MERCENARY PRESSMAN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP77-00432R000100400005-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 49
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 9, 2001
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: March 29, 1976
• Content Type: NSPR

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CONFIDENTIAL
NEWS, VIEWS
and ISSUES
INTERNAL USE ONLY
This publication contains clippings from the
domestic and foreign press for YOUR
BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Further use
of selected items would rarely be advisable.
16 APRIL 1976
NO . 7
PAGE
GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS
1
GENERAL
27
EAST EUROPE
36
WEST EUROPE
38
NEAR EAST
41
AFRICA
42
EAST ASIA
44
LAT IN AMERICA
47
DESTROY AFTER BACKGROUNDER HAS
SERVED ITS PURPOSE OR WITHIN 60 DAYS
CONFIDENTIAL
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Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100400005-8.
The New Leader
March 29, 1976
m?itscs
BY RAY ALAN
ercenary
Press ien
BERNARD D. NOSSITER, London
correspondent of the Washington
.Post, brought into the open a sub-
ject journalists sometimes mutter
about in quiet bars but rarely dis-
cuss in print. First, he reported that
a "British" features agency, Forum
World Features, had been run by
the CIA for nine years. This drew
an angry denial from the agency's
director, Right-wing publicist Brian
Crozier. ("I have never had the mis-
fortune of meeting Bernard D. Nos-
siter," Crozier declared frostily,
"and I hope I may be spared it.").
People in the know said Nossiter
was right; and in due course the
New York Times revealed that, ac-
cording to authoritative sources,
Forum had been designed as a con-
duit for secret payments to foreign
journalists working for the CIA.
Nossiter subsequently disclosed
that Crozier's new employer, the
London-based Institute for the
Study of Conflict, was also the crea-
ture of an undercover service?Bri-
tish this time. Continental newsmen
took this up and concluded that the
ISC is CIA-controlled but drops
hints that it is run by the British
Secret Intelligence Service so as to
keep away inquisitive British report-
ers and members of Parliament.
December Nossiter wrote that
"a remarkable number of British
journalists" are reputed to work for
the SIS. This was firmly denied, of
course?as firmly as a devaluation
rumor two days before a change of
? parity. In mid-February the Lon-
don Times reported that operatives
of British military intelligence in
Northern Ireland had been issued
phoney press cards and were posing
as newsmen. The next day this was
officially confirmed.
Phoney press cards are not a new
invention. A curio in my possession
is a press card issued by a British
? official organization in a Mediter-
ranian country declaring its bearer
to be the correspondent of a lead-
ing Scottish newspaper: The young
man to whom it was issued had nev-
er written a newspaper article in
his life and did not even know the
name of the editor of the paper he
iwas supposed to represent.
There was unhealthily close col-
laboration between a few genuine
pressmen and British brass in the
'Near East at one time. Well-in-
formed Arabs used to identify as
"Whitehall cavalry" some who reg-
ularly broadcast a "commentary"
ea five-minute talk following the
news) in the BBC World Service.
The World Service is government-
financed and, overtly and legitim-
ately, used to plug Whitehall's views.
. Its "commentaries" are now few-
er and less propagandist than they
'once were; but up to a few years
ago the journalists who read them
were carefully briefed, had close
connections with officialdom, and
were viewed with some distrust by
the politically sophisticated when
they popped up in Mideastern capi-
tals. Frequently, it must be admitted,
the distrust was justified; and, sim-
ply by keeping tabs on such visit-
ing firemen and their contacts, Arab
security services rand probably the
NEW YORK Tn.=
6 April 1976
Schorr to Receive 'Award ?
By National Headliner Club
ATLANTIC CITY, April 5
(AP)---Daniel Schorr's report on
the Central Intelligence Agency
for his CBS radio network is
among the winners of this
year's National Headliner Club
achievement awards.
The winners, announced here
yesterday, were selected from
more than 1,000 entries in var-
ious categories for daily news-
papers, photography, television
and radio.
The prizes will be presented,
Saturday at the 42d annual
awards dinner.
Id addition to the public
service award to CBS and Mr.
Schorr. A radio network
achievement award, for out-
standing documentary by a ra-
dio network, was awarded to
the ABC network, New York,
ter "Scenes From A War."
1
Russians) were able to learn a lot.
Personally, I am not shocked by
the newsman with honest convic-
tions who passes on useful informa-
tion to_an organization he _believes
to.
be doing good. work wether it
be a labor union, Amnesty Inter-
national or the SPCA. The people
who debase journalism are the mer-
cenaries who intrigue and ingratiate
in order to sway editorial policy, dis-
credit more conscientious colleagues,
and carve out private zones of in-
fluence, the better to serve their
covert paymasters. If they are for-
eign correspondents, the suspicions
they arouse eventually create diffi-
culties for other newsmen they don't
even know?just as the use of false
press cards in Ireland is bound to
endanger the lives of genuine re-
porters there.
The CIA has announced that it
will discontinue using American
journalists as agents. One wonders
why it bothered. It has no means of
convincing skeptical Europeans and
others that it is keeping its word.
And its announcement may simply
persuade some witchhunters that,
say, British or Australian newsmen
have been recruited to fill the gap
(Australians are especially suspect
in Europe because of rumors that
the CIA has, in effect, taken over
the Australian intelligence service).
Sadly, some newsmen in sensitive
areas may now feel it advisable to
display a little anti-American bias
to ward off suspicion.
/IDT YORK TIMES
-15 April 1276
HERSH GETS AWARD;;
FOR C.I.A. ARTICLES
Special to The New York Times ?I
WASHINGTON, April 14?
Seymour M. Hersh of The New;
York Times received the $5,000-!
rew Pearson Award today for
"general excellence in investri;
gative reporting." . .
The award in honor of the
late Washington columnist
went to Mr. Hersh because of
his articles exposing domestic.
spying by the Central Intelli-
gence Agency and American ef-'
forts to "destabilize" the Chi=.'
lean Government of President
iSalvador Allende Gossens.
The award was made at a,
luncheon at the National Press
Club and was presented to Mr,.
Hersh by Luvie Moore Pearson,:
widow of the columnist.
A special award went to-
Maxine Chef .-e, society col,-
umnist for .ne Washington
Post, for her articles disclosing.
that United States officials and
members of Congress had it,
legally kept gifts given to theme
In their official capacity by for-
eign officials.
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NEW YORK TIMES, MONDAY, APRIL 12, 1976
Link of Kennedy Friend
To Mafia Is Still a Puzzle
'
By NICHO
The disclosure last December!
that President Kennedy and
two major Mafia figures main-
tained close friendships with
the same woman ? Judith
Campbell ? has puzzled many
private citizens, disturbed somei
law enforcement officials andl
aroused extensive speculation!
in and out of Government.
The speculation has been
*stimulated because the two
'Mafia figures, John Roselli and
Sam Giancana, maintained the
relationships with Mrs. Camp-
.bell at the very time she said
she was having an. affair with
the President. And both men
Lad been involved in the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency's abor-
tive plots to assassinate:
Prime Minister Fidel Castro of
tut the Senate Select Com-;
tatittee on Intelligence, which!
investigated the C.I.A. plots, re-
ferred only briefly to Mrs.
Campbell's relationships, devot- '
111g Slightly more than a page
to them in .its 349-page report
last December. The report did
k tot identify Mrs. Campbell
OV.)w Mrs. Judith Exner) by
berm or sex, and left a number
Of questions unanswered.
? Among them were whether
Mrs. Campbell used her Tele-
tiOnship with Mr. Kennedy to
benefit the Mafia, and whether
the President learned as a re-
sult of the Campbell friendship
, that the C.I.A. was working
with the Mafia-on a plot to kill
1,Mr. Castro. ' '
thterviews and Findings
During the last two months,
The New York Times, in inter-'
views with the current and,
former Justice Department of-;
ficials, participants in the!
C.I.A. plots and underWorld:
figures, has examined these
questions , and found the
following:
(ISeveral recommendations'
were made within the Justice
Department in 1962 for a
thorough investigation of Mrs.
Campbell's Mafia ties, but no!
inquiry was ever conducted.
;When high Justice officials
learned about her friendship
with President Kennedy in
early 1962, they looked upon
ito as a "domestic matter," as
one of them put it, and merly
passed information on her to
the White House.
? 191Sam Giancana?who was
slain last June ? and John
Roselli boasted to fellow gang-
sters about sharing the affec-
tions of a woman who was see-
ing the President, but they do
not appear to have benefited
LAS GAGE ?
further from their knowledge
of Mrs. Campbell's friendship
with Mr. Kennedy.
qWhile the Senate cennmittee
found no evidence that Pres-
ident Kennedy knew about the
C.I.A.-Mafia plots to kill Mr.
Castro, the possibility appears,
,high to some former Justice
officials that Robert F. Kenne-
dy, then the Attorney General,
told his brother about the plots
in view- of what he learned
about the relationships of Mr.
Giancana, Mr. Roselli and Mrs.
Campbell in 1962 and early
1963.
45When the Senate commit-
tee investigated Mrs. Camp-
bell's friendships, not only did
the committee not call Frank
Sinatra, who introduced Mrs.
Campbell both to President
Kennedy and to Mr. Giancana,
but other key individuals were
merely interviewed rather than
questioned under oath, even
though a deeper inquiry might
have produced information af-
fecting the committee's conclu-
sion that President Kennedy
did not know about the C.I.A.-
Mafia plots against Mr. Castro.
Staying Out of Sight
A spokesman for the com-
mittee, Spencer Davis, said that
the panel's mandate was to de-
termine whether Mrs. Camp-
bell was involved in an intelli-
gence operation and not to
conduct a broad investigation
of her Mafia ties.
-"We found that she was not
engaged in intelligence and
that was that." he said.
A close friend of the two
Mafia figures said that Mrs.
Campbell's initial contact with
the Mafia was with Mr. Roselli,
who was born in Italy, immi-
grated to Boston as a child,
joined the Mafia in Chicago
and later became involved in
labor racketeering in Los An-
geles.
Mr. Roselli, who has been
staying out of sight since Mr.
Giancana was slain last year,
has told friends that he first!
met Mrs. Campbell in 1951?
;he was then Judith Immoor? I
when she was 17 years old;
and "hanging around the stu-
dios" in Hollywood. Mr. Roselli,
who had served three years
'n Federal prison for' extorting
oney from the studios, was
;lien associated with an inde-
aendent production company.
Miss Immoor had ambitions of
becoming an actress.
Mr. Roselli stopped seeing
her when she married William i
Campbell, an actor, a short
time later, according to the
friend of the two Mafia leaders.
The couple was divorced in
1958, and a year later she
began to date Mr. Sinatra, she
said in the outline for a book
she plans to write. Mrs. Camp-
bell said that she ended her
affair with the singer because
their tastes in sex differed,
but continued to travel with
the Sinatra crowd.
In reply to this assertion,
,Mr. Sinatra issued this state-
!ment: "Hell hath no fury like
la hustler with a literary agent."
Mrs. Campbell said in the
outline that Mr. Sinatra intro-
duced her to John F. Kennedy
on Feb. 7, 1960, in. Las Vegas,
Nev., and they made plans to
meet in early March in New
York, where they began to have
an affair.
After her New York meeting
with Mr. Kennedy, according
to the outline, she accepted
an invitation to meet Mr. Sina-
tra in Miami Beach, where he
was performing at the Fontaine-
bleau Hotel, and the entertain-;
er introduced her there to
Mr. Giancana.
Five months later Mr. Gian-
cana and Mr. Roselli became,
involved with the C.I.A. in plots'
to kill Fidel Castro?recruiting
Cuban agents who might be I
persuaded to poison Mr. Cas-
tro's food?but apparently they
did - not tell Mrs. Campbell
about them. Mafia , members
traditionally do not confide in
their women and Mr. Giancana
and Mr. Roselli made no excep-
tien with Mrs. Campbell, ac-;
cording to the close friend of!
, both men. 1
His contention is supported
by participants in the plots,
including Robert Maheu, who
has acknowledged bringing
together the Mafia and the
C.I.A. Mrs. Campbell said in
her book ciutline that she had
"no knowledge of C.I.A. in-
volvement with the Mafia."
The close friend of Mr. Gian-
cana and Mr. Roselli said that,
at that time, Mrs. Campbell
was one of about 20 women,
some of them well-known ac-
tresses, who were in the Sina-
tra crowd and were introduced
to the entertainer's friends in
public life and in the under-
world. ' . .
, "The difference with Judy
' Was that she was pushy and
reckless," the friend said.
"She'd go to Johnny's place
and call everyone she knew
from his phone, or she'd call
Sam at his home and at the
Armory Lounge in Chicago,
, where he hung out. So the
Feds picked up her tracks.
"The other girls were careful.
, They didn't call Sam or Johnny
; because they knew their phones
were tapped. And they didn't
call the White House, for God's
sake!"
The Federal Bureau of Inves-
tigation first picked up Judith
Campbell through electronic
surveillance of Mr.. Roselli in
early 1961, according to Justice
,Department sources.
, The F.B.I. checked out her
long-distance calls over the
next two years and found that
she was in frequent contact
with Mr. Roselli, Mr. Giancana
and Mr. Sinatra.
For example, Government
records show that during one
four-week -period, from June
8 to July 5, 1962, Mrs. Campbell
called Mr. Giancana . 23 times
at his Chicago home and 37
times at the Armory Lounge
from her Los Angeles residence
at 8401 Fountain Avenue. Dur-
ing the same period, she called
ilMr. Sinatra 16 times at the
Cal-Neva Lodge in Lake Tahoe,
Nev., which he then owned.
Seven months before these
, calls, in November 1961, the
F.B.I. found out that Mrs. Camp-
bell had made two phone calls
to the White House. They were
2
followed by a third call 'early!
the following February. (The;
Senate committee found White;
House records showing that
Mrs. Campbell had called a
total of 70 times, but initially
the F.B.I. knew of only three
On Feb. 27, 1962, J. Edgar
then- director of the
'F.B.I., sent a memorandum -to
Attorney General Kennedy and
to Kenneth O'Donnell, then spe-
cial assistant to President Ken-
nedy, saying that an investiga-
tion of Mr. Roselli disclosed
that he had been in touch with
a Judith Campbell. The memo
also said that Mrs. Campbell
was maintaining a relationship
with Sam Giancana. "a prom-
inent Chicago underworld fig-,
ure," and that Mrs. Campbell!
had made calls to the White
House from her home in Los
Angeles. ,
' It is not known how Robert
Kennedy reacted to the memo-
randum, but a high official in
the Justice Department at that
time said that his staff did
not take it very seriously.
? "By that time a lot of stories
were coming out of the Secret
Service about the President's
interest in women," one former
official said. "We looked on
it as a domestic matter and,
as 1 recall, the whole thing
was referred to Carmine Belli-
no, who handled personal stuff
for the President."
Kennedy-Hoover Lunch
Another former Justice De-
partment official also said that
the matter was referred to Mr.
Bellino, who was then a special
consultant to the President. But
'Mr. Bellino said in an interview
that he never heard of Mrs.
Campbell until the recent ar-
ticles in the press about her.
? "The ? only personal matter
I ever handled for the President
was once when Jackie was
spending too much money and
he asked me to find out where
it was all going," Mr. Bellino
said.
? The contradiction between
the former Justice Department
officials' recollections and Mr.
Bellino's statement was never
confronted by the Senate com-
mittee. The Justice officials
who recall the matter being
,turned over to Mr. Bellino were
not questioned under oath by
the c'ommittee, but merely in-
terviewed by staff members,
whom they did not tell about
Mr. Bellino.
Mr. Bellino, too, was never
questioned under oath, but wasl
merely interviewed at the com-
mittee's offices.
On March 22, less than al
month after the Hoover memo!
was sent, President Kennedy
and Mr. Hoover had lunch
together, the Senate com-
mittee's report said. "According
to White House logs," the re-
port added, "the last telephone
contact between the White
House and the President's
friend [Mrs. Campbell) occurred
a few hours after the lunch-
eon."
However, Mrs. Campbell said
In her book outline that her
relationship with the President
continued for several months
after that.
In the months following
Mr. Hoover's memorandum of
Feb. 27, the Justice Department
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'received further. information
from the F.B.I. about Mrs.
Campbell's close relationships
with Mr. Giancana, Mr. Roselli-
and Mr. Sinatra.
The information was included
in a series of reports prepared
by Dougald McMillan, a Justice
Department attorney studying
the involvement of Mr. Sinatra
with Mafia figures.
-Mr. McMillan is still with
the department and refused to
discuss the matter, but former
Justice officials who saw the
reports said that they strongly
recommended that Mrs. Camp-
bell's relationships with the
Mafia and with Mr. Sinatra
be investigated.
Testimony Urged
They said that one of the
reports urged that Mrs. Camp-
bell be brought before a Federal
grand jury, given immunity
from prosecution and com-
pelled to testify under oath
about her Mafia contacts.
, No action was taken on any
of, the recommendations by the
Justice Department Several of-
ficials who were asked about
them said they did not remem-
ber reports specifically men-
tioning Mrs. Campbell. .
But they said they did re-
member that several reports
on Mr. Sinatra were prepared
at the time, and it was in
some of those reports that the
recommendations about Mrs.
Campbell were included.
The Sinatra reports ap-
parently were seen by Attorney
General Kennedy, because ev-
erything about Mr. Sinatra de-
veloped by the department was
sent up to him at his request,
according to William G. Hund-
ley, former chief of the depart-
ment's Organized Crime Sec-
tion. Thus Attorney General
Kennedy presumably saw ev-
erything included in the reports
about Mrs. Campbell.
Robert Kennedy learned on
Feb. 27, 1962, in the memoran-
dum from Mr. Hoover, that
a woman was calling the White
House who had a relationship
with Mr. Giancana, one of the
top Mafia bosses in the country
and a main target of his depart-
. ent. -
Involved in Plots
Just 10 weeks later, on May
7, 1962, according to the Senate
fil
committee's report, he was in-
formed in a conference with
C.I.A. officials that their agen-
cy had been involved with Mr.
Giancana in plots to assassinate
Prime Minister Castro.
In view of these two discov-ii
eries and what Robert Kennedy"
later learned about Mrs. Camp-
bell in the Sinatra reports,
some of Mr. Kennedy's former
associates at the Justice De-
partment believe that he told
the President what he knew
about Mr. Giancana, the C.I.A.
plots and Mrs. Campbell.
"He had to; he told Jack
everything," one of the former
associates said.
But others feel that he did
not inform President Kennedy.,
I "Any man would tell hiss
brother, one would suppose,'1
said Herbert J. Miller, who was
head of the Justice Depart-
ment's Criminal Division under
Attorney General Kennedy.
"But you must remember that
the C.T.A. lied to Bobby and
told him the plots against Cu-
NEW YORK TIMES. TUESDAY: 4 PPW 73, 797S
2 Mafiosi Linked to C.I.A.
Treated Leniently by U. S.
By
Few organized-crime leaders
have ever been pursued as vig-
orously by the Justice Depart-
ment as was Sam Giancana in
the early 1960's, according to
official records. The late Mafia
boss of Chicago was followed
constantly, jailed for contempt
and finally driven irrto self-
exile in Mexico.
, But the records show that on
three occasions when Tederal
officials had Mr. Giancana in a
tight spot, they let-him out of
it. They blocked his indictment
on wiretap charges, declined to
cross-examine him about his
Mafia activities when they had
the chance, and turned down
an opportunity to send him
back to jail.
