COMMUNIST CHINA ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT OF FOREIGN TRADE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 75
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 23, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1962
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02644-6 00105V00150001-6
Feelme_
IJJ.1 '1/4111.1.J
COMMUNIST CHINA
ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT OF-64: -,-,
c...)
--Ir---
?.. C3
r- pi
:7,3
cl
C. "'I*
4.,...
C) CD
0 _
>Cmcr-00 I
ril
m = -4 m (.,.
.., , .7.-43 0
I
'5-: ri
FOREIGN TRADE
25X1A2g
CLD
>4
January 1962
Approved For Release ldttfielfrfrerMPA157646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
??-r
Jib V12 .1: J.V.1. A-1 J t..1
COMMUNIST CHINA
ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT OF
FOREIGN TRADE
January 1962
Approved For Release 11419m1Pliro
- 2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CJA-FDP76-02646R000500150001-6
Lir X lef U 024 tANIIN
COMMUNIST CHINA
ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT OF FOREIGN TRADE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. GENERAL COMMENTS ON COMMUNIST C HINA IS
FOREIGN TRADE
Page
CHART OF THE ORGANIZATION FOR CONDUCT
OF FOREIGN TRADE
U. CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY CONTROLS
A. Central Committee
B. Political Bureau
10
10
10
C. Finance & Trade Work Department of Central 10
Committee
D. Lower Level Party Finance & Trade Committees 11
III. CHINESE PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT ORGANS
A. State Council
B. Finance & Trade Staff Office
C. Commissions Under the State Council
D. Ministry of Foreign Trade
1. Market Research Institute
13
13
13
13
15
19
Approved For ReleaseFISCW:UaLMta646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Peftwitieweefrardwiwiromake
2. Foreign Trade College
3. Finance & Trade Departments
4. Arbitration, Testing and Inspection
Page
19
20
20
E. General Bureau for Economic Relations with 21
Foreign Countries
F. China National (State-Owned) Corporations and 22
Foreign Operations
1. China National Chemicals Import-Export 25
Corporation
2. China National Metals & Minerals Import- 25
Export Corporation
3. China National Machinery Import-Export 26
Corporation
4. China National Tea & Native Produce Import- 26
Export Corporation
5. China National Textiles Import-Export 27
Corporation
6. China National Cereals, Oils 8E Foodstuffs 27
Import-Export C orporation
7. China National Animal By-Products Import- 27
Export Corporation
8. China National Light Industrial Import-
Export Corporation
27
9. China National Complete Plant Export 28
Corporation
Approved For Release 1FdAttftirrtititirlAre646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
1141101?1114111110iiiabigiermiiiiiii
Page
10. China National Technical Import 28
Corporation
11. China National Foreign Trade Tran.spor- 28
tation Corporation.
12. Sinofracht Ship Chartering and Broking 28
Corporation
13. Foreign Representation. of the China 29
National Corporations
G. Other Foreign. Representation Related to 31
Foreign Trade
1. Commercial Counselors and Attaches
2. Bank of China
3. People's Insurance Company of China
4. China Insurance Company, Ltd.
31
33
39
40
5. Min An Insurance Company 40
6. Guozi Shudian. (China International Book- 40
store)
7. China Film Distribution and Exhibition 43
Corporation
8. China Philatelic Company 45
IV. UNOFFICIAL ORGANIZATIONS 46
A. China Committee for the Promotion of 46
International Trade
.0 .r Ara.
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Releasy1 A49492646R000500150001-6
B. All China Federation of Industry and
Commerce Associations
C. Other
V. KEY FIGURES IN THE ECONOMIC SPHERE IN
COMMUNLST CHINA
VI, ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CHINESE NAMED
IN STUDY
Page
51
53
55
Approved ForMIMEIMPNINNislogislikeDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
STATE PLANNING COMMISSION
STATE ECONOMIC COMMISSION
GENERAL BUREAU for ECONOMIC
RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Communist China: Organiza
MINISTRY of FOREIGN TRADE
HEADQUAR TERS
ORGANIZATION
in PEKING
CHINA NATIONAL
CORPORATIONS'
OFFICES ABROAD
REGIONAL, PROVINCIAL,
MUNICIPAL FOREIGN
TRADE DEPARTMENTS
COMMERCIAL ATTACHES,
COUNSELORS, TR ADE
MISSIONS ABROAD
SUPERVISION of FOREIGN
AID and TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
FOREIGN TRADE
COLLEGE, PEKING
CHINA NATIONAL
(IMPORT-EXPORT)
CORPORATIONS
CHINA RESOURCES CO.,
HONG KONG, and OTHER,
AGENTS ABROAD
CHINESE PEOPLE'S G
STATE COUNC
FINANCE and TRADE
PEOPLE'S BANK
of CHINA
V
PEOPLE'S INSURANCE CO.,
CHINA INSURANCE CO., LTD.
MIN AN INSURANCE CO.
BANK of CHINA
FOR
DIRECT RELATONS with
CENTRAL or OFFICIALLY
DESIGNATED BANKS in the
BLOC and the FREE WORLD
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
El
TWELVE BRANCHES (
BANK of CHINA ABRO
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
tion for the Conduct of Foreign Trade
OVERNMENT
:IL
STAFF OFFICE
MINISTRY of CULTURE
CHINA FILM EXHIBITION
and DISTRIBUTION CORP.
GUOZI SHUDIAN
(INTERNATIONAL
BOOKSTORE)
CHINA
PHILA TELIC
COMPANY
GN
BRANCH OFFICE in
EAST BERLIN
CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY
CENTRAL COMMITTEE
MR MN
?111
PROPAGANDA
DEPARTMENT
FINANCE and TRADE
WORK DEPARTMENT
CHINA COMMITTEE for
PROMOTION of
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
BRANCH OFFICE
in PRAGUE
BRANCHES in
COMMUNIST CHINA
REGIONAL, PROVINCIAL, MUNICIPAL
FINANCE and TRADE COMMITTEES
PARTICIPATION in FOREIGN TRADE
FAIRS, EXHIBITS and SENDING
of TRADE DELEGATIONS ABROAD
RELATIONS with UNOFFICIAL
TRADE ORGANIZATIONS
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
FleirePinewrgergamemeir
COMMUNIST CHINA
ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT OF FOREIGN TRADE
I. GENERAL COMMENTS ON COMMUNIST CHINA'S FOREIGN
TRADE
It is abundantly clear that economic and foreign trade policy
in Communist China is formulated within the Chinese Communist
Party by a group of experts in these fields and is implemented
through a number of organs, some under the Party, others under
the Chinese People's Government organization, and still others
described as "unofficial". The purpose of this study is to define
the pattern of the overall organization, which is centered in
Peking, to identify the organs and key personnel who shape eco-
nomic and trade policies and programs and direct their imple-
mentation, and to briefly describe Red China's trade activities
abroad.
Factual data to be found in succeeding chapters of this study
should be viewed in perspective against the background of the
comments of a general nature touching upon some of the more
interesting aspects of Communist China's economic and trade
policies and actions to be found in this chapter.
Every Sino-Soviet Bloc nation conducts its domestic as well
as its foreign trade as a state monopoly under very strict controls.
Because of this fact, normal commercial and economic consider-
ations are closely correlated with the achievement of immediate
or long-term Communist political objectives. Communist trading
practices are highly flexible and thus can be shaped or shifted to
fit particular domestic or international, long-term or short-term
situations and to achieve specific political objectives. Communist
China's organization for the conduct of foreign trade generally
resembles that of its Soviet counterpart.
Approved For Release 1?MIVRIPI.NMORMIPM6R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
siommitiontiMpisOmmemor
There is close coordination with the planned economies and
foreign trade programs of other members of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc and the primary instrument controlling the flow of trade
between China and the other Communist states has been bilateral
long-term trade agreements expressed in generalized terms
which call for balanced trade, with annual trade protocols
supplemented by contracts for specific commodities, allowing
trade balances occurring in any one year to be carried over into
the next year as short-term swing credits.
Extension of economic assistance to non-Communist nations
often is employed as a means of securing diplomatic recognition
of Communist China, to secure other political advantages, and
as a propaganda device. Offers of substantial Chinese Communist
economic and technical assistance to newly-born nations of Africa,
in some cases even before they have gained their independence,
have impressed representatives of some of these nations who have
found it difficult to differentiate between obvious political as
against professed humanitarian motives. This is one facet of the
program designed to obtain diplomatic recognition from these
new nations. Another is found in the efforts exerted by nationals
of these emerging nations who have been trained or entertained
in Peking and who have succumbed to Red China's propaganda
and professions of friendship. When non-Communist nations
establish trade relations, permit the opening of trade agencies
and sanction visits from Peking's trade delegations, Red China
has been known to employ these concessions as a "foot in the
door" to engage in political subversion and to strengthen ties with
local Communist parties and front organizations. Peking widely
publicizes such expansions of commercial relations as a means
of adding prestige to Communist China's international posture.
A close look at Communist China's performance in implementing
grants of economic aid announced with much fanfare shows that
such performance under the offers made has been far less than
encouraging to some of the recipient nations.
Some foreign nations and business firms are deluded by
memories of free market opportunities that existed in the China
of 20 years ago, while others are lured by the legend of an
alleged "potential consumer market" of nearly 700,000,000
people on the China mainland. Some nations and individual
Approved For ReleastP4.011100$81W414.~60142646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
dIaigu=ellituleMPOOMPRMERmi
firms have learned to their sorrow and frustration that there is
no free market in Communist China and that the import and export
trade of today's Communist China flows through firmly regulated
spigots which may be turned on and off at the Peking level to suit
the regime's political aims.
Communist China has formulated its foreign trade policy with
one eye on its economic goal and the other on ideological and
propaganda objectives. Its trade policy has been shaped so as to
maximize development and expansion of industrial capacity, a
drive to achieve sell-sufficiency, and to limit trade to the greatest
degree possible to countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc. In. addition
to economic benefits derived from limited trade with the Free
World, Peking has injected political expediency into many trade
contacts with western nations to build prestige for Communist
China and in an attempt to breach remaining UN-sponsored trade-
control measures. Red Chinese trading methods have exerted
an influence over the economies of some small Asian nations
which are largely dependent upon the sale and export of one
principal product. Businessmen in other nations, such as Japan,
have suffered serious financial losses in trying to deal with Com-
munist China and the potential for such losses exists for any
country not carrying on. its trade with Peking with the most extreme
caution. A net surplus in trade with non-bloc nations of the Far
East and Asia has resulted in acquisition of scarce foreign ex-
change with which to partly offset the net deficit in, trade with
European and other non-bloc countries.
So far as is practicable, Communist China in the past has
sought to channel its trade with non-Bloc nations through firms,
individuals or agents in those countries which are Communist-
controlled or pro-Communist although this is by no means a
firm rule. Profits from such trade agencies have been split in
some instances with the local Communist parties or used to
finance Peking's political or subversive activities abroad.
In addition to direct trade dealings handled by the Chinese
People's Government's Ministry of Foreign Trade and the state
trading corporations which it controls, Peking pursue's its
campaign to expand its foreign trade through commercial
3
Approved For ReleasterigMeffoLVIVRIPPROb2646R000500150001-6
. -
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
'mPellirePIPPIRY3Mm210?814doimi
representatives attached to all its diplomatic installations, through
trade agencies and missions, and through extensive and costly
participation in trade fairs, as do most trading nations of the
world. However, in Red China's case, many items- exhibited at
trade fairs have not been in production and were often not available
for export. The campaign to expand foreign trade is also con-
ducted through 143.nofficiall1trade delegations sent from and invited
to Communist China as part of a larger program which Peking
calls ''people's diplomacy." In pursuit of its "people's diplomacy"
program Communist China utilizes a cadre of foreign trade
politicians and career "unofficials" as well as a number of
organized "unofficial" groups called "people's organizations."
Leading "unofficials" travel to and operate in foreign countries
of the Free World on diplomatic passports. Others of less
importance travel on service passports. Issuing diplomatic
passports to afford a cover for persons engaging in activities
inimical to the interests of the host countries is a common
Communist practice. In addition to formal trade agreements
and protocols with some nations, principally those of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc, the "people's diplomacy" campaign has led to the
signing of many trade agreements with firms and associations
in non-Communist nations. These agreements are unofficial so
far as the other side is concerned, but are official so far as
Communist China is concerned because they could not be entered
into without the approval of the Chinese Communist Party and
the Chinese People's Government.
Trade relations have been developed in more than 80 nations
and territories in the Free World but relatively few government-
to-government trade agreements have been signed outside the
Sino-Soviet Bloc.
Value of Communist China's Foreign Trade
(in U.S. Dollars)
1950
1959
Appr ox.
10-yr. Lain
Total
1,215,000,000
4,275,000,000
250%
With Free Workl
865,000,000
1,380,000,000
60%
With U. S. S. R.
320,000,000
2,055,000,000
550%
With European and
25,000,000
840,000,000
3,250%
Far East Bloc
4
Approved For Relealikpliirsolialialap2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Releasf992,/,0.2407,; plAzgD,UM2646R000500150001-6
Between 1950 and 1958 Red China had moved from 22nd to
11th among the nations of the world in foreign trade. In 1950 two
thirds of its trade was with the Free World but by 1955 this
amounted to only 26 per cent of the total. By 1958 Free World
trade had recovered to about 38 per cent but declined again to
32 per cent in 1959.
