AN OPERATIONAL ESTIMATE OF THE SEVENTH WORLD YOUTH FESTIVAL VIENNA 26 JULY - 4 AUGUST 1959

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-00915R001000370004-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 90
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 20, 1998
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: April 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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AN OPERATIONAL ESTIMATE OF THE
SEVENTH WORLD YOUTH FESTIVAL
VIENNA, 26 July - 4 August 1959
April 1959
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PROGRAM,
PROBABLE COURSE OF EVENTS, AND
ANTICIPATED PARTICIPATION IN THE
SEVENTH WORLD YOUTH FESTIVAL. . . . . 7
A. The Mass Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
B. The Discussion Meetings and Seminars. . 11
1. The Occupational. Meetings . . . . . . 11
2. The "Common Interest" Meetings . . 13
3. General Student Seminars. . . . . . . 15
4. The Student "Faculty" Meetings . . . 16
5. The Regional Student Meetings . . . . 17
6. The "Friendly Meeting" for Student
Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7. The International Student Club and
Its General Program . . . . . . . . . 18
C. The Special Attractions . . . . . . . . . . 18
D. The Gala and Sports Program. . . . . . . 21
E. Participation at the Vienna Festival. . . . 23
F. International Communist Front Support. . 42
II. ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL OF SEVENTH
WORLD YOUTH FESTIVAL PREPARATIONS 43
A. Bases of WFDY-IUS Organizational Control 43
1. The Pre-IPC Period . . . . . . . . . 43
2. The Permanent Commission of the IPC 45
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3. Size and Composition of the Permanent
Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4. Functional Breakdown of the PC . . . . 54
5. Comments on Regional Composition of
the PC . 55
a. Sino-Soviet Bloc . . . . . . . . . . 55
b. Free Europe and Canada. . . . . . 56
c. Afro-Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
d. Western Hemisphere . . . . . . . . 58
6. Future Development of the PC . . . . . 58
B. Financial and Logistic Support for the
Festival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1. Metros Handels and Vertriebs
G.m.b.H. (Metros) . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2. I World Peace Council's Support. . . . . 62
III. PRINCIPAL CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS. . . . . 63
A. Countering Hostile Action Against the
Festival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1. The "Representativeness" Question . . 64
2. The Communist Control Charge . . . . 65
3. The "Lack of Democratic Freedoms"
Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
B. Potential Sources of Dissension at the
Festival Itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
APPENDIX: PROGRAM OF THE SEVENTH WORLD
FESTIVAL OF YOUTH AND STUDENTS FOR
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
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The Seventh World Youth Festival, although only
half the size of the largest of its predecessors, is with
its planned 17, 000 participants the most ambitious inter-
national gathering ever sponsored in the Free World by
the International Communist Movement. A determined
effort is being made to keep the character of the Fes-
tival consistent with that of preceding ones. The pro-
gram is in four parts: mass events, discussion meetings
and seminars, special attractions, and the galas and
sports events. The major reductions in the Festival
activities are in the cultural and artistic programs,
in contrast to the announced nature of the Festival as
an apolitical, social and cultural event.
The program of special purpose meetings, the main
Festival vehicle for subversive work directed toward
the Free World participants and other targets, is vir-
tually a repetition of that carried out at the earlier
festivals. There will be sixteen meetings for young people
in the same profession or occupation, fifteen "common
interest" meetings dealing mostly with youth organ-
ization questions, three general seminars for students,
seven meetings of students of the same branch of study,
four regional student meetings (Asian, African, Latin
American, and European), and a special meeting for
student leaders. The most important are likely to be
the meeting of Young Members of Parliament and the
meetings for leaders of children's and other youth organ-
izations, particularly those dealing with clubs and work
camps.
A significant new feature of this festival is the effort
being made to ensure a large passive, "captive" audience --
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mainly in the form of Bloc tourist groups -- at the
four mass events which, together with the extensive
and costly Bloc-provided cultural attractions, are de-
signed to demonstrate the mass character of the Fes-
tival. The speeches made at these events (the opening
and closing ceremonies, the celebration of solidarity
with youth from colonial and newly-liberated countries,
and the peace demonstration day) will in large part
set the propaganda pattern and state the exploitable theme s
for the post-Festival Communist front work among youth
and students. A tactic that may be used to demonstrate
the "non-partisan" nature of the Festival would be to
invite a leading UN official, an African or Asian chief
of state, or ,some prominent Western figure (probably
non-Communist) to speak at one of the major events.
From the point of view of the Festival organizers,
the central strategic problem is that of successfully
masking effective Communist control while placing
upon Western anti-Communists the full onu s for any
rejections of Communist offers of cooperation and
peaceful co-existence in the youth and student field.
The work of'the Permanent Commission element in
Vienna and that of Communist cadres operating in Fes-
tival committees at the national level throughout the
World is being organized with this point in mind. For
the first time the Festival sponsors have used the official
program of a festival (which is widely circulated through-
out the world months before the event) to create the
illusion that the UN and UN bodies are supporting the
Festival and helping to arrange parts of the program. The
purpose is probably not only to mislead bona fide organ-
izations, but also to make it difficult for UN bodies not
to participate.
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Attendance at the Festival will be 50% less than
at the Moscow Sixth World Youth Festival. Free World
participation will be somewhat greater than at the Mos-
cow Festival, with the increases coming from North
America, Latin America and Africa. There is a reduction
in the number of proposed participants from the Near
and Middle East and Asian regions, although their share
is slightly increased. Soviet bloc attendance will be
decreased by 60% with the USSR delegation taking the
biggest cut. Generally speaking, a decrease in the total
number of delegates from a country is likely to enhance
Communist control. A special effort is also being made
to keep provocative and disruptive elements out of national
delegations. Bloc financial support of Free World par-
ticipation at the Festival is likely to be provided on a
large scale, but the Preparatory Committee in Vienna
will be used as the primary channel for making this aid
available to national groups. Pre-Festival organizational
meetings are to culminate one or two months before the
Festival, when each National Preparatory Committee
is to send a representative to work in Vienna on prob-
lems concerning participation of the respective national
delegations. The tempo of national activity in the Free
World is presently increasing, but appears to be lagging
behind that achieved at the corresponding point in prep-
arations for the Sixth World Youth Festival.
From the outset, organizational control, the initi-
atives, staffing, central planning, propaganda, and logis-
tics of the Seventh World Youth Festival have been firmly
in the hands of headquarters functionaries of the WFDY
and IUS and Communist cadres from their national affiliates.
So far as can be determined, the main instruments
of Communist control of the Festival preparations in
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Vienna are operating under the direction of Jean Garcias,
a member of the French Communist Party who is serving
as the Secretary General of the Permanent Commission.
(For the first time, the head of this body is neither a
Bloc national nor a national of the host country.) He is
assisted by Werner Lamberz of East Germany, who
occupies the, second most significant position in the Vienna
organization. The majority of the Communist reliables
dominating the Festival preparations serve on the Perma-
nent Commission, which as of mid-February 1959 was
composed ofl twenty persons working in Vienna and some
fifteen or more working outside Vienna. Twelve members
of the Commission are from the Sino-Soviet bloc, ten from
Free Europe and Canada, ten from the Afro-Asian area,
and six from the Western Hemisphere. (The group working
outside Vienna, plus many WFDY headquarters officials
from Budapest and a few IUS headquarters officials from
Prague, should move to Vienna by April or May 1959 to
work on the final phase of preparations. This move will
confirm the IWFDY I s intent to hold the Festival in Vienna
and not move it behind the Curtain.) Of fifty-nine other
persons who have participated in the Permanent Commis-
sion work, forty-five have past records as Communists
and pro-Communists. These forty-five probably include a
second echelon of the Communist cadres active in connec-
tion with the Festival. The third -- and in many ways most
critical -- component of the control mechanism consists of
the Communists -in key positions on the national supervisory
committees, who can influence the selection of delegates,
control finances, supervise corresponding secretaries, and
direct propaganda at the national level, before and after
the Festival'.
Controversy at the Festival is most likely to arise
between Western non-Communist delegates and represent-
atives of national liberation movements in African and Asian
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colonial territories. Other disputes may develop
between neutralist, Left-Socialist participants, including
the Yugoslavs and their supporters, and the Moscow-
oriented cadres. It is also possible that dissension may
develop within the delegations from Africa and Asia over
the question of youth solidarity in the struggle for
"national democratic freedoms." Delegations from
independent countries in Africa and Asia which have
taken security measures against Communism are partic-
ularly likely to be subjected to pressures in this regard.
There may be other disputes over questions of interest
primarily to specific countries, such as the UAR,
Greece, Turkey, India, etc. Available evidence indi-
cates, however, that the Festival organizers are
attempting to anticipate insofar as possible the issues
on which disputes may arise at the Festival and are
attempting to take necessary measures to forestall any
serious disruptions of the program.
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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PROGRAM, PROBABLE
COURSE OF EVENTS, AND ANTICIPATED PARTICIPATION
IN THE SEVENTH WORLD YOUTH FESTIVAL
The general program (see Appendix) for the Festival
divides into four main sections:
A. The Mass Events
B. The Discussion Meetings and Seminars
C. Special Attractions
D. The Galas and Sports Events
The mass events and the discussion meetings will probably
comprise the main agitational projects of the Festival likely
to have post-Festival repercussions. The galas, sports events,
and special attractions, more than the other events, are likely
to be directed primarily at influencing uncommitted delegates
themselves, by presenting an attractive and convincing image
of the success, strength and friendship and cooperative spirit
of the Soviet bloc.
The Agitational Program. This aspect of the Festival will
probably duplicate and supplement the current programs of the
WFDY and IUS. Much of what transpires in this segment of
Festival activity is likely to be virtually repeated in Prague
at the Fifth WFDY Congress the following week, where one of
the two agenda items is identical with a key Festival seminar
topic. The degree to which the speeches, resolutions, and
7
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action at the ostensibly "broad, non-partisan" Festival can
be endorsed and "supported" by the Fifth WFDY Congress will
be a major measure of the Communist success in exploiting
the Festival as a bridge and instrument in their general unity
campaign directed at the youth of the world.
As far as the mass events are concerned, only a serious
miscalculation in the planning--which would give one or more
persons whom the Permanent Commission (PC) had inaccurately
assessed access to the platform in the full light of publicity--
could compromise usefulness of the general Communist agita-
tional line in post-Festival activity.
On the other hand, there will probably be a great many
opportunities at each of the functional meetings for plans to
go awry. In the absence of adequate support and publicity,
however, the impact of any such manifestation of disagreement
or dissension is likely to remain compartmented and limited.
On the basis of currently available information concerning
planned participation, it seems likely that only the neutralist,
pro- Tito elements are likely to have enough of a representation
to make a significant clash possible.
The Propaganda Program. This aspect of Festival activity
will be exploited in the main by the Bloc, although others
will, of course, participate. The contrast between the highly
professional and impressive Bloc participation in these
events and the usually amateur presentation by comer groups is
not likely to mislead the more sophisticated Free World partic-
ipants who realize the essentially political reason for the
heavy subsidization provided by the Bbc.
In comparison with the program of previous Festivals,
those projected for the Vienna Festival are fully as ambitious
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undertakings. While this Festival is five days shorter
in length, and while the monster pageants, parades, etc.
feasible within the Bloc are not being attempted, a deter-
mined effort is obviously being made to maintain the mass
character of the Festival.
Four plenary events--the opening and closing cere-
monies, the celebration of solidarity with youth from
colonial and newly liberated countries, and the peace
demonstration day- -are of particular importance in this
regard. Photo and news coverage of these gatherings is
likely to be of crucial importance in the Communist
follow-up exploitation of the Festival. While an effort
will obviously be made to give these events a non-partisan
character, the substantive content of each event must,
from the Communist point of view, be consistent with
their general line, as presented by the WFDY and IUS.