The account of this unusual
handling of a Mafia boss
emerged from a two-month in-
vestigation by The New York
Times of Mr. Giancana and
John Roselli, another Mafia
figure, focusing on the treat-
ment they received from the
Government after they partici-
pated in Central Intelligence
Agency plots to assassinate
Prime Minister Fidel Castro of I
Cuba. ,
The Times investigation was
begun after it was disclosed
that the. Senate Select Commit-
tee on Intelligence had uncov-
NICHOLAS GAGE
ered evidence that the tiro
Mafia leaders and President
Kennedy had a close friendship
with the same woman, Judith
Campbell, in 1961 and 1962.
The investigation included in-
terviews with present and for-
mer Government .officials, per-
sons who participated in the
C.I.A. plots, underworld figures,
and a long-time friend of Mr.
Giancana and Mr. Roselli.
The Senate select committee
disclosed that both Mr. Gian-
cana and Mr. Roselli escaped
prosecution on wiretap charges
through the C.I.A.'s interven-
tion in 1962. But The Times
investigation found that the
two men received generous
treatment from the Federal au-
thorities in other instances as
well, and that, while Mr. Rosel-
li tried to use his C.I.A. con-
nections when he got into legal
trouble, Mr. Giancana appar-
ently did not.
Bizarre Liaison
tio had been terminated.' So
there was no compelling need
to tell the President."
That the C.I.A. lied to Robert
Kennedy about ending the as-
sassination plots against Mr.
Castro was confirmed in the
committee' S report through
testimony from former C.I.A.
officials.
Even if President Kennedy
learned everything Ills brother
knew about Mrs. Campbell and
her Mafia friends, however;
there is no evidence available
to indicate that his relationship
with her benefited them.
Wiretaps on Mr. Giancana
and Mr. Roselli, as well as
underworld informants who
were close to them, confirm
that they boasted about their
relationship with Mrs. Camp-
bell. But neither of these sources
'offer any indication that the
two Mafia figures received
any benefits from the Govern-
ment as a result of what they
knew about her, as they did
for their involvement with the
C.I.A., which once intervened
to block their indictment on
wiretap charges.
The Times Investigation
found no law-enforcement offi-
cial who investigated Mr. Gian-
cana and Mr. Roselli who could
offer any evidence that they
used the knowledge of Mrs.
Campbell's friendship with
President Kennedy to their ad-
vantage. i
The investigation also un-
covered new details of the bi-
zarre liaison between the C.I.A.
and the Mafia that were not in
the report that the Senate com-
mittee issued last November.
In an interview in Las Vegas,
Nev., Robert A. Maheu, who
has said he brought the C.I.A.
and the Mafia together, re-
called that in 1959 he met Mr.
Roselli in Las Vegas, where he
looked' after the interests of
the Chicago Mafia leaders.
After that meeting, Mr. Ma-
heu and Mr. Roselli became
friends and when Mr. Roselli's
travels took him to Washing-
ton he would sometimes be in-
vited to parties at Mr. Maheu's
home irr Virginia.
Mr. Maheu was then bead of
a detective agency in Washing-
ton (he later went to work for
Howard R. Hughes, the indus-
trialist) that received a $500-
a-month retainer from the
C.I.A., and Mr. Roselli would
often meet C.I.A. agents at the
Maheu parties.
Mr. Maheu said that, when
C.I.A. officials wanted to enlist
the aid of the Mafia in the
Castro assassination plot in
1960, they asked him to act as
the intermediary.
In an appearance before the
Senate select committee. Mr.
Maheu testified that Mr. Rosel-
Ii was initially reluctant to ,
take part in the assassination I
plot, but was eventually won I
over by an appeal to his patri-1
otisrn. Mr. Roselli then recom-
mended that Mr. Giancana,
old friend of his, be brought
Into the plot because of his
excellent contacts in Cuba,
where he had had extensive
gambling interests before Mr.
Castro assumed power after the
collapse of Fulgencio Batista's
government in 1959.
Acccording to the long-time
friend and confidant of Mr.
Giancana, the Chicago Mafia
boss was also reluctant to join
the plot, and felt all along that
the assassination .? attempt
3
would not succeed.
"You can't hit an entrenched
leader like Castro," he quoted
Mr. Giancana as having told
him, "but all they [the C.I.A.]
want from me is some names'
in Havana, so how can I turn
them down?"
? Mr. Roselli, Mr. Giancana
and Mr. Maheu went to Miami
Beach in the late summer of
1960 to plan the assassination
attempt, according to Mr. Ma-
heu, and the three men stayed
there for several months, with
their headquarters hr the Fon-
tainebleau Hotel.
? Unhappy Over Separation
? During that period Mr. Gian-
cana's spirits were very low,
according to both Mr. Maheu
and the long-time confidant.
He was unhappy at being sep-
arated from his girlfriend Phyl-
lis McGuire, the singer, who,
he believed, was seeing other
men during his absence from
Las Vegas.
"Sam was crazy in love with
Phyllis at that time," Mr. Ma-
heu recalled, "and threatened
to drop everything and fly to
Las Vegas to check up on her."
In an effort to keep him in
Miami, Mr. Maheu said, he
hired a private detective
agency to shadow Miss Mc-
Guire, and one of its agents
was arrested by the Las Vegas
authorities while trying to tap
the telephone of the entertainer
Dan Rowan's hotel room. Mr.
Maheu contended, in his inter-
view with The Times, that he
did not ask the detective agen-
cy to tap Mr. Rowan's hotel,
phone, but only to follow Miss
McGuire.
"The wiretap was stupid any-
way," he said, 'because Rowan
wasn't going to be talking on
the phone while making love."
The arrest of the private
detective led to an estrange-
ment between Mr. Maheu and
Mr. Giancana, and nearly dis-
rupted the assassination plot.
The apprehended detective told ,
the authorities that he was
workin'g for Mr. Maheu; Mr.
Maheu then told the Federal
Bureau of Investigation that he
was involved in a C.I.A. opera-
tion.
"Sam was furious at Maheu
for spilling the beans to the
F.B.I. about the plot," Mr. Gi-
ancana's confidant said. "He
thought Bob should have been
a stand-up guy and taken the
rap himself."
The F.B.I. wanted to prose-
cute Mr. Maheu, Mr. Giancana
and Mr. Roselli on wiretapping
charges, but the C.I.A. eventu-
ally intervened with the Justice
Department and arranged to
have the charges dropped, ac-
cording to the Senate commit-
tee's report. But by then the
C.I.A. was so fed up with Mr.
Maheu and Mr. Giarrcana that
they dropped them from the :
Castro assassination project,
retaining only Mr. Roselli for
new efforts against Mr. Castro
in what was later referred to
as "phase two" of the unsuc-
cessful plot.
Herbert J. Miller, who was '
then the Assistant Attorney
General in charge of the Justice
Department's Criminal Divi-
sion said that the decision not
to prosecute Mr. Maheu and
Mr. Giancana for wiretapping
was made reluctantly.
"We weren't happy about it,
but we felt we had to do it for
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the national interest," he said'
in an interview.
It has been speculated that
Attorney General Robert F.
Kennedy, knowing that Mr.
Giancana and Mr. Roselli could
embarrass the Kennedy Admin-
istration with their story of the
CIA. plot, told his men to go
easy on the two Mafia leaders.
But the opposite happened, ac-
cording to William G. Hundley,
chief of the Organized Crime
Section under Mr. Kennedy.
'Bobby Pushed Us'
"I remember some of those
meetings in his office," he said.
"Bobby pushed to get Giancana
at any cost."
The F.B.I. agents followed
Robert Kennedy's orders so
conscientiously that Mr. Gian-
cana eventually decided to take
them to court. In 1963, he sued
in Federal District Court in
Chicago for relief from the
surveillance, saying that F.B.I.
agents' cars clogged the street
outside his home and that the
agents followed him to his
favorite cocktail lounge and
even to his family mausoleum.
"It was something, the way
those agents stuck to him,"
his confidant said. "When he
wept to play golf, four agents
played the hole behind him,
and when he would miss a shot
they would all boo."
necaLtse Mr. Giancana
brought a civil suit against the
Federal Government, he had
to go on the stand to testify
in his complaint, leaving him-
self open to cross-examination.,
"It was the greatest oppor-
tunity the Justice Department'
has had or will ever have to
cross-examine a Mafia boss,"1
Edward V. Hanrahatt former
United States Attorney in Chi-
,:ago, said in a telephone inter-
view.
But John Peter Lulinski, the
Assistant United States Attor-
ney selected by the Justice De-
partment to handle the case,
never questioned Mr. Giancarla
on the stand.
"There is no cross-examina-
tion," he told the court.
Mr. Giancana was brought toi
the stand a second time during
the proceedings. and the judge
again gave the Government the
opportunity to cross-examine
Mr. Giancana.
"No cross, your honor," Mr.!
Lulinski said.
Mr. Giancana, who had
walked into the courtroom
looking uncharacteristically
nervous, walked out beaming
after the judge ruled in his
favor.
Why didn't Mr. Lulinski ask
Mr. Giancarra any questions?
"We were told by the Justice
Department not to cross-exam-
ine him," said Thomas James,
who assisted Mr. Lulinski on,
the case.
Many observers were dum-
founded by the Justice Depart-
ment's performance. Why had
it thrown away its big chance
to squeeze Mr. Giancana? To-
day it is difficult to find out
because both Mr. I tilinski and
his superior, United States At-
torney Frank McDonald, as
well as Attorney General Ken-
nedy are dead.
Mr. James said he cculd not
remember what reason the
Justice Department gave for its
instructions. ,
Mr. Hundley, 'then chief of
the department's Organized
Crime Section, said that he re-
called that everyone in his
agency was upset at what had
happened in Chicago, but the
case was handled by the Civil
Division and not by his section.
John W. Douglas, who was
head of the Civil Division at
the time, said he could not re-1
member the case.
, Court records do not show
why the Government did not
cross-examine Mr. Giancana.
Neither Mr. Hundley nor Mr.
Miller believes that the kid-
glove treatment of Mr. Gian-
cana was the result of fear that
he would divulge the C.I.A.
plot. They say that if the Gov-
ernment was afraid of this, Mr.
Giancana would not have been
followed so rigorously in the
first place until he was driven
to sue. They add that if the
Government feared disclosures,
the Justice Department would
not have worked so hard two
years later. to send Mr. Gian-
cana to jail.
In 1965, Mr. Giancana was
brought before a grand jury
and asked about his under-
world activities. But, except for
his name, he had no informa-
tion to offer beyond citing the
Fifth Amendment protection
against self-incrimination. The
grand jury then gave him im-
munity, which meant that if
he did not talk he would be
held in contempt. Mr. Giancana
still refused to say anything
and was sent to jail for the
duration of the grand jury's
term.
1942 Prison Term
It was the first time he had
been behind bars for 23 years.
In 1942, Mr. Giancana was re-
leased from the Federal peni-
tentiary in Leavenworth, Kan.,
at the end of a sentence for
violations of the Prohibition
laws.
Mr. Giancana, who was born
in 1910, served his first prison
sentence when he was 15 years
old. By the time he was 20, he
had had 51 arrests, three of
them on murder charges. (One
murder case against him col-
lapsed when the state's chief
witness was killed.)
A year after Mr. Giancana's
imprisonment for contempt, the
grand jury's term expired, end-
ing his jail sentence. At this
point, the judge who had sent
Mr. Giancana to jail, the fore-
man of the grand jury and
United States Attorney Hanra-
han all wanted Mr. Giancana
brought before a new grand
jury, given immunity again,1
and, if he still refused to talk
sent back to jail.
But Mr. Hanrahan said that
the Justice Department ordered
him not to give immunity to
Mr. Giancarra again, and the
Mafia leader was freed.
"The biggest mistake I made
as United States Attorney,"
Ilanrahan said recently,
I "was going along with Justice
and not trying for another
contempt case against Gian-
cana."
Again the question arises:
Was Mr. Giancana given spe-
cial consideration because of
his role in helping the C.I.A.?
Mr. Hundley and Henry E.
Petersen, his successor as chief
of the Organized Crime Sec-
tion, say no. Mr. Hundley said
that the decision not to give'
Mr. Gian'cana immunity a sec-
ond time resulted from con-
siderable debate within the
Justice Department.
At that time, he said, the
present immunity statutes did
not exist. The legal basis for
sending Mr. Giancana to jail in
1965 was a Federal Trade Com-
munication statute that said
that if a witness before a Fed-
eral grand jury was asked
about telephone calls he was
automatically given immunity.
"So we were on thin legal
grounds to begin with," Mr.
Hundley said, "and I basically
did not believe that the way to
fight mobsters was to immu-
nize them and put them away.
It's gimmickry, no matter how,'
you cut it.'
Mr. Hundley, now a criminal
lawyer in Washington, said
that he was opposed to immu-
nizing Mr. Giancana the first
time.
"I was against it and Hanra-
han was for it," he said. "[As-
sistant Attorney General] Jack
Miller sided with Hanrahan and
Giancana was immunized. Then
Jack Miller resigned and Fred
Vinson was put in charge of
the Criminal Division. Fred
sided with me."
Special Treatment Discounted
Mr. Giancana's confidant
said that if Mr. Giancana re-
ceived any special considera-
tion from the Government, he
never asked for it. He said that
when Mr. Giarmana was cited
for contempt in 1965, his at-
torney, Edward Bennett Wil-
liams, who Mr. Giancana had
told about the C.I.A. plot,
wanted to "tell the judge about
it and get Sam off the hook,"
but Mr. Giancana refused to
allow it.
Mr. Roselli, on the other
hand, did ask for consideration
for his part in the C.I.A. plot
On two occasions after the
wiretap case, and in one he
got it.
In 1966, efforts were begun
by the Government to deport
Mr. Roselli, who was born Filip-
po Saco in Italy and allegedly
came to the United States il-
legally as a child. The deporta-
tion efforts were begun after
Mr. Roselli reportedly refused
to become a Federal informant i
on the Mafia.
Mr. Roselli got in touch with
4
Sheffield Edwards, the C.I.A.
official who directed the early
phase of the agency's assassi-
nation plots with the Mafia,
according to the Senate com-
mittee's report, and Mr. Ed-
wards persuaded the Justice
Department to stall the depor-
tation move. (It has since been
revived and is proceeding in a
Federal court in Florida) ?
Rigged Card Games
In 1967, Mr. Roselli was ar-
rested for fraudulent gambling
activities at the exclusive Fri-
ar's Club in Beverly Hills, Calif.
Along with three other men,
he was convicted of cheating
Tony Martin, the singer, Harry
Karl, a shoe store executive,
and other persons out of more
than $400,000 in rigged card
games. The crooked players
were purportedly signaled by
electronic means by an ob-
server looking through a ceiling
peephole.
Again, Mr. Roselli tried tc
use his involvement with the
C.I.A. to save himself, but this
time he failed.
Mr. Ma.heu, who had brought
Mr. Roselli and the C.I.A. to-
? gether, said that an attorney
for Mr. Roselli called him and
asked him to make a statement
to the judge about Mr. Roselli's
help to the C.I.A.
"I categorically refused and
? told him I would deny the
, whole thing happened," Mr.
Maheu said.
The Justice Department also
I refused to intercede again on
his behalf, but Mr. Roselli told
the judge about his role with
' the C.I.A. anyway. It did him
no good; he was convicted in
the case and sentenced to five
years in jail and a $55,000 fine.
He served half his term and
was then paroled.
Shortly after Mr. Giancana
was released from jail in 1966,
he moved to Mexico?to avoid
prosecution in the matter of a
stolen ring, according to his
long-time friend.
Nine years later, back in the
United States and just before
he was scheduled to appear
before a grand jury, he was
fixing himself a snack in the
early morning hours of last
June 19 when someone killed
him with seven .22-caliber bul-
lets pumped into his neck and
head.
WASHINGTON POST
15 APR 1976
CIA Nantes
TOKYO ? The Japan
Communist Party released
what it said was a list of
past and present U.S. Cen-
tral Intelligence AgencY
agents operating in Japan.
The list of 196 names, an!.
nounced by a party parlia-.
mentary group, included 93
"agents" now in the cowl-.
try.
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Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100400005L8
:Sim., April 4:1976.
? BY NORMAN KEMPSTER
Times Staff Writer
WASHINGTON?Less than two months before Pres.;
ident John F. Kennedy was shot to death, Lee Harvey Os- ?
wald conferred in Mexico City with an agent of the Soviet
KGB's assassination department, newly declassified ? CIA
documents indicate.
The CIA memo said that on Sept. 28, 1963, Oswald
spoke with Soviet Consul Valery V. Kostikov, whom Os-
wald later referred to as "Comrade Kostin."
The memo said Kostikov, "who has functioned overtly
as a consul in the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City since
September, 1961, is also known to be a staff officer of the
KGB. He is connected with the 13th, or 'liquid affairs' de-
partment, whose responsibilities include assassination and
sabotage."
The reference to Kostikov as an officer of the assassina-
tion department was in a 63-page chronology of Oswald's
meetings with Soviet citizens between June 13, 1962, and
the day Kennedy.was killed, Nov. 22, 1963.
Also declassified was a CIA historical analysis of the
13th Department of the KGB. ?
"It has long been known that the Soviet state security
service (KGB) resorts to abduction and murder . . . These
techniques, frequently designated as 'executive action'
land known within the KGB as 'liquid affairs,' can be and ?
are employed abroad as well as within the borders of the
U.S.S.R.," the analysis said.
."Foreign political leaders are also potential targets of
Soviet executive action operations. . . There is, however
Manige4WSZNIVESEntRAMEMECW:gg;MgeMA
CIA USES NAZI DOCUMENT
AGAINST GERMAN AUTHOR
? From a Times Staff Writer
WASHINGTON?Ever since the Warren Commission
issued its report on the assassination of President John F.
Kennedy, the FBI and the CIA have been critical of books.
challenging the commission's finding that Lee Harvey Os-
wald was the lone assassin.
A recently released CIA memo shows that in at least
one case the agency used a captured Nazi document aS
the source for derogatory information on Joachim Joes-
ten, German author of a book titled, "Oswald: Assassin or,.
Fall Guy?"
"You will note that the attention of the German semi- ?
ty organs was directed at Joesten as early as 1936," the
CIA memo said. "At that time the Communist Party had.
.been outlawed in Germany. . ."'
The memo said that in 1937 the Gestapo had accused_
kesten of being a Communist.
R.M=44.7mximatmmiammimmiommatmaMENIM
no evidence proving that any Western leader has been
the victim of Soviet executive action," it said.
The memo on Kostikov and the paper on the 13th De;
partment were given to the Warren Commission. Its pub-
lished report did not indicate how much attention the
matter was given by the commission.
The newly declassified documents show that the CIA
considered an exotic array of conspiracies linking the as-
sassination to Communist governments in China and Cuba
as well as to the Soviet Union.
Five days after Kennedy was killed on Nov. 22, 1963;
the CIA took a 3,000-word statement from a Soviet defec-
tor who speculated that the Soviet KGB had helped Lee
Harvey Oswald return to the United States from Russia,
knowing that he was a potential killer.
A week a later, the CIA station in Stockholm received a
report from a man who identified himself as a Chinese
diplomat in the Swedish capital. In a cable to Washington::
the Stockholm station said the diplomat reported:
, "President assassinated direct orders People's Republic
China. Chicoms established contact with Oswald when he
. in Soviet Union. When Oswald returned States he recon-
Approved
;?-?4111110111Lan
Agent, CIA
Data Show
tacted and threatened with exposure unless he agreed
work for Chicoms. Chicoms thought U.S. would attack.
