Soviet people,
always were and are for the unity of'
German . government, Stalin, on
the other hand, persistently advocated
the idea of German unity. And we continue
to abide by this decision today. But now,
on what foundation should Germany be re-
united? We are not for just and reuni-
ficatio.n. And you, too, will agree, I
think, that the question of reunification
should be approached primarily from class
positions....
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1. 7 Mar 59 "What does the reunification of Germany
Khrushchev Speech mean under the present conditions when
at Leipzig (Cont'd) two German states are in existence? On
what basis can it be achieved? He who
reflects the interests of the working
class cannot admit, even in thought,
that the workers and peasants of the GDR,
who have created a worker-peasant state
and are successfully building socialism,
should lose all their gains in consequence
of reunification and should agree to live,
as formerly, in capitalist slavery.
"Our consent to the reunification of
Germany on a capitalist basis, comrades,
would dishonor us workers in the eyes of
the future generations.
`Can we agree when the capitalist world
proposes to achieve the reunification
of Germany at the expense of the GDR and
thus narrow down the front of socialism?
To do so would be to imitate the pro-
verbial crucian carp which wanted to
jump into the pike's mouth, and in such
a way as not to scratch its throat. We
have not been and we do not live to
yield to capitalism. We must firmly
abide by the principles of proletarian
internationalism. We live, as Lenin
said, in the era of proletarian revolu-
tions and the collapse of capitalism....
t'I repeat, we are for German unity, and
the German people will be reunited.
This is only a question of time. At
the same time, it is of course very
important on what basis it will be
reunited....
IT Consequently, the frontiers should
apparently be recognized as they do
exist....`
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2. 7 Mar 59
Khrushchev Speech
at East Berlin
(UPI)
"Will Not Agree to Reunification Plan
Ending ommun s on ro of as ermany
Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev of the
Soviet Union appealed to the West tonight
to show readiness to compromise and give
a "'reasonable answer" to the Soviet pro-
posals for Berlin.
He told a mass rally of East Berliners
that the Soviet Union stood by its pro-
posals for making West Berlin a demili-
tarized free city and for turning over
to East Germany control of the Western
access routes to the city.
''Now we are waiting for an answer," the
Soviet Premier said. "'We hope it will
be a reasonable one."
His call for a reasonable approach by
the West followed a speech earlier in
the day at Leipzig in which he warned
that a small war over Berlin would
touch off a world conflict that would
end Ln the destruction of the West by
Communist forces.
Mr. Khrushchev served notice in his
Leipzig speech that he would not agree
to the reunification of Germany under
any plan that would end Communist con-
trol of East Germany.
"The question of peace and a peace treaty
with Germany must be solved," he said
here tonight.
"All honorable men who want peace have
no arguments against this. A state of
order must be established in Berlin
amounting to normal peaceful conditions
for the Berliners. Compromises have to
be made."
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2. 7 Mar 59 The Soviet leader already has been
Khrushchev Speech discussing with East German officials
at East Berlin a separate peace treaty with East
(Gonttd) Germany to be signed if the West
refuses to agree to the Soviet call for
an all-German peace pact. A separate
treaty, Mr. Khrushchev has said, will
be taken by the Communists to mean the
end of the four-power occupation of
Berlin.
`tI am convinced," Mr. Khrushchev said,
"that the people of Germany and people
throughout the world who want peace
will understand this .lan for Berlin7
and will judge our proposals according-
ly it
In his speech earlier to an all-German
workerst conference at Leipzig, he
warned that the Soviet bloc would use
a policy of strength in dealing with
the West. He said communism would
sooner or later rule the world and that
an accident could cause a war in Ger-
many, where.both East and West maintain
large armed forces.
"We recognize the right of using strength
in dealing with the imperialists," he
said. "When you talk to the imperialists
you need only morals but you must be
supported by strength."
"If a new war starts, even if it starts
as a small war, it will end in the
destruction of capitalism," Mr. Khrush-
chev said.
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IV. SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS
1. 27 Nov 58 "Insure Non-Interference in Internal
Khrushchev Press Berlin Affairs...