The process of bringing Communist China's foreign trade
under state control was even more rapid than in the case of
domestic commerce and industry. The Ministry of Trade,
established when the government was formed in 1949, was split
into the Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Foreign Trade
in August 1952. Complete power over the direction and volume
of foreign trade, in accordance with the national economic
program, now is in the hands of the government, and thus under
CCP control. In 1950 official government agencies controlled
70 per cent of all imports and 54 per cent of all exports. By
1953, 92 per cent of the total foreign trade was under State control,
increasing to 97 per cent by 1954, and to 99.2 per cent in 1955.
Long-term trade agreements with the Sino-Soviet Bloc are based
for the most part on the ruble as the unit of accounting and
clearing, while the pound,vrith some exceptions, has been the
unit of account for trade with non-Bloc nations.
Being an instrument of government economic policy, Com-
munist China t8foreign trade and its development has been geared
closely to the fulfillment of the Five-Year Plans. Tariffs were
imposed in 1950 calling for high protective rates on products
which are also domestically produced, while moderate rates or
exemptions were granted on imports of industrial equipment,
raw materials and goods considered essential to fulfillment of
the program of industrial expansion.
In the years of the Chinese Communist regime up to 1958,
shipments to and from non-Communist countries were carried
almost entirely by Western shipping. During 1958, taking
advantage of the low charter rates, more than. 100 ships were
chartered by Peking, principally in Western Europe. A small
number of Liberty-type merchant ships were also purchased,
to be manned by Chinese crews. At the present rate of growth,
5
Approved For ReleasrgeinfRIrter15151M--62646R000500150001-6
Approved For Relespjleiegisio2bA0-3=02646R000500150001-6
Red China's flag should appear before long in most major world
ports on a merchant marine of more than 2 million gross
registered tons. A survey released in. October 1961 by the U.S.
Maritime Administration on. merchant fleets of the world,
stated that as of 1 July 1961 Red China had a fleet of 146 merchant
ships with deadweight tonnage of 721,000 tons.
Statistics concerning Communist China's foreign trade, when
made public, are often quoted in relative percentages as com-
pared to some other period for which actual figures are not
available and researchers are unable to confirm their accuracy.
Another problem is translating yuan figures in their correct
dollar values. There is some evidence that even her closest
trading partners in. the Sino-Soviet Bloc have had some difficulty
in obtaining adequate statistical data concerning Communist
China's foreign trade. Such secrecy (or it may be due in part
to incompetence in the statistical field) casts doubt on many
statistics issued by Peking, and all the more so when one recalls
Peking's own admission that it had exaggerated and falsified
agricultural and industrial production figures reported in 1959.
While Communist China undoubtedly has made substantial
economic and industrial progress since 1949, proclamations
that every goal set forth in the Five-Year Plans has been over-
fulfilled and reluctance to publish valid, usable statistics tend
to subject Peking's boastful claims to question., creates
suspicion that they are frequently padded, and gives them an
aroma of propaganda. Dismissal of CHIA Ch as director
of the State Statistical Bureau in July 1961, his replacement by
WANG Ssu-hua, and the dismissal of SUN Yeh-fang as deputy
director in August 1961 may indicate continuing statistical problems
when considered together with Peking's recent silence on
production figures and goals. One month following CHOU En-lails
state of the economy report in August 1959 in which CHOU ad-
mitted that previously announced statistics were "a bit high',
HatIEH Mu-chliao had been dismissed and replaced by CHIA
Chli-ythi. as head of the State Statistical Bureau. Thus there
have been three heads of this bureau in a span of less than two
years.
Three years of natural disasters (1959, 1960 and 1961),
possibly aggravated by faulty planning on every level,
6
Approved For ReleasWiiiiiirlaii10614WRI9W02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RD -02646R000500150001-6
mismanagement by Party cadres, poor statistical operations and
weaknesses in the commune system, have resulted in economic
difficulties and may have created political problems in Communist
China. One correspondent reported from Hong Kong that more
than one out of every seven secretaries of provincial CCP com-
mittees were dismissed in the ten months prior to July 1961, but
this is not confirmed. A sharp decrease in agricultural production
has caused the shift of large numbers of urban workers to the
farms and reclamation projects and may result in further political
purges of officials deemed responsible. Natural disasters and
certain weaknesses in the production and distribution systems
have caused shortages of raw materials for light industry.
Scarcity of agricultural products, which has in turn resulted in
reduction of products available for export, has slowed down
exports and necessitated the purchase abroad of large amounts
of wheat from Canada, flour from Australia, and barley from
France, depleting already short foreign exchange reserves,
particularly of sterling.
Communist China is reported by the press to have sold scores
of millions of dollars worth of silver in 1961 on the London bullion
market to earn foreign exchange, and to have shipped gold bars
to London for assaying, usually a preliminary to qualify as a
seller of gold on. the world market. Communist China's commit-
ments for the import of food stuffs (grain from Canada, flour
from Australia, ($90 million worth of Cuban sugar, $10 million
worth of barley from France) by June 1961 totaled between $300
and $400 million. Of the total imports of $670 million in 1959,
only $5 million consisted of food imports. Perhaps 5% of the
grain imports in 1961 will be re-exported to meet commitments
made in trade and aid deals with Cuba, Ceylon, Albania and
other countries. The rapid pace of expansion of heavy industry
over the past few years caused strains and imbalances which
became most apparent in 1960-61.
Sino-Soviet negotiations of "economic relations" and trade
protocols for 1961 (probably also including such matters as
provision for Soviet experts and aid projects) began in February.
By April a plan for liquidating Red China's 1960 trade deficit and
a preliminary trade agreement had been formulated. It is
7
Approved For Releasti4999ffiltePILVIRIMM. ,Y)2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
r Trot, rVAT T
possible that the negotiations were seriously affected by recent
political and ideological differences. Peking's 1960 challenge to
Moscow's authority in the Communist Bloc and the Soviet's
criticism of the commune form of rural organization have un-
doubtedly resulted in a reduction of Soviet assistance to Com-
munist China's industrial construction program. Withdrawal
of Soviet technical experts in 1960 was one result of differences
with the U.S.S.R. over political issues. It seems significant
that although Communist China had to purchase grains from
Western nations in 1960-61 and in spite of Soviet offers to export
grain in prospective trade agreements with other nations, no
mention was made of Soviet offers of grain to China in the April
trade negotiations, nor was there any mention of proposed export
to the U.S.S.R. of Chinese food stuffs, which made up a signi-
ficant part in previous Sino-Soviet foreign trade.
Although Peking has been significantly quiet on the subject,
the Soviet foreign trade magazine, Vneshnaya Torgovlya, revealed
Communist China to be indebted to the extent of $320,000,000
resulting from a deficit in trade with the U.S.S.R. in 1960, the
equivalent in value to one-third of Moscow's exports to Com-
munist China in 1959, and equal to almost half of such exports
in 1958. The April 1961 Sine-Soviet trade agreement extended
the period for repayment of this short term trade debt in interest-
free installments over 5 years beginning in 1962.
A Soviet trade delegation arrived in Peking in August 1961
amid some speculation that its mission was to renegotiate the
April trade agreement because of Red China's inability to meet
promised export quotas. A joint communique issued August 26th
noted that the delivery of goods under the 1961 Sino-Soviet exchange
protocol "in general has been good" but both parties "agreed to
take further steps to fulfill still better" the stipulated commit-
ments.
Mention should be made of personal overseas remittances
to the China mainland, which amounted to about $925,000,000
during the period 1950-1959. Although this source of foreign
exchange has been receding in importance in recent years, it is
still a lucrative one. These remittances over the 10-year period
8
Approved For Release4911118112646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
T irre`T, evro-r
rim ir'-r
"
have been more than sufficient to offset Communist Chinals
cumulative trade deficit of $832,000,000 on commercial account
(including costs of transportation and insurance). Although in
most years of the decade annual remittances generally exceeded
the deficit, they fell short of doing so in 1959.
The following chart of the orga3aization for the conduct of
foreign trade will be of value, if used in connection with
descriptive data contained in succeeding chapters of this study.
9
Approved For Release-IVO/n/6r 'Clrf12646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
II. CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY CONTROLS
A. CENTRAL COMMITTEE
There are a number of Central Committee members who
are considered specialists in the field of economics but the only
two among the 96 regular and 95 alternate members clearly
identified as leaders in the sphere of foreign trade or aid are
YEH Chi-chuang, who is also Minister of Foreign Trade, and
FANG I, Director of the General Bureau for Economic Relations
with Foreign Countries.
B. POLITICAL BUREAU
Of the 19 regular and six alternate members of the
Politburo, four of these might be called economics specialists,
CHEN Vizi, PO I-po, LI Hsien-nien and LI Fu-chlun. The latter
two also serve as members of the Party Secretariat.
C. FINANCE & TRADE WORK DEPARTMENT OF THE
CENTRAL COMMITTEE
This is one of eight major departments of the Central
Committee and although its activities and functions are cloaked
with the usual Communist secrecy, it is evident that it supervises
and directs Party interest in the foreign trade activities of Com-
munist China, in addition to the field of finance and domestic
commerce. The Finance and Trade Work Department was
apparently raised in 1959 to departmental status. There have
been finance and trade committees at the provincial level for
some years, and the department was probably established to
handle the increasingly complex problems in this field. The
department's principal concern would be with party committees
supervising governmental activities in finance, trade, taxation,
banking and food distribution.
Nothing is known of the organization under this depart-
ment, but it may safely be said that there is a section directly
concerned with Chinese Communist Party policy as it concerns
foreign trade. Director of the Finance and Trade Work Depart-
ment is MA Ming-fang, a regular member of the Central
10
Approved For Releaurgiaiggeaffir02646R000500150001-6
Approved For ReIeas9I19W47 IJ
Committee, while his deputy is YAO I-lin, an alternate member
of the Central Committee. MA's Party background as a political
organizer and his membership on the Central Control Committee
indicate that his responsibility as head of the department is more
one of insuring Party loyalty and political control over personnel
engaged in the area of the department's jurisdiction than it is for
technical and professional activities. YAO, who is also Minister
of Commerce, studied economics at Ti3inghua University and is
believed to be more concerned with domestic commerce than with
foreign trade. It also seems logical that trade relations between
Communist China and Communist parties in nations which are
members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc come under joint cognizance
with the International Liaison Department of the Party's Central
Committee, which deals at the Central Committee level with
Communist parties in nations comprising the Sino-Soviet Bloc
and with at least some Communist parties in non-Bloc areas.
D. LOWER LEVEL PARTY FINANCE AND TRADE
COMMITTEES
Although nothing is known of the extent to which they
are concerned with foreign trade, which is more likely handled
at the Central Party level, Finance and Trade Committees are
to be found in Party organizations at the regional and provincial
levels and in some of the larger municipalities, carrying out
Party policy and working under Party committees on the local
levels. There have been finance and trade committees of the
Party organization at regional and provincial levels for some
years, even prior to 1949. These committees, while working
closely with local Party committees, probably also have some
channel direct to the Finance and Trade Work Department in
Peking.
The extent to which political considerations affect Red
China's trade is illustrated in the manner in which its agency
in Hong Kong, the China Resources Company, has responded to
inquiries from American importers and exporters. The U. S.
Government's "hostile, predatory and discriminatory attitude
toward Communist China" is given as the reason for refusing to
deal with U. S. business firms, manufacturers and banks. Put
11
Approved For ReleaT9EMPLIMM2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
in simpler terms, this means that the U. S. has long prohibited
trade with Communist China. However, if the Communist
Chinese want to sell or buy certain products or materials badly
enough, they are willing to export or import directly or indirectly
to or from any nation.
12
Approved For ReleasrMgMefilftVPRIgilifige2646R000500150001-6
Approved For ReleasUlagagiiicilklig54142646R000500150001-6
III. CHINESE PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT ORGANS
A. STATE COUNCIL
This is the executive arm (or cabinet) of the Chinese
People's Government, headed by Premier CHOU En-lai, and
there are 16 Vice Premiers. The same four economic specialists
who are members or alternates on the Party's Political Bureau
are also Vice Premiers. These are CHIEN Yiln, who was also
Chairman of the former State Capital Construction Commission,
LI Fu-chItui, Chairman of the State Planning Commission, LI
Hsien-nien, member of the Party's Secretariat, Director of the
State Council's Finance and Trade Staff Office and Minister of
Finance, and PO I-po, who is Chairman of the State Economic
Commission and concurrently director of the Industry and Com-
munications Staff Office of the State Council. Membership of
the State Council includes all heads of ministries; therefore,
YEH Chi-chua.ng, Minister of Foreign Trade, is a member.
B. FINANCE AND TRADE STAFF OFFICE
There are six staff offices of the State Council, each of
which exercises general cognizance over and administrative co-
ordination of a group of ministries, commissions and special
agencies under the Council. One of these is the Finance and
Trade Staff Office, responsible for supervision over banking,
domestic commerce and foreign trade, of which LI Hsien.-nien
is the director. YAO 1-lin, also Deputy Director of the Party's
Finance and Trade Work Department, an alternate member of
the Central Committee and Minister of Commerce, is one of
six deputy directors of this Staff Office, as is YEH Chi-chuang,
Minister of Foreign Trade and CCP Central Committee member.