Cuba when it learned assassin was Cuba sympathizer. So-
viets would attack U.S. Chicoms would ask for atomic
weapons. Commies would win war. Chicoms would then
assassinate Khrushchev and take over totally."
' The CIA documents show that the agency?like the
?
Warren commission?ultimately concluded that there
was no conspiracy, that Oswald acted alone in killing
Kennedy.
But on Nov. 27, 1963, five days after the assassination,
the CIA appeared to take seriously the hypothesis of a So-
viet defector who said that even if the KGB did not order
Oswald to kill Kennedy, the Russian intelligence agency
must have known he was the kind of person who even-
tually would cause some kind of damage.
' This Russian informant?unlike another Soviet defec-
tor, Yuri Ivanovich Nosenko?never has been identified.
His name was removed from the CIA documents before
-they were made public, which could indicate that he still
is considered a reliable source of information.
The defector said that Soviet responsibility in the Ken-
nedy assassination might be doubted by those who believe
Oswald "was a nut and properly would not be entrusted
with such an operation."
"However, the KGB properly knows that historically'
, most assassins have been unbalanced maladjusted types,"
the defector said.
He speculated that before Oswald was permitted to re-
turn to the United States in 1962 after a three-year stay
in the Soviet Union he was subjected to long lectures on
the evils of "American millionaires, such as Rockefeller,
Kennedy and others."
"Because to make a good agent takes a long time and
because Oswald was impatient .,. . the KGB decided not
to make of him a good agent, but did not break relations
with him and decided to use him in a more or less open
way," the defector theorized.
Although the Warren commiseion discounted the defec-
tor's theory, as late as June 14, 1964, it sought and re-
ceived a CIA analysis of Soviet brainwashing techniques.
The defector's statement was included in a stack of doc-
uments the CIA declassified at the request of David Belin,
a Des Moines, Iowa, attorney. Belin was on the staff , of
the Warren Commission and was staff director of the
Rockefeller commission, which last year investigated ille-
gal domestic activities of the CIA.
In a telephone interview, Belin said he was convinced
that release of the material "will reinforce the conclusion
(of the Warren Commission) that Lee Harvey Oswald was
? the sole gunman who killed President Kennedy."
He said he sought the files because "there has been
such a ripoff of the intellectual community by people
making false charges so far as the question of whether or
not Oswald did it."
Belin said he 'asked that all CIA documents relating to
the Kennedy assassination be made public. However, the
agency withheld many papers and heavily censored many
of those that were released.
Meanwhile, a Senate intelligence subcommittee headed
by Sen. Richard S. Schwellier (R-Pa.) is preparing to issue
a report on its investigation of relationships among the
CIA, the FBI and the Warren Commission.
Schweiker, who said last. year that if Oswald were alive
"he would be entitled to a new trial," refused to be inter-
viewed recently on grounds, according to an aide, that his ,
.report was nearing its final stages and he did not want t?
discuss its contents.
Schweiker said earlier that he was investigating the
possibility that Oswald had ties to the CIA, FBI or milita-;
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iy intelligence. He said also that he was trying to find out
if Osvrald's often-expressed Marxism was a cover for a re-
lationship with anti-Castro Cuban refugees.
The newly released CIA documents contain no indica-
tion that the agency considered conspiracies other than
those involving Communists,
. Belin said the Warren Commission did not find any ,
evidence of a Communist conspiracy. But he added that
the commission was not aware of CIA-backed plots
against the life of Cuban Premier Fidel Castro that have
come to light recently.
"I iitiestion that at this time there would be any proof
that would show a conspiracy," Belin said.
The newly released documents indicate that the Rocke-
feller commission relied heavily on information supplied
by the CIA in reaching the conclusion that Oswald and
Jack Ruby, Oswald's killer, had no links with the agency.
A CIA memorandum dated April 15, 1975, shows that
Robert Olsen, the Rockefeller commission staff member
assigned to investigate the CIA's relations with the War-
ren Commission, contacted an agency official for advice
on how to proceed.
"I explained that much of the detail surrounding this
topic is 12 years old and there are few around with de-
THE WASHINGTON POST Sunday, April 11,1976
Navy.
tailed knowledge," the official, whose name was withheld,
wrote. "We do have the files of what we have provided
the Warren Commission and there may be other material
which will be of assistance." ,
Belin told The Tim s that the commission "investigated
'CIA files to see if there was any evidence at all of any
CIA involvement with Jack Ruby or Oswald." He said the
files contained no such evidence.
The April 15 CIA memo was written in response to an
analysis of the CIA and the Warren Commission written
by Paul L Hoch,a. BC-Berkeley physicist who has made
a study of the Kennedy assassination.
The memo called Roth's document "very scholarly" and
said Rockefeller commission member Edgar Shannon "be-
lieves that the treatise is worthy of examination."
However, the Rockefeller commission's report ignored
most of the points raised in Hoch's paper, while concen-
trating on sensational charges by comedian Dick Gregory
that. Watergate conspirators E. Howard Hunt Jr. and
Frank Sturgis were the Kennedy assassins.
Belin said, however, that although the report concen-
trated on the Gregory charges, the commission considered
points that were not mentioned in the report.
"Proving a negative is extremely difficult," he said.
. _
?.? By Robert E. Kessler
Newsday
YORK, April 10?The Navy
and the Central Intelligence Agency'
have been secretly training and using
, dolphins in military and intelligence
programs for at least a decade, accord-
ing to a former Navy research scientist
,and'other source's within the govern-
inent.
The scientist, Michael Greenwood of
'Moorhead, Minn., says his career was
?ruined when he protested that the pro-
arum here immoral and a waste of the
,taxpayers' money.
le: In testimony submitted to the Sen-
,ate intelligence committee, Greenwood
said that:
.? Dolphins were trained to detect or
..attack enemy frogmen in a Tnogram
;known to the Navy and CIA as
,!,'Swimmer nullification" and that sev-
cral were used in Vietnam. ?
,
? Dolphins were taught to place elee-
'tronic monitoring devices or explosives;
. on or near enemy ships. In une .in-
stance in the late 1960s, a dolphin was
trained at the Key West naval base to. ?
enter Havana harbor with an elec-
tronic device designed to measure the .
efficiency of a Soviet nuclear-powered
ship..
The Navy considered using dol-
phins in the early 1970s to track Soviet
submarines and to steal mines from
Chinese waters. There was , no indica-
tion whether the plan was earried out.
? The Navy and the CIA trained dol-
phins in an attempt to recover an
unexploded nuclear bomb that acciden-
tally had been dropped by a Navy
plane off the coast of Puerto Rico.
? The dolphin programs.,weie. only al
small part of a large-scale effort to re:.,
cover Soviet items lost at sea that
. eluded a mission in which Navy divers,.
without the aid of dolphins, recovered
a missile from a Soviet plane that sank
vas in ar rat
lin the Sea of Japan.
A spokesman for the Senate commit-
tee, which has not released a copy of
Greenwood's statement, said it had not
spent much time investigating the sci-
entist's assertions. "We reached the
conclusion that (they were) more a mil-
itary matter than an intelligence mat-
ter," the spokesman said. Greenwood
:also gave Newsday a copy of his 15(1:
'page statement to the committee, ,
' The CIA declined to comment. While
the Navy has widely publicized its
'training of dolphins, whales and sea
lions to recover lost U.S. rockets and
mines, a spokesman denied that ma-
,rine mammals had ever been trained
"! to attack people or ships or had been?
used in intelligence missions.
The Navy did acknowledge that it?
had sent five dolphins to Vietnam in
1970 to test the animals' abilities to de-
tect enemy frogmen in Camranh Bay.
The results are still classified. But the
Navy had no comment on the recovery
of any Soviet equipment in the Sea of
Japan in the late 196Cs or the loss of a
nuclear weapon near Vieques Island
off Puerto Rico in 1966.
The outline of the various secret
; projects was confirmed, however, dur-
ing a Newsday investigation in which
scores a Navy and CIA personnel
were interviewed. ?
?
?
Although it could not be determined
whether attack-trained dolphins were
ever used in actual combat, dolphins
, were trained at the Navy base in Key
West in a joint project with the CIA,
to attack swimmers, according to four
separate sourCell.
"We had them trained like real Ma-
rines," said one source. He said frog
-
6
men were paid $25 apiece' to try to
penetrate waters in which dolphins
were patrolling.
"The divers failed every time," he
said. "You really get bruised being hit
by a 300-pound dolphin."
The animals detected the frogmen
with their natural ability to send out
and receive sonar signals. Then the an-
imals were trained to press an alarm
buzzer floating in the water and inter-
cept the swimmers. Others said the
dolphins were capable of knocking the
face masks off frogmen or tearing
their air hoses.
The animals were also trained to tow
or push through the water dummy
packages that weighed up to 100
pounds. The packages were the kind
that could have contained explosives
or spy gear, the sources said.
'Greenwood, 44, saicl'hislotiat theSe-
cret Navy research base at,. Kaneol4
Bay, Hawaii, was illegally eliminated
in 1971 when he requested that the dol-
phin programs be reconsidered and .he
refused, to release $150,000 in govern-
ment funds to 'a civilian "contractor
whose work he felt was Shoddy., The
Navy says that Greenwood's diseharge
was routine, caused' by a lack Of. pro-
ject funding.
The scientist, who worked 'for the
Navy for 10 years, says that the maiine
mammal programs were a waste .of tax-
payers' money because frogmen, and
underwater vehieles could hilve done
the same jobs and because the training
was so rushed . that the animals Were
unreliable. For example, he said, .they
occasionally, placed dummy practice
packages on?ptivate.boats.
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lots angtitt Irimdf ? ties., hiar..23, 1976
CIA Discredits Defector's
Statements About Oswald
BY JACK NELSON
Times Washington Bureau Chief ?
t;
WASHINGTON?The CIA has re-
leased previously secret documents
.discrediting some of a Soviet defec-
tor's statements that the Warren
Commission relied on in concluding
that Lee Harvey Oswald had not
been acting as a Soviet agent when
he assassinated President Kennedy.
The documents raise serious ques-
tions about several statements by
Yuri Ivanovich Nosenko, former
KBG officer, who assured the CIA
and the FBI that Oswald had never
acted as an agent for the Soviet se-
cret police agency. ?
A CIA memo says Nosenko's ignor-
ance of Oswald's . communications
with the Soviet Embassy in Wash-
ington "discredits his claim to com-
plete knowledge of all aspects of the
KGB relationship with Oswald."
In addition, the memo questions
Nosenko's statements that he did not.
know whom Oswald had contacted at
the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City
two months before the assassination.
The memo says the CIA learned the
contact was "a KGB officer under
consular cover."? ?
The documents were made availa-
ble to The Tines Monday after hav-
ing been declassified and released
earlier to David W. Belin, who had
? been a counsel to the Warren Corn-
mission. Belin has called for reopen-
ing of the assassination investigation..
although he has expressed con-
fidence that a new inquiry would
substantiate the Warren Commis-
sion's conclusion: that there was no
conspiracy and that that Oswald was
the lone gunman who killed Kennedy
and Dallas police officer J. D. 'Ilppitt
o.n-Nov. 22, 1961 ? '
',In calling for the iiew irivestiga-
tiOn; Belin criticized the CIA and the
FBI for .Withholding from the War-
ren Commission. evidence of CIA
plots to - assassinate Cuban Premier
Ficlet.Castra. Some of the CIA dee-
uinents released te Belin deal with a
Cuban defector who told the CIA in
196,4 that Oswald might have been in
contact, with Cuban intelligence
agents seven weeks before he killed
Ke.nnedy.. ? .
:One of the theories being investi-
gated by a Senate subcommittee
headed by Sen. Richard S. Schweiker
.(R-Pa.) is whether. Kennedy ? might
haVe been killed as a result of a Com-
nil:mist plot organt.zed in Cuba or the
Soviet Union. There have been sug-
gestions that the assassination might
have been planned by Cubans who
had learned of the plots: to assassi-
nate Castro'.
:The Warren Commission relied on
statements to the FBI by Nosenko,
wife, never testified before the corn-
mission.' ? . ? ? ,
The importance the commission at-
tached to.Nosenko's *statements about
Oswald's relationship with the KGB
is, reflected in an internal commission.
memo dated June 24, 1964: . '
"Most of what Nosenko told the
"FBI confirms what we already knew
from other. sources and most of it.
does not. involve important facts,
with one extremely. significant ex-
ception: ' ? - -
"This exception is Nosenko's state-.
ment *that Lee Harvey Oswald was
never trained or used as an agent or
the Soviet UnIonfor any pUrpose and'
that no contact with him was made,
attempted', or. contemplated after he
, left the Soviet Union and returned to
? the United States. . ?
'Nosenko's opinion* on these points
especially valuable because,
cording to his testimony. at least, his
position with the KGB was such that
had there been any subversive 'rela-
tionship between' the Soviet Union
:and Oswald, he would have' known
about it:"
Nosenko defected on Feb. '4, 1964,
10 -weeks. after the Kennedy assassi-
nation, when -attending a disar-
mament, conference. in Switzerland.
He quickly was -granted asylum in
the United States arid was interrogat-
ed intensively by the FBI'and the CIA.
Although some CIA officials ques:
tioned whether Nosenko was a bona
fide defector or a double agent, their
suspicions were never relayed to the.
Warren Commission.
? Nosenko, who is living in the Unit-
ed States under an assumed name,.
still is regarded as suspect by. some
U.S. intelligence-sources. ?? ? .
? Nosenko said that, When hedefeet-.
.ed, he had, been a lieutenant colonel
and deputy chief of the tourist de-
partment of a KGB directorate Con-
cerned, with internal security.
? He said he wa?. familiar .with Os-
wald's visit to. the Soviet Union, had
supervised the handling of his KGB
. file and had reviewed the file on or-'
ders of superiors immediately after
.the assassination to be sure that. Os-
wald had no connection. with the'
KGB...
Nosenka ?assured. American intel-
ligence. agencies that he was com,.-
pletely familiar with KGB surveil-
lance, of Oswald when he. lived in the
:So.viet Union from 1959 to June,
1962, and that the KGB considered
Oswald to be "abnormal" and never
considered using him as an agent. ..
After Oswald returned to the Unit-,.
ed States, Nosenko said, KGB head-
quarters in Moscow received no
further word of him until he ap-.
neared at the Soviet Embassy in
Mexico City. in September, 1963, and
requested a visa to reenter the Soviet
Union.
A CIA _memo notes that Nosenko
said he, did not.know whom Oswald
7
had contacted at the embassy "in&
he knew of no contacts between Os-
wald and Cubans or 'Representatives.
of the Cuban government there or
.elsewhere."
This official CIA comment has in-
cluded at the bottom of the memo
?
page:
"Independent' sources, however, re-
ported on visits by Oswald to. the Cu-
ban as well as Soviet embassies in
Mexico City between 29 September
and 3 October 1963 and on his (ap-
parently overt) contact with a KGB
officer under consular cover at the
Soviet Embassy.
."Nosenko originally said he knew
.nothing of any such contact. In Octo-
ber, 1966, he revised this to say that
Oswald did not have contact with the
1KGB in Mexico City: ? . ? :14.
.-"Nosenko explained that he had'
been sitting in the Office of Seventh
Department chief, K. N. Dubas, when
a cable arrived at Moscow headquar-
ters from the KGB legal residency in,
Mexico. The cable, which Nosenko.
said he did not personally see, report-
ed that Oswald had visited the Soviet
Embassy in Mexico City requesting
permission to return-to the U.S.S.R.
and that the cable specified that Os-
wald had dealt with Soviet Foreign
-Ministry personnel only."
In pointing out inconsistencies in
,Nosenko's statements about review-
ing Oswald's KGB file, the CIA memo
notes that at one :time he said he had
"only 'skimmed the file"?and another
time he said he had it in his posses-
sion for 20 Minutes. ? ' -
The CIA, which continued to queS,
ten Nosenko periodically over the.
next 'fewl years, noted that in Octo-
ber, 1966, "He again said that he read
the file and that while doing so he
'saw a picture of Oswald fcir the first
time. Nosenko added that he never,
mdt Oswald personally." ,
An assertion by Nosenko that the
KGB's First Chief Directorate first
?learned of Oswald' when he applied
for a reentry visit in Mexico City "is'
-probably incorrect:" the CIA memo
said.,, ?
"The consular file turned over to
the U.S. Government by, the Soviet
Embassy in Washington after the as-
Sassination indicated that the KGB:
First Chief Directorate would have
, known of Oswald as early as Feb-
ruary, 1963; if not earlier. That file
contained Marina Oswald's (Oswald's
Russian-born wife) letter of.. Feb:,;:
ruary. '1963, and a leiter of July,,
1963. from?OSwald, both of which in-,
,dicated that Oswald had earlier re-,
quested permission to, return to the
Soviet Union."
Without regard to possible earlier
correspondence. the CIA concluded:
e"Oswald's request for a Soviet visa
addressed to the embassy in Wash-
ington in July. 1963, Would r2quire
the Washington residency to report
the matter to Moscow, just as
Nosenko described the Mexico City..,
residency later did." ? . .- ?
Nosenko's ignorance of such corn-
munications "discredits his claim to
complete knowledge of all aspects of
the KGB relationship with Oswald,"
th4CIit memo said.... . ? ?
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Saturday, April 3, 1976 The Washington Star
tr'T:
?
CIA Denies Lockheed Bribe Role
The CIA denied yester-
day that it was involved in
any illegal payments in
Japan by Lockheed Aircraft
' Corp. The denial came after
reports surfaced that the
CIA knew of the payments.
The New Republic maga-
zine said the CIA may have
been aware of the payments
because of its connection
with an international
currrency-dealing firm
that served as a Lockheed
conduit.
? And The New York Times
reported that many details
of the payments were re-
ported at the time to the
CIA.
"The CIA has not been
involved in any Lockheed
bribery operations," ?said
' the agency's statement.
ASKED WHETHER the
CIA was aware of the ille-
gal payments in Japan, the
? spokesman said the one-
sentence statement was all
the agency had to say and
that it "gets to the heart of
the matter."
Lockheed has said it paid
out $12 million to help pro-
mote business in Japan and
? that $2 million of that went
- to Japanese government
officials over several years.
In a copyrighted article
in its April 2 issue, which
also appeared in The Wash-
ington Star yesterday, The
New Republic says that
Deak & Co. of New York,
dealers in international
currency, was the channel
? for about $8.2 million of the
- Lockheed money.
There was no comment
from Deak & Co.
? The New York Times re-
ported that many details of
Lockheed's bribery- of
Japanese politicians in the
sale of its F104 fighter
plane in the late 1950s were
reported at the time to the
Central Intelligence Agen-
cy.
THE TIMES quoted a
former CIA official and uni-
dentified Japanese sources
as saying details of Lock-
heed's spending an esti-
mated $1.5 million to win.
the fighter contract from
Grumman Aircraft Corp.
were sent through CIA
channels from the Ameri-
can embassy in Tokyo.
The former official was
quoted as saying the CIA
station in Tokyo "was
checking with headquarters
every step of the way when
the Lockheed thing came
up. Every move.made was
ROLLING STOITE
8 April 1976
approved by Washington."
The Times said Mitchell
Aogovin, CIA counsel,
would neither confirm nor
deny that the agency knew
of the payments to Japa-
nese officials.