Conference in
Moscow "We shall do everything to safeguard and
support the free city, insure noninter-
ference in its internal affairs so that
it would develop in keeping with the
wish of its population. Should other
countries recognize. the situation or
should they agree to sign a joint docu-
ment or, if necessary, to have this re-
corded in a resolution of the United
Nations, we would be willing to do so."
2. 12 Dec 58 "Absence of American Tanks Would Give
Khrushchev Better Security to West Berlin than
Sueddeutsche Zeitung Commitments o our Powers.,-.
Interview
"The absence of American tanks and British
guns in the streets of West Berlin and
the transformation of West Berlin into a
free city would create peaceful condi-
tions and give it corresponding security.
A better security guarantee for West Ber-
lin than the commitments of the four big
powers and the two German states is hardly
conceivable. These guarantee commitments
might be registered with the UN, if this
should be necessary. The Soviet Union and
the GDR are ready to guarantee the main-
tenance of the free city status. For the
moment, it is only the Western powers
which disapprove of this idea."
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3. 5 Feb 59 "Ac_cess for Allies to Free City..."
Khrushchev Speech
at XXI Party "We are, therefore, prepared to partici-
Congress pate with the United States, Britain and
France in defining a status for West
Berlin that would guarantee its normal
development, its relations with all coun-
tries with which it may wish to maintain
them, and access for those countries to
the free city. We also agree to the
United Nations participating in safeguard-
ing the status of the free city and are
prepared to discuss the form in which this
may be done."
4. 24 Feb 59 "Soviet Union Insists West Must Accept
Two-Hour Kremlin Existence of Two German States..."
Speech
(New York Times) ..Mr. Khrushchev led up to his rejec-
tion of the Western proposal with a re-
iteration of the Soviet Union's insis-
tence that the West must accept the
existence of the two German states and
must sign a peace treaty with both.
He indicated again, as he did last week,
that if the West did not, the Soviet Union
would go ahead with the conclusion of a
separate peace treaty with East Germany....
"Since we are united in the organization of
the Warsaw Treaty, we shall stand for the
defense, independence and sovereignty of.
each of the members of that pact," Mr.
Khrushchev declared.
"Any violation of the borders of the German
Democratic Republic will be regarded as a
violation of the sovereignty of the repub-
lic and as the beginning of war.
"That is why we warn the hotheads of the
West, who come out with aggressive declar-
ations against the German Democratic Re-
public, that Soviet troops and German
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4.
24 Feb 59
Two-Hour Kremlin
Democratic Republic troops stand on Ger-
man territory and no one dares violate the
Speech
(cont'd)
border of the German Democratic Republic
either by land, by water or by air...,"
Addressing himself to the Western leaders
he said:
"You, gentlemen, are carrying on an absurd
policy with regard to your former partner
in the job of destroying Hitler, a partner
that contributed much more to the dofeat
of Hitlerism than all of the other parti-
cipants in the thti-Hitler coalition put
together.
"Your conception is unrealistic, incorrect
and unacceptable....."
Mr. Khrushchev said simply that he hoped
the visit of Mr. Macmillan would "promote
the improvement of mutual understanding
between us, be an important step on the
path of the development of friendly rela-
tions between our countries and promote
the development of trade and cultural
contacts...."
Mr. Khrushchev proposed that the pact
be concluded for twenty years.
"But if our guests tell us that this is
not a very long period, we will hail such
a statement and say 'Let us conclude a
pact for fifty years, and if you want 11
for even a longer period.'...
5. 24 Feb 59 "United Nations Must Take Part in Obser-
Moscow Speech vance of Free -City a us...
"When the peace treaty is concluded with
the two German states, or with one of them
the agreement on the division of Berlin in-
to sectors, and hence on its occupation
status, will then, ipso facto, finally fall
away.
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5. 24 Feb 59 "In order not to subject West Berlin to
Moscow Speech a painful breaking of the social-economic
(Cont'd) system established there, we propose to
confer upon it the status of a free city.