The other deputy directors are NIU lung, TUAN Yun,
TENG Chlen-hsi and MA Ting-pang, concerning whom little is
known other than that appearing in Part V (page 54) of this Study.
C. COMMISSIONS UNDER THE STATE COUNCIL
There are eight commissions under the State Council,
two of which have a relationship to foreign trade. The State
13
Approved For Releas+41,7172646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
arisamistivinektemmifferfarr
Planning Commission, headed by LI Fu-choun, translates the
political and economic policies and objectives of the Chinese
Communist Party into the Five-Year Plans, staffs the plans
out with the government ministries concerned, and supervises
their execution. Provision is made in the planning for trade
quotas in the broad sense with the Sino-Soviet Bloc and with
areas of the Free World with which Peking desires to develop
or expand trade relations. Also considered by the Ministry of
Foreign Trade planning section in carrying out its functions
under the Five-Year Plans are those actions designed to inflict
political and economic damage to free nations or to create rifts
between the U. S. and friendly nations over the policy of trading
with Communist China. Little is known of the organization
under the State Planning Commission, but there have been
reports of an Economic Research Bureau (or Institute) in Peking
under the Commission, with YUNG Lung-kuei as its director,
which is said to have under it a number of sections including
one called the World Economy Section. It was reported that
this section gathers, compiles, and studies data concerning the
economies of other nations and their foreign trade and prepares
theoretical analyses. It is possible that the source of this
report confused this Bureau with the Scientific Research Institute
of World Economy of the Ministry of Foreign Trade.
The State Economic Commission, of which PO I-po is
the chairman, is concerned with year-by-year economic planning
and translation of the Five-Year Plans into annual programs.
This Commission is concerned with all facets of the economy
and, therefore, with matters concerning imports and production
for export.
It is not contended that these commissions control foreign
trade or the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Rather, the plans and
programs which the commissions develop, after being approved
by the Party and the State Council, apparently are carried out
by the governmental organs engaged in the conduct of foreign
trade, where they so apply.
14
Approved For ReleasPellb - - 2646R000500150001-6
r
Approved For Releasagar646R000500150001-6
D. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN TRADE (MFT)
One of the 31 ministries under the State Council it the
MFT, of which YEH Chi-chuang is Minister. There are seven
Vice Ministers: LEI Jen-min, LI Chliang, CHIANG Ming, LIN
LU Hsii-chang? PAI Hsiang-yin and YANG Hao-lu.
There are also three Assistants to the Minister: CHIA Shihs
CHOU Hua-min and FU Sheng-lin.
The headquarters of the Ministry is at Tung Tan Chiung
Nei Ta Street in Peking. From information presently available,
the headquarters organization may be reconstructed as follows
(there may be other departments, bureaus and offices, while
Party committees exist through the Ministry as they do in all.
government organs).
Functions of the Ministry of Foreign Trade include:
(1) Preparation of state plans for imports and exports and for
allocation of foreign exchange (including supervision of the
implementation of the plans after State Council approval); (2)
Coordination and direction of customs and inspection operations,
and issuance of import, export and transit permits; (3) Develop-
ment of trade relations, negotiation and signing of contracts and
agreements for trade and technical aid; and (4) Directing the
activities and policies of the China National (state-owned) import-
export corporations.
are:
The four bureaus at the top echelon under the Ministry
First Bur eau (Commercial relations with the
USSR)
Director CHIA.NG Ming
Deputy Directors MING Ko
CT-TANG En-shu
Second Bureau (Commercial relations with other
Sino-Soviet Bloc nations)
15
Approved For Release 199 rirerrITYM2646R000500150001-6
Approved For ReleavieW4g6Fpwlefa=2646R000500150001-6
Director CHIA Shih
Deputy Directors
LIU Jo-ming
KAO Lu
Third Bureau Commercial relations with European
countries, Canada and Australia)
Director CHIEN Ming
Deputy Directors WANG Ying-chi
SUN Glum
Fourth Bureau (Commercial relations with Asian
and African nations)
Director LIU Hsi-wen
Deputy Directors WANG Chao-hstin
LI Hsin-nung
To handle trade planning and direct the activities of the
China National trading corporations there are two bureaus of the
MFT at the Peking level:
Export Bureau
Director
Deputy Director
Import Bureau
Director
Deputy Director
16
SHU Tzu-chling
CHANG Yun-hsia.o
YANG Mien
Approved For ReleasguReithcielert':-'61A-t-RLIP78.!02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Releas spowtermsimmehergffleger2646R000500150001-6
Other identified subdivisions under the Ministry in
Peking are as follows:
General (or Staff) Office
Director
Deputy Director
Political Department
Dir ector
Deputy Director`
Pr otocol Department
Director
Deputy Director
MAI Wan-lan.
Customs Administration
Director HU Jen-kluei
Deputy Director YIN Chih-yileh
Commodity Testing & Inspection Bur eau
Director
Deputy Director LIAO T Ii-jen
Transportation Department
Director
Deputy Director
17
FANG Chih-chiang
Approved For ReleasimPlgt
uI18-fJ2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999109197 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
zra, ?AY 1D]3 SILT
Equipment Department
Dir ector
Deputy Director
TSANG Yan-chi
Whole Sets Equipment Bureau
Director
Deputy Directors CHIANG Yen-chling
YANG Wei
Technical Cooperation Bur eau
Director
Deputy Directors
There have been reports of a Supervisory Bureau and,
although nothing is known of its functions, it may exercise
cognizance over the Foreign Trade Bureaus found under the
government organizations in the five autonomous regions, in six
of the 21 provinces, in Shanghai and in Canton. When Communist
China was divided into six large regional CCP Bureaus and
government-military administrative areas (prior to 1954, when.
they were abolished) there were Special Commissioners in each
government administrative area. These commissioners,
responsible to the Ministry of Foreign Trade, were engaged in
planning and plan fulfillment, and supervised branches of the
state-owned trade companies located in. their regions. Although
the six regional CCP bureaus were re-established in January
19617 the governmental area administrations are not known to
have been reinstituted. There is no current information to con-
firm that the Special Commissioner posts still exist but the
same functions may be performed by heads of the foreign trade
bureaus in the autonomous regions, some of the provinces and
. 18
Approved ForReleatir FINOMNIMPIIRMIVM2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 ? CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
wIgeft"elfFillinigImeeggffewspr
the special municipalities of Shanghai and Canton. Also under
the Ministry of Foreign Trade is a Public Relations Office.
Another office is responsible for the selection and servicing
of commercial counselors and attaches assigned to diploznatic
installations abroad. This office probably also handles the
affairs of persons assigned to trade agencies and offices of the.
China National corporations abroad.
1. Market Research Institute
Little is known of this institute, but it was reported
to be a part of the Ministry of Foreign Trade with subsidiary
offices manned by country and area trade specialists who gather
and analyze data from all sources concerning the trade of other
countries, relating it to Communist China's foreign trade program
and planning. Another report referred to a Scientific Research
Institute of World Economy under the Ministry of Foreign Trade,
which may be identical, but nothing is known of its functions. One
source believes the Market Research Institute may be the same
as the Foreign Trade Research Institute which was probably
merged with a department of the People's University to form the
Central College of Foreign Trade.
2. Foreign Trade College
This institution (sometimes called the Central
College of Foreign Trade or the Peking Foreign Trade Academy)
probably is under the joint cognizance of the Ministries of
Foreign Trade and Education. LI Chliu-yeh was reported to be
president in 1959. Prior to 1956 it was a department under the
People's University. There are also special schools for "bank
cadres", "financial cadres" in. Peking. Some instructors are
foreign Communists teaching foreign languages and a limited
number of members of foreign Communist Party members from
non-Bloc nations are believed to have been students at the Foreign
Trade College. One source reported that Nanklai University,
Tientsin, was formerly known as the Economics Research
Institute (Chingchi Yenchiu SO).
19
F OP orrr" YW5
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
1 A"..0 yra. Li qr..,
3. Finance and Trade Department
Finance and Trade Departments (or Bureaus) are
found in the governments of autonomous regions and some of
the provinces and special municipalities, but are not believed
to be concerned to any important degree with foreign trade
except as it is related to production of goods for export under
the state economic plans or in estimating import requirements
under directions from the Ministry of Foreign Trade in. Peking.
These are not to be confused with the Party Finance and Trade
Committees at lower levels although the committees and depart-
ments undoubtedly work in close coordination.
4. Arbitration, Testing and Inspection
Exactly where Chinese Communist policy is made
with regard to arbitration of disputes over the fulfillment of
trade contracts is not known, but it is believed that this is a
joint responsibility of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and the
CCP Finance and Trade Work Department. It has been reported
that under the China Commission for the Promotion of Inter-
national Trade there are a Maritime Arbitration Commission
and a Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission.. The former
arbitrates claims arising from shipping while the Foreign Trade
Arbitration Commission, formed in 1956, arbitrates disputes
arising in foreign commerce. Although a survey showed that
there is no uniformity in Red China's requirements pertaining
to arbitration., the arbitration clause sought by the China
National corporations has long been a source of disagreement
between these corporations and European traders. Arbitration
in Peking is sought by all Chinese Communist trade organi-
zations and appears to be uniformly applied in dealings_ with.
representatives of Western firms in Hong Kong. Where trans-
actions have involved imports or urgently needed strategic
materials or products, Peking frequently has acceded to requests
that contracts provide for arbitration. in the West. In other
dealings and in the case of exports from Red China, the China
National corporations have usually insisted on arbitration in
Peking.
20
ffig12646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 ? CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
The Commodity Inspection and Testing Bureau of
the Ministry of Foreign Trade and its branches are established
to certify as to quality, quantity, weight and other specifications.
Contracts for the export of Chinese Communist goods categorically
state that quality, quantity, and weight controls of the China
Commodity In,spection and Testing Bureaus will be decisive.
When arbitration is to be conducted in Peking, it can be expected
that most claims will be adjudged to the disadvantage of the
Western trading firm. Hong Kong firms dealing with Communist
China consider the arbitration clause meaningless in that claims
are prejudiced in advance by the clause in all contracts signed
there providing that the finding of the Commodity Inspection and
Testing Bureau or its branch at the port of entry serves as the
basis for lodging a claim. Thus the judge is one of the parties
to the claim, the Chinese Communist government itself. Some
Western firms have deleted the Commodity Inspection clause
from contracts without argument from Peking. No recent case
is known where an arbitration dispute involving Communist China
has been carried to its conclusion in Peking or elsewhere.
Ordinarily differences have been settled only after protracted
negotiations in true Communist style.
E. GENERAL BUREAU FOR ECONOMIC RELATIONS
WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Exactly how this bureau, formally established at a
plenary session of the State Council in April 1961, fits into the
government organization has not been announced, but it is
believed to be one of the Special Agencies of the State Council,
under the cognizance of the Finance and Trade Staff Office.
The importance of this new organ is indicated in that its head
is FANG I, an alternate member of the CCP Central Committee,
Vice Chairman of the State Planning Commission, deputy
director of the State Council's Staff Office for Foreign Affairs
and formerly chief Chinese economic advisor to the North
Vietnamese government.
Until its operations have been observed over a period
of time the functions assigned to this new bureau will not be fully
known. There are some observers who are of the opinion that
21
Approved For Releas1ilit1ti,M14115M2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Releas#448ANMAiliglaillagikP2646R000500150001-6
this bureau was established to more effectively supervise and
coordinate the foreign aid and technical assistance programs
entered into by Communist China, which commitments totaled
more than a billion dollars at the end of 1960, $266 million of
this total to countries in the Free World and $816 million to
other nations of the Sino-Soviet Bloc. More than 60% of Com-
munist China's total aid program consists of commitments
made since January 1960. Since 1 January 1961 Communist China
has extended credits and grants to non-Communist nations in
an amount equal to about half the total of all such aid granted
from 1954 through 1960.
FANG I's several executive posts and previous position
as economic advisor to North Vietnam, one of the principal
benefactors under Peking's foreign aid program, tends to indi-
cate that this new bureau may operate in a manner similar to
the Soviet State Committees for Foreign Economic Relations.
Five of the eight deputy directors named below have played a
role in economic relations with members of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc and with nations of Southeast Asia.
The top officials of the General Bureau for Economic
Relations with Foreign Countries are:
Director FANG I
Deputy Directors
LI Chiang
LIU Ming-fu
CHOU Chien-nan
LIU Ting
LI Che-jen
YANG Lin
CHANG Yen-cling
SEIM Ying
TU Kan-chuan
F. CHINA NATIONAL (STATE-OWNED) CORPORATIONS
AND FOREIGN OPERATIONS
These twelve (formerly seventeen) "China National"
corporations which transact almost all of Communist China's
foreign trade are wholly owned by the State, and are under the
22
Approved For Releasogkei16~6144#041011~2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 :CIA-RDF76-02646R000500150001-6
For fir- " T , ,?
supervision of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. The 'China
National" corporations specialize in. the import and export of
specific types of raw materials and manufactured goods.
One (the China National Complete Plant Export Corporation)
exports complete sets of Red China-made equipment and designs
for factories and plants, while the import of complete factories
or industrial units is a function of the China National Technical
Import Corporation. There are two corporations which might
be said to support the total foreign trade program, the Sinofracht
Ship Chartering and Broking Corporation and the China National
Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation.