Author Tad Szulc said in
the New Republic article
that Deak and Co. "for
many years has . . . served
as a covert channel for
worldwide financial opera-
tions of the CIA" and that
this is "a matter of guarded
knowledge in Washington's
intelligence community."
"Therefore, it is more
than likely that the CIA was
aware all along of Lock-
heed's secret activities in
Japan, including the pay-
ments of millions of
dollars . . . to the leader of
an extreme right-wing
Japanese political faction
and still unidentified senior
Japanese officials," he
wrote.
Szulc quoted "well-placed
American sources" as say-
ing the CIA "may even
have orchestrated much of
Lockheed's financial opera-
tions in Japan, pursuant to
secret U.S. foreign policy
objectives.
The Lockheed payments
became known last Febru-
ary during hearings of a
Senate committee, with
much of the money alleged-
ly going through Yoshio
Kodama, identified as an
influential power broker.
The Press Establishment and the First Amendment
While the press establishment gathers for the film premiere of All
the President's Men?a film which 'celebrates the triumph of two
crusading reporters: and of the First -Amendment=another re-
porter's .'triumph" is being rewarded by a congressional inquiry "
into the source of his story and by the criticism of his colleagues.
Indeed, CBS newsman Dan Schorr's assignment to cover the con-
gressional investigation of the ."intellioence community" was, in
Schorr's own brisk turn of phrase, the "son of Watergate."
? Yet now we-witness the spectacle of the New York Times attack-
ing Schorr for providing his copy of the report to a competitive
New York weekly.. The Times charges that Schorr's 'release of the
report was tainted by 'attempting to secure a donation to the
Reporters' Committee for Freedom of the Press. Would the Times
care to account for their receipts from the sale of the Pentagon
- Papers leaked to them by Daniel Ellsberg?
i
? .The New York Times attack would have appeared bizarre were
it not joined by the pliant .executives of CBS, who quickly removed
Schorr from his assignment and. finally suspended him from active
.duty altogether.. Only days earlier, the Washington Post revealed
secret meetings of the executives of the Times and CBS with CIA
,.director George Bush about CIA infiltration of their companies.
How do. we explain these things? Bernstein and Woodward are
' rightfully celebrated and rewarded today for essentially the same
kind of reportage only months ago. CBS, despite riches and power'
that surpass most news organizations in America, backed off in a
fashion that cannot. be blamed on. cowardice alone.
The Pike report had been widely disseminated by the national
press; the publication of Schorr's copy seemed almost an after-
thought until Henry. Kissinger, in a fell-dress State Department
press conference, went after the report and its leakers.
Perhaps just a casual series of events, but to those familiar with
the Nixon/Kissinger style?the furiously unleashed governmental
attack coupled with an .orchestra of editorials and congressional
investigation?the Watergate ways are back with us, larger than
ever.?Jann.Wenner...
8
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WASHINGTON STAR
1 APRIL 1976
By Jerzy Oppenheirder
: ?
tirabuctracl,.
tO
-Disci
luctarire
Washington Star Staff Writer
Like a. toddler told, to share its
toys, the federal bureaucracy is
kicking and screaming as it drags its
feet in opening files to the public
under the new Privacy Act and Free-
dom of Information Act amend-
ments. "
But the bureaucratic tantrum,
government officials maintain, is not
over the intent of the disclosure laWs.
Rather; they blame their growing
anger and molasses-like irnpleraen--,
tation on two factors ? the IC-day
time limit ii7posethon the goiern-
ment to respord to requests .under.
freedom of information (FOI):,. and
. . ? .
what they perceiVe to be increasing
"misuse" Of both acts by groups and
individuals. ?
? Since the FOI amendments be-
came effectivel4 months ago and the
Privacy Act took effect last Septem-
ber, federal agencies report, they
have been bombarded by thousands
of requests ? many of them broad in
scope, obscure, sometimes even.
threatening ? for information from
people whose intentions, it is sus-
pected, are neither serious nor
honorable. Nonetheless, they must be
answered:-
?
. AGENCY LAWYERS and adrnin-
-istrators assert that this "harass-
ment" is. in part, the reason fore the,
huge backlog of FOL and privacy re-
quests ? more than 6,000 at the FBI
alone. It is also cited in the soaring
number of lawsuits against the gov-
ernment because either access was
denied or those requesting access re-
fused to follow the administrative re-
view process.
As an example, a response to a re-.
cent request from Rep. Bella S.
Abzug, D-N.Y., who chairs the House
government information and individ-
ual rights subcommittee, as to what
steps the FBI was taking to clear up
its backlog, said in part:
, "There have been instances where
organizations have encouraged their
members to submit requests? for
records, making clear that their pur-
pose is harassment and a conscious
attempt primarily ?to bog the FBI
down in processing requests, rather
than to seek access to records. We
have no way of predicting how many
similar requests will be made in the ?
future."
The purpose of the FOI amend-
ments and Privacy Act is to curb
official secrec9 and open up govern-
ment. Both laws go a long way to re-.,
quire federal agencies to disclose
records.
The main difference between FOI
and privacy is that the Privacy Act i
requires the disclosure of records on?
individuals requasted by the individ-
uals themselves. .
CRITIC.S .INSIDE and outside of
government scoff at bureaucratic.
? charges that groups or individuals
are abusing the new disclosure laws.
They contended in interviews that
officials never have been happy withr
disclosure and never will be.
These critics assert that the disclo-!
sure of records can be and already
? have been embarrassing to govern-
ment agencies and political adminis-
trations. They contend that bureau-
crats will try to avoid opening-the
Acres of government filing cabinets
to the public a's'ttresult.
The? governnient officials, how-
ever, 'cite the following as examples
of what they consider to be "harass-
ment." ?
47
. Item: The California-based
Church of Scientology, which has had
a running battle with the Internal
Revenue Service over loss of its tax-
exempt status, for over a year has
been besieging government agencieS
with-broad-stroke requests for any
and all files they may have -ranging
from pose on the church's founder,.
L. Ron Hubhard, to those on one of
the church's controversial
devices, the E-Meter, to
State Department com-
munications regarding the
Caribbean comings and
goings of one of its vessels,
the Apollo.
The church now has ac-
tions now pending against
the State, Defense and
Transportation depart-
ments, the Navy, the Coast
Guard, the IRS. the Postal
Service and the Drug En-
forcement Administration.
-Item: A Newark lawyer
who pens a conservative
newsletter ha's made
numerous requests for
information about the ac-
tivities within the office Of
the U.S. attorney in New
Orleans. These requests,
:officials said, included:
!How many Italian-Ameri-
cans work in the office and
information about them;
whether prosecutors in the
office are required to wear
American flag pins in their
lapels; the amount of con-
tributions made by the U.S:
attorney to the 1968 and 1972
Nixon campaigns.
Virtually every time an
indictment is announced by
the office, no matter hew
routine, the lawyer requests
information pertaining to
the case. A Justice Depart-
ment official contends that
the lawyer is working for a
Louisiana client who has a
grudge against the U.S.
attorney and is "looking for
information to embarrass
him via the disclosure
Item: At the CIA, an offi-
cial involved in handling
FOI and privacy requests
said that a good many of
them- come "from people
who are less than ent'nusi-
astic" about the agency.
Requests are often broad ?
"I want everything you
have on the Bay ,of Pigs."
The official says that some
of these requests contain
threats. "I've even gotten .
them at home." The
threats, he said, have in-
cluded some of bombings.
"We have reported them to
the FBI and Secret Serv-
ice."
, Item: ? Numerous re-
quests have been received
by government agencies as
a result of an advertise-
ment placed by a California
firm that promises it can
supply everything the gov-
ernment has on a person for
a S15 fee. Officials .believe
that those responding' are
"doing it for a lark, while
? those who have serious re-
quests . must wait their
turn."
? Item: An Alexandria
? lawyer ? one of a growing
number of lawyers across
the country beginning to
specialize in FOI and Priva-
cy Act cases ? has sent in
numerous requests for
iclients using a lengthy, de-
tailed form that checks
i dozens of government agen-
icies whose files he wants
searched. In an interview.
the acknowledged that.some
I of his clients might have
I once attended a demonstra-
tion of some sort and now
want to see what, if any-
thing, the government has
on them. ?
Item: It is not unusual,
officials say, to get a large
number of requests from a
political science class
whose professor assigned it
to send in to see what the
, government had on each
studem. "In' very few cases
like this," said a Justice
Department official. "do we
ever find anything, but the
files must be searched in-
volving a lot oi manpower.
: It's a total waste and some-
times I have a vision that
that's all we'll be doing if
' things continue this way."
Item: Hundreds and hun-
dreds of requests come in
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from "jailhouse 'lawyers"'
who decided one day that
"it would be a fun thing to,
do." Said an official who
handles these requests:
"That's part of vhat makes
the disclosure laws intoler-
able."
Atty. Gen. Edward H.
Levi recently told a group
of reporters that those kind
of requests "do an injustice
to .those who have legiti-
mate requests. It's a very
? difficult problem. I suppose.
? the hope is that after. a
? while the 'novelty will die
down."
IN RECENTLY submit-
? ting to Congress the Justice
Department's first annual
report on the operations of
the FOI amendments and
the first six months under
the Privacy Act, Deputy
Atty. Gen. Harold R. Tyler
Jr. emphasized that "the
receipt of over 30,000 re-
quests for access, a number
far in excess of what any-
p had anticipated. has
traasformed this into 6
major area of departmental
operations." ?
Tyler said. that there-
quests, which took up more
than I20,000 man-hours,
"demonstrate the adverse
impact on the department's
ability to carry out its
traditional substantative
missions during the past
year. Moreover, the figures
for the first two months of
176 offer no indication that
the tide is ebbing."
He called for a "critical
re-examination of the many
substaptative and proce-
dural inconsistencies be-
tween FOI and the access
provisions of the Privacy
Act." .
The direct cost to the FBI
for processing disclosure
requests last year . was
more than $1.6 million, a
figure that does not reflect
personnel not assigned
fell-
iime to processing re-
quests, but whose services
are indirectly required for
consultation and classifica-
tion review. ?
The FBI's estimated cost
fcr this year is more than
$2.6 million and the project-
ed cost for next year is
more than $3.4 million.
These figures are in stark
contrast to the initial esti-.
mate of the House. Govern-
ment Operations Commit-
tee ? $100,000 annually
between fiscal 1975 and 1980
for all federal agencies.
RONALD L. PLESSER,
general counsel for the ?
0-
Privacy Protection Study:
Commission, which was ;
formed by the Privacy Act,
said he feels the crush on
agencies, particularly- the
FBI, CIA and State Depart-
ment, is transitional, but
acknowledged that . there-
are "serious processing*
dif acuities." .
"After all," declared
Plesser, "you are looking at
three agencies which his-
torically have been the
paragons of secrecy and so
all of a sudden after- 200
years the 'public has the
right to ask them for infor-
mation ? it does riot seem
to me that it is unreasona-
ble that there has to be a
transition period. Before,
they had been acting totally
without accountability." ?
But Plesser asserted that
THE WASHINGTON POST (POTOMAC)
4 Apr11 1976 ?
AVEDON SHOOTS UP WASHINGTON
In the past, New York was where fashion photogra-
pher Richard Avedon shot his Vogue cdvers and
Washington was where he protested. But now Ave-
, don, who was arrested at the Capitol while protest-
ing America's involvement in Southeast Asia in
: 1977, has just finished a round of picture-taking in
-I Washington on assignment from Rolling Stone
!magazine. His project: to photograph a Bicenten-
nial series of portraits of people who have most in-
fluenced America. Among those who have received
the Avedon treatment: George Bush, Mike Mans-
field, Frank Church, George McGovern, Eu-
gene McCarthy, Ted Kennedy, Jimmy Carter,
Ronald Reagan, George Wallace, Katharine
Graham, Carl Albert, Edmund Muskie, Hubert
Humphrey and Gerald Ford.
While Avedon is best known for his fashion shots
the government "has to ger
comtortable with the fact.
that opening its files to the
public is one of the things it:
does like its other functions.
One of the complaints I
hear all the time is that this
takes time, effort and
money away from our mis-
sion. But this is part of their
mission." ?
Jeff Axierad, a Justice
Department Civil Division
attorney who oversees the
'government's -defense of
? suits filed under the acts
except for those filed
against the IRS and some of
the regulatory agencies ?
said that litigation has
soared from under 100
cases early last year to well
over 300 today.
CITED MOST often by
governent lawyers inter-
viewed about possible mis-
use or harassment under.
the disclosure laws was the
case of the requests madf..t.;
by the Church of Scientology.
But Joel Kriener, the Holly,
wood, Calif., attorney who
represents the church and
whose signature appears on
some 200 requests in gov-
ernment files, calls the
charges "absurd::
Kriener said he files so
imany requests -because
they don't respond to the
first.oravell have reason to
believe -that agency A has
files on as. We'lls.know this
because agency B released
sine doCuments to us,
some of which dame from
agency A, yet agency A will
deny having documents or
do nothing." .
As a result of his requests
and follow up suits against
the government, volumes of
documents -have been
released. Kriener said that
one such document, which
he refers to as !'Folly
memorandum," accused
the church of "blatant
criminal activity. For
example, shooting people.
mUrder, use of drugs, this
type of thing. The docu-
ment, which came from the
Labor Department, at-
tributed its source to the
IRS."
He said that other
material released by gov-
ernment agencies were
"along the same lines, but
not with as serious allega-
tions. I find that as we enter
litigation documents turn
up, searches are found-to be
incomplete. Without fail,
after we file suit we get
more documents. Suit:; pay
off."
THE LAWYER contend-
ed that all of the scurrilous
material found about the
church in the government?
records were lies and that
the difficulties the church
has had over the years ?
deportation actions, tax
problems, loss of. postal
mailing permits, drug
investigations ? "c-an be
linked to the stuff that's in
those files."
As for the charges of har-
assment, Kriener said, "All
they're saying is that we're.
making numerous requests
Under the law. That's the
nitty-gritty. I think they're -
overprotective of them-
selves and of the files and
are just not ? reading the ;
acts with 4 the . intent
Congress wants them to be.;
read." ? . . ? .?
of models such as Lauren Hutton, Margaux Hem-
ingway and Verushka, the 52-year-old lensman only
makes his pictures pretty for fashion assignments;
his portraits are more stark. Avedon waited pa-
tiently one day while Frank Church struck a self-
conscious pose ? a profile of himself looking up-
ward. Not until Church looked back at him did
Avedon click the shutter of his big, 8 x 10 Dear-
dorff camera. At the CIA, national security pre-
vented George Bush from wearing his custornary
ID during his portrait sitting. And on the Hill, it
still isn't possible for a photographer to shoot with
strobe lights without throwing the entire Capitol's
electrical system awry. At Carl Albert's office on a
Friday?when the House is generally adjourned?
Avedon's strobes annoyed legislators by setting off
the bells that signal a vote on the floor.
10
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DALLAS MORNING NEWS
1 APRIL 1976
William Colby
Ex-CIA head stgesz African clash
?
' . By ANN AT'TEFtBERRY
William Colby predicted Wednesday
the next clash in Africa will be be-
tween the Soviet Union and African
whites whom the United States "cannot
and will not support."
Colby, who resigned as director of
the Central Intelligence Agency in
January, told El Centro students the
CIA was trying in Angola to support
two black nationalist groups against
Soviet intervention.
The CIA believed a Soviet takeover
"would be dangerous," Colby said. Con-
gress was asked and refused to allow
US. intervention when Cuba sent 12,-
? 000 soldiers into Angola last July.
"Now, with that victory in the past,
Castro feels he has some great mission
In Africa," Colby warned.
Asked if Soviet influence in Angola
will have an immediate effect on the
United States, Colby said the trend of
world history indicates allowing the
takeover in Angola to go unchallenged
Indicates trouble later.
GERMANY'S INITIAL expansion into
Czechoslovakia in March of 1939 was
no immediate problem," Colby point-
ed out. Historically, the expansion
emerged as one of the first .steps to
World War IL
Colby defended "quiet assistance to
friends of America," saying assistance
"where necessary and when neces-
sary" can "forestall something more
serious."
He cited the Bay of Pigs as an exam-
ple of unsuccessful assistance and the
prevention of the spread of commu-
-nism into Latin America as an example
of successful assistance.
Only 5 per cent of the CIA budget is?
now spent for political and para-mili-
tary operations, Colby said, compared
to 40 per cent in the 1940s.
The remainder goes for what Colby
described as information collection
and processing which has been revolu-
tionized by technology.
The CIA must have its secrets, Colby
stressed both at a press conference and
In his speech, but the public also has a
right to know.
? "WE MUST not insist on total disclo-
sure or total secrecy," said Colby, who
believes there are plenty of checks and
balances on the secrets side to prevent
the CIA from overstepping its
boundaries.
In addition to the President, the CIA
must report its secret activities to six
committees of Congress. Colby said, "I
think that's too many committees. One
THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
31 March 1976
Readers writs/
Vietnam
The Monitor has, over the years, provided
some good, informative reporting on Vietnam.
But you do your reader,s a disservice by print-
ing the article on "trouble spots" in Vietnam
by Geoffrey Godsell. Mr. Godsell offers a lung -
list. of items as gospel, giving no source -for
most of this "information," Only in two places
does he refer in the vaguest terms to "Amer-
ican analysts" and "U.S. analysts." "
I would like to call to your readers' attention
that such attribution has, in the past, quite of-
ten indicated that the information came from
the CIA.. I Would also.like to point out that one
lesson to be drawn from the recent congres-
sional. hearings is, that. the CIA has no qualms
about distorting the. truth, or even outright
lying and fabrication when they feel. that will
.serve their political goals.
? Iyould also like to remind your readers of a
lesson we should have learned from' revela-
tions in the Pentagon papers and elsewhere.
The CIA interest ? in such discontent as there
may be in Vietnam is not simply that of an ob-
server. The Pentagon- papers recounted the
story of the elaborate program, ? headed by
Gen, Edward Lansdale, of physical and eco-
nomic sabotage. against North Vietnam in 1954.
Similarly, . news reports in the late '60s re-
vealed CIA Operations of espionage and sabo-
In each house would be enough."
Colby, who became director of the
CIA in 1973 and resigned in January at
the request of the President, said some
Individuals and some foreign agencies
have refused to help the CIA during
the past year for fear of exposure. He
thinks "we can go back now and rees-
tablish our confidence" because those
sources have been "almost. totally
protected."
COLBY SAID he is traveling and
speaking to correct "sensational
misimpressions" growing out of expo-
sure of CIA involvement in areas in-
cluding plots- to assassinate Cuba's
Fidel Castro and Patrice Lumumba of
Zaire, a neighboring nation of Angola.
The plots were known outside the
CIA, Colby said, but he is not sure "how
high" the information went in.the po?
-
litical structure. i r f. -a
The press and sources outside the
CIA are partly to blame for leaks, but
"restraints should be on people who
gather intelligence," Colby said. -
The CIA did not interview Lee Har-
vey Oswald while he was in Russia be-
cause Oswald "wasn't that interesting,
and he had been in touch with other
agencies."
analysts' .
tage against China, directed from Laos.
It must also be remembered that the admin-
istration has publicly shown itself as hostile as
ever to' Vietnam_ It imposed a trade embargo
on Vietnam; vetoed. Vietnamese entry into the
United Nations. The CIA serves -these same
policy goals of continued enmity toward Viet- ?
twin, and we cannot-lightly dismiss the sugges-
tion that the agency .may be involved in stir-
"ring up trouble in that country. ?