Control of the course of planned events at these
gatherings is likely to be firm and comparatively easily
maintained by the Permanent Commission, which in
programing decides who will be invited to speak, and
reviews in advance and reproduces speeches for transla-
tion and distribution. Plans for the introduction of
motions, resolutions, etc. , are usually worked out at
caucuses held in advance of the event. Space distribu-
tion plans, marching orders, and allocation of exhibit
space are also exploited purposefully in these circum-
stances. Perhaps the most important tactic likely to
be employed in this context to drive home the non-partisan
nature of the gathering is one which was used successfully
in one case at the Moscow Festival. In that case a
prominent non-Communist Asian was invited a few hours
before a major meeting, to address the gathering. The
invitation was extended by a WFDY headquarters official.
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At this Festival, a leading UN official, a prominent
Austrian non-Communist, a prominent Western figure
active in thelpeace field, or an African or Asian Chief
of State might be sought out by Festival organizers to
serve this purpose. In fact, with four events to plan
for, the Festival organizers might try to enlist the
cooperation of several such persons.
One effective coup that the Festival organizers
may attempt!: to bring off in this way could be the
enlisting of 4 well-known American, accepted by non-
Communists! throughout the Afro-Asian area, to figure
in the peace day meeting. (One person who fits this
description--Paul Robeson-- has already announced
his intention of being present at the Festival,) A
prominent Austrian and/or UN official would be partic-
ularly useful] in the program of the opening day when
the emphasis will certainly be placed on securing the
maximum endorsement of the non-partisan nature of
the Assembly. An African, Asian or Middle Eastern
governmental figure would be most useful on the soli-
darity day program. A representative of Abd-al-Karim
Qasim of Iraq, who has been particularly outspoken in
support for the Algerian liberation movement and
favorably inclined toward the WFDY, may be one candi-
date for this role. Christian Echard, at Ceylon in
December 1958, reported that Qasim had received a
delegation of the Preparatory Committee.
The most difficult event for the Festival organizers
to provide for is likely to be the closing ceremony,
since by that time the Communist manipulation of
events will inevitably be apparent. Any prominent
personality selected to speak on that day is therefore
likely to be one whom the Festival organizers con-
sider completely "reliable. " A Soviet bloc personality,
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equal in rank to the most prominent non-Bloc figure
who has appeared earlier in the program, would under
these circumstances be a logical choice. (By balancing
off such a Bloc personality against a non-Bloc figure,
the "non-partisan" image of the Festival could be main-
tained. ) There are allegations that Mr. Khrushchev
himself is considering a visit to Vienna during 1959,
possibly while the Festival is in session.
B. The Discussion Meetings and Seminars
These include sixteen meetings for young
people in the same profession or occupations; fifteen
"common interest" meetings dealing mostly with youth
organization questions, or "hobbies"; three general
seminars for students; seven meetings of students of
the same branch of study ("faculty" meetings); four
regional student meetings, and a special meeting for
student leaders. Through the International Student Club
program, additional ad hoc gatherings can and will be
developed.
1. The Occupational Meetings
The Festival Program states that the
work of the sixteen important meetings for young
people in the same profession or occupation
... will be carried out in conjunction with Austrian
institutions, international organizations (probably
WFTU, WFDY, IUS, WIDF, FISE, etc.), UNO and
ILO bureaus." / Emphasis supplied./ The program
also states that "experts, trade union leaders and
heads of various professional organizations and
institutions from the different countries will be
invited to such meetings as speakers or to be
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chairman," and that "in planning these meetings,
it is suggested that there should be:
"-reports on the subjects listed by the
IPC0 and sent to the various countries
"-discussion, exchange of experiences
and information
"-visits to enterprises, institutions,
professional schools, recreation centers,
social institutions
it -meetings with Austrian youth in the
same profession and trade."
The "professional or occupational meetings"
have been regarded by the WFDY as of considerable
importance, and some 7, 100 young people attended
the 24 such meetings held during the Moscow Festi-
val. For example, 650 from 28 countries attended
the Meeting for Construction Workers; 850 from
25 countries, the Meeting for Metallurgists; 800
from 25 countries, the Teachers Meeting; and 280
from 23 countries, the Miners Meeting.
The principal meetings omitted this time are
those for Dockworkers, Transportworkers, Fisher-
men, Seamen, Public Health Workers, and for
Screen and Stage Artists. Possibly the first two
were omitted because of plans to hold an inter-
national conference for Dockers and Transportworkers
during the summer of 1959.
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At the Executive Committee meeting in
December 1958, Christian Echand stated that
it was urgently necessary that proposals be made
to the Permanent Commission of the Festival
dealing with the programs of these meetings;
and that replies be given to its requests. He also
stated that "the preparation for these meetings by
the initiators in the countries seems to us to be
particularly important." /The themes of these occupational
meetings are set forth in the Appendix./
2. The "Common Interest" Meetings
Of the fifteen meetings scheduled, the
most important are of Young Members of Parlia-
ment and the various meetings for youth leaders of
children's organizations, of voluntary work camps, of
youth clubs and youth centers and for heads of organ-
izations for youth travel and out-of-door recreation.
In accordance with resolutions adopted by the WFDY
at its Fourth Congress (Kiev, August 1957), the WFDY
intensified its efforts not only to build large cadres of
youth leader specialists for each of these fields but also
to obtain greater unity of action with non-member organ-
izations working in such fields. /Note: A total of 1, 600
young people attended these "hobby" meetings during the
Moscow Festival. /
Volkstimme of 27 November 1958 announced
that the'tGirls' Celebrations" will include fashion shows
by well-known Paris and Rome houses.
This time greater prominence is given in
Festival publicity to "meetings of religious youth,"
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"according to the wishes and interests of partic-
ipants.'' The Moscow Festival apparently only
arranged or publicized the "Meeting of Young
Christi 'ans." The WFDY gave no indication,
however, as to the size of this meeting. The
official Festival program did, however, indicate
the "get-togethers" of youth and students of
similar, religious faiths would be arranged "at
the req.est of Festival participants."
/Comment: By including this as part of its
formal,) Festival agenda, the Festival sponsors
probably hope further to strengthen the illusion
that the), Festival is a non-partisan apolitical event
that giv'Ips due recognition to the interest in religion
of some Festival participants. There is no indi-
cation, however, that the Festival organizers will
make any concerted effort to promote several such
gatherings, since Communist relations with active
Moslem groups in the Arab world are currently
being subjected to considerable strain, in part as
a result of Soviet maneuvers involving Jewish migra-
tion from the Bloc to Israel. The Festival spon-
sors may attempt to exploit a gathering of Christian
youth to provide themselves with ammunition for
countering the World Catholic Youth Organization's
boycott, of the Festival./
The Members of Parliament meeting is
likely to be an important event. From the Free
World,', participation is most likely to come from
Argentina, Brazil, Ceylon, Chile, Greece, India,
Indonesia, and Italy, from all of which, according
to Echa}rd, more than 200 parliamentarians have
already sent messages and greetings to the Festival.
On the basis of what is known concerning many of
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these parliamentarians, it is likely that the majority
of the participants will represent opposition parties
rather than parties in power; in a number of instances
Communist and Communist-dominated parties are
likely to be predominant in the national groups.
Foreign policy matters such as military alliances,
action in the UN, irredentism (Goa, etc.) and domes -
tic policies on such key questions as civil liberty,
education, nationalization of foreign-owned enter-
prises, etc. , are likely to be the main topics of
discussions in which non-Communist governments
will be subjected to sharp criticism.
3. General Student Seminars
In contrast to the Moscow Festival, where
all student seminars were "faculty" meetings, the
Vienna Festival will feature three seminars, which
are highly political. From the organizers' view-
point, they are ideal vehicles for virtually all aspects
of the current Soviet propaganda line and are designed
for its elite student audience. The titles of the three
seminars, as changed in June 1958 by the PC, are:
--"The role of students and their
organizations in society"
--"Problems of democratization and
reform of higher education"
--"Economic, political and cultural
problems of colonial and underdeveloped
countries and the role of students in their
solution. " /Note: This has been upgraded
in importance since the Moscow Festival
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when it was the theme merely of a dis-
cussion group. It isparticularly signif-
icant that this title is identical with one
of the two agenda items for the Fifth
WFDY Congress, which is to convene in
Prague six days after the end of the
Festival. Of the three seminars described
above, only the first seminar's theme
remained unchanged by the PC at its June
1958 meeting. The themes of the other
two were formerly somewhat less political:
"Problems of the Methods of Higher
Education" and "The Peaceful Use of Atomic
Energy.
4. The Student "Faculty" Meetings
This time seven "meetings of students of
the same branches of study" are definitely scheduled
(instead of ten seminars last time), with the proviso
that, if'practicable, others will be organized for
student: in engineering and arts. The topics desig-
nated for consideration in these "faculty" meetings
lend themselves more readily to "politicalization"
than wa,s true at the Moscow Festival. This is partic-
ularly apparent in the following cases:
Economics Meeting: "Industrialization of
underdeveloped countries and international
economic relations." /Note: Some 250 students
from 40 countries attended the Moscow Meeting
fors Students of Economics, at which British and
French non-Communist participants made rather
effective pro-Western contributions from the
flog r. /
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Philosophy Meeting: "Nature and Man
in the light of contemporary philosophy and
science." /Note: A number of anti-Marxist
speakers (including Poles and a West and
East German) aired their views with some _
effect at the Philosophy Seminar in Moscow. /
Law Meeting: "Peaceful cooperation among
states and the UNO Charter. Discussion on
law education. "
5. The Regional Student Meetings
For the first time, four regional student meetings
(Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe) will be held
as part of the Student Program, "to discuss the
problem of regional student cooperation for the
defense of student interests."
/Comment: It may be noted that "regional meetings
to discuss problems of mutual interest" are to be
held as part of the Vienna Festival's "General Events"
and will presumably be open to both youth and student
participants. This has been the usual procedure at
previous Festivals. The fact that this time the
WFDY -IUS are scheduling additional regional meetings
for students, and on a theme used constantly by the
WFDY-IUS for voicing their partisan pro-Soviet
propaganda, indicates the importance attached to
such regional meetings and to student elements in
them. It also serves to highlight the more hi&hly
political character of the Festival as a whole. /
6. The "Friendly Meeting" for Student Leaders
While not new, it is of particular importance,
since it is to deal with the central problem of the
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unity-of-action campaign: "problems of inter-
national student cooperation. "
7. The International Student Club and Its
General Program
As was the case in Moscow, other smaller,
more informal meetings, lectures, discussions,
etc. will be organized as part of the regular pro-
gram of the International Student Club. About
9, 5100 students, inclucg representatives from
some 40 National Student Unions, as well as other
local unions, participated in the Moscow Festival,
and some 100, 000 purportedly attended the Club's
70-odd activities for students. While it is not
expected that as many students--foreign or local--
will participate in the Club's program this time,
effort will be made to have the International Student
Club again serve as the "center" of activities for
all students. The Club will purportedly include
lecture rooms, information room, ballroom, etc.
C. The Special Attractions
Probably one of the most significant differences
between the Vienna and prior Festivals is that this is
the first time the Festival sponsors have used the
official program of a Festival (which is widely circu-
lated throughout the world months before the event)
to create the illusion that the UN and UN bodies are
supporting the Festival and helping to arrange the two
specific parts of the program noted below.