Each spring and fall since April 1957 a Chinese Export
Commodities Exhibition or fair sponsored by the China National
corporations and the Ministry of Foreign Trade has been held
in Canton. It now occupies a six-story building and both LIU
Chun-chiao and WEI Chin-fei have been reported as director of
this fair. Most visitors come from Hong Kong and Macao, but
other prospective buyers and sellers attending these fairs
represent Asian and European nations.
Despite Chinese Communist propaganda to the contrary,
impartial observers have commented that the ninth spring
export commodities fair in Canton, which ran from 15 April to
15 May 1961, resulted in a substantially smaller number of trans-
actions than were consummated at previous fairs and prices
quoted for goods offered for export were higher. Radio Peking
claimed that 1,600 businessmen from all over the world bad
contracted purchases from the China National corporations
totaling in value over 45.7 million pounds sterling during the
fair, and that more than 20,000 separate items were displayed,
some 2,000 of them for the first time. However, one European
businessman stated he was told by Chinese Communist trade
officials in Canton that they could not commit themselves to
firm delivery dates on most agricultural products and hog
bristles because such products had been committed for as long
as two years in advance in payment for foreign purchases of
grains, flour, and other foodstuffs as a result of crop failures.
In his book, Red China: An Asian View, Indian demogra-
pher Sripati Chandra-sekhat, who was in Communist China in
23
Approved For Releas?4010~WAPIONIIIMPOW2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
1958-59, told of visiting the Canton Spring Export Commodities
Fair and talking to Asian buyers and traders attending the Fair.
He saw on display cars, trucks, textile machinery, radio and
television sets, stoves, refrigerators, precision instruments
and locomotives among other modern industrial goods, bearing
the labels "Made in People's China." To his surprise the author
learned from those wise to Communist ways that only a few of
these products were actually made in Chinese factories, while
some were made in experimental quantities with Soviet technical
help. Few items displayed were made for use in China and it
would take months or years to deliver even these items in any
substantial quantity. Some products were actually imports
from elsewhere in the Sino-Soviet Bloc whose original labels
had been removed and replaced with "Made in People's China"
labels. One trader told of placing orders from samples at one
of these fairs which were never delivered and of other items
ordered which were made in other Communist countries and
relabeled before shipment from Red China. Another foreign
buyer stated: "This exhibition is put on not so much to do
business as to impress foreign visitors. "
The central offices of the China National corporations
in Peking receive requests for orders from foreign customers
through their branch offices, from embassies and trade repre-
sentatives abroad, or by direct inquiry from prospective
purchasers. The central offices then obtain offers and dis-
tribute the orders according to the urgency of the needs, quotas
available, and always in accordance with the over-all economic
plan. This procedure, in which the buyer and supplier have
no contact with one another, sometimes causes complications
because of lack of expertise among some of the Chinese officials
and negotiators of the national corporations.
In April 1961 it was reported that there had been a
number of amalgamations and reorganizations, reducing the
number of the "China National" corporations from 17 in 1960
to the twelve described below.
With five exceptions the China National corporations
all have their headquarters at Hsi Chiao, Erh Li. Kou, Peking.
24
Approved For Releastrfr 9%,@WirTi!iiii15iifthiiiiiii?U46R000500150001-6
Approved For ReleasQUIZ47LFZEM2646R000500150001-6
The Complete Plant Export Corporation home office is at
Soochow Hutung, Peking. Headquarters is at Tung An Men
Street, Peking, for the Tea and Native Produce Import-
Export Corporation, Cereals, Oil and Foodstuffs Import-
Export Corporation and Animal By-Products Import-Export
Corporation.
Except for the Complete Plant Export Corporation
and the Technical Import Corporation, which have offices only
in Peking, all the other ten corporations have branches in
Shanghai, Tientsin, Canton, Tsingtao and Dairen. Some of
the corporations also have branches in other seaports and
riverports such as Hankow, Foochow, Amoy, Changsha, Swatow,
Nanning, Pei-ha, Taku and Chinwangtao.
Under each of the corporations there are specialized
departments, some handling one specific product or service
and others combinations of related products and services.
There are also a number of subsidiary state-owned corporations
coming under the cognizance of the Ministry of Foreign Trade.
The corporations concerned with foreign trade dealt with in
this study are not to be confused with the numerous state-owned
trading corporations engaged in domestic commerce in Com-
munist China.
The following are the twelve present China National
corporations, the general types of exports and imports or
services which each of the twelve China National corporations
deals in, and a description of the foreign representation of
these corporations.
1. China National Chemicals Import-Export Corpo-
ration
Imports and Exports: Chemicals, pharmaceutical
products, drugs, fertilizers, dyestuffs, pigments, rubber and
rubber products, petroleum and petroleum products.
2. China National Metals and Minerals Import-Export
Corporation
25
FIIPPOIPPIA ION& 1? Y
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
PIM Orr
Imports and Exports: Iron and steel products
and alloys, railroad equipment, sheet metal, non-ferrous
metals, crude or rolled, semi-finished metal goods, hard-
wares, electric cables and wires, other metal products, non-
ferrous products, rare metals, ferrous and non-ferrous
minerals, ores, asbestos, concentrates, coal, cement, and
other non-ferrous and non-metallic minerals. WANG Hsiao-ta.,
formerly with CNIEC in East Berlin, was reported to be
general manager of this corporation.
3. China National Machinery Import-Export
Corporation
Imports and Exports: Agricultural and building
machinery, machines for chemical, textile and paper industry,
printing machines, mining equipment, electrical equipment
and appliances, machine tools, cutting and other tools, precision
measuring equipment, air compressors, cranes, excavators,
generators, wood industry machines, diesel pumps, and other
light industry machines and equipment, scientific and medical
instruments, communications equipment, cameras and photo-
graphic supplies, calculating machines, typewriters, laboratory
equipment, electrical, electronic and radio equipment, vehicles
and other equipment for transportation, automobiles, tractors
and bulldozers, agricultural transportation, engineering
construction equipment, and architectural equipment. LI Meng -hou
is reported to be general manager.
4. China National Tea and Native Produce Import-
Export Corporation
Imports and Exports: Tobacco, bast fibre
manufactures, raw wood, wood and timber, resins, taw varnish
and lacquer, gallnuts, menthol crystals, turpentine, pepper-
mint oil, spices and essential oils, dehydrated fruits and
vegetables, ceramics and porcelainware, laces, table cloths
and other handicrafts, all sorts of tea, and cocoa.
26
Approved For Relea?1Liilift11,6MTErar
-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Releagevalaincgaz.-rtaialaigy02646R000500150001-6
5. China National Textiles Import-Export Corporation
Imports and Exports: Raw silk, silk piece goods,
tussha silk, pongees, silk by-products, silk finished goods,
embroideries, artificial fibres, cotton, cotton textiles, wool
and bast fibre textiles. The general manager is believed to be
CHIEN Yang.
6. China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs
Import-Export Corporation
Imports and Exports: Cereals, grains, edible
and industrial vegetable oils, essential oils, oil-bearing seeds
and kernels, salt, copra, livestock and poultry, meat and
meat products, animal fats and tallows, vegetables, fruits,
marine products, fish meal, eggs and egg products, liquors
and wines, sugar and sweets, canned goods, and other products.
General manager is LI Fan-ju or YU Tstui. CHANG Pling,
former head of China Resources Company of Hong Kong, is
assistant manager.
7. China National Animal By-Products Import-
Export Corporation
Imports and Exports: Wool and hairs, skins,
furs, hides, leather, carpets, brushes, feathers and downs,
bristles arid horsehair (and products made of these materials
casings, gut strings, and breeding animals. Both SUNG
Kio-chliang and KU Keng-yu have been reported as general
manager.
?
8. China National Light Industrial Products Import-
Export Corporation
Full details are not known concerning exactly
which products fall within the categories handled by this corpo-
ration, which was established in early 1961. The following items
which were formerly handled by the abolished Sundries Export
Corporation are believed to be among those imported and
exported: Building materials, paper and stationery, sports goods,
household goods, synthetics, glasswares, wood and pulp products,
bicycles, sewing machines, enamelware, toys, cosmetics, clocks
27
Approved For ReleasIPMNIIMIRMY.-wipv r-re42646R000500150001 -6
Approved For Releaspdpappi9LEINEW2646R000500150001-6
musical instruments, plastics and electrical appliances.
MA I-mmn. is believed to be general manager.
9. China National Complete Plant Export
C or poration
Exports: Designs and equipment for complete
factory plants, projects and textile machinery.
10. China National Technical Import Corporation
Imports complete sets of designs and equipment
for factories and plants. General manager is reported to be
WANG Hung.
11. China National Foreign Trade Transportation
Corporation (Sinotrans)
Arranges customs clearances and deliveries of
cargoes imported, exported, and or re-exported by sea, land,
air and post. Acts as agent in arranging shipments of transit
cargoes at Chinese ports and as forwarding agent. Arranges
marine and transportation insurance, and institutes claims on
behalf of cargo owners. General Manager is CH/EN Yu-min.
Far East Enterprising (Hong Kong) Ltd. are Hong Kong agents
for SINOTRANS.
12. Sinofracht Ship Chartering and Broking Corpo-
ration (Sinofracht)
Its functions include chartering of vessels,
foreign and domestic canvassing of cargoes for ship owners,
and booking of shipping space. General Manager is either
LIU Chin-sheng or LIU Shuang-en. Far East Enterprising
(Hong Kong) Ltd. are also Hong Kong agents for SINOFRACHT.
Cargo bookings and other freight transactions
for shipments moving between China and Eastern Europe are
generally handled by the China-Polish Shipbrokers Company
(Chipolbr ok). This is a joint Chinese-Polish Company which
was formed in 1951. Its main offices are in Tientsin and Gdynia
but there are a number of branch offices and agents in ports
between China and Poland. The vessels operated under this
28
Approved For ReleasrAM1O1IOWIMPOPPCO2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Releasievia1219445124a02646R000500150001-6
company fly the Polish flag but some of the ships probably
are Chinese owned. Poles and Chinese staff the ships and
the offices of the Company. Because the Chinese generally
avoid having ships under their flag in international waters,
some of the ships operated by other East European countries
may be Chinese owned. CHIANG Chi-yuan is reported to be
general manager of the Chipolbrok office in Shanghai.
The operations of Sinofracht and Chipolbrok are
similar but separate, Chipolbrok being a joint company
specializing in cargo between China and the Satellites whereas
Sinofracht is Chinese and general. Chipolbrok is a different
entity from the Polish Ocean Lines and the China Ocean Shipping
Co. although there are some relationships through ministerial
subordination.
13. Foreign Representation of China National
Corporations
An office of the China National Import-Export
Corporation which was opened in East Berlin in 1952, headed
by WANG Hsiao-ta, concentrated on trade with. the Free World,
particularly seeking to purchase strategic capital goods with-
held from Communist China under a Western embargo. The
CNIEC Berlin office was closed down in. October 1956. Shortly
thereafter, offices of this China National corporation were
opened in Bern, Switzerland. Representation was also estab-
lished in Bern by China National Metals Import Corporation
(WANG Hsiao-ta was with this office in June 1959), China
National Minerals Corporation, China National Silk Corporation,
China National Tea Export Corporation, China National Machinery
Import Corporation, and China National Sundries Export Corpo-
rations all located at the same address as the Commercial
Section of the Embassy. These branch offices may now have
been abolished or be under a unit of the Commercial Section.
The China Resources Company (CRC), located
on the 12th floor, Bank of China Building, De Voux Road,
Central, Hong Kong, is an agency of the Chinese Communist
Government and acts as agent in Hong Kong for all the China
29
Approved For Releas46R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
WA. LOX AV .1.r& ?,8....3?010111ff
National corporations except the Tea and Native Produce Import-
Export Corporation, the Foreign Trade Transportation Corpo-
ration, and SINOFRACHT, whose Hong Kong agents are as
shown above. The Hong Kong agents arrange trade transactions
between the China National corporations and purchasers or
suppliers in all parts of the world. The CRC works closely
with the important Bank of China branch in Hong Kong and also
has performed services for the Chinese Communists other than
in the field of foreign trade, such as assisting in obtaining
travel permits and visas. General Manager of China Resources
Company is TING Kio-chien, formerly deputy chief of the
General (Staff) Office of the Ministry of Foreign Trade.
As of September 1961 China Resources Company
was reported to be organized into four business departments in
addition to a Secretariat, an Information and Investigation
Department, a Transportation and Shipping Department, an
Accounting Department and an Advertising and Publicity Office.
The business departments were said to be: (1) the General
Merchandise and Animal By-Products Department (with
General Merchandise, Sundries, Paper and Stationeries, and
Animal By-Products Divisions), (2) the Textile Department
(with Silk, Cotton and Woolen, Garments and Ready-made,
and Knit-goods Divisions), (3) the Industrial Products and
Minerals Department (with Metals, Minerals, Chemicals and
Pharmaceuticals, Instruments Imports, and Textile Machinery
Divisions), and (4) the Cereals and Oils Department.
In addition to the commercial section comprising
19 persons in the Chinese Communist diplomatic installation in
London, there are also representatives of the Animal By-Products
Corporation, Textiles Corporation, Tea and Native Produce
Corporation, Sinofracht, and the China Ocean Shipping Agency.
In addition, there is a Trade Promotion Department of the
London Bank of China branch, headed by WENG Szu-chia, The
Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation has a branch office
in Oslo, Norway.