I should mention that I spent three of the
past 10 years in South Vietnam (most recently
in 1974); and am fluent in Vietnamese. I have
visited several of the regions where Mr. God-
sell's "analysts" predict trouble: I do not want
to minimize the depth of misunderstanding and
hatred which have been sown over the years of
war (with the not inconsiderable help of U.S.
propaganda). But CIA analyses of frictions ?
tkere cannot he considered reliable.
More than that, now that the war is over we
should insist that our government help to heal :
the wounds of war, not engage in activities de- ;
signed to exacerbate them.
Berkeley, Calif. ? John Spragens Jr.
- [Editor's note: Mr. Godsell states that his
sources did not include the CIA.] .
WASHINGTON POST
2 5 MAR 1976
Sweden Protests
Diplomat Activities
STOCKHOLM, March
24 (AP) ? The Swedish
Foreign Office summoned
the U.S. charge d'affaires
today to deliver a verbal
protest against alleged
spy activities by an Amer-
ican diplomat who already
has left the country.
A spokesman said minis-
try officials expressed the
government's "strong dis-
approval" that Bruce
Hutchins, a former second
secretary at the U.S. em-
bassy, had been operating
in Sweden as an agent for
the Central Intelligence
Agency.
The diplomatic move
followed a report in a left-
ist magazine that Hutch-
ins had tried to hire a
Kenyan citizen, to get in-
formation about African
embassies in Stockholm
and Swedish newsmen
who covered the war in
Angola.
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CHRISTIANITY AND CRISIS,
15 March 1976
teemursieoa?k
"cr
? 1 Jac? Ca252r.r99
]:EH CURRENT CONTROVERSY aboiTt whether 'rids-
sionaries should or should not give information
to US intelligence agencies raises once again the
? question of the split loyalties of Christians.
To assess the present situation some historical
recall is necessary. In the early days of the mis-
sionary movement. most missionaries felt no sense
of conflict between their identities as citizens of
a particular nation and their roles as bearers of
the universal good news. Indeed, they often tended
to identify the two.
For its part the Government tended to rely in
part upon missionaries for information about for-
eign countries. The US Foreign Service was small,
.and .missionaries frequently had more extensive
and better contacts. Many missionaries routinely
Visited the State Department to be debriefed upon
their return to their nat`i?s-e country on furlough.
One example of this kind-bf relationship was the
large number of foreign service personnel and
journalists from a missionary background.
? Such a simple combination of roles was increas-
ingly overtaken both by theological analysis and
the objections of indigetrous Christians on the one?
hand and by events, most notably the changing
world role of the US, on the other hand. ?
The turning point was World War II. It was
then that the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was
formed. which led to the Central Intelligence
Agency fin 1917.. The OSS was the first pure intel-
ligence agency ever established by the United
States. This in itself was. symptomatic of our
emeraence as a superpower. Finally. the end of
? World War II and the beginning of the cold war
saw the trait sformat ion of US national interests
into a world ideological struggle.
The individual whose life symbolizes this change
tor the mi,Sionars? was John Birch. (Yes, Virginia,
, 'there wit? a John Birth as well as the John Birch
tatiet!...i John. Birch was a Baptist missionary in
China who serye?il with the US Air For C: aml later
OSs lut int World War II; he was killed after
the war ended by a Chinese Communist while
leading a patrol of Chintoe Nationalists. Despite
the fact that his death seems to have been a ink-
take follo:s'ing a quarrel, he was adopted by Robert
'11'elch and the i adical right as the "first martyr"
of the coming world struggle.
Clearly, the old easy relationship between US
missionaries and their government had undergone
a radical transformation, but such changes take
dine to heroine apparent. Many missionaries con-
tinued to snpport the old arrangement; sonte, al-
' though increasingly fewer, probably still do. An
ever-larger number became critical .of US policy
and tried to distance themselves from any'connee-
don with it. Probably the largest number saw their
role as nonpolitical and tried to be friendly with
their government, but noninyolved. As US power
and influence spread ::round the world, this last
stance became increasingly difficult to maintain. Sc,
seemingly "pure" an act as distributing relief sup-
plies is inticapably political in a politicized world.
Each missionary worked out whatever solution
he/she could square with personal circumstances
and conscience. and it would be pointless (as well ?
as self-righteous., to criticize those individual deci-
sions at this late date. The question remains, what
are the guidelines for the future?
The old arrangements are certainly dead, and
good riddance. The easy assumption that mis-
sionaries are there as Americans whose primary,
loyalties are to their native country was always bad
theology, even thoueir its fatal flaws did not show
up until recent!'. The bland assumption of Presi-
dent Ford and former CIA Direc'tor William Colby
in thiS resnect were the attempts of drowning men
to grab at anv support, as even the, new CIA Di-
rector. George Bush. has realized.
On the other hand, it is a current wishful mis-
conception to ima,gine that missionaries can shed
their national and cultural identities. Just as mis-
sionaries must open themselves to understand and
feel other cultures and identities, so must they
retain a grasp of their own culture and identity.
They must be partly at home in two worlds. Even
if they switch nationalities, this dichotomy remains.
Improperly handled. leads to schizophrenia; prop-
erly handled. it shows how the Christian both
appropriates and transcends culture.
A corollary of this truth is that the final deci-
sion on the relationship between ,the individual
and his her goveronlent does not rest with the gov-
ernment but with the individual. It is very. well,
perhaps even wise and proper. to pass bills such
, as that proposed by Senator Hatfield keeping the
Government oft the back of missionaries, but any
a:tempt to ereet an absolute all of separation
brween a missionary and hislier government is as
dobiou. theologically as? it is impractical. The
C:liristian serving abroad is not a government agent
but neither does he:she stop being a citizen of his/
her country.
Legalisms won't do the trick. In terms of gov-
ernment suspicion in other countries, the damage
has been clone arid 1611 take some .time to repair,
but thwe who are suspicious will not have their
questions miraculously erased byea Government
declaration that it will Lot use missionary infonna-
.,
tion. That's one of the best cover stoiies one could
think up.
This is one of those continuing tensions that
Christians must always live with and that they-
! never really can get sorted out neatly. The mis-
sionary giving information to the CIA, the mis-
sionary leading demonstrations against the US
consulate. the missionary seeking to ignore the
problem?all are dealing with the problem in their
12
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own way. Interestingly enough. the person seeking
to escape the question has perhaps less grasp of
Christian responsibility than either of the others.
Part of the furor about missionary connections
with the CIA has a positive value. Part of the
public shoc k vaitls? overrated by the Jturcbt:
stems from the old myth of ? the superhuman mis-
-sionary. floatinz serenely above the i.v..oblz:rns ol
ordinary mortals. That myth dies hard, but any-
thing that helps to kill it. can't be all bad-
course. most missionaries were never on Govern-
ment payrolls and loved the countries and the
peopic where the worked far too Much to know-
ingly damage them. To suppose otherwise is to
substitute cartoon characters for real ? people: to
TINE
22 MARCH 1916
Sovial Spying on Capild Hill
Posing as diplomats, embassy offi-
cials and newsmen, Soviet intelligence
agents have been conducting a deter-
mined effort to get classified information
on Capitol Hill by bribing or compro-
mising staff members in key positions.
TIME has learned that in more than a
dozen cases in the last decade or so the
FBI has stepped in to "control" the re-
lationship, fearirg a staffer might begin
giving out restricted data. In some cases,
the FBI has used the aide as a double
agent, allowing him to pass on worth-
less material while actually spying on
the Soviet officials. To date, the FBI says,
it has found no staffer who has given un-
authorized information to the Russians.
Charming Official. The Soviet KGB
agents?who constitute an estimated
40% of the embassy staff in Washington
?concentrate on the Foreign Relations
and Armed Services committees, which
receive secret testimony and intelligence
briefings. The agents apparently make
no real efforts to suborn the Senators or
Congressmen on the committees. "The
Soviets may be a bit clumsy, but they
aren't fools," says an intelligence source.
"They knenv that a Congressman or a
Senator is pretty much a prisoner of his
staff. What he knows, the staff knows,
and it's easier to get the information
from The staff."
The names of aides who are now
double agents, or m ho have been sys-
tematically wooed by the Kremlin, are
being kept under tight security. But one
case has been uncovered that illustrates
how the Soviets work the halls of Con-
gress. James Kappus, 29. a printing con-
sultant in Largo, Md., became an as-
sistant to Wisconsin Congressman Alvin
E. O'Konski in 1967. At the time,
O'Konski, who retired from Congress in
1973, was a member . of the Bouse
Armed Services Committee. Kappus re-
calls how he met a charming Soviet em-
bassy official named Boris A. Sedov and
was soon being invited to Soviet embas-
sy parties. Kappus was genuinely daz-
zled, "I was just a kid," says he, "two
years out of Eau Claire, Wis., and there
was?waiting to be introduced to the
ambassador."
In ways that remain a mystery to
Kappus, the FM learned about his
friendship with Sedov. ?Vith O'Konski's
approval, the bureau began supervising
Kappus' contacts with the Russian, who
was actually a KGB spy. At Sedov's sug-
replace unthinkingly the cardboard heroes of leiter-
day with cardboard villains for today.
Neither will do. In working out his/her salva-
tion with diligence. the Christian must constantly
try to keep a tuthersal commitment and tpartic-
ular identity in some sort. of balance. The mis-
sionary is an exemplar of that tension. The struggle
is never easy. It is only through grace that any
kind of ? harmony is ever achieved.
Avcrituit J. MooaJ.
This .viewpoint als1 appeared .in the February issue
of New World Outlook. of which Mr. Moore is the
editor.
? gestion, Kappus first wrote a story for a
Soviet newspaper about .presidential
candidates for the 1968 election.] le was
paid only S20, but in the months that fol-
lowed, Kappus received some $2,000
more for passing on unclassified in for-
mation that had first been screened by
the Flu. "We both knew that I had been
'compromised,' " says Kappus. "Sedov
didn't talk about jt and neither did I,
? but we both understood it."
Sedov began pressing Kappus for
classified information. Where did
O'Konski keep classified documents?
Could Kappus get at them? When Kap-
pus hesitated, Sedov said, 'You know,
helped you out when things were tou1;11.-
Kappus insists that he never did turn
over any secret material to Sedov. Their
relationship ended in 1970 when Kap-
pus went into the Army and the Rus-
sian was called home:
Another Capitol Hill aide who says
he worked as a double agent is Ken-
neth R. Tolliver, 42, now an advertis-
ing man in Greenville. Miss. In 1966,
Tolliver joined the staff of Mississippi's
Senator James 0. Eastland, a staunch
friend of the Pentagon. Although US.
intelligence sources cast doubt on some
parts of his story, Tolliver says he was re-
crhited by the Soviets in 1968 and?with
the approval of the FBI?began provid-
ing information. He also performed
chores for the Russians, such as getting
labor permits and Social Security cards
for "illegals"?a term for spies. That
same year, after learning about Tolliv-
er's activities, Eastland dropped him
from his staff. The former aide claims
he continued to work as a double agent
until 1974. In all, Tolliver says, he re-
ceived nearly $20,000 from the Russians,
which he turned over to the rut.
Lang Harangues. In the past two
years, the Soviets have substan tinny in-
creased their efforts to penetrate Con-
egress. They are particularly anxious to
tap the committee that is expected to
be created to oversee U.S. intelligence
agencies, including the clA and the FBI.
? The Soviet intelligence squad on
CaPitol Hill is at least 15 strong. One of
the prominent members is Yuri Barsa-
kov, whose cover is the iivestia News
Agency. Says a Senate aide: "Barsakov
is right out of central casting. He's a
heavy guy with bushy eyebrows. He of-
fers tips on Soviet affairs, hoping to swap
13
1.
that dope for information.- Another
well-known operator is Igor Bubnov, an
embassy counselor, who is described by
a Senate staffer as "impossible?pomp-
ous and arrogant" ,and given to deliv-
ering long harangues in defense of his
country. Other members of the Soviet
squad: Anatol!' I. Davydov, second sec-
retary at the embassy; Victor F. Isakov,
counselor; Vladimir A. Vikoulov, at-
tachel; Vadim Kuznetsov, an embassy of-
ficial; Stanislov Kondrahov, an izvestia
-reporter; Ikav Zavrazhnov and Alexan-
der Kokorev, both embassy secretaries:
Andre Kokoshin, librarian; Anatole Mo-
toy, attach?and Embassy Officials Al-
exander Ereskovsky, Vladimir Trifonof,
Alexander- Rozanov and Valeri Ivanov.
A great deal of the Soviet effort in
Congress takes place in the open?and
is legal. Agents cover congressional
hearings and collect reports and print-
ed matter of all kinds. higher-level
? viet agents work, legitimately and pub-
licly, like regular 19bbyists. trying-to sell
Congressmen' and Senators the Soviet
position on crucial strategic matters.
Last fall, after hearing Vice Presi-
dent Nelson Rockefeller discuss the sub-
ject with concern, Senator Barry Gold-
water told newsmen that Soviet agents
had infiltrated the offices of seven Sen-
ators. In the ensuing furor, 52 Congress-
men endorsed a letter asking Senator
Frank Church, chairman of the Select
Committee on Intelligence Activities, to
look into the charges. Church, in turn,
asked the FBI to investigate.
On Oct. 30. just two days after he
got the request, FBI Director Clarence
Kelley issued a report confirming that
the KGB had tried to reach people who
could provide sensitive information. But
the report concluded there was no in-
formation indicating that "Soviet KGB
? officers have infiltrated any congressio-
nal staffs." On the side. Kelley gave
: Church a still-secret report on Soviet at-
. tivities that is said to contain material
about the cases in which the bureau
"doubled" (turned into double agents)
the KGB's congressional contacts.
Church. however, ignored the secret
report. Preoccupied with his own inves-
tigation of U.S. intelligence operations,
he seized upon the other report from
Kelley to announce that the "allega-
tions" about Soviet spying had been "put
to rest." His committee did met even dis-
cuss the Soviet electronic "bug" that fell
out of a chair in the I louse Foreign Af-
fairs Comm tee room in 1973.
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AMERICA
13 March 1976
BRIAN O'CONNELL
Doi g Away With
Covert Activities
A proposal that all secret political actions in other countries
be put off-limits and that intelligence be limited to gathering data,
with five possible objections and answers to them
Americans have heard of the many
controversial activities of the Central
Intelligence Agency in recent years.
Assassination plots, efforts to destabi-
lize governments, secret financial aid
to foreign political parties, secret arms
supplies and other clandestine activi-
ties have been reported. We know that
such activities took place in Ecuador,
Bolivia, Venezuela, Iran, Guatemala,
the Dominican Republic, Cuba,
Albania, Greece, Italy, the Congo,
Indonesia and Indochina. In most of
these instances, the secret .activities
took place in conjunction, with an
attempted or actual overthrow of a
government, although secrecy hides
the degree of CIA influence.
There are instances where the CIA
used missionaries or company repre-
.sentatives as funnels of support or
covers for secret activities. In doing
this, it helped to undermine the credi-
.bility of many U. S. missionaries and
company representatives not involved
in such practices. The recent adulation
given to,' Richard Welsh, the special
? assistant to the U. S. Ambassador to
Greece who was murdered in' an am-
bush, may have given due credit to a
man for service to his country, but the
widespread advertisement of the fact
that he was the CIA office chief in
Greece hurts the credibility of all our
embassy staffs around the world.
The Rockefeller Report docu-
mented "illegal" opening of the mail
of U. S. citizens and the keeping of
files on domestic dissidents in direct
contradiction of the CIA charter.
Congressional estimates put the
CIA budget in excess of $750 million.
, The agency employs 15,000 people.
Controller General Elmer Stats esti-
mates the annual combined budget
total of all U. S. intelligence agencies is
about $6 billion. The combined em-
ployment of these agencies is about
150,000. Most are directly involved in
military intelligence gathering, but
secrecy shrouds the number involved
in other covert activities.
News of the size and kind of CIA
operations has made little impact ori
the public. Few people have evaluated
or passed any kind of moral judgment.
Sadly, almost no comment has come
from the churches. One Senator re-
marked that he had almost no constit-
uent response on the subject. Congres-
sional committee members investigat-
ing the CIA have found it to be of less
and less value from a political point of
view. We know that a former CIA
director lied about intervention in
Chile before the Senate. Foreign Rela-
tions Committee in 1973, but there
has been no moral outcry.
There are moral issues here that we
cannot sweep under the rug. Perhaps
in the. wake of Watergate, we simply
do not want to face any more harsh
facts, but there are basic issues of
truth. and .the preservation of rights
that demand moral evaluation, and in
some cases, condemnation.
Should not all secret political ac-
tion in other countries be considered
immoral, and the intelligence services
be limited to the mere gathering of
intelligence information? The follow-
ing considerations offer justification
:for, or answer objections to, this prin-
ciple.
1. We would. consider such secret
actions of agents of other countries in
; the United States to be criminal'. If our
political parties got secret foreign
funding, or if paramilitary groups in
the United States got outside assis-
tance, or if certain segments of the
American news media were supported
: by secret foreign funds, or if foreign
agents plotted domestic assassination
attempts, Americans would be justly
outraged. Should an act which is con-
sidered criminal here not be consid-
ered criminal in another country?
2. Such covert actions interfere
with the sovereign rights of other
countries. Their laws prohibit it, and
no .other international law sanctions it.
3. The necessity of secrecy inevita-
bly leads to lack of credibility. Offi-
cials of the U. S. government admit to
14
S30 million spent secretiy for Angola
and $13.4 million in Chile. (This
would be comparable to $134 million
spent to influence U. S. elections, for
this country has 10 times as many
people as Chile.) When people in other
countries know that the United States
has such large funds to dispense secret-
ly, they are justly suspicious. Ameri-
can missionaries in Latin America are
now reporting back that the CIA. is
being blamed for many things that go
wrong. Secrecy breeds suspicion.
4. The people of the United States
bear the responsibility for the actions
of their government. In one of the
early attempts of the U. S. bishops in
1967 to spell out principles to govern
.our Vietnam involvement, they said:
"All issues in the Vietnam conflict are
to be kept under constant moral scru-
tiny. No one can avoid personal re-
sponsibility in this, for the government
is moved by public opinion." The
'.same principle can be applied to covert'
!action. If Americans receive only
"guesses" about the extent and cost of
this activity, how can they make re-
sponsible. judgments?
? Certain people. use. the .veil of
secrecy to avoid responsibility for im-
moral acts. Senator John C. Stennis
? (D., Miss.) made the following observa-
tion on the floor of the Senate on
Nov. 23, 1971: "You have to make up
your mind that you are going to have
an intelligence agency and protect it as
such and shut your eyes some, and
take what is corning." This is reminis-
cent of Germans who knew that some-
thing. was happening to the Jews, but
were content to remain in ignorance of
the total situation. In the same Senate
debate, the late Senator Allen Ellender
(D., La.), then chairman of the Senate
Intelligence Subcommittee, said in re-
..sponse to Senator Alan Cranston (D.,
Calif.) that the five members of the
committee who were supposed to
monitor CIA activities neither in-
quired, nor were interested in inquir-
ing, about CIA activities in Laos.
Other people use the veil of secrecy
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to shirk responsibility less consciously.
Perhaps they do not want to face
, embarrassing situations, or they are
tired of Watergate-type disclosures, or
they think that dirty tricks and other
t covert actions are necessary to survive
in this world while letting the secrecy
keep them from facing the "ends
justifying the means" question.