The government of the German Democratic
Republic, on whose territory Berlin is
situated, has agreed to this. We agree
to elaborate--together with the United
States, Britain, and France--the status
of the free city of Berlin and to work
out the proper guarantees for the preser-
vation of that status so that nobody will
interfere in the affairs of the free city
and so that its independence and its neces-
sary business, cultural, and other rela-
tions with the countries of West and East
will be safeguarded.
"The Soviet Union agrees to be--together
with the United States, Britain and France
--one of the guarantors of the status of
the free city of Berlin. We hold also
that the United Nations must take part in
the observance of the status of the free
city....`
6.
19 Mar 59
"Soviet Forces to be Withdrawn only if
Khrushchev
Press
General Agreement Reached to Withdraw
Conference in
Allied orces From Foreign Soil...
_
Moscow
(Reuters)
N. S. Khrushchev: "First, we do not term
the peace treaty which we will sign with
the GDR, in case the Western powers and
the Federal Republic of Germany refuse to
conclude a peace treaty on Germany, a
separate peace treaty. As for the essence
of the question, evidently, our forces
would remain in the GDR. They can be
withdrawn only on the condition that gen-
eral agreement is reached on the with-
drawal of foreign forces from alien soil.
Such an agreement must be reached between
the NATO states and the states united by the
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6. 19 Mar 59 Warsaw treaty. We cannot and will not
Khrushchev Press withdraw forces unilaterally. And I
Conference in should like to add that we are not going to
Moscow reduce our armed forces further since the
(cont'd) Soviet Union has already cut its forces
by more than 2 million men. Unfortunately,
the Western powers did not follow suit.
That is why, speaking of peace, we are
forced to keep our powder dry."
Leonhardt, correspondent of ADN: "Presi-
dent Eisenhower said in his speech that
the Soviet Government's proposal on making
West Berlin a demilitarized free city was
allegedly vague and expressed the opinion
that the adoption of this proposal would
not safeguard the freedom and independence
of West Berlin. Are there any foundations
for such assertions concerning the Soviet
proposals for a solution of the Berlin
problem?"
N.S. Khrushchev: "The question must be
settled in principle. If the foreign mi-
nisters or the heads of government meet
and settle in principle the question that
agreement must be reached on creating the
status of a free city for West Berlin,
partial problems would not seem too dif-
ficult. If Mr. Eisenhower believes that
our proposals are not precise enough and,
as a photographer would say, not yet in
focus, let us together search for this
precision, let us aid the developer--at one
time in my youth photography interested
me--and we will find those means which would
insure freedom to the free city of West
Berlin so that no one. should interfere in
its affairs, so that it should have con-
tacts with those states it wants to."
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6. 19 Mar 59 "The government of the GDR on its part
Khrushchev Press declared that it will honor the treaty
Conference in on the free city of Western Berlin and
Moscow would safeguard all necessary guarantees.
(cont'd) And we on our part should do everything
to secure the independence of this city
and nonintervention in its affairs. Let
other countries, if the question of a
free city seems vague to them, try to-
gether with us to make it clearer."
Buist, correspondent of the British
REUTER agency: "Is the Soviet Government
willing to examine a wider agenda for
the original foreign ministers conference,
and not only the question of Berlin and
a German peace treaty?"
N.S. Khrushchev: "We have always been
supporters of a reasonable approach to a
solution of problems. We believe that in
this case the key problem must be seized
and solved, this is one approach. There
is another approach too: to begin with
less important matters. A big international
problem has now matured, the conclusion
of a.peace treaty with Germany. It would
be better to settle this issue first and
thus cut the Gordian knot. Then it would
be easier to settle other issues too.
When we met with Mr. Macmillan we men-
tioned this, and if there is to be a meet-
ing of heads of government--and such a
meeting must be repeated, because questions
cannot be solved in one or two meetings--
evidently better mutual understanding will
be obtained. But what is to be discussed
and solved first and foremost. is a question
that is better settled with the govern-
ment's concerned and not here at a press
conference."
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