30
Approved For Relea041JIMPAPTierteRIVPM2- 646R000500150001-6
Approved For Releasfiagiallopm4?4a: C - D f2646R000500150001-6
G. OTHER FOREIGN REPRESENTATION RELATED TO
FOREIGN TRADE
1. Commercial Counselors and Attaches
Commercial counselors and/or attaches are to be
found in virtually every embassy and legation of Communist
China, the most recently assigned commercial attaches being
those in Mali, Ghana, Guinea, Somalia and Cuba. In some
cases commercial missions have been set up prior to the formal
extension of recognition, carrying on their trade functions until
integrated into the diplomatic installation when established, as
was the case in Cairo and Cambodia. In nations where there is
no trade mission or diplomatic installation, other official Chinese
Communist organizations such as the New China News Agency
seek to stimulate trade and receive trade inquiries, referring
prospective buyers or sellers to the proper China National
corporation in Peking or transmitting the inquiry. In some cases
inquiries are referred to commercial counselors of embassies
in neighboring countries.
Acting under the direction of the Ministry of Foreign
Trade, trade counselors sign, alter and annul contracts on behalf
of the China National (state trade) corporations, issue orders
for industrial equipment and technical aid, negotiate import-export
problems, conduct studies of and collect data concerning the
economies of the nations in which they are assigned, and perform
any other necessary functions dealing with Communist China's
foreign trade and shipping. Commercial counselors and attaches
are also active in arranging for Peking's participation in inter-
national trade affairs, setting up trade exhibits, and promoting
visits of trade delegations to and from Peking.
Most of those assigned as commercial counselors
or attaches have been reported to be shrewd and well informed,
to have considerable knowledge of business practices, and to be
hard bargainers, well grounded in Communist techniques and
Chinese Communist policy. Selection and assignment of
commercial attaches and counselors to diplomatic installations
abroad apparently is a joint function of one of the departments
31
Approved For Releasrli99MrtirtitITY02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
'I 1rrflLtLU1 L.L.
under the Ministry of Foreign Trade and of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, Party loyalty being a prerequisite.
In India there have been offices of the "China
Trade Agency" located in Calcutta and Kalimpong, separate
from the diplomatic representation. An Associated Press
dispatch of 16 September 1961 stated the Indian Foreign Ministry
had imposed restrictions on. the activities of the Chinese Com-
munist trade agency in Kalimpong, a border town on the main
road from India to Lhasa, Tibet, which, according to the dis-
patch, Prime Minister Nehru had described in Parliament as "a
nest of international espionage." Although these trade repre-
sentatives are believed to have been responsible to the
Ambassador while in that country, they probably received
direction from the Ministry of Foreign Trade as well. In the
United Arab Republic there are Commercial Missions in Cairo
and Alexandria.
A resident trade mission was sent to Beirut,
Lebanon, in 1956, but was withdrawn in April 1960. This
mission, had little success in developing trade relations and
failed to bring about recognition of Communist China, which
latter was probably its major goal.
TSOU Ssu-i, formerly deputy director of the Fourth
Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Trade, arrived in Havana,
Cuba, in July 1960 as head of a Chinese Communist trade mission
of at least five members. TSOU has since moved on to other
assignments. This trade mission is now associated with the
embassy, which was opened in Havana in November 1960.
A Chinese Communist trade mission, headed by
NAN Han-chen, Chairman of the China Committee for the
Promotion of International Trade, and with TSOU Ssu-i as one
of its members, toured several countries in South America in
May and June 1961. In Brazil this mission was reported to
have obtained an agreement for the opening of permanent "non-
official" trade offices in Brazil and Peking, as well as
negotiating some small trade contracts. In Chile a trade
exposition was held during the trade mission's visit. Chile,
32
Approved For ReleaselitinWrgelritrir02646R000500150001-6
Approved For ReleastaMMTatahagraap? 2646R000500150001-6
Argentina and Uruguay were all reluctant to admit this trade
delegation, finally did so under pressure from influential
businessmen and politicians, but apparently no agreements
were reached for the opening of commercial missions in these
three countries. Businessmen from all of these countries
were issued invitations by the trade delegation to visit Com-
munist China.
Whether or not Communist China has trade repre-
sentatives stationed in all of the Sino-Soviet Bloc nations other
than those serving as commercial counselors and attaches
with embassies is not known, but FANG I has been described
as "former chief Chinese economic advisor to the Vietnamese
government." Radio Peking in July 1961 referred to TS1UI
Ch'un as "deputy economic representative of the CPR in Vietnam"
although TS1UI had previously been reported to be commercial
counselor in North Vietnam, having also served in a similar
capacity in Yugoslavia, 1956-1960. Communist China has formal
trade agreements with most, if not all, of the Bloc nations and
trade delegations frequently travel from Peking to these
countries.
2. Bank of China
The People's Bank of China, a special agency of
the State Council, is in effect the operating arm of the Ministry
of Finance, functioning both as a central bank and a commercial
bank, and its monopoly in this field has imposed complete
control over the few remaining private banks in Communist
China. All international financial transactions are controlled
by the central government through either the People's Bank or
its adjunct, the Bank of China. Generally, the People's Bank
handles dealings with other Bloc countries, primarily on a
clearing account basis. The Bank of China, through its over-
seas branches and correspondents, usually handles transactions
with Free World nations and business firms. Dealings with
Bloc nations are based on rubles, while those with other nations
are in convertible currencies, usually sterling.
In. addition to the Bank of China, the People's Bank
supervises two special government banks, the People's
33
Approved For ReleastiffeANAPP,MAIIPTirrel
- 2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 ? CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
ataimawiawistareeffreFirfr
Construction Bank and the Bank of Communications, and the
state-owned insurance enterprises, the most important of which
is the People's Insurance Company.
Established in December 1948 through the amalgam-
ation of seven Communist banks in. areas under CCP control, the
People's Bank had ZOO branches in 1950, and had grown by 1959
to include about 30,000 branches, sub-branches and agencies on
the China mainland with some 400,000 employees. Its head-
quarters are at Hsi Chiao Min Hsiang in Peking.
Among the departments of the People's Bank at
headquarters is one called the Foreign Department, headed by
CHIIAO Plei-hsin, who is also an assistant general manager of
the People's Bank of China. MIN I-min, another assistant
manager of People's Bank of China, is deputy head of the Foreign
Department. Although not confirmed, it is believed that CHIIA.0
is therefore head of the Bank of China, and MIN may be one of
his deputies. CHIEN Mu was referred to in 1959 as one of the
assistant general managers of the Bank of China, as was CHI
Chao-ting, who is also a vice chairman and secretary general
of the China Committee for the Promotion of International Trade
and who travels widely in countries outside the Sino-Soviet Bloc
as a negotiator of trade agreements for the Chinese Communist
Government. LI Shao-yil was reported to be an assistant general
manager in March 1961. NAN Han-chen, chairman of the CCPIT
and head of the trade mission visiting South America in May-
June 1961, was described in the Uruguayan Communist Party's
newspaper El Popular on 8 June as president of the Bank of
China. Whether this was an error or a misrepresentation is
not known, but NAN is not known to have held any post with
Bank of China since he was relieved because of illness in 1954
as director general of the People's Bank of China and a member
of the Board of Directors of the Bank of China.
The Bank of China operates principally in areas
outside the China mainland, but has been reported to have
branches in Shanghai, Tientsin, Canton, Tsingtao, Hankow,
Amoy and other domestic seaports. These may operate as
departments of the People's Bank of China branches in these
cities.
34
Approved For Releas-ravutuuter-A.-t,A4VISWO- 2646R000500150001-6
Approved For ReleassialagaaLingleagaig2646R000500150001-6
Of the eleven branches of the Bank of China abroad,
the Most important are those in Hong Kong and London. The
Bank of China also has an agent in Hanoi, North Vietnam. There
may also be agents in other nations of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, but
it seems more probable that the Foreign Department of the
People's Bank of China handles normal financial dealings with
State banks of other Sino-Soviet Bloc nations. The Bank of
China has agents and correspondent arrangements with banks
in many non-Communist countries. Bloc nations maintain
accounts with some Bank of China branches in Asia. In April
1958 the Bank of China claimed to have agency agreements with
banks in 57 countries, including almost every trading nation
except the United States. Other such arrangements have since
been established.
The status of the Bank of China branch in Havana
is not clear. Since 1960, when Cuba severed diplomatic rela-
tions with Nationalist China, the Havana branch of the Bank of
China has been taken over (intervened) by the Bank of Cuba,
and is managed, along with all other banks in Cuba, by the
Cuban Government. However, this branch now flies the flag
of Red China and its personnel are reported to be in close
touch with the Chinese Communist Embassy.
As a foreign exchange bank, the Bank of China,
through its foreign branches, serves as the agency and channel
for all Chinese Communist financial dealings abroad in non-
Sino-Soviet Bloc nations. These branches channel foreign
exchange remittances to Peking, purchase foreign currencies,
particularly sterling, to meet Communist China's foreign
obligations, handle the financing of trade with non-Sino-Soviet
Bloc countries, serve the Government of Communist China in
promoting political and subversive objectives, and are used
to transmit funds used in financing activities of international
Communist front organizations. Special sections identified in
some Bank of China branches, usually known as 'Research
and Investigation Sections, acquire trade and economic data,
and may afford support and cover for clandestine activities.
In addition to the Bank of China branch in Hong
Kong, which is reportedly the exclusive purchaser for Red
35
Approved For Releastion~~MiNi40642646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Faiiii416101414~11011WePITINP
China of sterling on the Hong Kong market, there are also a
number of Chinese Communist-controlled banks in Hong Kong,
of which the Bank of Communications is the most important.
All of these banks are under the joint supervision of repre-
sentatives stationed in Hong Kong by the People's Bank of
China. There is also a branch of the Bank of Communications
in Rangoon, located in the same building with the Bank of
China branch. HSIANG Klo-fang, who has been referred to
as "Superintendent of Branches" and as "Chief Inspector" of
Bank of China branches, spends considerable time in Hong
Kong.
In Singapore the Bank of China branch and that of
the China Insurance Company, Ltd., are the only official
Chinese Communist installations. All other Bank of China
branches, except the ones in Singapore and Hong Kong, are
located in countries with which Communist China has diplomatic
relations. There were branches of the Bank of China in
Malaya at Kuala Lumpur and Penang up to March 1959, when
they were closed down by order of the Government of Malaya.
There is evidence that Bank of China branches operate under
the general direction and political supervision of the Chinese
Communist embassies in the promotion and facilitation of trade,
and in contacts with the communities of Chinese residing over-
seas for political and other purposes.
In addition to market research and the collection
of economic intelligence, departments of the Bank of China
branches have participated in arranging for and conducting
industrial exhibits and in making financial arrangements for
foreign trade with business firms in the host countries, even
to the extent of handling shipments of goods.
One foreigner who visited Peking in 1960 stated
he had discussed with Chinese Communist officials the prospects
for trade between his country and Red China. He was given
the impression that the Bank of China handles all matters related
to foreign trade. Although neither the repository where they
are retained nor the mechanism for gathering these data was
identified, this same foreigner reported that the Chinese Com-
munists have a large amount of information concerning foreign
36
Approved For ReleaaatiAll~imakbiiikeikiii02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
reitmelrimemigmellymemff
trade printed in English and other common languages. It
appears likely that some of these data are collected by covert
means but most of the material is overt, such as catalogs and
bulletins. These are gathered and sent to Peking by the
various diplomatic and other official installations such as the
Bank of China and New China News Agency offices. Some of
this material is solicited by the China National corporations
through their agencies and contacts throughout the world.
It was reported that an official of the Bank of
China told a group of officials of that bank's foreign branches
visiting Peking in 1960 that Communist China's foreign trade
is on the increase; that if 1954 was taken as an index of 100,
the ratio for 1958 would be 150. He further pointed out that
one of the principal functions of the Chinese Communist banks
abroad was to further Red China's foreign trade. One official
of a Bank of China foreign branch is reported to have asked
that branch bank executives be relieved of some of their routine
banking duties so that they could devote more time to political
action activities in their communities on behalf of Communist
China.
Although there is some confusion in reporting on
exact position titles, various reports indicate that the head-
quarters organization of the People's Bank of China in Peking
can be reconstructed in the following manner (dates in
parentheses are dates of latest information):
Director of People's TSIA0 Chu-ju (June 1961)
Bank of China
Deputy Directors
HU Ching-ytin (Sept. 1959)
CH'IA0 Plei-hsin (June 1960)
CHIEN (October 1960)
MIN I-min (October 1960)
CH.TANG Tung-ping (Dec. 1960)
LIU Chun (f) (October 1960)
LI Shao-yil (November 1961)
TING Tung-fang (May 1961)
HU Li-chiao (December 1961)
37
BIONOW1101114NOMMONE?INWY
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For ReleaviegAigghatZtiViraii02646R000500150001-6
Foreign Operations Department (Foreign Transactions
Bureau) (Perhaps the same as Foreign Operations
Administration)
Chief CHIIA0 Plei-hsin (concurrent
Oct. 1960)
Deputies MIN I-min (concurrent Oct. 1960)
WANG Tzu-chIin (November 1960)
Bank of China
General Manager CHIIA0 Plei-hsin (concurrent
March 1961)
Assistant General
Managers
LI Shao-rti (concurrent April 1961)
CHI ChIao-ting (July 1957)
CHEN Mu (July 1957)
LIU Chun (f) (concurrent Feb. 1961)
Accounting Department
Chief LI Shaolyii (concurrent Oct. 1960)
Deputy TIAN Shu-an (October 1960)
Chief Accountant T Tsu-plei (October 1960)
Personnel Department
Director
Deputy
Inspection Department
Dir ector
YUAN Liu-chung (1955)
SUN Kluei-i (1955)
CHOU I-chung (1955)
38
Approved For ReleaFs-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For ReleawielAgge4041444a646R000500150001-6
Insurance Department
Many Other Departments
Financial Research Institute (Research and
Investigation Department)
Director TSENG Ling (May 1958)
Deputy Director CHENG Po-pin (March 1958)
School of Economics and Banking, Shanghai (1957)
Dir ector
3. People's Insurance Company of China
Established as a government enterprise in 1949,
this company is one of the financial institutions under the
supervision of the People's Bank of China. Its headquarters
are at 28, Tung Chiao Min Hsiang, Peking, and in 1958 it was
reported to have branch offices in the 39 most important
cities on the mainland and more than 2,300 business offices
throughout Communist China. People's Bank of China acts
as agent for the People's Insurance Company in areas where
the latter is not represented.