The House' of Representatives has
elected to keep itself in the dark by
not even requiring the total CIA
budget to be reported to Congress. (It
is now hidden in other items.) The
Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 did
stiffen the reporting requirements for
clandestine overseas political opera-
tions to the appropriate committees of
Congress. Congressman Leo J. Ryan
(D., Calif.) claims this still does not
give any right of approval or disap-
proval to Congress. Since the appropri-
ate committees are still dominated by
people who accept CIA activities un-
questioningly, individual. members
..with reservations have no recourse
other than press leaks that would be
censured. After the Angola revelations,
the Senate .overwhelmingly voted to
stop further .covert aid to Angola, but
still did nothing to force more disclos-
ures or stop the/ process in other
countries.
The secrecy issue affects Americans
in two ways. We must be sure that
neither the elected representatives nor
the people use 'secrecy to avoid moral
responsibility for the acts of an agency
of their government. Second, we must
provide enough knowledge for the
American people to make responsible
moral judgments about this major'
thrust of American foreign policy.
5. We must ask what may follow
from intensive covert activities. The
Nixon Administration could find em-
ployment for E. Howard Hunt, who
responded in the "plumbers trial,"
when asked what he had done for the
last 20 years: "Oh, subversion of
. prominent figures abroad, tile over-
throw of governments, that sort of
.thing." Lying, assassination and dis-
ruptive acts were all legitimated as a
means to a higher end.
The objection that merits the most
consideration comes from those who
.claim that everyone else is doing it,
.that, in fact, the Communists are
doing it much more than we are. They
claim that people in many parts of the
world welcome our secret intervention
because they know it has prevented
subversion in their countries. Michael
Novak sums this argument up by
saying: "I prefer a war fought through
!
intelligence services to a war fought.
with atomic weapons used by armies."
No realist can ignore the fact of
large-scale and. destructive Communist
, subversion.
In a short-range view, this argument
; is cogent and difficult to reject. But
now that these covert activities have
been going on for almost 30 years, we
can look at some long-range results.
How many times has this policy
. aligned us .with repressive, rightist gov-
ernments? How many times has it
succeeded, or backfired? How many
times has it identified the United .
States with former colonialists. like the
. French in Indochina or the Portuguese
in Angola? Has it helped to develo.p a
climate where countries shaking off
old colonial powers are drawn into the
cold war of the superpowers? Has
America maintained its ethical and
moral leadership with this policy? .
Clark M. Clifford., who helped draft
the 1947 act creating the CIA, feels
that its subsequent operations have
impaired this ethical and moral leader-
ship. This leads us back to one of the
new bases of peace that recent Popes
have advocated. In Pacer's in Terris;
Pope John XXIII said that "first
among the rules governing relations
between political communities is that
of truth." Truth can hardly be the first
among the rules when secret actions
play such a large role in international
relations. Truth so often gets sub-
verted in this process.
Cyrus R. Vance proposes a solution
in allowing such covert actions only
when they would be absolutely essen-
tial to the security of our nation. But
suppose we took the full step .and
" announced to the world that the
United States would not engage in any
_ further covert political action. The
? Communists would most probably try
. to take advantage of the situation with
their own covert activities. There are
certain behavior patterns, however,
that would likely be resistant to this
subversion. National liberation move,
ments often pride themselves on their
independence, and a neW
could exist in which the newly dcvel-
? FAR EASTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW
2 April 1976
oping nations would feel safer withoUt
becoming dependent on one of the
superpowers. Our intelligence gather-
ing could still work to expose and
embarrass those involved in Cominii-
nist subversion, whereas, our voice is
not now respected when we point to
? Communist covert action: "Your Pres-
ident admits you dO the same thing."
Most probably we have been hesitant
to expose Communist covert actions
: for fear that our own covert actions
would be exposed, and our first re-
sponse to increased Soviet activity in
Angola was to initiate our own covert
help.
With such a new policy, we might
also have new weapons to. resist Com-?
? munist subversion with ethical and
moral leadership. Increasingly, Aineri -
cans are getting an ambiguous response
to their actions around the world. We
are both loved and hated by many
people. Nations that were formerly
friendly to us now complain more
about our covert activity, than about
the more extensive covert activities of
the Russians. Perhaps this happens
because they are disappointed in us.
After disclosure of CIA secret funding
in Italy, one Italian said that they
always expected this of the Russians,
but not from the United States. Ap-
parently some people have trouble
reconciling these actions with our
democratic ideals and past achieve-
ments. Our ethical and moral leader-
ship has been compromised.
Looking for a new basis of peace is
a radical move. In Populorum Pro,
gressio, Pope Paul VI recognizes that
many will consider his vision Utopian
and naive. But he says that. it is his
critics who are "not realistic enough." .
History teaches us too well how reli-
ance on force, and the mistrust and
subversion of truth that flow from it,
have constantly brought nations to
war. Pope Paul's message has been
repeated by him many times in the
past 10 years. Peace?based on truth,
love, justice and trust?is both "obliga-
tory" and "possible."
[Brian O'Connell, C. M., is an assis-
tant professor of sociology at St.
John's University; Jamaica, N. Y., and
a member of the World Justice and
Peace ? Commission of the_ Diocese' of
Brooklyn. He has previously contrib-
uted "New Credentials for Moralists"
(2119172).j
? ? ? ? ? , ?
WHERE THE SPIES ARE: The embattled American CIA is fighting back by;
leaking details to the press of Soviet spy activities in the US. It is estimated
that about 40% of all communist officials in the US are intelligence officers,
which would mean that there would be about 380 KGB or GRU agents in the:
US and that New York is the biggest Soviet spy centre in the world. Many are'
attached to the UN, including identified intelligence officers such as Y. M.
? Ribakov, V. I. Bauhin, N. Y. Bogarty, V. M. Krenov, Y. I. Shcherbakov an&
F. I); Serebryakov. Interestingly, the sons of three other identified KGB:
officers are also working in the UN ? V. F. Zltigalov, N. N. Br Boroysky and,.
V.. M. Abrushkin. : ?
. . ? .
15
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GREENSBO?r.', DAILY NEWS
15 March 1976
? BY HARVEY HARRIS
Daily Maws Staff WrItar
George W. Bush, director of the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency (CIA), said Sun-
day that the CIA is "vital to freedom"
oecause it provides the information.
needed to avoid warfare, political up-
heavals and major calamities around the ?
world.
.Bush became CIA director six weeks
ago and said his speech at Guilford
Courthouse National Military Park here
gave him his first opportunity to defend
the CLa. against outspoken critics who.
recently called attention to some of the.
agency's abuses and blunders.
-.The CIA director was keynote speaker
.for colorful ceremonies on the eve of the
195th anniversary of the Battle of Guil-
ford Courthouse. He said intelligence-.
gatherers similar to those in the CIA
were active in the Revolutionary War
and today's agents are demonstrating
_the same kind of unselfish loyalty shown
by soldiers so many years ago on the
battlefield here.
The CIA is being reorganized and an
"oversight board" will assure that its
agents. Will never again be involved in
such abuses as planned assassinations of
foreign leaders, Bush added. He said he
doesn't condone abuses but the CIA put
an end to these abuses before President
Gerald Ford' handed down an executive
order against them.
"The CIA and the entire intelligence
community is under control," said Bush.
He added that all of his employes will
follow the guidelines laid down by Ford.
Bush said he made a pledge to the
President, congress and senate that he
would end CIA abuses and maintain the
CIA as the best possible intelligence-
gathering organization. ?
He said some oversight, such as that
planned by the congress, is necessary
but it is also necessary for the public to
put "some degree" of trust in the na-
tion's intelligence-gathering organiza-
' tions.
' The crowd applauded loud and long
when Bush said the CIA won't abandon
its secrecy. "You can't conduct an intel-
ligence operation in the open," he add-
ed. There was more applause when he
? said "the American people don't want a
' reckless exposure" of the identities of
CIA agents and what they are doing.
Acknowledging public anger and
doubts about CIA involvement in recer`
controversies, Bush said, "When the fa
ror Is over, the vast majority of Ameni
cans will support the need for secrecy'
in the agency's work.
The CIA continues unshaken by all thi
controversy and is providing "valid in.
formation" so the nation's policy-makers
can react wisely when foreign intrigue,
buildups of arsenals and missile installa-
tions and other dangerous happenings
threaten the security of the free world,
he added.
He said the CIA has been highly suc-
cessful in its struggle against hijackings,
the international drug traffic, efforts of
some nations to raise prices in such a
way as to endanger the world's economy
and to spread communism, terrorism
and disruptions around the globe.
The nation's "intelligence-gathering
community" has been badly harmed
during the past year by the investiga-
tions and disclosures of the identity of
some agents, said Bush. But the CIA's
"successes come when it "aborts crises,
. and you don't hear about them," he add-
ed. ?
Bush said the CIA is.conducting intel-
ligence-gathering operations "not to
weaken, but to strengthen our country."
He said the patriotism and unselfish ser-
vice of agents in this work is "unlike
those recklessly disclosing the identities !
of CIA agents.2'
Richard Welch's son displayed a loyal-
ty and pride after his CIA agent father's
I:identity was disclosed in Greece, where
:the elder Welch was gunned down, "that
tells much about the fiber of our country
in 1976," said Bash.
The CIA director said his organiza-
tion's agents have impressed him with
their competence and dedication. He
noted that more than au? CIA agents
have earned Ph.D. degrees which would
enable them to earn much more money
and live more comfortably.
But the agents are displaying patriot-
ism and service "much like the spirit of
those who fought so unselfishly for our
freedom 195 years ago on this battle-,
field," he added.
Bush was -introduced by U.S. Rep.
Richardson Preyer, D-N.C., who de-
scribed the battleground here- as "the
.very soil on which the Revolutionary
War was won" and added that this na-
i 'tion "wouldn't be entering our third cen-
tury of freedom without what took place
here 195 years ago."
Preyer, Bush and other platform per-
sonalities were escorted by a colonial.
garbed color guard shouldering muskets
and marching to fanfare from the Allen
Jay High 'School Band. Participants in-
cluded the First Maryland Regiment and
Ninth Virginia Regiment and the adult
choir of Friendly Avenue Baptist Church
in Greensboro.
Gary Everhardt, a native of Lenoir
who is director of the National Park Ser-
vice, said observances of the Bicentenni-
al such as that held at Guilford
Courthouse National Military Park here
were among reasons far more than 250
million visits expected this year at the
nation's parks. ?
Everhardt said the visitors are coming
"to find answers to questions about their
heritage." He said persons becoming
more attached to their past are also be-
coming "more involved in citizenship in
today's world." ? ?
The Japan Times Sunday, April 4, 1976
Paper. Exposes 81 Alleged CIA Men
PARIS (Kyodo-Reuter) ?
The left-wing Paris newspaper
Liberation Friday published the
names of 81 American
diplomats in 21 African coun-
tries whom it claimed were
agents of the Central In-
telligence Agency (CIA).
The newspaper, which
published the names of 44
alleged CIA agents working in
Paris earlier this year, said the
agency's African operations
were controlled from the.
French capital.
It did not say how it knew the
, people named were CIA agents,
but it based its previous claims
on a system of cross-checking
diplomatic lists and internal
embassy telephone directories.
A U.S. Embassy spokesman
here would make no comment
on the report and referred
callers to the CIA headquarters
in Langley, Va.
Liberation said the CIA had
moved its African headquarters
and communications center to
Liberia from Ethiopia after the
fall of Emperor Halle Selassie's
regime. A staff of 74 maintained
the information center in
Liberia, it said.
The other main CIA centers in
Africa were In Nigeria, Ghana,
16
Kenya and Zaire, Liberation
said.
The agency was less active in
former French colonies and the
French Secret Service com-
peted with the CIA in several
countries, although the two
services had cooperated in
Angola, Liberation said.
Agents worked through
contacts in diplomacy, jour-
nalism and aid programs and in
some cases had succeeded in
infiltrating governments.
"The ideal prey for the CIA
are Africans who go to study in
the U.S.," Liberation said. "The
agency contacts them and later
tries to make them work for it
when they return home," the
newspaper added.
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THE NATION
3 April 1976
Ititettigence and. Horse Sense
Three adjacent little stories, together measuring less
I than a column of type in the back pages of the March 19th
New York- Times. tell as much about the present climate of
Opinion on the democratic "right to know" as half a dozen
: learned volumes.
The first one's small headline reads:
Aerospace Institute Bids
Newsman Quit Over Leak
The "leak" in this case was a report by a journalist named
Arthur Kranish, editor of Science Trends, a newsletter, of
a so-called background briefing by "senior Officials of the
Central Intelligence Agency." It was what is known to the
hierarchical world of security as a "nonclassified briefing,"
but this classification seems to mean to the initiates "speak
rig.evil, even if you hear it." What Kranish and his fellow
members of the American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics heard the high CIA official say was that
. Israel possessed anywhere from ten to twenty nuclear
weapons "available for use."
The qtiestion of Israel's possession or nonpossession of a
nuclear capability has been much rumored, debated,
denied and generally agitated for years without any clear
resolution of the mystery. Now here was a "senior official"
of the CIA in a "nonclassified" session ' called a
"backgrounder" saying that indeed the gossip was true.
and putting a number on the Israeli nuclear arsenal. It was
a very interesting, even startling, disclosure about the
balance of force in the Middle East, and derived from what
must be called "a qualified source." Kranish thought he
should reveal this unclassified intelligence revelation, and
wrote an article on it which The Washington Post
published. For his professional pains, the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics has told Kranish
the "honorable action for you" is to resign. (Kranish is
talking to his lawyer first.)
The CIA has lately been going through an "open"
phase. The dagger may still be poised, but the cloak is
lifted, at least the hem, while Congress tries to decide what
kind of controls it should try to impose on this previously'
unchecked agency of Presidential intervention abroad and,
even more Shockingly, at borne. The former head of CIA,.
William Colby, whom President Ford fired in what seems
to have been more a White House cleaning than a purge,
spent his last months in a paroxysm of openness, going
around posing as the outspoken manager of your friendly
neighborhood spy shop. In this phase, which is not likely to
INDIANA DAILY STUDENT
17 March 1976
CIA 'teach-in'
may be offered
Tentative plans to sponsor an
April 1 "teach-in" to educate students
about the CIA were discussed Monday
night by the Committee to End Campus
..Complicity with the CIA.
According to committee-
, spokesman John Fry, senior, several
professors would engage in a panel
discussion and offer "concrete reasons
why we should be against the CIA and
.why they should be kept off campus."
The committee also will set up
"educational tables" on the CIA in
last long, it is apparently all right for the higher spies to
come in from the cold and tell all about the weaponry of.
our friends abroad. They leave it to the ground rules of the
groups with which they share these dangerous secrets to
define a "leak" and punish the leakers. It would seem that
this single revelation of an Israeli nuclear capability would
be more damaging both. ta, stability in the Middle East and
to.the reputation for discretion of American intelligence.
agencies than ten or twenty Pike Committee reports.
But the. "intelligence community" is taking .pre-
cautionary measures on another front. The headline right
below the Kranish "leak" story reads:
U.S. Halts Two .Booklets
Used to Spot C.I.A. Agents
?
! he story says that the State Department has stopped ?
publication of the Foreign Service List and that when its
Biographic Register appears again it will be classified "for
official use only." These two listings have made it fatuously
easy for even an auttutored spy to detect, behind clumsy
"cover" jobs, the likely espionage functions of many cf this
country's operatives abroad. The most notable recent case
was that or Richard Welch, a CIA agent in Athens,
mysteriously murdered after he had been identified as such
and his mime had been published in various anti-U.S.
intelligence publications. There was much official in-
dignation at the anti:CIA groups that made known his true
identity, and Welch was given what amounted to a state
funeral and buried in Arlington National Cemetery. The
trail he left behind him was quite clear in those official
publications which have now at last been suppressed or
classified. This story is not so much about the right to
.knowa as it is on belated prudence and common sense on
the part of the U.S. Government.
Finally, and from another world, is the story headlined:
Amins Lose Positions
In Cairo Press Shifts
It concerns two brothers who ? prospered and gained
influence as newspaper publishers, in Egypt after the
military threw out King Farouk. Now President Anwar
el-Sadat has removed them from the newspapers they
. started thirty years ago and:announced that, though they
_can stay on as writers, they will be replaced as editors -by
Men. with "no hatred for the Socialist Revolution."
:
It is not a bad idea to remind ourselves that that is how
the press is handled in most of the world and that the First
Amendment?still in force?is what makes such things
,difficult, if not impossible, here.
residence halls.
? Fry said educating students about
the CIA will be the committee's primary
?
'goal this semester.
? He told the committee the
. Anti-CIA-recruiting rally last week "was
very successful 'even if we did not get
the files."
The committee wants made public
CIA-related tiles it believes the
, University has.
The committee will circulate a
petition calling for a ban on future CIA
recruitment at EU. and for the opening
of files it believes the University hasalt
plans to present the petition to I.U.
administrators.
- Fry said about 50 -persons signed
the petition at. the rally last week.
17
WALL STREET JOURNAL
15 APRIL 1976
? ? ?
The Central Intelligence Agency has
twice stopped assassins heading for the U.S.
with orders to kill elected public officials,
former Defense Secretary Melvin Laird
stated. He also said the CIA once uncovered
preparations by one non-Communist country
to invade another, anorthe U.S. was able to
bring about negotiations. Laird, a member
of Ford's Foreign Intelligence Advisory
Board, made the statements in a Reader's
Digest article.
?
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INDIANA DAILY STUDENT
15 March 1976
aper tigers,
Some persons have a phenomenal knack for
arranging triumphant rallies and winning debates every
single time their opponents fail to show up. These
courageous traits once again were displayed Wednesday
by the Young Socialist Alliance (YSA) at a
demonstration demanding an end to Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) recruiting and opening of University CIA
.files..
YSA positions never have been distinguished for
- precision or logical thought, so they should not be
faulted now for the nonsense in which their latest
escapade abounds. But when someone else's
assassinations and misdeeds solemnly are criticized by
those who appoint themselves orthodox interpreters of a
doctrine described by Lenin as "unlimited power based
on force and unrestricted by any laws," which has
claimed in the last 50 years more human lives than all
the wars preceding it together, some kind of comment
- *obviously is called for.
1. The first thing which stands out is that YSA is
utterly grief-stricken over, the CIA-inspired assassinations
of right-wing dictators Diem and Trujillo. What it has
forgotten to explain (but such lapses are entirely
excusable in bereavement) is how those rulers would
have fared if delivered to the tender mercies of the
Socialist Workers' Party!
? To venerate all life without exception is Very
altruistic and commendable, but to indict someone else
for the very things one gladly should have done himself
is the lowest sort of hypocrisy and cynicism that could
be irrr4ed.
I apologize if, as I hope, I am completely wrong.
Perhaps the Trotskyites have really become so outspokenly
heretical that, instead of liquidating the bourgeois ruling
? class, 'they merely 'would retire it on a comfortable
? pension.
2. The faked indignation over CIA attempts to blow
a cigar in Castro's face is doubly disgusting because (a)
diCtator Castro is guilty of sending thousands of Cubans
to the firing squad, holding 30,000 imprisoned
(according tci Amnesty International) in the most
hideous conditions, and exiling half a million, and (b)
the much maligned CIA, which knocks down governments
as?if they were bowling pins, was so inept at it that it
I was unable to accomplish the act it is being charged
with.
If any proof is required that Castro is alive and
the fact that only last month he sent 10,000 troops tol
prosp ? up a similar dictatorship in Angola ? %vitt'
!enthusiastic YSA support ? serves the purpose.