This has been done in order to give the Festival
a quasi-official aspect and an aura of respectability,
possibly not only to dupe some bona fide elements into
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officially supporting and participating in the Festival
in the belief that it is sanctioned by the UN and UN
bodies, but also to make it difficult for such UN bodies
not to participate. By including such items on the
agenda, the WFDY-IUS also hope, in particular, to
attract participation and support of young people and
youth organizations from colonial and underdeveloped
areas--the primary target groups of this Festival--
who might welcome the opportunity of airing their prob-
lems and seeking assistance at such an international
forum purportedly supported by the UN and various UN
Specialized Agencies. Finally, this is part of the WFDY-
IUS drive to regain consultative status with UNESCO,
UN ECOSOC and any other UN Specialized Agency
possible. By including such events, avowedly in support
of the aims and work of these bodies, as part of the
official Festival program, the WFDY-IUS hope to doc-
ument their arguments for, say, consultative status
with UNESCO in 1960, when they are eligible to reapply.
Such arguments would, of course, be strengthened to
the extent that such UN bodies actually support or
participate in the Festival.
1. One of the "Special Attractions" listed in
the General Events program purportedly will con-
sist of "a series of events in connection with the
Major-Project of the UNESCO for mutual apprecia-
tion of cultural values in the Orient and in the West:
exhibitions, concerts, meetings and discussions in
accordance with the UNESCO Secretariat and the
Austrian National Commission of UNESCO. "
/Emphasis supplied. /
/Comment: With regard to these special events,
it should be pointed out that exhibitions, concerts
and meetings have always constituted a part of
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every Festival and that the only difference this
time is that they have sought to identify such
everts with UNESCO in advance of the Festival.
This was done after the Moscow (Sixth) Festival
when it was claimed that such activities contributed
to UNESCO's Major-Project./
2. Another segment of the Special Attractions
is the "Scientific Programme, " whose theme is
"yo'uth and the achievements of science and tech-
nique, " and which purportedly is to be "arranged
with the cooperation of the UNO International Agency
for Atomic Energy (IAEA) in Vienna and the Inter -
nat oval Committees of the Geophysical Year. "
Underlining supplied. / This program is to consist
of "exhibitions and lectures--organized to give a
picutre of the latest discoveries in science and
modern technique, particularly concerning the con-
quel,st of space and the peaceful use of atomic energy. "
/Comment: The Moscow Festival included as part
of its "General Events" a program titled, "A Glimpse
into the Future, " or atomic energy in the service of
man. This program would appear to be somewhat
broadened this year, with maximum opportunity
afforded to demonstrate Soviet scientific achieve-
ments and especially purported Soviet efforts to
ensure that such achievements are used for peaceful
purposes (unilateral suspension of nuclear tests,
etc!.) and for the benefit of mankind (International
/
Geophysical Year contributions, etc.).
3. It is not only in connection with these special
attractions that UN bodies are being induced to coop-
erate in the Festival. In the discussion meetings, too
(see B above), it has been announced that UNO and
ILO Bureaus will participate.
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D. The Gala and Sports Program
Although the Festival is publicized as an apolitical,
social and cultural event, it is significant to note that
the major reductions in the Vienna Festival's activities
have been in the Cultural and Artistic Programs.
1. This time the Cultural and Artistic Program
will reportedly consist of:
"Up to 15 national and international concerts
each day, " or a total of 180 such events, as
contrasted with the 670 that were held during
the Moscow Festival.
"International circus performances" (88 such
performances took place during the Moscow
Festival).
Z. This time there will be "Arts Competitions"
in only 8 branches of art, as contrasted with simi-
lar competitions in 20 branches of art held during
the Moscow Festival.
These reductions become particularly impor-
tant because the Festival organizers are publicizing
the Festival as an important International Talent
Show at which young artists might be discovered,
etc. , in an attempt to promote greater participation.
3. The number of "Exhibitions" has been increased
from three to five this time. The two additions are:
"exhibitions of children's works and exhibition of
children's and youth's books." Significantly enough,
this is consistent with the WFDY's recent increased
emphasis on extending its influence over children's
organizations.
21
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4. No reports are yet available as to the number
of ,films that will be shown as part of the Festival's
"International Film Competition." That they will
be', propagandistic in character is apparent from the
an that the films shown will be "made
by, young people... showing different aspects of life
among the youth." Among the 120 films shown
during the Moscow Festival (including films shot
bo h by professionals and amateurs and ranging
from regular motion pictures and documentaries
by',film studios to films produced by young amateurs)
we're the following:
"Our Year" - produced by young Soviet film
workers under R. Tchkheidze
"The Banners are Lifted High" - a film pro-
duced by amateurs of the Australian dockers
trade union
"Warsaw Meeting" - a film dedicated to the
Warsaw Festival made by French producers
"The Color of Man" - a film made by an
American student, Robert Karl Kohen
"Furtive Death" - produced by young film
workers of France under Marcel Camus
"The Lost" - produced by Uselli of Italy
5. Generally speaking, the Sports Program does
not appear to differ too much from the Moscow Festi-
val . There may be somewhat fewer types of competi-
tive sports offered, or some substitutions in the type
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of events this time. What is important to note,
however, is that the sponsors are apparently cog-
nizant of European interest in racing and have
included speedway racing and motorcycle racing.
They have also scheduled a football tournament
between the four most important European foot-
ball teams, according to the 27 November 1958
issue of Volkstimme. Finally, the program
again includes an "International Youth Camp"
and, more important, a "meeting to discuss study
and technique for leaders of sports organizations
and sports technicians. "
E. Participation at the Vienna Festival
1. At its 25-26 June 1958 meeting in Vienna, the
Permanent Commission (PC) formally approved a
list allocating the number of persons which were
to compose the national delegations from some
124 countries. This is probably the most reliable
index to date of the number of participants desired
by the Festival organizers, not only from particular
countries and regions but also from the world as a
whole. This list indicates that some 16, 940 to
17, 140 participants from over 124 countries or
territories were desired as of late June 1958, plus
an additional 150 "personalities or members of
the jury" for whom seats were reserved.
2. A comparative analysis of this list--country by
country--with the WFDY's official list of partici-
pation from each of these countries at the Moscow
(Sixth) World Youth Festival reveals a 50% over-all
reduction in anticipated participation. Within this
general framework, the following significant regional
variations have been noted (approximations only are
feasible):
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June 1958
Allocation
by PC for
Seventh WYF
Over-all 16,940-17,140
from 124
countries
Prominent 150 personali-
Guests and ties or members
International of the jury
Jury Members
Sino -
Soviet Bloc
5,370-5,390
from 12 coun-
tries: 3216 of
total partici-
pation
7, 045 from
Europe 22 countries:
41% of total
participation
Near and 1, 725 from
Middle East 14 countries:
100/6 of total
participation
24
Percent
Sixth WYF Change from
Participation Sixth WYF
34, 000- 50% reduction
35, 000 from
131 countries
590, including 74. 6% reduction
410 "distin-
guished guests
and 180 mem-
bers of the
international
juries"
13,483 from
12 countries:
39%6 of total
participation
60% reduction
14, 565 from
22 countries:
42%6 of total
participation
52% reduction
2, 515 from 32% reduction
22 countries:
7%6 of total
participation
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Free Asia 450 from 10
countries:
2, 7% of total
participation
North 550 from 2
America (USA countries:
and Canada) 3% of total
participation
Latin 1, 380 from
America 25 countries:
8% of total
participation
Africa 870 from 38
places: 5% of
total partici-
pation
620 from 10 27% reduction
countries:
2% of total
participation
358 from 2 54% increase
countries:
1% of total
participation
1, 008 from 37% increase
25 countries:
3% of total
participation
757 from 38 15% increase
places: 2% of
total partici-
pation
Although total Free World participation will be
proportionally greater than at the Moscow Festival,
the only quantitative increases in numbers of Free
World participants, as well as the biggest propor-
tionate regional increases, come from North America,
Latin America and Africa. Despite an actual reduc-
tion in the number of proposed participants, the Near
and Middle East and Asian regions will slightly
increase their share in the Seventh World Youth Festi-
val attendance; while the Soviet bloc's share will be
slightly lessened and the West European share will
remain practically unchanged.
3. As of February 1959, comparatively little infor-
mation is available as to the actual size and character
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of n .tional delegations. Much of what we do have
comes from the Festival organizers and cannot be
considered reliable. Moreover, in spite of the
Permanent Commission's plans in late June 1958
regarding proposed participation from each country,
it may be noted that a number of significant events
have occurred since then that are virtually certain
to affect the size and character of any national partic-
ipation. For example:
a. The change in the Iraqi regime in July 1958
is likely to result in a great increase in the
size of the Iraqi delegation to the Festival.
Under tight Communist control, this delegation
could possibly function as a counterweight to
the 600-strong UAR delegation.
b. Anti- Communist measures have been taken
by new governments in Sudan and Pakistan.
. The Cyprus struggle has been settled.
. Guinea has acquired its independence.
e. Cuba and Venezuela have installed revo-
lutionary governments committed to democratic
freedom of action.
f. A Provisional Algerian Government has
been set up in Cairo and has been recognized
by the Arab and a number of Asian bloc states.
g. An autonomous federation of states has
been formed in French West Africa.
h. Violence has broken out in a number of
African colonial territories.
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i. There has also been a general hardening
of the Soviet bloc line since June 1958, partic-
ularly against the Yugoslavs. This has, in
turn, been reflected in the Communist-front
youth field.
Moreover, the PC list omitted (probably unin-
tentionally in many cases) the following countries
or territories that were represented at the Moscow
Festival: Goa, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, Khmer
(Cambodia), Liberia, Malaya, Malta, Martinique,
Mauritania, Morocco, New Guinea, Panama, Puerto
Rico, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, Singapore, Tibet,
Trieste, and Yemen.
It should also be noted that many delegations
at the Sixth World Youth Festival varied markedly
in actual size from the initial allocations made by
the Festival organizers. That this may occur again
is already apparent from reports received of the
actual number of persons planning to attend the
Festival from various countries.
a. The Austrian delegation is to consist of
1, 000 (the number allocated by the PC) plus
an additional 10, 000 who are to attend the
opening and the "Day of Peace" in an effort
to give these events a "mass" character.
(The Free Austrian Youth, the Communist-
front WFDY affiliate, is organizing the dele-
gation and participation. )
b. The Australian delegation is to consist
of "at least 30 delegates" (or 20 less than the
PC allocation).
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c. The Czechoslovakian delegation is to con-
sist of 550 delegates (the number allocated by
the PC), plus 1, 200 Czech athletes who are to
participate in a calisthenics exhibition.
d. A late February 1959 report indicates
that the East German delegation is to consist
of 550 and the West German delegation, 900
to 1, 000 (instead of vice versa, as allocated
by the PC). It is possible, however, that this
report has inadvertently attributed the larger
number of delegates to West Germany.
e. The Hungarian delegation is to consist of
only 400 official delegates (or 100 less than
the PC allocation), plus, however, 600 "tourists."
(This permits the organizers to add to the "mass
character" of the Festival while at the same
time increasing control over the delegation by
this further significant cut-back in the actual
number of delegates who would take an active
role in the various special meetings and
seminars.)
f. The Israeli delegation is to consist of
100 delegates (the number allocated by the PC)
plus a sports delegation of 50.
g. The Italian delegation is to consist of 1, 000
delegates (.or 200 more than the PC allocation).
h. The Japanese delegation is to consist of
150 (or 50 more delegates than the number
allocated by the PC).
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i. The Norwegian delegation is to consist of
over 250 (or possibly 50 more than the number
allocated by the PC).
j. The Polish delegation is to consist of 500
(or 50 delegates less than the number allocated
by the PC).
k. The Rumanian delegation is to consist of
"over 350" (or possibly 150 less than the num-
ber allocated by the PC).