This company handles compulsory insurance on
the buildings, equipment and other assets of state enterprises,
joint state-private enterprises, and cooperatives above the
hsien (county) level. It also provides voluntary insurance
coverage including ordinary life, group health, individual and
group fire, livestock, farm crop, ocean marine, air transpor-
tation, hulls, railway transportation, parcel post and other
types of insurance and reinsurance. Profits from the oper-
ations of this company are listed among the government's
budget revenues, being shown in the category of profits of
state enterprises. So far as is known, People's Insurance
Company operates only internally in Communist China.
39
Approved For Release 1-99 b6/1P-61N-Mi:11842646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
4. China Insurance Company, Limited
This company, described in October 1959 as a
joint state-private insurance company, is affiliated with and
supervised by the People's Bank of China. Its headquarters
is located at the same address in Peking as the People's
Insurance Company and the company appears to have been.
created to write insurance in foreign countries. WU Chen-hsiu
is manager of the Peking Office. It has branches on the China
mainland at Shanghai, Tientsin, Canton, and Tsingtao, foreign
branch offices in Hong Kong, Singapore, Djakarta and Surabaya,
and works through agents in other countries such as Japan. It
writes ocean marine, air transportation, hulls, railway transpor-
tation and parcel post insurance,and reinsurance.. It is not
believed to be in competition with the People's Insurance
Company. It is believed that this company issues the insurance
coverage arranged for by the China National Foreign Trade
Transportation Corporation (SINOTRANS).
5. Min An Insurance Company
This is a Chinese Communist-owned joint state-
private enterprise with offices in the Bank of China building
in Hong Kong. Its home office is believed to be in Shanghai.
It offers all-risk marine insurance coverage for cargoes
destined to or from Communist China. It is closely associated
with the Bank of China and other Chinese Communist-controlled
banks and export-import firms in. Hong Kong, and is undoubtedly
responsible to the People's Bank of China. Founded in 1947,
Min An came under control of the Chinese Communists in 1949.
6. Guozi Shudian (Kuo-chi Shu-tien)(China Inter-
national Bookstore)
This organization, which uses P.O. Box 399 (export),
P.O. Box 88 (import) and other post office box addresses in.
Peking, is the sole Chinese Communist import-export agency
for books, periodicals, paintings, phonograph records and
lantern slides. Its headquarters are at 38 Suchou Hutung,
Peking, along with a bookstore specializing in the retail sale
40
Approved For ReleatTMMOMIMIMS02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
.1.2-1.1.1 AWN*
of foreign language books and publications. Little is known
of the organization of this agency, but it probably comes
under the joint control of the CCP Propaganda Department
and the Publications Administration of the government Ministry
of Culture. SHAO Kung-wen is the Manager of Guozi Shudian.
There are branch or subsidiary offices in a number of cities
on the China mainland, including Peking, Nanking, Harbin,
Changchun, and Taiyuan. There is a branch office of this
agency in East Berlin, managed by TSIA0 Chien-fel. Guozi
Shudian deals with Communist bookstores and dealers through-
out the world, selling material originating in Communist China
and purchasing printed material and other items within the
agency's scope of operations for import to the China mainland.
Publishing in Communist China is a state monopoly
controlled by the CCP Propaganda Department and under the
supervision of the Publications Administration Bureau of the
Ministry of Culture. Published material in. other than. the
Chinese language distributed abroad is prepared and published
by the state-owned Foreign Languages Press, which translates
from Chinese into at least eleven foreign languages. Other
publications sold or distributed abroad include books, estimated
to number between 500 and 600 titles per year, running into
millions of copies.
Among the foreign language propaganda journals
distributed through Guozi Shudian and its distribution network,
and said to have been sold in the millions of copies in more
than eighty countries during 1959, are the following: the
semi-monthly China Pictorial, the monthly People's China,
the weekly Peking Review(Beijing Zhoubao) in English, and
the monthly China Reconstructs, which is reported to reach
about 100 countries with its 100,000 circulation.
Technical quality of magazines from Communist
China reaching international markets is much higher than that
of those produced for domestic circulation. In many instances
these books and publications are sold to foreign bookstores and
dealers at prices which are but a fraction of the publishing
cost.
41
Approved For ReleasrellWANNO*10101410161002646R000500150001-6
Approved For ReleavolMaggimpagiggii402646R000500150001-6
Much of the published material reaches the Free
World from the China mainland via Hong Kong where there are
a number of Chinese Communist-controlled publishers and
bookstores, among them the Chung Hua Book Company, the
Life Reader Sinzh Joint Publishing Company, the Hsin Min Chu
Publishing Company, and the Peace Bookshop.
Orders for books to be purchased in other countries
and subscription to magazines and other publications to meet
the requirements of the Chinese Communist Party and govern-
ment are placed by Guozi Shudian through its agents and
connections abroad. One Western European Communist book-
store alone was reported to have received orders from Guozi
Shudian for more than 12,000 subscriptions to foreign publi-
cations during the year 1961.
Guozi Shudian places orders direct with publishers,
bookstores and institutions as well as through agencies in the
United States, at least one of which is registered with the U.S.
Attorney General as an agent of a foreign government. Published
materials on a wide variety of subjects, including statistics,
economics, political affairs, science, technology, military
affairs, geographical subjects, data processing, and crypta-
nalysis, originating in the U.S., Canada and Latin America,
are acquired for shipment to Guozi Shudian headquarters or
to one of its affiliates in other cities on the mainland. Pay-
ments for these purchases are believed to be made in most
cases through the Guozi Shudian office in East Berlin.
The NCNA is also utilized in collecting published
material. This news agency has used the address of an
American company as forwarding agent and has placed sub-
scriptions and orders in fictitious names. It has also used
NCNA addresses in Kowloon. Frequently the material ordered
is funneled through the American forwarding agent to a book-
store in Kowloon and thence to Peking via NCNA channels.
Guozi Shudian also has formal trade contracts
with counterpart import-export agencies of Sino-Soviet Bloc
nations calling for the exchange of books, newspapers, periodi-
cals, musical records and scores, and reproductions of
paintings.
42
Approved For ReleasiNIRMIA66/0444142646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
J: 1,8111fif
7. China Film Distribution and Exhibition Corporation
(CHINAFILM)
Located in Peking at No. 84, Hsi Chiao Min Hsiang,
with the cable address CFDCORP, Peking, this state-owned
company holds a monopoly on. the import of foreign films to
China and on the export of motion pictures produced on the
China mainland. It is also believed to exercise control over
films produced by Communist-owned or influenced film
producers in Hong Kong. HUNG Tsang is assistant manager
of CHINAFILM. There is a branch office of this corporation
at Pod Kastany 16, Bubenec, Prague 6, Czechoslovakia, using
the cable address CHINAFILM, Praha, and headed by CHANG
Kto-feng.
It is obvious that broad policy with regard to the
production of films is directed by the CCP Propaganda Depart-
ment) while the Cinema Affairs Administrative Bureau of the
CPG Ministry of Culture acts as the executive agent in such
matters as budgeting, construction of facilities, including
studios and theaters, production and purchasing of cameras
and projectors, and allocation of raw film and other materials.
The Peking Motion Picture Academy appears to exercise
general supervision over the production of motion pictures on
the mainland, and perhaps those produced by Chinese Com-
munist-controlled companies in Hong Kong. Distribution and
exhibition is a function of CHINAFILM, particularly in foreign
markets. Domestic exhibition is probably a joint venture with
the propaganda departments of CCP units at various levels.
Peking first entered the international film market
in early 1956, had signed formal agreements for the exchange
of motion pictures with fourteen countries by September 1957,
all of them members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc except Burma,
Ceylon, UAR, Indonesia and Pakistan, and announced plans
to increase this number to thirty nations by 1958.
A Radio Peking broadcast claimed that organi-
zations in sixty-nine countries and regions throughout the world
imported and exhibited more than 400 films made in Communist
43
Approved For Relefirka,PAtitir'lleiliftWMIT2. 646 R000500150001 -6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
aiefainkiwireierwimo
China during 1959, reaching an audience of 200 million persons.
In 1959 Peking submitted entries in four international film
festivals, and sponsored Chinese Film Weeks in nine countries,
all members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, except Ceylon and Iraq.
The CCP Propaganda Department has also sent special teams
of film technicians to several foreign countries. Other special
teams accompany important delegations to produce film docu-
mentaries which are later sent back into these countries to be
exhibited for propaganda purposes. Foreign film weeks were
held in many cities throughout the China mainland in 1959
featuring films from Iraq, Mexico, the USSR, East Germany
and Czechoslovakia. A Latin American Film Festival was
scheduled to be held in Peking in September 1961, and a Chinese
film week was held in Kathmandu, Nepal in the Spring of 1961.
It was estimated that Communist China spent
$350,000 in 1957 to subsidize film production by leftist film
studios in Hong Kong. While these producers are said to
have suffered large losses on film production, most of the
loss was offset through special trade privileges granted them
by Peking.
The China Film Distribution and Exhibition Corpo-
ration arranges for distribution of films made on the China
mainland, some highly propagandistic and others not, in areas
where there are large audiences of Chinese residing overseas,
particularly in Southeast Asia. Newsreels and films based
on Chinese operas and featuring dancing and singing troupes,
produced by the Central Newsreel and Documentary Film
Studio in Peking, have proven highly popular among such
audiences. These films are often offered to distributors
abroad on terms which insure their being shown at a profit
to local distributors and most certainly at less than the
amortized cost of production, probably with the understanding
that some portion of the profits from their showings will be
used to finance local Communist activities.
Foreign film producers, even those representing
nations of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, who have gone to Communist
China to make documentary films have been subjected to close
44
Approved For Release' rrai-Jtt7V111 utPr-wri 11-n1'42646 R000500150001-6
Approved For Releasr JR9MOM41?EiA&EigQ22646R000500150001-6
restriction. One producer found the Red Chinese so "stiff
necked" that it was impossible to do the job for which he was
sent, and he left without completing his filming assignment.
8. China Philatelic Company
This company is the sole authorized exporter and
importer of postage stamps. It is located at Tung Chang An
Chieh, Peking; cable address: CHINAPHIL, Peking. Little is
known of its personnel or operations.
45
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Releaspirli9919/0,19/07,:,C14Wap2646R000500150001-6
IV. UNOFFICIAL ORGANIZATIONS
A. CHINA. COMMITTEE FOR THE PROMOTION OF
INTERNATIONAL TRADE (CCPIT)
In addition to the official CCP organs concerned with
foreign trade and the Chinese People's Government's organi-
zation in Peking, elsewhere on the China mainland and operating
abroad in this field, the CCPIT was established in May 1952 as
a front mechanism designed to promote Communist China's
foreign trade program on an "unofficial" basis (note reference
to the CCPIT in Part III-E of this Study). The CCPIT, which
is functionally but not organizationally affiliated with the
Ministry of Foreign Trade, has its headquarters in. Peking at
No. 89, Hsi. Chiao Min Hsiang, adjacent to the Ministry of
Foreign Trade and People's Bank of China, with COMTRADE,
Peking, as its cable address. The CCPIT is used to:
Sponsor and organize Chinese trade dele-
gations visiting nations outside the Sino-Soviet
Bloc in order to promote trade with Communist
China, particularly those nations not recognizing
Communist China.
Invite, arrange itineraries for, entertain,
engage in discussions with and elicit information
from delegations and individuals fron non-Sino-
Soviet Bloc nations interested in doing business
with Communist China.
Assist in arranging for and promoting Red
China's participation in trade fairs, exhibits
and trade discussions in foreign countries out-
side the Bloc. This is a joint function with the
China National corporations and the Ministry
of Foreign Trade.
Acquire data for Peking's use concerning
the trade, economies and technical capabilities
of non-Communist nations.
46
Approved For Releaieji6?4/6 Ord? Li 14
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Promote Peking Is propaganda and political
objectives such as endeavoring to bring about
diplomatic relations with those countries not
recognizing Communist China. Pressure on
foreign governments is generated through business-
men and industrialists of these countries to whom
the bait of larger potential profits are held out,
if trade dealings are accompanied by diplomatic
recognition.