So, indeed, what a great loss to mankind, what an
undeserved fate it would have been lithe dark plots had
'succeeded. Most Cubans undoubtedly would call the
CIA tc, account in this matter, only not because it tried
to liquidate Castro, but because it failed.
3. No "indictment" would be complete without
accusing the CIA of civilian casualties in Vietnam. But
every indictment is incomplete as long as it fails to ask
' the question how the Viet Cong and the North
Vietnamese still managed to win the war ? by saying the
right prayers and shooting harmless blanks?
Civilian casualties are an unfortunate part of every
conflict. But the acid test is how a country treats it own
mistakes. Every aspect of American conduct has been
YSA ? victorious-
.
default
discussed publicly (and often magnified) in this rotten I
country. One of the culprits has even been
court-martialed.
Have the Viet Cong investigated the 1968 Hue ;
massacre, in which during barely a month of !
"liberation," 10,000 persons were dumped into a
:common grave, and does YSA know whether anyone has.
;been court-martialed for that?
, ? 4. They make an infernal noise of the fact that they
have been under CIA "surveillance." But in spite of
' CIA's machinations, the rally seems to have been held as
scheduled. How many YSA rallies have been held at
Moscow State University lately? The KBG, which YSA
scrupulously avoids to mention, does not keep
-Trotskyites under surveillance; it still treats deviationist
hotheads ? and always will ? with as much compassion
as its inhuman assassin showed to Leo Trotsky 40 years
ago.
-Yet YSA does not fail to magnify any speck in
.America's eye, while iporing any beam, rto matter how
obtrusive, in the eyes of the Soviet Union and other
Communist countries, where it is persecuted with
unparalleled ferocity.
What kind of a doctrine is it'e which so completely
has repressed the law of self-preservation that its
followers are cheerfully paying the way for their own
executioners? How is the smile act moral when done by
one side, but inexusably wrong when done by another?
Only an ideology of suicidal hatred, uncontrolled
by reason and unlimited in scope, could suppress the
first law of nature. In his brilliant study of socialism as a
-historical phenomenon, Soviet academician Igor
Shafarevich maintains-that it remains an ertma until it
is recognized that Thanatos, the death instinct, also
manifests itself in mass movements and that socialism
has been its foremost incarnation.
The arbitrary -outbursts of moral indignation, which
never occur when the 'communists are on the defensive
but always when their blows are even meekly returned,
.are not really a mystery.
.YSA _books and pamphlets never tire of repeating
that there are no laws, no elections, no moral norms to
restrain YSA, but that the' state and society which it is
? YSA's formal objective to destroy strictly are forbidden
; to-df..fend themselves.
When the society which guarantees them the
fundamental rights to speak mad act merely uses its
intelligence agencies to keep a record of their activities,
that is fascism;. but when YSA shuts down a university
or seizes power by force, that is the flowering of
democracy and academic freedom.
So the key to all Communist morality, without
:which attacks on the CIA and silence about the KGB are
eternally confusing, is that whatever promotes the.
!interests of Communist power, any aggression, murder
or violence, is automatically progressive, humanitarian
and indescribably good: but anything that impedes it ?
even minimal police surveillance or a newspaper column
? is reactioriary, fascist and unspeakably bad.
But the obvious truth, which only is reaffirmed
with each effort to distort or deny it, is that YSA is
amply benefiting from a legal order which respects the
18
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rights of even its vicious enemies and active destroyers to
an extreme, often irrational, degree. II they are
exercising a'constitutional right to disgorge their malice
? instead or sharing their leader's fate or diOng
potatoes in Siberia ? the Trotskyites owe a large debt of
gratitude to. all the institutions of this hateful society,
and a considerable share of it must be allocated to the
execrable CIA.
There is no doubt that all non-academic institutions
should keep but of the University. Those interested in
working for General Motor's or the CIA should go to the
respective personnel office and apply:But between that
observation. and YSA's morally dupliciOus and factually
one-sided tirade, there is no moral of logical connection.'
THE PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER
22 March 1976
CIA propaganda
To the Editor: ?
The recent "private discus-
?sions" by. the CIA during which
CM estimates of Israel's atomic
capability were disclosed are pur:
pettedly part of a new CIA policy
of.s-public . disclosure and frank-
. ,
neSs.
Presumably this is at leak par-
tially in response to congressional
attacks on the CIA for its secret
involvement in domestic and for- I
eign political activity.
Regretfully, however, the suspi-
cious time and place of the dis-
closure may only provide further
evidence that the CIA is primar-
ily a political tool of the incum-
bent administration.
The disclosure was made .to a
group with little direct interest in
the Middle East arms balance ?
.the American Institute of Aero-
naties and Astronauts: Signifi-
cantly, the disclosure was made
during .a strong administration
'drive to pressure Congress .into
believing that huge new military
armaments to Egypt will not up-
set the Middle East balance 'of ?
power: ?
; Increased information from the
CIA about its activities is refresh-.
ing; but such information should '
not be designed to be little more
than administration propaganda. .
MICHAEL J..KLINE ? ?
Philadelphia.
Their daring confrontation with an opponent who
did not show up, and their heroic abstention front
demanding an international inspection of the files of the
most murderous intelligence organization in history, the
Soviet KGB, proves once again that the Trotskyites are.
the bravest people on earth.
Not because there is nothing that they fear, but
because there is nothing of which they are ashamed. . I
Stephen Karganovic
Stephen Karganovic is a first year law student who
writes- "ce =tin" (this morning) weekly for the Daily
Student:
INDIANA DAILY STUDENT
17 IiIrch 1976
rotest s move. to
It
crimet
The March 10 demonstration against campus complicity with
the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was a big step forward in
building a movement to halt CIA and CIA-style crimes. It should
hasten the day that the CIA recruiters pledge, "We do.not go where
we are not wanted," will be applied to Angola, Chile, Iran and
elsewhere throucthout the world. ?
Less impressed was noted logician Stephen Karganovic, who
took up half the Monday Daily Student opinion page to rant and
rave about how horrible the Young Socialist Alliance i's for helping
buuild the demonstration and working with the Committee to End
Campus Complicity with the CIA (CECCIA). He tells us that we
Trotslcyists should be "grateful" to the CIA for not having murdered
us (not in the United States, at least, although the CIA's record in
other countries, notably Chile and Argentina, is less generous) but
"only" infiltrates and disrupts our movement. As a law student
Karganovic could at least point out that such domestic surveillance
supposedly is forbidden by the CIA's own charter. But he is too
busy lecturing us about "hypocrisy" to allow facts to get in his way.
? With equally astounding logic, Karganovic tells us that we should
show our 'gratitude" to the American government for
grantingcertaini civil liberties by not fighting to expand those civil
liberties and by not opposing the governments. abridgment of these
-rights.
. .
Karganovic accusses the Trotskyist movement of a "death
instinct" and charges it with "abstention" in the fight dgainst
Stalinism and the KGB. Absurd! The Trotskyist movement was born
out of a struggle against Stalinism and its police state terror and
remains to this day its bitter opponent. Trotskyists have campaigned
throughout the world against the Soviet invasion of
Czechoslovakia, in solidarity with anti-Stalinist upsurges in Eastern
Europe, for freedom for all Soviet dissidents, from Solzhenitsyn to
Pyotr Grigorenko and Leonid Plyusch, and foi freedom for political
prisoners in Czechoslovokia, Yugoslavia, the Ukraine, China and
elsewhere. We have built rallies, demonstrations, petitions drives and
teach-ins in this effort. We do so. because we believe socialism and
democracy are inseparable and that the anti-Stalinist revolution in
the East will deal a powerful blow to capitalism in the West.
? Karganovic raises the specter of Stalinism only to white-wash
the crimes of U.S. imperialism and police state agencies such as the
CIA ? incidentally these crimes have been going on long before
!there 'was a "Communist threar bogeyman to "save" us from. Ile
doesn't like it being pointed out that the CIA is so cynical that it
even murders the errant U.S. hirelings in he Third World such as.
Diem and Trujillo. There isn't much horror among the thieves
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INDIANA DAILY STUDENT
15 March 1976
ea ers view
. ?
Editor's Note: Due to the volume Of
.response the issue of CIA recruitment elicited
we'd like to devote the entire page today to the
leader's views. Thursday's demonstration was
successful in that the CIA cancelled recruitment
interviews, although they reportedly
interviewed students who had previously
expressed an interest in CIA employment off
carrptis.
Freedom .to choose
To the editor: ? ?
On Wednesday there ? was a much
publicized meeting to discuss "Getting the CIA
off campus." I didn't go, and as I'm writing of
Wednesday, I don't know how it turned out.
However, I have something to say about it. I
address my words directly to the young lady
with the bullhorn, but indirectly to all like
her.
Miss, you and your friends claim to be in
favor of liberty, justice, equality and all other
nice things. Fine. So why don't you base your
actions accordingly? You are opposed to the
CIA, and I don't fault you for that. But isn't
every other student entitled to judge for
himself? You would deny the other students at
I.U. their freedom to choose for themselves,
Karganovic apologizes for.
Where Karganovic shows his true colors is on the issue of
Vietnam. He justifies the sordid record of imperialist bloodletting in
Vietnam by bringing up .the alleged 1968 NLF "terrorist" massacre
at Flue ? a massacre which subsequently has been shown to be the
work of U.S. bombers and artillery, the real practitioners of
terrorism in Vietnam..Karganovic whines about the exposure of U.S.
war crimes in Indochina; "Every aspect of American conduct has
been discussed publicly (and magnified) irr this rotten country.".
?"Rotten country'"? It's amusing how fast Karganovic's assessment of
' the American people changes Once they become upset over
'governmental wrongdoing. He adds, "One of the culprits has even ,
been court-martialed." Our Daily Student Kremlinologist hardly
'should need to he reminded that even the Soviets can produce
? scapegoats when they are needed. The real culprits, or war I
criminals to be ?more exact,-.are. men like Nixon, Kissinger, Laird, ?
? McNamara and their like ?VhO walk -the streets as free men...
Karganovie's justification for U.S. involvement in Vietnam '
?during his .defense of th,1 CIA is no coincidence. It was revelations
about the real nature of U.S; involvement in Vietnam which showed
many Americans that the "enemy" was not some foreign power but ;
here at home and headquartered. in Washington, D:C. Furthermore,
the "enemy" which ?the U.S. government hides its 'secrets from
turned .out to be not some foreign power (they knew about it
anYway) but the American public. When the people found out. the
; real nature of the war they forced the government to pull out of
. Vietnam, and U.S. imperialism lost its first war. And very few
:persons, Karganovic among them; were terribly shook up when this
happened. I suppose that's why he calls the United States a rotten
lcountry. And that is why the public has a right to know .about the 1
CIA and other sordid police state agencies.
Steve Miller
? for the Young Socialist Alliance 1
0
reenutme
'whether or not they will approve of the CIA,
and to have the CIA present us it's case. You
apparently do not regard your fellow students
as filature and intelligent enough to judge the
CIA for themselves according to it's merits, but
would censor anything that agency might say in
it's own defense. ?
I am compelled to compare you with the
man who wants to outlaw pornography. That
pornography is wrong is only his personal
opinion, and if it means so much to him, he
should do his best to persuade people not to
patronize X-rated movies; not tell them that
they cannot patronize them. Similarly, no
matter how sure you are that the CIA ought to
be a8olished, it is not up to you to force your
decision on others, but to persuade them that
you are right, and let them act in accordance
with their own conscience. In other words,
'our approach ought not to be "Don't let CIA
speak .on campus," but "CIA is wrong because
? and ? , so please don't support them."
Then let each listener choose for himself, even
as you chose for yourself. -
I happen to agree that the CIA is bad, but
that makes no. difference; no matter how
indefensible their position may appear to you
or me, they are entitled to try and defend it,
and we students are entitled to hear their
defense if we so choose, and to agree, and even
join, if we so choose.
Besides, don't you know that the best way
to hang a fool is to let him talk?
.Mike Snyder
Bloomington
March 11
U.S. needs CIA
To the editor:
I surely. must agree with the majority of
my peers on this campus that the CIA is far
from perfect, and has committed acts that even
in our 'existential' society we deem to be
morally wrong per se. However, I find the
current solution of banning CIA recruiting on
the I.U. campus, to be far removed from a
plausible or appropriate solution. I must also
admit that OK country has a need for an
organization such as the CIA. Although it is/
imperfect, it has it's positive aspects too; but
alas the "bad" is always far more sensational
than it's lesser remembered counterpart ? the
? "good."
? In a technological society as ours and
with the vast interdependence or hostile
'countries and peoples,?a nation such as ours.
demands internal security and intelligence. The
. key to it is an 'organization inch as the CIA.
When such an organization becomes so
powerful as to abuse the power panted to it,
then it's powers must be effectively checked,
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not eliminated. The CIA has at times borne put
Lord Acton's words, "absolute power corrupts
absolutely," and has shown us that all forms of
power or authority need a check against that
very power, so that it does not become despotic
to it's ends. This is the essence of the greatness
of our Republic: that authority and power is
checked so hat our government does not
become tyrannical by the gradual usurpation of
? power by those in power, at the expense 'Of the
freedoms of the people.
. The solution isn't banning CIA recruiting,
but rather a reformation in Washington where
the real problem lies. I would tend to feel that
within the confines of our University, there are
qualified individuals, who are capable of
bringing the CIA the type of leadership it needs
more of. Denying these people the opportunity
is a greater wrong than denying the CIA their
opportunity to recruit.
The 1960s and 70s have shown us that our
leaders have committed covert acts that again
we deem wrong. Are we likewise to deny all
political parties the right to seek support or
.recruits on this campus? Are we to ban all legal
entities that have committed wrongs from our
campus, and thus closing another door to
reform. Would we not in effect be banning
everyone and everything. I hope not.
? Surely direct correspondence to our
elected officials with regard to our views is far
more effective than boisterous pamphlet
passing in front of Ballantine. Perhaps though
13 cents worth of concern is too high a price to
pay for better government.. Again I say let the
CIA recruit on our campus, and let's press on to
amore direct and efficient means of reform.
Greg Shoup
Bloomington
- March 11
No business. at I.U.
To the editor:
Over the last few months exposures of
massive illegal intelligence and terrorist ativity
by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency have
' filled even the estabishment media. Masses of i
Americans now know that:
o the CIA has systematically spied on .
American citizens at home,
o the CIA has sponsored assassination
attempts on several foreigl heads of state,
? 0 the CIA has contributed millions of
' dollars to the coffers of extreme right-wing? !
political parties all over the world in an atempt :
to undermine democratic.political institutions,:
0 the CIA has organized, trained, supplied
and funded right-wing terrorist armies seeking
to Overthrow or prevent the advance .or
progressive ? forces in ',several countries. A
; current focus of this CIA activity is southern
Africa, Where ? CIA-paid mercenaries are
I accorialiiee's of the . racist white-minority
-these and other exposures may come as
i.shocking revelations to the 'naive but to the
' bulk of the world's population they only
' confirm what was .aheady wellknown from
decades of bitter experience: the CIA is. an.
enormous Underground terrorist organization
engaged in a world-wide struggle against every
progressive fotce in the battle, of working and
oppressed people ? to free themselves from
domination. ? ?
We also know, contrary to the claims of
the liberal media, that the CIA is not out of
control. According to all the evidence now
available, every "illegal" CIA operation recently
exposed was approved or even initiated by the
Secretary of State and/or the' President. The
CIA is not failing to do what it is supposed to
do, it is succeeding.
If we understand these facts, our analysis
and our struggle must be much more far
reaching than many have yet recognized. -
To be sure, it would be nice to get the CIA
off?campus. They have no more (and no less)
business recruiting on campus and supporting
and organizing academic programs with
American universities than the Mafia has. And
if we build this movement, there is some
prospect that we can at least make it more
difficult for the CIA to operate within the
universities.
But we must build this movement without'
illusions. The CIA cannot be fundamentally
reformed. Every ruling class in every class
society must have secret police and terrorists at
is command. There is no way to "clean-up"
the CIA. (Ask yourself, what precisely would a
"cleaned-up CIA do?)
The CIA doesn't need to be laundered, it
needs to be destroyed. And there- is only one
force and one program which can accomplish
this goal. The CIA will exist, dirty as ever, as :
long as American capitalism. lasts: Only by
joining the movement for workers' power in
this country, the movement to overthrow the
capitalist system and replace it with a society in
;which working people democratically control
, all institutions ? only in that struggle will we
: succeed.
The front front lines of the struggle for workers''
?
.ipower are not at I.U. But they are nearby. In
every shop, factory, mill, and office a rank and ;?
file movement is growing which as its final :
ivictory will destroy the CIA. . ? t
Eye for an eye...
Bloomington International Socialists
To the editor:
The protestors against the CIA on this
I-campus act as if there is no threat from
;communism. I disagree. .
It's my understanding that the USSR -is
spending something like 40 per cent of their
1 GNP on weapons and weapons research.
Moreover, they have many people starving in
:rural areas while they spend enormous amounts
1 of money on such things as nuclear guided
missle cruisers. I rather believe they aren't
building all of this just,to logic at, but to use.
I -suspect the realities of world politics
dictate the use -of such tactics as financing
foreign political parties, supplying
insurrections, and assassinating communist
. leaders. It's unfortunate, but after all, this is the
?strongest country in the world, and one can't
expect us to ? stand by while our enemies
advance on our weaker friends. I only wish we
had the CIA in World War II, and had killed our
dear friend, Adolph Hitler a few years earlier.
In conelusion, it's a very naughty world,
and the uot John Wayne. We must deal
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with our enemies exactly as they deal with us.
And if that includes blowing their heads off,
by all means let's do it.
Tom Black
Bloomington
March 11
?
Aids foreign policy.
To the editor:
A well functioning CIA is vital to a
successful foreign policy. The correct
: Assessment of the military situation in the
Middle East prior to the 1967 war allowed the
U.S. to act with the knowledge that the Israelis
would win. It could be argued that a correct
intelligence assessment might have .prevented
the U.S. from becoming entangled in an
.unwinnable situation in Southeast Asia. The
protestors against the CIA should realize its
necessity, its abuses notwithstanding.
Hal Harvey
Bloomington
March II ;
Salutes protestors
To the editor: ?
I want to take this opportunity to salute
the efforts of ;those few brave students Ithro
prevented the CIA from recruiting on campus.
INDIANA DAIZY STUDITT
18 March 197
Tyranny of minority
To the editor:
It is with pleasure that I note that most
, students can see through the absurb rhetoric of
the YSA with regards to CIA recruitment on
campus and on 'many Other subjects (for their
position on all issues can be easily predicted
and their vocabulary is identical in discussing
no matter what topic beginning with "capitalist
aggressor" and ending with "working class
struggle.") It is; also with pleasure tharl read
; Mr. Kargonovic's column as well as several well
.! written letters pointing out the hypocrisy of
the YSA's support of a government with an-
? ; organization such as the KGB while
condemning .the CIA. The -need for an
intelligence agency, while 'very important to
realize, is overshadowed by the most
fundamental concept expressed which is our
rit to choose whether or not to join the CIA,
perhaps even in the hopes of ameliorating it.
W. as supposedly free individuals, are being
denied that rit. And why? ? ?
One explanation offered by John Mohr in
one of the most ludicrous paragraphs I have ever
: had the misfortune to read, is that those who
believe that they have a right to seek
" employment (was 1 so mistaken, as to think that
.? we did?) must submit to the "opinion of a
majority or vociferous minority of students as
to what is proper and fitting employment for
our graduates." Perhaps Alexandre de
This University must not become the supplier
, of young minds' for organizations who deal
daily in the breaking of laws, corruption of
government officials and other immoral and
heinous crimes.