1. The UAR (Egypt and Syria) delegation is
to consist of 800 (or ZOO more than the PC
allocation).
m. The Venezuelan delegation is to consist
of 150 (or 80 more delegates--double the num-
ber allocated by the PC).
No change from the PC allocation is reported
for the Brazilian (250), Swedish (450), USSR (800),
and USA (400) delegations.
Thus it would appear that National Festival
Committees may increase the size of their dele-
gations (probably subject to certain conditions and
with the approval of the Permanent Commission)
but should, otherwise, attempt to organize at least
the number of delegates recommended by the PC.
Judging from the foregoing, it is possible that the
total allocated participation (as envisaged by the
PC in June 1958) may be exceeded by about 1, 000
or more delegates, although Soviet bloc delegations
are in some cases being reduced. It is expected that
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the total Festival participation will remain con-
siderably below that of the Moscow Festival.
4. Significant modifications in national repre -
sentation are noted below by region.
a. While the trend is for 15% increased
African participation at the Seventh World
Youth Festival, the following countries have
been significantly reduced:
--Morocco was omitted from the
June 1958 PC list, but as of December
1958 the Moroccan National Union of
Students is reportedly planning to attend.
--Nigeria (about 33% reduction)
--Sudan (about 40%4 reduction)
--Tunisia (about 20% reduction)
b. While the numbers remain small, the
delegations from the following African groups
have been most significantly increased:
--Algeria (25% increase)
--Cameroun (from 3 to 40, or about
1, 233% increase)
--Belgian Congo (from 4 to 10, or
150%)
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--Ethiopia (from 8 to 15, or about
87 1/2%)
--Guinea (1 to 15, or 1, 400%)
--French West Africa(from 53 to
135, or about 155% increase).
a. In contrast to the 27% over-all reduction
for Asia, reductions of more than 50% are
envisioned for Australia and Japan.
b. Burma, Cambodia and Laos have, however,
been very substantially increased.
Latin America:
a. In contrast to the over-all 37% increase
envisioned for Latin America at the Seventh
Festival, only Chile has been significantly
reduced, while the Brazilian delegation remains
at approximately the same level.
b. The major increases are represented by
Bolivia, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras,
Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Venezuela.
a. In contrast to the over-all 32% reduction
for this region, the most notable reduction is
for the UAR (almost by 50%) and Lebanon (over
50%).
31
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b. Increases are noted for Afghanistan,
Bahrein, Jordan (60%6), and Pakistan.
Europe:
a. In contrast to the over-all reduction of
52%, proportionately greater reductions are
noted for Finland (67%), France (60%6), Great
Britain (66%), and Norway (66%)
b. Only four significant increases are noted:
Greece, Portugal, Turkey, and Yugoslavia.
c. Austria, the host, remains at about the
same level as at the Sixth World Youth Festi-
val. It may, however, be noted that at previous
Festivals the delegation from the host country
has always been considerably larger than other
(Bloc) delegations.
North America:
Canada has been reduced by about 25%,
while United States participation has been
increased by almost 20016.
Sino-Soviet Bloc:
In contrast to the 60% reduction from the
Sino-Soviet bloc as a whole, the USSR dele-
gation has taken the biggest cut. It has been
reduced by almost 80%. While its representa-
tion at the Sixth World Youth Festival was
obviously larger than normal because it was
the host country, this 800-man, Soviet delegation
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is 300 less than the number of Soviet partic-
ipants at the Fifth World Youth Festival in
Warsaw.
Generally speaking, a decrease in the
total number of delegates from each country
is likely to enhance Communist control. As
a result, the delegations from the Soviet bloc
and Western Europe are likely to be more
"reliable" than those that participated in the
Sixth Festival.
5. At the WFDY Executive Committee Meeting in
Colombo in December 1958, WFDY Secretary General
Christian Echard claimed that preparations had
"already commenced in approximately 75 countries,"
that National Preparatory Committees for tle Seventh
Festival had been set up "in more than 60 countries, "
and that "about 800 national organizations" supported
the Festival. He claimed that these 800 organiza-
tions included:
"... 18 Youth Councils, members of
WAY, or the WFDY, or neutral;
"approximately 50 National Student
Unions, members of COSEC or the IUS,
or neutral;
"more than 200 political, natic aalist,
socialist, communist, and radical organi-
zations; Christian, Moslem, etc.;
"several hundred organizations of cul-
ture, art, sports, etc."; and that
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"hundreds of eminent world personali-
ties, statesmen, scientists, eminent repre-
sentatives of culture and sports, etc. , have
sent messages of support and greetings of
the Festival. "
This statement must necessarily be treated with
considerable reserve since, according to Echard's
own claims, the Council of African Youth (CJA)
alone consists of some 400 organizations represented
in some eight African Youth Councils (some of which
are' WAY and WFDY affiliated), while each of the
Soviet bloc WFDY affiliates purports to represent
numerous youth organizations. For example, the
Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR alone
claims to represent some 30 organizations. While
it is expected that more National Student Unions will
be represented at the Vienna Festival than was the
case at the Moscow one, it is doubted that 50 National
Student Unions will attend. National Student Unions
(or the most representative student organizations)
from at least the following countries are, however,
purportedly supporting the Festival: Algeria, Argen-
tina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroons, Ceylon, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Iraq, Japan,
Madagascar, Martinique, Morocco, Pakistan,
Philippines, Sudan, Tunisia, Yugoslavia, and Vene-
zuela, as well as the student fronts in all the 12
Bloc countries and the FEANF (Federation of North
African Students in France).
So far as the purported support of "18 Youth
Councils" is concerned, it may be noted that the
Council of African Youth accounts for 8 of these,
the 'Japan Youth Council for another, to say nothing
of those in the Soviet bloc.
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6. With respect to the "hundreds" of other organi-
zations of all types and of varying political and
religious complexions that the Festival organizers
have identified as supporting the Festival, a,good
many are obviously WFDY-IUS affiliates. However,
some are non-affiliated organizations of some impor-
tance nationally or locally, such as:
a. French West Africa: Council of African
Youth,
b. Argentina: Intransigeant Radical Youth
of Argentina, the Federation of Argentine
University Students.
c. Brazil: The Student Hostel Centre of
Pernambuco (which purportedly unites stu-
dents of the Catholic, Recife and Pernambuco
Universities), the NUS of Brazil, etc.
d. Chile: Socialist Youth; the Youth Council
of the Unified Trade Union Center, Youth of the
Democratic Party, and the National Federation
of Choirs, etc.
e. France: "The United Federation of Youth
Hostels and the French Boy Scouts, the Socialist
Youth of the AFIO autonomous," Radical Youth,
numerous Associations Generales des Etudiants
(A. G. E. 's ).
f. Germany (West): German Union of Liberal
Students.
g. Great Britain: East-West Relations Com-
mittee of the British Council of Churches.
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h. Greece: New Agrarian Movement, Demo-
cratic Union, EDA Party, etc.
i. India: The Congress Party Bharat Yuvak
Samaj.
j. Japan: Youth section of the Social Demo-
cratic Party (JSP), the young trade unionists
of Sohyo, the All-Japan Council of Young Men
and Women, and the Japan Youth Council which
is composed not only of some of the foregoing
groups but also other national organizations
with a combined membership of some 4, 300, 000
members.
Peru: Progressive Socialist Youth of Peru.
7. I With regard to the "National Preparatory Com-
mittees" that have purportedly been set up "in more
than 60 countries," only 40 have been identified thus
far'(including one for each of the 12 Soviet bloc coun-
tries): Equatorial Africa, French West Africa,
Albania, Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Canada, Ceylon, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, Finland, France,
East Germany, West Germany, Great Britain,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Italy, Japan,
Korea, Mexico, Mongolia, Norway, Peru, Philip-
pines, Poland, Rumania, Sudan, Sweden, Syria,
USA, USSR, North Vietnam. (It is, however, inter-
esting to note that six months before the Moscow
Festival, the Permanent Commission claimed that
some 40 National Preparatory Committees had been
established.)
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Thus, while the Festival organizers speak of
"hundreds" of important non-member organizations
that are purportedly supporting the Festival, they
either fail to identify these by name or reiterate
in all their propaganda literature the support and
intended participation of the comparatively few bona
fide and/or non-member organizations.
8. Insofar as support from prominent statesmen,
parliamentarians, etc. is concerned, the WFDY
claims that the following are supporting the Vienna
Festival, all of whom except Prime Minister Nehru
of India have issued statements of such support:
--President of Ceylon and 12 Ministers
--Prime Minister of Iraq
--President of United Arab Republic
--Prime Minister of India
--Mayors of the cities of New Delhi and
Calcutta, India; of Bandung and Surabaya,
Indonesia; and of Recife, Brazil
--Minister of Social and Cultural Affairs
of Iceland
--More than 200 Members of Parliament
of different countries, such as:
Argentina
Brazil (including several Deputies of
the Pernambuco State Chamber of Deputiej
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Cambodia (Deputy of the National Assembly)
Chile (President of the Chilean Parlia-
ment and some M. P. 's)
Ceylon (42 M. P. 's)
Greece
India
Indonesia (Vice President of the
IndonesianParliament and some M. P. 's)
Iraq
Italy (Vice President of the Italian
Parliament and some M. P. 's )
Japan
9. WFDY Efforts to Promote Participation. The
WE'DY is obviously seeking to use every device it
can to promote participation.
a. It has successfully procured endorsements
of the Festival from the Festival of African
Youth in Bamako (September 1958), the Congress
of the Confederation of North African Students
(Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) in August 1958,
and (apparently through a subterfuge) the Afro-
Asian Youth Conference in Cairo (February 1959)
as well.
b. It plans a major campaign by national affil-
iates on 24 April 1959 ("World Youth Day Against
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Colonialism") to gain additional Festival
participants through joint celebrations linked
with preparation for the Festival, and to col-
lect funds (both in and outside the Bloc) to
finance travel to the Festival.
c. It is developing a program of tourism for
youth, to be carried out before, during and after
the Festival, designed to deliver as many young
people as possible to the Festival. For example,
an International Youth Camp is planned in France,
from which young tourists will be able to visit
Vienna for the opening of the Festival. A Young
Tourists Meeting is planned in Poland at the
time of the Festival, and other tourist trips to
Austria are being set up to coincide with specific
Festival events, with the rest of the time being
devoted to general sightseeing in the country.
Preparations for this effort were launched at a
meeting of tourism specialists of the WFDY, who
gathered in Vienna in October 1958.
d. It is seeking to increase as much as possible
the visits with the Permanent Commission in
Vienna of representatives of Free World youth
organizations and National Preparatory Committees,
in order to improve their organizational effective-
ness in preparation for the Festival. Such pre-
Festival meetings are to culminate at least one
or two months before the Festival (i. e. , May or
June), when each National Preparatory Committee
is to send a representative to work in Vienna on
the solution of the problems concerning participa-
tion of the respective national delegations.
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e. National and provincial -level Festivals,
competitions, exhibitions, etc. , according
to the WFDY, have been or will be held in
such countries as Argentina, Mexico, the
UAR, and Brazil which plans to hold a regional
Festival in Recife (Northeast Brazil) in May
1959.
10. The Prospect for Participation. As of the
end of February 1959, the tempo of pre-Festival
activity at the national level in the Free World
appears to be lagging behind that achieved at the
corresponding point in the preparations for the
Sixth World Youth Festival. A significant amount
of preparatory activity, however, appears to have
taken place in Latin America. Even in the case of
France, the National Preparatory Festival Com-
mittee was not organized until late in 1958. While
the volume of correspondence and contacts between
the Permanent Commission and national committees
is high, the desired results appear to be limited,
judging from public commitments of support.