In April 1957, one Chinese Communist publication
described the CCPIT as follows: "It is composed of Chinese
economists and financial and trade experts. Since its
establishment, the Committee has made trade and business
contacts with firms and enterprises in many countries, ex-
changed visits of delegations, assisted negotiations of Chinese
trading organizations with foreign representatives, and
organized exhibitions of Chinese products in many countries.
In November 1956, it established a branch office in Shanghai.
In April 1956, the Committee set up a Foreign Trade Arbitration
Committee whose purpose is to secure speedy and equitable
settlement by arbitration of any dispute that may arise between
Chinese and foreign firms." Another Peking publication
described the CCPIT as the "agency of the China National corpo-
rations in Hong Kong, "but it is no longer believed to have this
role, which is now that of the China Resources Company.
The Shanghai branch is located at 26 Chung Shan Road,
Eastern 1. SHENG Piei-hua, former vice chairman of the All
China Federation of Industrial and Commercial Associations,
who died in February 1961, was head of the Shanghai office.
There is also reported to be a branch in Canton headed by
WEI Chin-fei, and another branch in Wuhan with WANG 1(10-wen
as its head. There may also be branches in Tientsin and
Tsingtao. Officials of the CCPIT include personnel also
associated with the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the Bank of
China, the various ministries under the State Council, the
State Planning Commission and the International Relations
Institute of the Academy of Sciences. The most active and
widely traveled of CCPIT officials is CHI Chlao-ting, who is
47
Approved For ReleaselasmactiampArn 44101661144646 R000500150001 -6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
!FeirewriewmpiasiIRRON401
concurrently its vice chairman and secretary general. Educated
and long a resident in the Western world, CHI has extensive
contacts with businessmen and trade officials in nations of the
Free World, has arranged for Red China's participation in
trade fairs, and has engaged in frequent trade discussions
within the political framework of Peking's policy. CHI is also
a member of the Board of Directors of the Chinese People's
Institute of Foreign Affairs, a consultative body under the
aegis of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a member of the
executive councils of both the Association for Cultural Rela-
tions with Foreign Countries and the China-Latin America
Friendship Association.
In his book, Awakened China, written by Felix Greene
after his trip to the mainland in 1960, Greene describes CHI
Chlao-ting as follows (omitting, of course, CHI's activities
on behalf of the Communists while in the U.S. from 1926 to
1948):
"A graduate student in the United States in
the late thirties, Dr. CHI had traveled widely
abroad and before 1948 had been a leading figure
in Nationalist China's financial circles. His
extensive knowledge of international trade and
finance is widely acknowledged in the West.
Today Dr. CHI is in the upper echelons of the
regime, holding high positions both in the China
Council for the Promotion of Foreign Trade and
in the People's Bank of China. An inquiring
reporter could not go much higher for information
regarding China's foreign-trade policies. "
There appears to be a group of persons connected
with the CCPIT and the Ministry of Foreign Trade who
specialize in organizing, directing, and conducting Chinese
Communist participation in international trade fairs and
exhibitions. Peking's participation in international fairs
has involved lavish displays designed for propaganda purposes
rather than to promote commercial transactions.
48
Approved For RelearitIMMMIMPW-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
aliiiiimeliellidOMPE10100140.f
After having been a regular participant in the
Casablanca International Fair, Communist China sent no
exhibit in 1961. None of the major industrial items in the
Chinese Communist exhibit at the Khartoum trade fair in
February-March 1961 were offered for future delivery in
the Sudan. Chinese officials at the Khartoum fair, when
asked about such items as radios, engines, trucks and
tractors, said these were not being produced for export at
present, were made only for use on the China mainland, and
some items on display were one of a kind, exhibited only to
indicate the industrial progress of Communist China. Visitors
to the Chinese Communist Industrial Fair in Rangoon in
January-February 1961 gained the impression that the display
of electrical and scientific equipment was intended to serve
propaganda purposes, that no effort was made to close trade
deals, and that close inspection of many of the products
revealed them to be inferior in quality and design.
are:
Officials of the CCPIT at the Peking headquarters
Chairman NAN Han-chlen
Vice Chairmen
Secretary General
Assistant Secretaries
General
49
LEI Jen-min
LI Chu-chlen.
CHI Chlao-ting
CHI Ch'ao-ting (con-
current) (another
report named SU
Fang-chou as "Chief
Secretary")
HSIAO Fang-chou
HSt Sheng-wu
WEN Shih-chen
YU Kio-chlien
LIAO Ho-shu
Approved For ReleastmlIMINTIIMMIMIMPrb2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Members of the Central Committee of the CCPIT
are:
CHANG Nai-chti
CHIEN Han-sheng
CHIEN Wei-chi
CHI Cho-ting
CHOU Jung-hsin.
HS*NG K6-fang
HSU Ti-hsin
HST:TEH Mu-chtiao
KU Keng-yu
LEI Jen-min
LI Chu-chlen
LIU Ning-i
LIU Tzu-chiu
LU HA-chang
MA Yin-chtu
MENG Yung-chtien
NAN Han-chten
PIAN Ching-an
SUN Ta-kuang
TSIAI Tzu-wei
HSLEH Hsiao-nai is reported to be head of the CCPIT
International Liaison Department, with HSt Sheng-wu (con-
currently), CHIIEN Yuan-feng, TUNG Chia?, and CHOU Chi/
as deputies. One report stated YANG Y1-chih was "special
commissioner" of the CCPIT, but nothing is known of the
functions of this post. WU Shu-tung has represented the CCPIT
in negotiations with delegations from other nations visiting
Peking. TUNG Chtao, also reported as head of one of the
sections under CCPIT, represented the committee as a
member of a trade delegation to Italy in April 1959. WEI
Li-chili was reported to head another section of CCPIT, LIN
Lien-te to be a deputy section chief, and WANG Chao-yilan
as a "member" of the International Liaison Department.
There is a Maritime Arbitration Commission under
the CCPIT for arbitrating shipping disputes, of which CCPIT
Assistant Secretary General HSIAO Fang-chou is reported to
be the deputy chief. There is also a Foreign Trade Arbitration
Commission under the CCPIT which arbitrates disputes arising
in foreign commerce and develops standard contract forms
used in settling contract disputes.
Trade delegations going to Peking from non-Communist
countries are almost always handled under the sponsorship of
the CCPIT, sometimes jointly with the Ministry of Foreign Trade
and/or the All China Federation of Industry and Commerce
Associations. The CCPIT arranges itineraries, plans visits
to factories and other points of interest, arranges talks with
50
Approved For ReleastAgiaaaiiiaalrokkaglala02646R000500150001-6
Approved For ReleasQ445k944444442646R000500150001-6
government officials, as appropriate, and provides entertain-
ment and gifts. Upon completion of their visits, foreign trade
delegations frequently issue joint declarations with the CC PIT
calling for further exchanges of delegations, widening of trade
between the two countries, issue statements following Peking's
propaganda line extolling the growth of Communist China's
industry and resources, and sometimes urging establishment
of diplomatic recognition of Red China. The CdPIT is also
used to voice the Chinese Communist propaganda line. One
example of this was the letter sent by the CC PIT to the South
African United Front on 28 March 1961 condemning the policies
of and urging the severance of all economic and trade relations
with the government of the Union of South Africa, which latter
action, the letter stated, Communist China had taken in July
1960.
The importance attached to the program of "people's
diplomacy" (which includes exchanges of "non-official" trade
delegations and activities of the CC PIT) by the Chinese Com-
munists can be measured in part by the huge cost of the
program, both in terms of the time of key officials who grant
audiences to visitors to Communist China and participate in
tours of foreign countries, and in terms of annual monetary
outlay, estimated variously at ten million dollars or more.
B. ALL CHINA FEDERATION OF INDUSTRY AND
COMMERCE ASSOCIATIONS (ACFICA)
This federation is mentioned without any implication
that it is engaged in foreign trade, but rather because it is
one of the many mass organizations created by the Chinese
Communist Party to bring non-Party leaders and the masses
into a United Front with the Party. There are organizations
of personages engaged in industry and commerce, including
foreign. trade, at provincial, regional and municipal levels,
which are represented at the national level in the ACFICA.
It is natural that most private industrialists and those engaged
in foreign or domestic commerce and trade prior to 1949
would be regarded as bourgeoise and not to be trusted by
51
Approved For ReleasrMeggfitteftrft2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
the Communists. Many, however, have either joined the CCP
or become close collaborators. Through the local and national
industry and commerce federations it was possible to organize
them, control them and use them as a propaganda front as the
Communists proceeded to wipe out private enterprise and
nationalize all industry, trade, and commerce. ACFICA and
its leaders are utilized, along with the Ministry of Foreign
Trade, the CCPIT and the Association for Cultural Relations
with Foreign Countries, to invite and entertain trade repre-
sentatives and delegations from non-Communist nations as well
as for a sounding board to popularize Communist China Is"great
leap forward" and the nationalization of industry and trade.
The United Front Department of the CCP Central Committee
closely controls all the All China federations. When the CCP
took over the China mainland in 1949 it was sorely in need of
the services of persons experienced in industry and trade in
building a stable economy and most of such persons were not
CCP members. Instead of exterminating the capitalists,
businessmen, industrialists and traders, as they did the land-
lords (remembering that the Chinese Communists were pledged
to land reform and the vast majority of CCP members were
from the peasant class), the Party set out to convert those
engaged in industry and commerce to Communism. Red China
went through the stage of joint state-private ownership before
nationalizing all industry and commerce, and wove a tight net
of control around those who did not fall in line or whom the
Communists did not trust because of their previous relation-
ships with the government of Nationalist China.
Headquarters of ACFICA, which was founded in October
1953, is at Chu Shih Klou in Peking. One of the fictitious political
parties permitted to exist under the United Front is the China
Democratic National Construction Association (CDNCA),
composed largely of pre-1949 industrialists, traders, business-
men, and intellectuals. Its membership generally paralleled
that of the ACFICA, but the CDNCA is not known to have engaged
in any activities as a party since June 1952. Actually, it was
only another control mechanism over non-Communists engaged
in industry and commerce.
52
Approved For Releasrltignr!trItM2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
C. OTHERS
There are other groups, such as the Industry and
Commerce Work Section of the Chinese PeopleIs Political
Consultative Conference (the United Front organization) and
the Shanghai Economics Society, which are tangentally
related to the field of economics and foreign trade, but which
exercise no actual influence over policy or activities in these
areas of activity and seem merely to engage in discussions on
these subjects. There is an Economics Research Institute
under the Chinese Academy of Sciences whose principal concern
is believed to be long-term research and analysis. Its director
is SUN Yeh-fang and his deputies are YEN Chung-piing and
HUNG Lung-kuei.
53
Approved For Release 1VMMTPMEM-M46R000500150001-6
9-1.00091.009000N9179Z0-8/dCIN-V10 L0/60/6661. eseeieN .10d peA0.1ddV
V. KEY FIGURES IN ECONOMIC SPHERE IN COMMUNIST CHINA
(Numbers in parentheses indicate numerical ranking on
CCP Central Committee which has 97 regular, 95 alternate
members; and on Politburo which has 19 regular, 6 alternate
members.)
Name
CCP Posts
1111?1111?11111111111.11?11.1?1111111/
Abbreviations
CCPIT
SSFA
ACRFC
CPIFA
CPC
WPC
CDNCA
NPC
Government Posts
used herein:
China Committee for the Promotion of International Trade
Sino-Soviet Friendship Association
Association for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries
Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs
China Peace Committee
World Peace Council
China Democratic National Construction Association
National People's Congress
Other Information
CH'EN YUn
(7115/7189)
Age 56
Vice Chairman, Central Committee (5)
Vice Chairman, Politburo (5)
Vice Premier, State Council
Was Chairman, State Capital Construction
Commission, abolished January 1961
NPC Deputy from Shanghai
Top CCP spokesman on economic matters for
over 20 years. His original name was
LIAO Ch'eng-yun.
Was a delegate to 1935 Congress of Comintern
in Moscow, remaining for two years of
advanced study
LI Fu-ch'un
(2621/1381/2504)
Age about 61
Member, Central Committee (8)
Member, Politburo (12)
Member Secretariat
Y
Vice Premier, State Council
Chairman, State Planning Commission
Former Director, Industry & Communications
Staff Office, State Council
NPC Deputy from Hunan
Mme. LI Fu-ch'un (TS'AI Ch'ang) is the senior
woman on CCP Central Committee
LI Hsien-nien
(2621/03)-i-1/1819)
Age about 59
Member, Central Committee (2)-)
Member, Politburo (16)
Member, Secretariat
Vice Premier, State Council
Director, Finance & Trade Staff Office,
State Council
Minister of Finance
NPC Deputy from Hupeh
Member, National Defense Council
PO I-po
(5631/0001/313)-i-)
Age 59
Member, Central Committee (53)
Alternate, Politburo (6)
Vice Premier, State Council
Chairman, State Economic Commission
Director, Industry & Commerce Staff
Office, State Council
NPC Deputy from Tientsin
YEH Chi-chuang
(5509/1323/1104)
Age about 68
Member, Central Committee (50)
Deputy Director, Finance & Trade Staff
Office
Minister of Foreign Trade (since August
1952)
NPC Deputy from Kwangtung
MA Ming-fang
(7)-i-56/2494/2455)
Age about 57
Member, Central Committee (67)
Director, Finance & Trade Work Dept.
Member, Central Control Commission
Third Secretary, NE China Bureau of CCP
First Secretary, CCP Committee, Liaoning
Province
Member, NEC Standing Committee and
Chairman NPC Credentials Committee
NPC Deputy from Shensi
Has used the names MA Ju-chou,
MA Ch'i-min, and MALDV while residing
in the Soviet Union
9-1.00091.009000N9179Z0-8/dCIN-V10 L0/60/6661. eseeieN .10d peA0.1ddV
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
55
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Name
CCP Posts
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Government Posts
Other Information
YAO I-lin
(1202/0181/2651)
Age Unknown
Member Central Committee (93)
Deputy Director, Finance & Trade Work
Dept.
Deputy Director, Finance & Trade
Staff Office
Minister of Commerce
NFC Deputy from Kiangsi
His original name was YAO K'o-kuang
Member, Central Committee, China Democratic
National Construction Assn.
FANG I
(2)-i-55/3015)
Alternate Member Central Committee
,
Deputy Director, Staff Office for Foreign
Affairs
Director, General Bureau for Economic
Relations with Foreign Countries
Vice Chairman, State Planning Commission
Former Chief Chinese Communist Economic Advisor
to North Vietnam
LEI Jen-min
(7191/0117/3046)
Age estimated
50-57
Member, CCP
First Vice Minister of Foreign Trade
(since August 1952)
Member, Overseas Chinese Affairs
Commission
Vice Chairman, CCPIT
Member, CPIFA Board of Directors
CHI Chiao-ting
(0370/2600/7844)
Age 58
Member, CCP
Assistant General Manager, Bank of China
Deputy Director, Bureau of International
Economics of State Planning
Commission
Vice Chairman and Secretary General CCPIT
Vice Chairman SSFA and China-Latin America FA
Exec. Council Member ACTIFC? CPIFA, CPC
Member Exec. Council WPC
NIU P'ei-ts'ung
(3662/0160/3827)
Age about 53
Member, CCP
Deputy Director, Finance & Trade Staff
Office
Deputy Secretary, Scientific Planning
Commission prior to 1958
Ex-Trade Counsellor USSR; Member Sino-Soviet
Scientific & Technical Cooperation Committee
TUAN Y[In
(3008/7189)
Age Unknown
Member, CCP
Deputy Director, Finance & Trade Staff
Office
Member National Committee, All China Federation
of Supply & Marketing Cooperatives
TENG Ch'en-nsi
(6772/6521/6007)
Age Unknown
Member, CCP Secretariat, Shantung
Province
Deputy Director, Finance & Trade Staff
Office
Vice Governor, Shantung Province
Vice-Chairman, All China Federation of Supply
and Marketing Cooperatives; Member CCPIT,
Foreign Trade Arbitration Committee since 1956;
Formerly associated with People's Bank of China
(1950-52); Member Southwest Administrative Area
Executive Committee (1950-5)--)
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-R0P78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-0,2646R000500150001-6
56
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
CCP Posts
UOZ UB1N
Government Posts
Other Information
LI Ch'iang
(2621/1730)
Age Unknown
Member, CCP
Vice Minister of Foreign Trade
(since August 1952)
Former Deputy Secretary General,
Scientific Planning Commission
Ex-Trade Counsellor USSR; educated in USSR;
formerly with Broadcasting Administration
Bureau; member Academy of Sciences
CHIANG Ming
(3068/2)-i-94)
Agen Unknown
Member, CCP
Vice Minister of Foreign Trade
(since June 1955)
Expert on trade with Near East and Communist
nations of Asia; active in organizing trade
affairs and on trade delegations
fp.
LIN Hai-yun
(2651/3189/7189)
Age Unknown
Member, CCP
Vice Minister of Foreign Trade
(since October 1956)
Former Head of Customs Administratino of
Ministry of Foreign Trade
From 1949-52 headed the Foreign Trade Department
of the former Ministry of Trade, which was in
1952 reorganized into the Ministry of Commerce
and Ministry of Foreign Trade
rr
LU Hsu-chang
(4151/4872/4545)
Age about 50
Member, CCP
, Vice Minister of Foreign Trade
(since October 1956)
Folwer Manager, China National Import-Export
Corp. Office in East Berlin
1 Member CCPIT; Member Foreign Trade Arbitration
Committee; active in trade negotiations with
non-Bloc nations; ex-capitalist (banking,
trade, insurance); CDNCA Central Committee
member
PAI Hsiang-yin
(4101/0686/6892)
Age Unknown
Probable Member, CCP
Vice Minister of Foreign Trade
(since March 1961)
Former General Manager, East China Foreign
Trading Corp. (1949-52)
Member, Executive Committee, All China
Federation of Industry & Commerce Associations
CHIA Shih
(6328/4258)
Age Unknown
Probable Member, CCP-
Assistant to the Minister of Foreign
Trade (since January 1961)
Head of the Second Bureau, MFT
(Relations with Sino-Soviet Bloc)
FU Sheng-lin
Age Unknown
Probable Member CCP
1
Assistant to the Minister of Foreign Trade
(since January 1961)
Member of National Committee of All China
Federation of Handicraft Cooperatives and All
China Federation of Supply & Marketing
Cooperatives
1
1111 Tron nArrAr
Approved For Release 1999/09/07: CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
57
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
' %AIM '.J .1. JA.? .L.V1
VI. ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF CHINESE NAMED IN THIS
STUDY
Page
CHIANG Chih-yuan (1782/5268/6678)
29
CHANG En-shu (1728/1869/2885)
15
CHANG Klo-feng (1728/0344/7364)
43
CHANG Nai-chli (4545/0035/0892)
50
CHANG Ening (1728/1627)
(aka CHANG Huan-wen and H. V. CHANG)
27
CHIANG Yen-chling (1603/1750/0615)
18,
22
CHANG Y-6-hsiao (1728/7189/0876)
16
CHIEN Han-sheng (7115/5060/4563)
50
CHIEN Hsi-y4.1 (7115/1585/1937)
37
CHIEN Ming (7115/2494)
16
CHIEN Mu (7115/0447)
34,
38
CHIEN Wei-chi (7115/4850/4469)
50
CHIEN Yang (7115/2254).
27
CHIEN Yu-min (nta)
28
CHIEN Y?tin (7115/7189)
10,
13
CHENG Po-pin (6774/0130/1755)
38
CHI ChIao-ting (3070/2600/7844)
34,
38,
47,
49,
CHIA ChIi-y-6 (6328/0796/0336)
6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 ? CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
50
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
wrisemewiessigaossamewm
Page
CH.TA Shih (6238/4258)
15, 16
CHIANG Ming (3068/2494)
15
CH.TANG Tung-ping (3068/2639/1627)
37
CHIT.A0 Piei-hsin (0829/1014/2450)
34, 37, 38
CIPIEN Yuan-feng (nta)
50
CHOU Chi/ (0719/7871)
50
CHOU Chien-nan (0719/1696/0589)
22
CHOU Hua-min (0719/0553/3046)
15
CHOU I-chung (0719/5030/0022)
38
CHOU Jung-hsin (0719/2837/9387)
50
FANG I (2455/3015)
10, 21, 22,
33
FU Sheng-lin (0265/3932/7792)
15
HSIANG Kio-fang (7309/0344/2455)
36, 50
HSIAO Fang-chou (5618/2455/3166)
49, 50
HSIEH Hsiao-na,i (nta)
50
HSU Sheng-wu (1776/4939/2976)
49, 50
HSU Ti-hsin (6079/3321/2450)
50
HSUEH Mu-chtiao (5641/2550/2890)
6, 50
HU Ching-yin (5170/2529/8688)
37
HU Jen-kulei (5170/0088/1145)
17
Approved For ReleaselL69V/CtOrtricKEY1?N-Y02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 :
CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Uer
HU Li-chiao (nta)
HUNG Lung-kuei (nta)
HUNG Tsang (3163/5661)
KAO Lu (nta)
.11 ?J A -
Page
37
53
43
16
KU Keng-yu (0657/5087/5713)
27,
50
LEI Jen-min (7191/0117/3046)
15,
49,
50
LI Che-jen (2621/0772/0086)
22
LI Chiiang (2621/1730)
15,
22
LI Chtiu-yeh (2621/4428/6851)
19
LI Chu-chten (2621/3608/1057)
49,
50
LI Fan-ju (2621/4636/1172)
27
LI Fu-chlun (2621/1381/2504)
10,
13,
14
LI Hsien-nien (2621/0341/1819)
10,
13
LI Hsin-nung (2621/2450/6593)
16
LI Meng-hou (2621/1125/0709)
26,
LI Shao-yii (2621/4801/4416)
34,
37,
38
LIAO Ho-shu (nta)
49
LIAO T'i-jen (1675/7555/0088)
17
LIN Hai-yun (2651/3189/7189)
15
LIN Lien-te (2651/6647/1795)
50
Approved For ReleasagililigaillikliftS106111111606V2646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Page
AN/ J.CI.J.J Y
LIU Chin-sheng (0491/6855/3932)
28
LIU Chun (f) (0491/6511)
37,
38
LIU Chun-chiao (zita)
23
LIU Hsi-wen (0491/1585/2429)
16
LIU Jo-ming (0491/5387/2494)
16
LIU Ming-fu (0491/2494/1133)
22
LIU Ning-i (0491/1380/0001)
50
LIU Shuang-en (nta)
28
LIU Ting (0491/7844)
22
LIU Tzu-chiu (0491/1311/0036)
50
LU Hsii-chang (4151/4872/4545)
15,
50
MA I-min (7456/0001/3046)
27
MA Ming-fang (7456/2494/2455)
10
MA Ting-pang (7456/1353/6721)
13
MA Yin-chiu (7456/1377/0443)
50
MAI Wan-Lan (7796/2429/3482)
17
MENG Yung-chlien (1322/3928/3383)
50
MIN I-min (7036/0001/3046)
34,
37,
38
MING Ko (2494/0344)
15
NAN Han-chlen (0589/3352/1368)
32,
34,
49,
50
Approved For Release' 50001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 ? CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
NIU Plei-tslung (3662/0160/3827)
PAI Hsiang-yin (4101/0686/6892)
PIAN Ching-an (3382/7234/1344)
PIANG Chili-chiang (1690/0037/3068)
Page
13
15
50
17
PO 1-po (5631/0001/3134)
10,
13?
14
SHAD Kung-wen (nca)
41
SHENG Plei-hua (4141/0012/5478)
47
SHIH Ying (4258/5391)
22
SHU Tzu-chling (5289/1320/3063)
16
SU Fang-chou (5)26/2455/3166)
49
SUN Chun (nta)
16
SUN Kluei-i (1327/2247/0001)
38
SUN Ta-huang (1327/1129/0342)
50
SUN Yeh-fang (1327/0396/2455)
6,
53
SUNG Klo-chliang (1345/0344/1730)
27
TIAN Shu-an (6223/0647/1344)
38
TENG ChIen-hsi (6772/6591/6007)
13
TIIEN Tsu-plei (3944/4371/1014)
38
TING Ko-chien (0002/0344/1017)
30
TING Tung-fang (0002/0392/2397)
37
Approved For ReleasJ'11Ii15111,115,1646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Page
TSIAI Tzu-wei (5591/1311/0251)
50
TSANG Yan-chi (nta)
18
TSIA0 Chien-fel (2580/0256/7378)
41
TSIAO Chu-ju (2580/5468/1172)
37
TSENG Ling (2582/0407)
38
TSOU Ssu-i (6760/2448/7328)
32
TS1UIAn (1508/5028)
33
TU Kan-chuan (nta)
22
TUAN Yin (3008/7189)
13
TUNG Chia? (5516/6389)
50
WANG Chao-hsiln (3769/0340/0534)
16
WANG Chao-yuan (3769/0340/0337)
50
WANG Hsiao-ta (3769/1321/6671)
26,
29
WANG Hung (3769/6593)
28
WANG Kio-wen (3769/0344/2429)
47
WANG Ssu-hua (3769/1835/5478)
6
WANG Tzu-chtin (3769/1311/5367)
38
WANG Ying-chi (nta)
16
WEI Chin-fei (7614/0093/7236)
23,
47
WEI Li-chih (1414/4539/2655)
50
Approved For Releavisi~iftimakiPHORMIN646R000500150001-6
Approved For QJJ2646R0005001
Page
WEN Shih-chen (2492/1102/2823)
49
WENG Szu-chia (5040/0138/0163)
30
WU Chen-hsiu (nta)
40
WU Shu-tung (0702/2526/2639)
50
YANG Hao-lu (2799/3185/1687)
15
YANG Lin (2799/3829)
22
YANG Mien (2799/0517)
16
YANG Wei (2799/1218)
18
YANG Yi-chih (n.ta)
50
YAO I-lin (1202/0181/2651)
(aka YAO Kto-Kuang)
10,
13
YEH Chi-chuang (5509/1323/1104)
10,
13,
15
YEN Chung-pling (0917/0022/1627)
53
I f
YIN Chih-yueh (2009/0037/6855)
17
YU Kto-chlien (nta)
49
YU Tslui (0151/5488)
27
YUAN Liu-chung (5913/3966/1813)
38
YUNG Lung-kuei (0516/7893/2710)
14
Approved For Releas4 ?crwuruv r-:'elAttrurwrtr-t12646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000500150001-6
Approved For Release -rumoaruil-: um-KurPni-02646R000500150001-6