In view of the meager, amount of reliable infor-
mation available at this time concerning what impor-
tant and/or bona fide organizations in each country
of the Free World are officially planning either to
send representatives to the Vienna Festival or to
boycott it, only the following broad generalizations
can be made concerning the possible character of
participation.
There may be a significant representation of
left-wing Socialist youth and students who are likely
to be in basic sympathy or agreement with the Soviet
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position on most of the major international issues
likely to be treated in Festival agitation. This is
particularly true in the case of Latin America,
Africa and some independent Asian countries, and
may also be true of Western Europe in certain
instances. The Israeli Arab participation may also
involve some left-wing Socialist elements.
There is no evidence that any of the groups of
this type have any reservations concerning the Festi-
val or are taking any special precautions in connection
with their participation. They do not appear to be
linked in any way with the IUSY or its affiliates.
The IUSY and its Austrian affiliate are boycot-
ting the Festival but not opposing its being held in
Vienna.
The positions of the World Assembly of Youth
(WAY) and the Coordinating Secretariat of National
Unions of Students (COSEC) are to a significant
degree based on solidarity with the boycott position
by Austrian youth and student organizations but would
not be affected significantly by any modification in
positions taken by such Austrian bodies. In spite of
the positions taken by their parent organizations, a
number of WAY and COSEC affiliates will probably
be officially represented at the Festival.
While the Austrian Catholic Youth Federation
is opposing the Festival's being held in Vienna, the
World Federation of Catholic Youth has not tied its
warning against participation by the members of its
affiliates to the position of its Austrian affiliate.
41
Q T / D m
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Every attempt is being made by the WFDY to
have firm information on participation in the hands
of the Permanent Commission at least two months
before the Festival convenes (i. e. , late May). In
certain cases (e. g. , the United States) the national
organizing committee is placing even earlier filing
de dlines for applications (15 March). Information
concerning national cultural performance plans has
been called for by April at the latest. Should oppo-
siti,on to the Festival significantly disrupt current
plans, the last two months of the pre-Festival period
may see a sudden rush of emergency measures to
plug holes and rectify balances in the composition
of the Festival participation revealed by the WFDY's
recapitulation of facts available by early May.
F. International Communist Front Support
As has been the case in previous Festivals, it is
anticipated that all of the major international Communist
fronts will attempt to reinforce the preparatory efforts
of the Festival organizers to publicize and promote greater
participation in the Festival. Of all the international
fronts (other than WFDY-IUS), however, the World Council
of Peace is likely to play the most important role in the
Seventh' Festival.
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ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL OF SEVENTH
WORLD YOUTH FESTIVAL PREPARATIONS
A. Bases of WFDY-IUS Organizational Control
From the outset, organizational control, the
initiatives, staffing, central planning, propaganda,
and logistics of the Seventh World Youth Festival
have been firmly in the hands of headquarters
functionaries of the WFDY and IUS and Communist
cadres from their national affiliates. Thus, of
the thirty-five carefully selected invitees who
attended the WFDY's first preparatory meeting
for the Seventh Festival (Vienna, 17-18 December
1957), only some seven to twelve could possibly
be regarded as not being amenable to such
WFDY-IUS discipline. This minority did,
however, perform the useful role of giving the
group the illusion of "representativeness.
Fifteen were past or present WFDY-IUS
Executive Officers. Of the fifteen, all but three
had prior WFDY-IUS Headquarters experience,
and nine of the group were working in such
Headquarters positions at the time of the
meeting. It was this WFDY-IUS controlled
group that planned the "Constitutive Assembly of
the International Preparatory Committee (IPC)
for the Seventh World Youth Festival" to be
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held in Stockholm for two days in late March
19518; it selected the preliminary "Planning
Commission" that began working in Vienna
on Festival preparations and extended
invitations to the Stockholm IPC Meeting.
The WFDY has since that time functioned
as e. caucus in connection with the Festival.
At the December 1957 WFDY preparatory
meeting, Jacques Denis (former WFDY
Secretary General and currently WFDY
Executive Committee member) proposed
that certain individuals meet a few days
before the first IPC meeting to discuss the
Festival program. This WFDY group
undoubtedly caucused, since the decisions of
the' IPC meeting were all along the WFDY
preIdetermined and desired lines. The
draft Festival program (obviously prepared
in advance by WFDY, probably with IUS
assistance on the student program) was
approved; an obviously preselected group of
reliables was "elected" to the Permanent
Commission.
The tactical importance of the December
1957 preparatory meeting of the WFDY in
Vienna was evident from discussions Jacques
Denis had in Moscow in November 1957 with
trusted Communist functionaries during the
Fortieth Anniversary celebrations. At this
time Denis requested that one person from
each country be sent to the Vienna meeting,
which was intended to bring together the key
people. This group was to a) form an
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initiative group for the succeeding International
Festival Committee; b) review the results of the
Moscow Festival and c) make plans for the next
one. In retrospect, Denis' most important
statements were that the WFDY and not the
host country would form the new Festival
Committee and that it was intended to have the
next Festival in a Western country. Given
the fact that the same month saw the publicizing
in Moscow of the twelve-party declaration
setting forth the basic concept of the "struggle
for peace" as a strategy for extending Communist
influence, the fundamental change in the approach
to the Festival (as reflected in these discussions)
appears to be a direct reflection of the new
strategy, and a daring, aggressive step, requiring
maximum control of the Festival.
The WFDY insured itself effective control
over the subsequent preparations in Vienna for
the Seventh Festival by placing highly experienced
and reliable WFDY Headquarters functionaries
in the two key Secretariat posts of the Permanent
Commission (PC), as well as by packing the PC
with other trusted WFDY-IUS functionaries.
According to World Youth Festival precedent, the
head of the permanent Festival preparatory
body working in the host country has been
responsible for the following matters--all of which
are of even greater importance this time:
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a. all liaison with the government of the
host country (i.e. , the Austrian Government)
b. personnel- and special task assignments
(i. e. , assigning members of the PC to
work in specific functional offices; to travel
for the PC; employment and assignment of
other functionaries; designation of rapporteurs
and chairmen for the special Festival
meetings, etc.)
c. calling meetings of the PC; deciding what
the agenda of such meetings will be and
executing decisions regarding Festival
activity.
The weekly rotation of the PC Chairmanship?
publicized as "proof" of the PC's "democracy-in-
action"--effectively prevents anyone other than the
Secretary General of thePC from having the
continuity of experience and authority to influence
the!, character of the Festival. Since the WFDY-
IU$ cadre, at their secret caucuses, decide
in advance exactly what they want each PC
meeting to "resolve", the weekly Chairman can
do' little more than preside.
The head of the Permanent Commission has
always been in a position to be completely
informed about all aspects of Festival organ-
izational preparations and problems, both in
thee host country and throughout the world. He
can also control the type and amount of
information about such matters available to
the various non-cadre members of the PC.
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Finally, the head of the PC is able to reject
on administrative grounds any "undesirable"
candidates for membership on the PC or
undesirable "proposals" of any sort.
As a result, it is apparent why the WFDY
has. to place a highly trusted and capable
functionary to head the Permanent Commission
as Secretary General--the most strategically
important position for controlling Festival
preparations. Significantly, as anticipated by
Jacques Denis in November 1957, the head
of the permanent Festival preparatory body
for the first time is neither a Bloc national
nor a national of the host country. Jean
Garcias, a Frenchman, was "selected" for
the position of PC Secretary General about
the time of the March 1958 IPC Meeting in
Stockholm.
Garcias is, an ideally and uniquely
qualified choice for this very sensitive position.
A member of the French Communist Party
(PCF) and of, the National Bureau of the W FD Y -
affiliated Union of Communist Youth of France,
Garcias has not only been an important WFDY
Headquarters functionary from late 1953 to at
least December 1956 (and, possibly, until the
present time), but also one with the unique
experience of having worked in Vienna from
May 1954 until January 1955 as the principal
WFDY organizer on the PC of the IPC for
the WFDY's International Gathering of Rural
Youth (Vienna, December 1954). In August
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1955, he was Chief of the important WFDY
Liaison Bureau and has also served as Chief
of the WFDY Rural Youth Section. For a
time he was even regarded by other WFDY
Headquarters functionaries as the person
most likely to succeed Jacques Denis as
WFDY Secretary General. It is possible
that the Fourth WFDY Congress in August
1957 purposely decided in favor of Christian
Echard as WFDY Secretary General in order
to leave Garcias free for this key PC job
(arid without the taint of such an important
WFDY position). Jacques Denis, who also
is free from the responsibilities of the
WFDY Secretary Generalship, is logically
enough now concentrating on work within
the important Foreign Policy Section of
the French CP and in the Peace Movement.
WFDY has not publicized Garcias' experience
at WFDY Headquarters or in organizing the
WFDY Rural Youth Gathering in Vienna in
publicity concerning the Festival. Moreover,
as a Frenchman who has never been an
"elected" WFDY official, his designation
assists the CPSU-WFDY to camouflage
its', control of the Festival. Garcias' wife,
Paulette, has also been an important
functionary at WFDY Headquarters in
Budapest during this same period, during
part of which she served as Deputy Chief
of the WFDY Press Bureau. She helped
organize the Sixth World Youth Festival by
working in Moscow in the PC's Program
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Department, in which she was primarily
responsible for organizing the special
activities for girls. It is, therefore, possible
that she, too, is being utilized as part of the
WFDY cadre on the PC in Vienna, particularly
if she is living with her husband in Vienna.
The second most. important person in the
PC Secretariat is Werner Lamberz, who is
responsible for the Festivalas Press and
Propaganda Section, and possibly for the
Liaison Section as well. Like Garcias,
he was "selected" for this post about the time
of the March 1958 IPC Meeting in Stockholm.
Once again, the WFDY chose a uniquely
qualified and reliable person for this sensitive
position. Lamberz has had the invaluable
experience of having played an important role
in the Press and Information Section of the
PC for the Sixth World Youth Festival in
Moscow. Moreover, he has had one or two
years of training in Moscow, which undoubtedly
equipped him well for his later executive
secretariat positions in the Free German
Youth (FDJ, the East German Communist
Youth organization) for eight years--first as
FDJ Secretary for Agitation and Propaganda,
and then as FDJ Secretary for Culture.
Finally, since late 1955 he has been working
at WFDY Headquarters in Budapest as Head
of the WFDY Press Bureau. WFDY's high
regard for his ability was demonstrated at
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its Fourth Congress which was held shortly
aftr the Moscow Festival in Kiev, August
1957. At this Congress Lamberz was "elected"
one of seven WFDY Secretaries and thus
formally promoted to the WFDY Secretariat.
(WFDY's Headquarters Bureau Chiefs are
customarily the elected WFDY Secretariat
members.) Apparently he is as highly
regarded by his own government since he is
known to have been a very frequent visitor
to the East German Embassy in Budapest.
An important part of both Garcias' and
Lamberz' responsibilities appears to be that
of providing leaders of National (Festival)
Preparatory Committees with personal
guidance in solving any problems that might
aripe. They furnish such guidance not only
during their travels to various countries
but'also in Vienna, where they meet with a
fairly constant trickle of such national leaders.
Garcias is known to have travelled in Eastern
and Western Europe, and Lamberz to the Sudan
and Iraq. That they might distribute more than
just advice is evident from the fact that during
his trip to Iraq in October 1958, Lamberz
offered the Prime Minister of Iraq "a school
or hospital" on behalf of the WFDY "as a
symbol of WFDY's solidarity with Iraqi
youth. " Interestingly enough, approximately
three months after Lamberz' visit to the
Sudan,in late June 1958, the WFDY announced
that a 45-pupil secondary school was opened
in the district north of Khartoum--a gift
of the WFDY to Sudanese youth.
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Lamberz also attended the important WFDY
Executive Committee Meeting in Colombo, Ceylon
in December 1958. Garcias' absence from this
meeting, was, of course, to be expected since
either he or Lamberz would have to be in Vienna
at all times "running" the PC.
3. Size and Composition of the Permanent Commission
Reports vary markedly as to the size and
composition of the PC. The PC is, in fact, a
gradually expanding and somewhat fluid body
having two, or possibly three types of members;
its size and composition necessarily change at
various times. For example, since the PC was
formally constituted in late March 1958, the
Swiss representative has been withdrawn, some
replacements are believed to have occurred, and
many "new" members have been designated and/or
identified.
It is believed that the PC consists of the
following types of members:
a. Those working in Vienna full time on
Festival preparations. /Note: As of mid-
February 1959 the PC was reported to consist
of twenty employees working in Vienna. T
b. Those not working in Vienna but reported
as PC members and obviously playing an
important role elsewhere in international
Festival preparations, most of whom have
attended one or more preparatory meetings
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in Vienna. /Note: As of mid-February 1959,
some fifteen persons have been identified
as PC members who would logically fall into
this category. /
c . Those who have attended one or more
preparatory meetings in Vienna but have not
been reported to be PC members. ,Note:
Some fifty-nine additional persons have been
identified as having attended one or more
PC meetings for the Festival in Vienna
since (and including) the December 1957 "Working
Group" meeting.!
Some twenty-three persons thus far identified are
believed to have worked in Vienna. This excludes the
Swirss who was withdrawn from the PC in mid-1958.
Two are no longer there and one is believed to have
been replaced. Only five of these twenty-three are
not:known to be Communist key figures in Communist-
controlled organizations. None of these five have had
prior experience in organizing mass events; they
would, therefore, be susceptible to "suggestions" and
"advice" by the PC cadre members. Six of those
believed to be working in Vienna as of mid-February
1959--or about one-third--are, or have been, WFDY-
IUS, Headquarters officials, and, consequently, well
able to manipulate and control the remainder.
Twelve of the fifteen PC members working outside
Vienna are important Communist WFDY-IUS Head-
quarters officials. It is believed they are preparing
for the Festival either at their respective Headquarters
or are travelling to various countries to provide
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on-the-spot guidance and possibly covert support for
the selected delegates. Of the remaining three,
two are Soviet bloc representatives (GDR and
CPR) and presumably Communist youth
functionaries considered "politically reliable"
by their governments. The third- -and the
only non-Bloc, non-WFDY-IUS functionary in
this category--is a Greek opposition Deputy
who is currently acting as an "independent.
He also played a leading role in organizing
Greek participation at the Sixth World Youth Festival
in Moscow. Most of these fifteen are believed to
have had some experience in organizing either
World Youth Festivals or other international
mass meetings. Of the fifteen, only five did not
attend any preparatory meetings in Vienna and all but
one of these were WFDY-IUS functionaries; the fifth
is an East German.
Judging from previous World Youth Festival
preparatory procedure, however, this group of
fifteen PC members working outside Vienna--
plus virtually all non-Hungarian officials working
at WFDY Headquarters in Budapest and a few
other IUS Headquarters officials in Prague--
should mov e to Vienna by April or May 1959
to work on the final phase of Festival preparations.
If this procedure is again followed and WFDY
Headquarters, in effect, is moved to Vienna by
May, or early June at the very latest, this
would serve to substantiate the WFDY's intent
to hold the Festival in Vienna and not move it
behind the Bloc. Alternatively, a failure to
move WFDY's leadership and non-Hungarian
~.e^se_- ra - r
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WFDY Headquarters officials to Vienna by
June 1959 would substantially increase the
chances of a transfer of the Festival into
the Bloc.
Of the fifty-nine other persons who have
not been identified as PC members but who are
known to have attended one or more PC meetings
for the Festival in Vienna since (and including)
the December 1957 "Working Group" Meeting,
only fifteen are not known to be Communist
or pro-Communist in orientation. Over half,
or thirty-six, have been or are important
functionaries in national and international
Communist youth and student fronts; twenty-
three of the thirty-six have had such experience
in key WFDY and IUS positions, and one in the
WPC.
Functional Breakdown of the PC
The Permanent Commission is reportedly
subdivided into the following sections:
The Secretariat (including mail distribution,
translation, typing and mimeographing
sections)
Liaison Bureau (which maintains relations with
the various countries and may include regional
"re sponsable s ")
Program Bureau
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Press and Publicity Bureau
Cultural Section
Sports Bureau
Students Commission
Festival, the IPC newspaper
Finance and Logistics Section (including
transport, food, lodging, the International
Festival Fund Commission, etc.)
5. Comments on Regional Composition of the PC
Twelve of the thirty-eight PC members are
from the Sino-Soviet bloc, and all but two (an
East German and a Chinese) are, or have
been, WFDY-IUS Headquarters officials. Two
each are from Bulgaria, Communist China,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany and Poland, and
only one each from Rumania and the USSR.
Reflecting the WFDY `s dominant role in
organizing World Youth Festivals is the heavier
WFDY representation in this group (seven from
WFDY and only three from. IUS), as well as the
inclusion of only one Soviet--the WFDY Secretary
Valentin Vdovin, who has covertly controlled
WFDY since August 1955 and who performed the
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same function at IUS Headquarters from August
1952 to August 1954. It is also noteworthy that
although WFDY Headquarters is located in
Budapest, there are no Hungarians represented
on the PC at this time. The two Poles--Jerszy
Feliksiak and Victor Kinecki--have been well
chosen, both for their reliability and special
co n.petence. Feliksiak is a C,ntral Committee
member of the Polish CP who has had prior
experience in organizing Festivals as a WFDY
Secretariat member. Kinecki has headed the
Foreign Department of the WFDY's Polish affiliate
since 1955 and since mid-1958 has been Polish
National Representative at WFDY Headquarters.
The one Rumanian- -Vasile Florea--who has been
a WFDY Headquarters official since 1958, was
overtly reported to be a Communist Party
regional instructor in Rumania in 1954.
b. Free Europe and Canada
Ten of the thirty-eight PC members are from
this area, and all but two (Vardinnogiannis and A.
Buchberger) are known to be WFDY or national
Communist front functionaries. It may be safely
assumed that Buchberger, the editor of the PC's
Information Bulletin since July 1958, is a
national Communist front functionary or a
Communist journalist, or both. As indicated above,
Vardinnogiannis is a special case. An opposition
Deputy who is currently acting as an "independent, "
he has been a member of the IPC for both the
Sixth and Seventh Festivals and played a leading
role in organizing Greek participation at the Sixth.
Of the ten PC members from this area, five
are from Italy, two from Austria, and one each
from France, Greece, and Canada. Four of the
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ten are, or have been WFDY functionaries, and
six are Communist Party members.
The five Italians consist of three Communist
Party of Italy (PCI) members (including WFDY
President Bruno Bernini who was a PCI Central
Committee member in 1951) and two Italian
Socialist Youth Movement functionaries. Kurt
Stimmer, an Austrian Communist Party member
and journalist since the late 1940's, is the
Free Austrian Youth activist in charge of Festival
questions.
Floyd Williston, a Canadian, has been a
WFDY Headquarters functionary since the spring
of 1956. He has worked in the WFDY's Liaison
Bureau as well as the WFDY's "Rights of Youth"
Commission, and at the present time is a
member of the World Youth Editorial Board.
Ten of the thirty-eight PC members are from
the Afro-Asian areas, and only three--K.N. Dubey
of India and two Philippine representatives--are
not known to be functionaries of the WFDY, the
IUS or national fronts, or to be Communists. Two
are from Japan, two from the Philippines, and
one each from Ceylon, India, Indonesia, Niger,
Senegal, and the Sudan. Included in this group
is the Assistant Secretary General of the WFDY,
Lo Cheik Bara, a Senegalese Communist who is
the first person to hold this important position.
Bara has attended the Bamako Festival of
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African Youth (September 1958) and the Afro-
Asian Youth Conference (Cairo, February 1959)
in an effort to stimulate increased interest in
and support for the Festival and has travelled
in Latin America for this purpose as well.
Western Hemisphere
Six of the thirty-eight PC members are from
this area--the smallest regional representation
on the PC; three Argentinians, two Brazilians,
and one Chilean. Relatively little is known of this
group, only two of whom are believed to be
Communists. None of the Latin Americans on
the PC appear to have had any prior significant
experience in organizing mass events, and they
would thus appear to be susceptible to "suggestions"
by the more experienced WFDY-IUS cadre on the
PC.
6. Future Development of the PC
As indicated above, as well as in Part I, the PC
will be greatly expanded during the final phase of
Festival preparations. Each National Festival
Preparatory Committee is to designate a representative
to go to work in Vienna one or two months before the
Festival in order to solve the problems of their
delegations. " During this final phase WFDY Head-
quarters--at least the non-Hungarian officials and
some of the Hungarian and foreign technical staff
(translators, interpreters and typists)--should, in
effect, work in Vienna and not Budapest, if prior
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Festival procedure is again repeated and if WFDY
is not seriously considering moving the Festival
behind the Bloc. Some IUS Headquarters officials--
but a much smaller number than from WFDY--should
also move to Vienna to work during this final phase.
According to Festival precedent, the top
leadership of both WFDY and IUS will probably be
incorporated into the Secretariat, and during
the last month at least a more elite body--the
Presidium--will probably be formed to direct
operations. The Presidium usually consists of
approximately five persons who are or have been
key WFDY Headquarters officials. In the past, the
Head of the Presidium has been a high-level
Communist youth functionary of the host (Bloc) country.
In the past, the Presidium has met as a body
almost daily, reviewing plans and making whatever
changes are necessary or of greatest operational
or propaganda value to the Soviet bloc. The Presidium
also met, both collectively and individually, with
Communist youth leaders, visiting dignitaries, Festival
organizers, etc. Steady streams of such visitors
to the Presidium offices have appeared daily.
B. Financial and Logistic Support for the Festival
In addition to the financial and logistic support for the
Festival which is being handled by members of the Permanent
Commission working in the appropriate sections, the following
bodies are busily working on support functions of a more
significant and clandestine nature.
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1. Metros Handels and Vertriebs G.m.b.H. (Metros),
Vienna I, Tuchlauben 13
This firm was founded and registered on 15 July
1958 to conduct commercial transactions and handle
technical organization in connection with the Seventh
Festival, as well as with other congresses and events,
by the following:
a. the PC of the IPC for the Seventh Festival,
which was represented by:
Edelberto Bahamonde (Chile)
Jean Garcias (France)--a Director of Metros
and Head of the PC
Werner Lamberz (GDR)--a Director of Metros
and PC Secretariat member;
b. "Estate Kongressorganisation, G. m. b. H. "
(Estate), a Communist front firm which handles
business matters for various front organizations,
including appropriate business arrangements for
international Communist meetings of various
kinds (it was represented by its directors, Jan
Krizek and Anna Hand, and its lawyer, Dr.
Heinrich Duermayer);
Dr. Herbert Heller (Austrian Communist who
owns the Josefstadt Travel Agency through
which WFDY made all its mass travel
arrangements for prior Festivals), who is also
a Director of Metros.
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It is significant to note that in early 1958 some
Austrian commercial firms recommended to the PC
that a special firm be established to assist the PC in
raising funds to finance the Festival, and that the PC
have controlling interest in this firm, with various
Austrian firms having the minority interest. This new
Festival firm could raise necessary funds by selling
Festival souvenirs and tickets to certain Festival sports
and cultural events, organizing bazaars, lotteries,
concerts, etc.
Of the 100, 000 Austrian schillings (AS) that
constituted Metros' starting capital, 85, 000 came from
the PC of the IPC, and only 7, 500 AS each were contrib-
uted by "Estate" and Dr. Herbert Heller. Two of the
three Metros Directors are WFDY Communist function-
aries occupying the two most important positions on the
PC Secretariat and the third is a Communist with whom
WFDY has worked closely in the past on travel arrange-
ments. It is therefore apparent that this firm was set
up primarily to serve as a clandestine funding channel
for the Seventh Festival. It could also serve as a
clandestine funding mechanism for Soviet assets con-
fiscated in Austria during the post-World War II
occupation. Finally, Metros serves as a convenient
mechanism for covertly bypassing the "Treasurer of
the PC, " an Italian Left Socialist youth leader who was
appointed WFDY Vice President in the spring of 1958.
By including Edelberto Bahamonde, a secondary
school teacher from Chile with little or no prior
financial or organizational experience, as a co-founder
of Metros--but not in the sensitive position of Director--
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the' Festival's Communist organizers no doubt hoped
to give the new front a more legitimate appearance.
2. World Peace Council's Support
The World Peace Council is to provide the PC with
"politically reliable" interpreters for the Festival. In
the, past the World Peace Council has provided the WFDY
with additional interpreters or translators needed for
certain meetings and vice versa.
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PRINCIPAL CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS
Controversy involving the Festival is likely to take two
distinct forms. There is first the current and continuing dis-
pute over the validity of the organizers' assertions concerning
the non-partisan and democratic nature of the Festival. In
the second place there is that arising from disagreements on
specific issues, which is most likely to be manifest at the
Festival itself.
A. Countering Hostile Action Against the Festival.
The deliberations of the WFDY Executive Committee
meeting in Colombo, Ceylon, in December 1958 clearly
show that the WFDY is anticipating, and planning to
counter, a campaign against participation in the Seventh
Festival. Christian Echard (WFDY Secretary General),
in his report on Festival preparations, and Bruno
Bernini (WFDY President), in his report on relations
between youth organizations of Asia, Africa, and other
parts of the world and "the work of the WFDY in the
spirit of the Bandung principles", cite their assessments
of these problems and foreshadow the WFDY's main lines
of counteraction.
According to Echard, the WFDY "must do away with
the mechanism of accusations of those who intend at
least to develop hostility toward the Festival". As he
sees it, such efforts will concentrate on these points:
1. Charges that participating organizations from the
Soviet bloc and from some African and Asian move-
ments are unrepresentative.
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2. The charge that the Festival is a camouflaged
Communist activity.
3. The charge that the Festival is not open to all
program recommendations and democratic statements.
In discussing these points and the measures that must
be taken by the WFDY to make the Festival a success,
Echardreaffirms the determination of the Festival
sponsors to carry forward their effort within the frame-
work in which it was originally projected. He states that
its success is "conditioned by the character which pre-
sided at its setting up". He describes the effort as a
"non-reversing movement", and he states, in referring
to the "conditions which guided the choice of place to
satisfy the wish expressed by numerous movements, " that
"there are conditions in Vienna which can guarantee the
success of the Festival" -- two of these conditions he
names are that "everyone can be assured of finding there
an atmosphere of neutrality, with the assurance that no
ideology will prevail. "
1. The "Representativeness" Question
On the question of the representative character
of participating organizations, the basic position was
clearly stated -- the topic itself was to be excluded
from Festival discussion, on the premise that the
question was an internal one, to be resolved in each
instance by the country concerned. This formula,
which prevents any challenges of the Bloc delegations,
also places a premium on successful domination of
national preparatory Committees in the Free World.
It highlights the relevance of the Communist tactics
described in the following sections.
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2. The Communist Control Charge
In treating the second charge Echard made the
following points.
a. He noted the purported minority position of
the WFDY and IUS on the Permanent Commission.
b. In a typical example of circular reasoning,
he points to the relations established between the
Permanent Commission and the Austrian authori-
ties as "sufficient to prove that the Festival is
not the matter of one single political tendency".
He elaborated on this by noting that "the Festival
newspaper is printed in an official printing office
of the Austrian state" (but he admitted that WFDY
pays the bills 1).
c. He stated that the Permanent Commission
"works openly in Vienna".
d. He placed responsibility for all decisions on
the "entire collective" of the Permanent
Commission.
e. He described the rotation of the presidency,
week by week, as another evidence of non-
partisanship.
3. The "Lack of Democratic Freedoms" Charge
In connection with the third charge, he made
three key tactical points in his report:
a. He reaffirmed the Festival organizers'
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continued willingness to accept participation
by all organizations, regardless of character,
as evidence of the non-partisan character of the
Festival.
b. He clearly pointed out the device through
which partisan Communist presentations of
topics will be introduced into the Festival
deliberations.
c. He defined and reaffirmed the formula by
which anti-Communist presentations are and
will be excluded from Festival deliberations. He
set forth this tactic in a description of the first
such decision taken by the International Prepara-
tory Committee meeting in Stockholm when it
rejected propositions submitted by the Austrian
Socialist Youth Organization for consideration at
the Festival, on grounds of their incompatibility
with the "character of the Festival."
With reference to point a, Echard emphasized
that the Permanent Commission was still maintaining
the position that any group which wished to participate
could do so. In analyzing the criticism of the Festi-
valhe emphasized that:
(1) The majority of international organizations
had not taken a public position for or against the
Festival.
(2) Some national affiliates of such organizations
as WAY had not even participated in discussions
designed to generate opposition to the Festival.
(3) Even in countries where there was
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opposition to the Festival, there were elements
among youth and students interested in partici-
pation, or whose interest in one phase of the
Festival activities could be exploited to induce
them to participate.
(4) The position adopted, by those groups which
have heretofore advocated bilateral exchanges
and participation in other conferences, but now
oppose participation in the Festival, is inconsist-
ent and self-contradictory.
Basically, he discounted the scope and strength
of the criticisms, and confidently encouraged WFDY
affiliates to broaden and diversify their activity to
promote participation. His emphasis on the different
views held in certain countries strongly suggested
that the WFDY should seek to exploit these divergences
at the national level both to promote participation and
to embarrass those elements which refused to
cooperate.
The ability of the Festival organizers to maintain
the posture described above while they at the same
time maintain effective control of participation places
a great premium upon the use of appropriate tactics
at the national level.
The technique of injecting Communist theses into
Festival deliberations (see point b above). After
stating that "no ideology will prevail," Echard added
"but it is evident to the participants unanimous in this
gathering together for peace that other questions can
and must be discussed for the cause of peace."
(Emphasis supplied.)
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Against the background of his earlier statement
that the Festival is for "the education of youth in a
peaceful spirit conforming to the realities of the
pr! sent world, " the character of the other questions
which "can and must be discussed," and of the
positions to be adopted on these questions is clear.
There are, in fact,three relevant statements in
Echard's report on what the Festival "will do."
(1) "The Festival will arouse the consciousness
of youth to the serious dangers which threaten
not only their immediate life, but also their
future in the atomized world."
(2) "(The Festival) will be a great manifestation
of world youth solidarity with the youth of Asia,
Africa, and Latin America."
(3) "(The Festival) will contribute to clear up
the misdeeds of colonialism, and the youth of
newly independent African and Asian countries
will raise their problems and their aspirations
connected with the building of their new society."
The techniques for excluding anti-Communist
theses (see point c above). The device for excluding
anti-Communist partisan theses is based on a formula
already used by the IPC. This formula, which refuses
to permit consideration by the Festival of "all that
would have contributed to accentuate the division,"
~rosumably between the Free World and the Soviet
bloc) obviously prejudges and rejects consideration
of those issues which the opponents of the further
extension of Communist power consider fundamental.
The IPC, which allegedly "recognizes the right of
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every organization to its own political autonomy,"
nevertheless is credited by Echard with holding the
opinion that attitudes such as those expressed by the
Austrian Socialist Youth letter "are fruitless to the
interests of youth from a universal point of view,"
and not appropriate for the Festival. The claim that
discrimination would not be accepted by the Festival
organizers, "no matter from where it is asked," is
hardly consistent with Echard's description of what
the Festival will do. (see above)
An excellent illustration of this formula being
applied to a specific topic which could easily arise
at the Festival is contained in critical comments by
Bruno Bernini on the WAY meeting held in New Delhi
in late 1958.
"We must regret that this question of Commu-
nism was recently raised here in Asia by an
International Organization -- the WAY. I speak
of it as it seems to me to be a serious question.
"We understand why the colonialists raise it...
We also understand that in different countries
there are different viewpoints concerning the
conception of society and the way of building it.
This is the internal question of the country in
which we do not interfere.
"But on a world scale and for an international
organization, it is another thing. In the world
of today, to raise this question means to declare
oneself in an objective way, for the division of
the world, against friendship and peaceful co-
existence. One speaks of peace, but it seems to
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us that it has nothing to do with the Bandung
principles.
"In the colonial countries, racial discussions,
the lack of democratic freedom, and economic
difficulties are very serious problems... We
must not forget what is the deep root of these
situations, colonialist domination." (Emphasis
supplied.)
Communist Tactics at the National Level and the
"Democratic Freedoms" Charge
Information on preparatory activity at the national
level reveals that, in some instances, key Festival
organizers are advocating the use of unique tactics in
carrying out this effort. In certain instances, a non-
Communist national organization has been directly
offered by a Communist-controlled Festival Commit-
tee, the right to organize national participation, but
where this has been done, the Committee had already
come to the conclusion that the offer was almost
certain to be rejected. The true purpose of the
"offer" -- carefully phrased to leave the way open for
subsequent efforts to promote participation by subor-
dinate bodies and individuals -- was to create evi-
dence that the Communist group could subsequently
use to defend its domination of the national Committee
by 'saying, "you were given every chance to join, but
you refused. " It appears therefore likely that much
of the maneuvering now going on in connection with
Festival preparations, and much of the correspond-
ence still being directed by the organizers to groups
which they are sure will not participate, is specifically
designed for later use, to block and/or discredit
attacks on the Festival.
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T, I- ri T, r"
This tactic closely parallels the tactic currently
being employed by the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union in its unity campaign, directed at social demo-
cratic parties on a world-wide basis. Here, too, the
appeals for unity are being repeated time after time
even where the likelihood of their rejection is clear.
But the exchanges are also being exploited by National
Communist parties as the basis for campaigns to
pressure, expose, isolate, or discredit socialist
leaders in the eyes of their followers. The adoption
of similar aggressive tactics by Communist-controlled
youth organizations at and after the Festival seems
almost certain.
It is also interesting to note that the decision of
any non-Communist group to participate in the
Festival is being energetically exploited to pressure
similar groups in other countries to participate.
Appeals to a number of national groups have pointed
out that "a number of organizations belonging to
COSEC and the IUSY have joined in the preparations
for the Festival." To the degree that organizations
affiliated with these two bodies (and with WAY) f eel
impelled to participate because they fear they may be
isolated by a refusal, the purposes of the Festival
organizers are served. This pressure tactic appears
particularly significant as it affects groups in Africa,
Asia, and Latin America.
B. Potential Sources of Dissension at the Festival
Itself
Given the present agenda of the key Festival events
(see Part I) there are two main areas in which dissension
seems likely to develop:
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1. On the question of youth solidarity with Afro-
As.an national liberation movements -- (e. g.
Catneroons, Kenya, Algeria, Uganda, Belgian
Congo, etc. ).
2. On questions of the "struggle for national
democratic freedoms," principally within newly
independent countries in Africa and Asia.
The first of these is likely to divide the European
from the Afro-Asian and Bloc delegations. The second
is likely to create problems between pro-government
elements from the UAR , India, and other countries
which have taken measures against the WFDY, IUS, and
the Communist parties, and pro-Communist delegates
and delegations from the same area.
Two additional areas of potential dissension are:
3. Fundamental differences between Yugoslavian
youth organizations and certain neutralist Afro-
Asian youth representatives on the one hand and
the' Bloc/Free World Communist representatives
on the terms of reference governing the "struggle
for',peace."
4. Clashes between Arab delegates and others
on the question of Israel.
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PROGRAM OF THE VIIth WORLD FESTIVAL OF YOUTH
AND STUDENTS FOR PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP
Vienna, 26th July - 4 August 1959
This is a collation of WFDY-IUS reports of the
Festival's program.
INTRODUCTION
The program of the VIIth Festival has been
prepared on the basis of decisions taken by the
International Preparatory Committee in Stockholm
and takes into account the conditions of where the
Festival will be held.
This draft will be sent to all countries for
discussion and amendments. At the same time,
the Permanent Commission will have detailed
consultations with the organizations and institutions
and personalities concerned in Austria, as well as
all questions concerning preparatory work and carrying
out the program, and in addition, endeavoring to expand
it by taking into account the artistic and cultural traditions
of Vienna.
I. General Events
1. Opening of the Festival. 26th July in the main
Vienna stadium.
March of delegations through the city.
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Introduction of delegations in the stadium.
,Greetings to those taking part in the Festival
and to the Viennese youth.
Cultural and sports presentation (cultural
program, gymnastics, international football
matches, etc.).
2. A celebration dedicated for peace and friend-
ship between the peoples, against atomic weapons,
for,, disarmament and peaceful coexistence.
It is proposed that this will be organized in
a l.rge open square in Vienna.
3. Regional meetings to discuss problems of
mutual interest; to be decided by the delegations.
4. "Meetings of religious youth according to wishes
and interests of participants.
5. Celebrations devoted to friendship with the
youth of countries which have recently achieved
independence and solidarity with youth in the
colonial countries.
6. A series of events in connection with the Major-
Project of the UNESCO for mutual appreciation of
cultural values in the Orient and in the West.
Exhibitions, concerts, meetings and discussions
in accordance with the UNESCO Secretariat and the
Austrian National Commission of UNESCO.
7. Meetings between representatives of the various
national and international youth organizations on
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the subject of the problems of co-operation and
fulfilling the requirements of youth.
8. Meetings of the various professions to discuss
problems of the different sections of youth and
meetings according to interests. (See Section II)
9. Meeting between young parliamentary members
at the Festival.
10. A rural youth festival and meeting.
11. Girl's Celebrations
Discussions and meetings for girls, a fashion
show of national dress and costumes, ball, meetings
with Austrian girls and women, visits to factories,
etc.
12. Scientific program. Youth and the achievements
of science and technique.
It is suggested that during the Festival, exhibitions
and lectures should be organized to give a picture of
the latest discoveries in science and modern technique,
particularly concerning the conquest of space and the
peaceful use of atomic energy.
The program will be arranged with the cooperation
of the UNO International Agency for Atomic Energy
in Vienna, and the International Committees of the
Geophysical Year.
13. International film show.
14. Visits and activity to obtain a better acquaintance
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with Austria and her capital city.
15.1, "Summer Festival" (Flower Festival, Viennese
Serenade, youth carnival, etc.)
16.'' Closing ceremony of the Festival - 4th August -
in a large public square in Vienna.
i
II. Meetings
Meetings according to profession or occupation will
be organized as follows, with themes designated:
1. Young construction workers
Themes: Professional training of youth in
construction work.
Mechanization of the construction
industry and the situation of young
workers.
2. Young workers in metallurgy
Themes: Productivity, living conditions and
health protection for young workers
in the metallurgy industry.
Prospects of work in connection with
the development of techniques and
automation.
3. Young workers in the electrical and power industry
Themes: The problems of the nature or character
of the work and of elevating professional
training in the electrical industry.
4. Young railroad workers
Theme: To be determined.
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5. Young miners
Themes: Manpower in the mines and protection
of the work and health of young miners.
6. Young workers in the leather and fur industry
Themes: Problems of work, salaries, and
health in the leather and fur industry.
7. Young workers in the food. industry
Themes: Mechanization of the food industry
and the situation of young workers.
8. Young workers in the printing trade
Themes: Problems of health and employment
in the printing trade.
Printing techniques.
9. Young workers in the chemical industry
Themes: Problems of health, security and
salaries in the chemical industry.
10. Young Textile workers
Themes: Productivity, working conditions
and problems of full employment
in the textile industry. Situation
of young workers in the textile
industry.
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11. Young workers in the clothin& industry
Themes: Problems of the professional nature
or type of work, of full employment
and salaries of young workers in the
clothing industry.
12. Young teachers
Themes: Problems of training in sufficient
numbers of teachers and of their
employment. Problems of child
health in school and sport programs.
The importance of modern audio-
visual methods in child education.
13. Young journalists
Themes: The role of young journalists in the
objective formation of public opinion
and for the education of youth and the
development of international under-
standing.
14. Young agricultural workers
Themes: The right to permanent work and to
professional training.
A decent life for young agricultural
workers.
15. Young peasants, farmers, crop-sharers
Themes: For an adequate compensation for
products, problems of remuneration,
credits, stability, technical aid, the
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question of contracts, and the
development of a modern life in
the villages.
16. Apprentices, students, teachers in professional
schools
Theme: To be determined.
17. Employees of private industry
Theme: To be determined
Experts, trade union leaders and heads of various
professional organizations and institutions from the
different countries will be invited to such meetings as
speakers or to be chairman. The work will be carried
out in conjunction with Austrian institutions, inter-
national organizations, UNO and ILO bureaus.
In planning these meetings, it is suggested that
there should be:
reports on the subjects listed by the I.P.C. and
sent to the various countries
discussion, exchange of experience and information
visits to enterprises, institutions, professional
schools, recreation centers, social institutions
meetings with Austrian youth in the same profession
and trade
Meetings between those with common interests
will be organized as follows:
Fine arts (at the Arts Exhibition)
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Young theatrical actors and actresses
Amateur photographers
Amateur radio operators
Cinema amateurs
Leaders of children's organizations
Leaders of voluntary work camps
Model airplane enthusiasts
Anglers
Philatelist s
Choir leaders and conductors
Orchestra leaders and musicians
Leaders of youth clubs and youth centers
Heads of organizations for youth travel and
out-of-door recreation
E sperantists
Student Program
1. Seminars. The following seminars will be held:
a. The role of students and their organizations
in society.
b. Problems of democratization and reform of
higher education.
c. Economic, political and cultural problems
of colonial and underdeveloped countries and
the role of students in their solution.
Meetings of students of the same branches of
study:
a. Peaceful use of atomic energy.
b. Architecture: Development of architecture in
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Vienna with study-tours to architectural
monuments.
c. Chemistry: The role of synthetic materials
today. Discussion on higher education in
chemistry.
d. Philosophy: Nature and Man in the light
of contemporary philosophy and science.
e. Economics: Industrialization of under-
developed countries and international economic
relations.
f. Law: Peaceful co-operation among states
and the UNO Charter. Discussion on law
education. According to the practical pos-
sibilities, meetings of students in engineering
and arts will be organized as well.
3. Popular lectures for students given by outstanding
scientists and professors, on such topics, for example,
as:
Flight into space, Prolongation of human life,
Development of television, Cybernetics, Results
of the geophysical year, Problems of art and
literature, etc.
4. Friendly meetings:
a. Meeting of student leaders on problems of
international student co-operation.
b. Four student meetings according to regions:
Students from Asia, Africa, Latin-America, and
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Europe will discuss the problem of regional
student co-operation for the defense of student
interests.
c. Meeting of students with religious interests:
Religion and Peace.
d. Meeting of students on problems of cinemato-
graphy: Meeting with film-producers, directors
and film stars.
5. Meetings with eminent personalities:
a. Meeting with outstanding composers.
b. Meeting with famous writers.
c. Meeting with prominent artists and painters.
6. Concerts of student ensembles:
a. Two international concerts at the opening and
closing of the International Student Club.
b. Concerts of national music and jazz, performed
by student ensembles.
7. 1 Entertainment:
a. International Student Ball
b. Dancing parties
c. Film evenings.
International Student Club:
A considerable part of the student program
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will be organized in the International Student
Club. The International Student Club is
envisaged as a permanent center for students
participating in the Festival, with daily program
including:: friendly meetings, popular lectures,
meetings with personalities, concerts, informal
discussions, dancing parties.
There will be a lecture hall, an informal
center, and a dancing hall.
IV. Cultural and Artistic Program
1. Concerts and plays will be presented by artistic
groups from different countries.
During the Festival, it will be possible to give
up to 15 national and international concerts each day
in theaters and concert halls (daytime and evening).
Concerts will also be held at 20 stands which will be
set up in various districts of Vienna.
2. International festival of music, song and folk
dancing.
3. Performances of talented youth. Concert given
by prizewinners of the Festival and art competitions.
4. International circus performances.
5. Theatrical presentations and puppet-shows from
the different countries.
V. Arts Competitions During the VIIth Festival
The arts competitions will be organized as follows:
- Classical singing
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Piano
Stringed instruments
Amateur choirs
Ballet and character dances
Folk dancing and Oriental classical dances
Accordion and jazz orchestras
Wind instruments
Before the Festival begins, an International
Competition for musical compositions is to be
held, and particularly for a Festival Song. This
Competition ought to be closed three months before
the Festival begins in order that the best song can
be sent to all countries for study, so that it can
be 'sung during the Festival.
VI. International Film Competition
It is proposed that there should be an international
competition for films made by young people and films
showing different aspects of life among the youth.
VII. Exhibitions
The following exhibitions are proposed:
1. Exhibition of plastic and decorative art
2. Exhibition of children's works
3. Philatelists' exhibition
4. Exhibition of artistic photography
5. Exhibition of children's and youth's books
In organizing these exhibitions, the co-operation
of the various Austrian and international organizations
must be sought.
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Sports Program
1. Competitions and tournaments for the Festival
badge.
The preliminary competitions are open to all
Festival participants and to the Austrian youth,
in which the competitors will have to reach the
set standards for the various sports.
2. Sports tournament for youth.
There will be a sports competition and tourna-
ment especially for amateur athletes of all
countries who belong to sport, trade union, workers',
student or youth organizations, sponsored by the
National Festival Committees in agreement with
the International Sports Committee of the Festival.
Sports suggested:
Men Women
Football Light athletics
Athletics (running, relay race, Basketball
jumping, throwing) Volleyball
Basketball Table tennis
Volleyball Swimming
Table tennis
Swimming
Cycling
(Handball, gymnastics and chess under consideration)
3. Competitions between top national athletes.
Sports suggested:
- Light athletics (men and women)
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Football tournament between four teams (drawn
from national or well-known clubs)
Ice Hockey match
Skating exhibition (men and women)
Boxing between two amateur teams of national
level
Kayak race
Speedway racing (Austria)
4. International youth camp.
5. ' International competition for motorcyclists
(prizes both by types and for teams).
Gymkhana with prizes
"Treasure hunt" for motorcycle teams
Meeting to discuss study and technique for leaders
of sports organizations and sports technicians.
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