Even though we have successfully stopped
one such organization, our work has just begun.
We must rally to protect this campus from
recruiters of other criminal employers. The CIA
is nothing more than a tool to manipulate
foreign opinion to tolerate getting ripped off by
American business.
We should not permit large corporations
such as Dow Chemicals, IBM or that most vile
rate hiker, Indiana Bell, on campus. I propose
that any business who has been publicly
criticized by the New York Times in the last
three years be banned from campus.
Let us not yield to the cries of those few
people who believe, that they have a right to
seek employment or who feel that employers
have some sort of right to associate with our
: ,students. Since when did any individual or
I small group or individuals ever have the right to
seek ; employment, , which in itself is not
violative of the law, when it runs contrary to
the opinion of a majority .or vociferous
minority .of students as to what is proper and
fitting employment for our graduates.
John Mohr
Toqueville was correct when he warned of
America's potential tyranny of the majority.
Even worse it appears in this case to be .a
tyranny of the minority. How inappropriate it.
is on the eve of our 200tli anniversary to
'suppose a view so against the foundations of
Iour nation.
Lauren Pinzka
Bloomington
March 15
;Communist menace
f
;-
To the editor:
This letter is in response to the
Bloomington International Socialists (11.1.S.)
letter of March 15.. This organization has
learned Lenin's lesson well. Lenin taught that
the enemy must be weakened in advance. To
wait for something to happen is not the way to
achieve revolution. The way must be prepared.
The enemy must be softened up: weaken his
will to resist, nullify his capacity fur
counteraction and impair his morale. Then when
the crisis comes, Communists can . march to
power through the ? ranks of a demoralized
enemy.
The B.I.S. letter is a perfect example of
how the Communists deliberately try to subvert
agencies of the U.S. government. The 11.1.S.
says, "The 'CIA does not need to be
laundered, it needs to be destroyed." This is an
obvious attempt to sow the seeds of discontent,
weaken, divide and neutralize anticommunist
opposition; and above all, undermine the CIA.
The BIS. also states their concern for the
.
working people. The Communists say they are'
interested in the laboring man, higher wages,
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better working conditions and shorter hours.
When in reality all the Communists want is to
penetrate unions, .to remain in them and to
carry on Communist work in them at all costs.
Finally, the .B.I.S. would have us believe
that freedom can be attained only under their
system. Yet, history of ,every nation under a
Communist regime demonstrates conclusively
that the Communist version of freedom is only
a new form of total slavery.
? During the Bicentennial year of the
greatest country on earth, I feel it is the duty of
. every loyal American ? Co inform themselves
.about Communism, the major menace of our
time. Communism is, More than an economic,
political, social or philosophical doctrine. It is a
way of life; a false, materialistic "religion." It
!would strip man of his belief in God, his
heritage of frcedom, his trust in love, justice
and mercy. Stic let's get some courage and stand
up to organizations like BLS., and not let them
use us as pawns to achieve their goals.
i ? Tom 1-lickox
March 16
HE NEW YORK TIMES, SATURDAY, APRII.: 10, 1976
Job-Hungry Students Turning to C.I.A.
By ROBERT LINDSEY
spasm to The New York Times
LOS ANGELES, April 9?
Despite the recent disclosure of
wrongdoing by the Central In-
telligence Agency, the number
of college students seeking jobs
In the agency has increased 30
percent over the last year, ac-
cording to C.I.A. officials. .
Recruiting efforts by the
agency have touched off cam-
pus protests in a few cases, and
some colleges still ban campus
Interviews by the agency. But,
for the most part, according to
a check with college adminis-
trators and students in 10
States, indifference and a search
for work in a tight employment
Market has supplanted much of
the campus anti-C.I.A. senti-
ment, which reached. a peak in
the final years of the Vietnam
War.
"I'm not that thrilled with
working for that organization,"
said Richard Mintzer of New
Rochelle, N.Y., a Duke Uni-
versity senior who specialized
in Soviet studies. "On the other
hand, there is a tight job mar-
ket." Mr. Mintzer has an ap-
plication for an agency job in
his room, but has not decided
yet whether to submit it:
' "I'd like to get a job using
my skills; I know college grads
who are packing groceries,"
said Michael Welsch, a senior
who majored in Russian at Ari-
zona State University. His ap-
plication with the agency was
turned down. . ?
Victor Lindquist, director of
ialacement at Northwestern
University, said be thought that
publicity about the agency,
which sincluded several Con-
gressic nal investigations and
disclosures of unlawful opera-
tions, had led to a "heightened
interest" in intelligence work.
"They've dragged the C.I.A.
.activities out of the cloak-
room," he said. "They've lost
some of the cloak-and dagger
aura. I think there's greater
acceptance on the part of stu-
dents pursuing a career; anyone
expressing an interest in a.
C.I.A. job is not going to be,
? ostracized.'
. Many students and adminis-
trators who were interviewed
interpreted the agency's gener-
? ally improved reception on col-
lege campuses as a reflection
of the current job market. An-
other , symptom of this, they
said, is the general ebb of
protest activities by the current
generation of students as
against those of a few years
ago.
F. W. M. Janney, C.I.A. direc-
tor of personnel, said in a
telephone interview that, while
the agency is now finding it
easier to conduct interviews
on campuses, the interviews
themselves have sometimes
tended to be more difficult for
the interviewers.
"They I students] are asking
ars a lot more searching ques-
tions about our policies and
about our activities, and we
have had to give more answers
and better answers than we
have in the past," he said.
? Advertising Is Cited
Dr. .Tanney agreed that the
recently depressed economy
and resulting poor job outlook
for graduates was apparently
a major factor in the increased
interest in the agency, but he
said it was not the only one. ,
The 30 percent increase ini
applications, he said, is running,
almost 10 percent greater than
the general increase this year
in applications for Civil Service
jobs.
"I would tend to equate the
difference to the advertising
that's taken place, in terms -of
the coverage we've received,"'
he said wryly. "They know howl
to spell our name."
Dr. Janney would not specify I
the number of. applications thed
agency had received. And,
While he said the number of
on-campus interviews increased
this year, he added that this
still lagged behind the number
prior to 1968. I
"Generally, we conductinter- I
views on campus unless we
have reason to believe it would
cause some embarrassment to
the university or ourselves," he
said.
The increase in applications
has not been matched by a rise
in job openings, enabling the
agency to be more selective.
Dr. Janney said that the-'
I.:umber of new employees hired)
by the agency this year would
Ibe about the same as last year
?approximately 700 clerical!
workers and 400 in "profes-1
sional" positions.-Of the latter,
about half, of he new em-
ployees Will have ? bachelor's
degrees, the rest advanced
degrees. - ?
Without giving- details, he
said that the agency's efforts
to hire more persons from mi-
nority groups had been moder-
ately successful.:
"We've bad some better luck
in our effort with Hispanics,"
he noted,- but said that more
efforts were needed in this area
of recruitment.
Although the overall recep-
tion ofC.I.A. recruiters has
improved recently, visits or
projected visits by. agency rep..
resentatives resulted 'in seri-
ous disruptions this year at
the University of Indiana, the
University of Michigan and the
University of California, San
Diego.
With only a few; exceptions;
however, the recent disclosures
about the intelligence agency
appear to have had little effect
on recruiting.
Similarly, several college
placement officials said there
was generally little resistance
to recruiting by the National
Security Agency, which has
also been accused of improper
spying on American citizens.
Several students interviewed
at Boston University said they
had found it amusing that the
college administration -Still dis-
couraged campus interviews by
the C.I.A.
"The C.I.A. Is just like anoth-
er business; why can't they
recruit on campusr said Mi.
NEW YORK TIMES
9 April 1976
C.I.A. QUERIED ON TIE
TO LOCKHEED AGENT
? -WASHINGTON, April 8 (Reu-
ters)?Secretary of Commerce
Elliot L Richardson said today
he had ? asked the Central In-
telligence Agency to investi-
-gate whether there -had- been
any links between it and-the
:DLockheed Aircraft Corpora-
tion's agent in Japan,' Yoshio
'Kodama. F!!
' Mr. Richardson told the
!S'enate' Banking' Conutittbe be
had asked for the information
-because of- ailegation4 of,* gym-
23
chael -C-araeff,' junior from
Brooklyn.
One of about SO Brown Uni-
versity students who took an
examination to join the Nation-
al Security Agency said, "Basi-
cally, everybody went for the
same reason; it wasn't their
first choice, but they wanted
a job."
' Another Brown student, Ana
Marie Padilla, a senior majoring
in mathematics, said that she
liked the idea of working at
the N.S.A.
"I'm not going to be out in
the field assassinating people,"
she said. "I don't have any
qualms about it; we need na-
tional security, and I would be
assisting in national. security.",
Michael Curtin, a Brown Se-
nior described by friends as a
radical on some issues, com-
mented: "I don't see that the,
C.I.A: is intrinsically worse that
a lot of other organizations.
What it does is no worse than
what the Chase Manhattan
Bank does in other countries,
'drawing off the profits and con-
trolling industrialization. If I
had time, I'd protest them all."
James Darling, a student of
the University of Florida, said!
that despite the recent publicity!
he retained a "lifelong dream'
to work for the agency. His big-
gest concern now over the dis-
closures appeared to be less
ethical than 'practical. "All this
publicity has hurt the C.I.A.,
just like it hurt Lockheed," he
said.
- "Personally, I wouldn't take
a job with Lockheed right now,-
he said. "I just don't think
there's any security_ in it. And
I imagine a lot of people might
feel the same way about the
C.I.A. .
nection bttween? the C.I.A. and
?Mr. Kodama, who is a central
'figure in the inquiry under way
in Japan paying out 8200 mil-
lion at least 822 million of it in
briges, in countries such as
Japan and the Netherlands.
Some of the money allegedly
went to officials.
Mr. Richardon said he made
the request as chairman of the
President's Task Force on
Foreign Corporate Payments., a
commission just set up to rec-
ommend steps to stop pay-
ments abroad to promote over-
seas sales.
The C.I.A. has not yet sup-
plied the information.
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THE GLOBE (NORTHERN VIRGINIA)
1 APRIL 1976
?Collage Students Are Flocking
To New CIA Job Opportunities
by Allan Rabinowitz -
"Unique employment op-
portunities. international
travel, mystery, good pay.
many benefits ? - all yours
when working for this well
established international
corporation."
Sound like a dream job?
It's the CIA's latest
recruitment pitch to college
seniors and graduate
students across the country.
And nearly the only
response from students
even on campuses that were
hostile during the Vietnam
War years - has been to beat
down the doors to get in for
interviews with recruiters.
' According to CIA officials
in Washington. DX. and
Boston, student interest in
working for the counter-
intelligence agency is in-
creasing.
A CIA-sponsored minori-
ty hiring conference, held
recently in Washington.
D.C.. drew more than 60
career counselors from, 23
U.S. univsrsities. All ex-
penses were paid by the
CIA.
Representatives from the
University of Michigan at
Ann Arbor, UCLA, University
of Wisconsin at Madison.
Michigan State University at
East Lansing and the
University of California at
Berkeley all came to talk.
with the CIA about employ--
ment opportunities.
A University of Michigan
employment recruiter at the
conference said the campus
would not recruit for the
CIA. but "encouraged the
CIA to come back to cam-
pus."
Most of the career place-
ment officials said it was
their duty to provide all
possible employment oppor-
tunities for students.
Company Pitch
The CIA's pitch is simple.
The agency is playing down
its role in political murders.
toppled governments. Mafia
collaborations and domestic
spying. The CIA is being bill-
ed as just another govern-
ment agency.
Student protest have
been scattered and ineffec-
tual.
Demonstrations at
Berkeley, UCLA, University
of Michigan and Michigan
-
State University have
produced no change in cam-
pus recruitment policies.
TRIBUNE, Salt Lake City
24 March 1976
But . at the Univ. of
California at San Diego,
president Davis Saxon was
forced to leave the campus
by police car after anti-CIA
Igroups stopped him from
addressing the academic
'senate about CIA recruit-
ment.
Shortly after the distur-
bance, the senate defeated a
proposal requiring full dis-
closure of CIA-university
t connections,. which would
have banned CIA campus.
recruitment and stopped
agency research by faculty
members.
The?-CIA, in adver-
tisements; makes special
pitch for Ph. D. candidates
doing research: The agency -
offers one of the few oppor-
tunities for employment in
research; 'said Robert Ginn,
associate director of career.
placement at Harvard, with
the opportunity to publish
"substantive scholarly
research" throughout the in-
tellectual and intelligence
.community....
Ginn speculated that re-
cent publicity on the CIA's
activities actually helped
recruitment activities-
'No Assassinalions; Former
I ? ? ? By Bob Brysen
? Tribune Staff Writer
_Central ency- (CIA)
has neveili-een involved in assassina-
? tions because "it is not part of our
,.character," a former agent in charge of
some covert operations in South Ameri-
ca says.
True, Milton R. Bissegger said Tues-
day, some individual agents discussed'
assassination of Fidel Castro and Congo
; Leader Patrice Lamumba,
"But the position of most CIA men is
; that espionage is ? such a dishonest
. business, only honest men can be in it.
Everyone in the CIA I Iniew was highly
;?principled," he told the Rotary Club of
Salt Lake meeting at Hotel Utah.
Mr. Bissegger is now a West Jordan
resident. He is a University of Utah
; graduate and was a CIA operations
officer in Argentina. He became a
member of the CIA Western Hemis-
phere Divison's Covert Action Staff and
monitored all covert action expendi- ,
-tures in Latin America.
He noted that he was speaking as an
individual and that he has received a
change- in CIA status- to that of an
'overt' retiree. He took the step, he
said, because of "all the propaganda"
the CIA has been receiving.
He ? noted that "many allegations
about the CIA are false and others are ?
distorted by the media and ppople with
! political status." - .
Mr.. Bissegger said that former.
SenateIntelligence Committee, Chair-
man Frank Church, now a presidential
candidate, said that Americans would
be "shocked and amazed" at ?the
committee's report on CI;XuetIvities.
"The comments by Sen. Church had
' very little truth in them. I am not
saying the man is a liar, but perhaps he.
. had other motives besides the assassi-
nations. This statement brought him a
lot of propaganda and publicity."
No Assasshiations
The final report, he noted, said the
CIA has never assassinated anyone,
"There were five alleged CIA assassi-
nation plots. Three ? of these involved
South American leaders. I had access
td the files going back to the late '50s.
The. committee's report is then true,"'
he said. They other plots involved-
mumba...and a coup in South
Vietnam. ' ?
The CIA is ?-ery careful, Mr. Bisseg- ?
ger said, to tlinunate "nuts" from the,
24
because "it makes the kids
think about the agency." .
Whatever illegal and cor-
rupt CIA actions may be dis-
closed, there are practical
considerations - jobs and
research money-- that now
hold a high priority for
graduating university-
students.
"Why should they
protest?" asked Angus
Thurmer. assistant to the.
director of the CIA. "Jobs
are very scarce these days."
The CIA internship
program for foreign studies
has received more than 1,-
000 inquiries for 50
openings. Internship
program participants, about
half of whom become
fulltime CIA employees,
corne from a wide range of
colleges, including Harvard,
Yale and the Univ. of
Chicago. They receive
monthly salaries of between
$800 and S1.000.
Students accepted' into
the program come from -a
wide range of disciplines
and usually at the top of
their classes, with masters
degrees or higher.. '
Copyright 1976
Pacific NEWS Service
CIA Agent
Asserts
service.
"The allegations made by the medial
are preposterous. There has never been!
-al case where the CIA was involved in '
the assassination of a foreign individual
. or on the domestic scene either," he;
; said.
' He said agents are taught that:
! assassination is not acceptable and
anyone who suggests it is subject to
dismissal. .
Mr. Bissegger noted that the CIA has I
provided training to police departments
in other countries.
. He also said that the CIA spent from I
, $11 to $20 million in Chile. -
' "I don't apologize for that money
spent. A lot of people say we shouldn't
be interfering in the domestic affairs of j
another country. But we have t respon-
sibility to the world for the promotion of '
the principles on which our country is I
founded."
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NATION
13 4ARC7 19Tri
ITEM UTTP.11A!.Ayr?2- aF. 'TaVrELILLTGENCE'
Faird.:92 aittegriat ECM) ft..s.rrCitgattOite:
?
ROBtRT L. 130ROSAGE
Gerald Ford's Second Pardon. The President's reform
program for the intelligence agencies is a direct chal-
lenge to the rule of law. Faced with bard evidence of
illegality and abuses by the intelligence officials, Mr. Ford
.has issued a blanket pardon for past crimes and a charter
fer future abuses. In case anyone was confused by the
President's rhetoric of reform, the Justice Department
made it clear by announcing that it would not prosecute
Richard Helms, the former director of the CIA, for his
admitted role in a 1971 burglary. The quality of the ad-
ministration's mercy is apparently not strained when it
comes to official crime.
When Ford pardoned the crimes of Richard Nixon, he
made the error of openly admitting what he was doing
(if not why he was doing it), and thus erased his early
popularity in one grand act. He did not repeat the mis-
take in the matter of secret agencies: he announced his
second major pardon in the guise of a reform program,
a cover story worth unraveling.
The Restrictions: Making It All Legal. The centerpiece
of the?President's program is an Executive Order which
outlines new charters for the foreign intelligence agencies
(the FBI is omitted from the program), along with new
restrictions on their activities. To underline what he con-
siders to be his inherent "constitutional responsibilities
to manage . . . foreign policy," the President issued an
Executive Order rather than seeking legislation. An Ex-
ecutive Order has many advantages for a President. No
criminal penalties attach .to violations of its provisions.
Moreover, its restrictions can be charmed or rescinded
by the stroke of a pen?in secret if so desired. Merely
an expression of "higher orders," it may even be super-
seded in practice by oral commands from the President:
No.intelligence agency official is likely to tell a President
that his oral orders violate his own Executive Order.
Many of the restrictions in the President's order pro-
hibit the agencies from engaging in activities?mail open-
ing, wiretaps, tax-return intrusion?that are already
against the law. In the past, these agencies apparently
felt that ordinary law did not apply to them, and the
inescapable implication of the order is that criminal laws
apply to intelligence officials only if reaffirmed by Execu-
tive Order?or more simply, that our secret agencies are
governed only by higher orders.
Many other clauses phrased as restrictions contain ex-
ceptions that empower the agencies to do things which
previously were considered abuses. For example, the
1947 law establishing the CIA specifically bans it from
engaging in any domestic police, law enforcement or
i internal security functions. The. CIA's massive illegal
i domestic surveillance programs were the cause of the
I entire review of the intelligence agencies. Yet the Presi-
dent's order provides authority for the CIA to get back
in the business of spying on Americans. President Ford
authorizes the CIA to collect information on the "do-
mestic activities of United States persons" who are "rea-
sonably believed to be acting on behalf of a foreign
power . or "who pose a clear threat to foreign intel-
ligence agency facilities or personoel. . ." The CIA's
Operation CHAOS?whereby agents infiltrated domestic
organizations and spied and reported on more than
300,000 individuals and organizations?was justified
within the CIA as an investigation of the "foreign con-
tacts of American dissidents." The CIA's Office of Secu-
rity program, which placed agents in groups like the
Women's Strike for Peace and the Washington Peace
Center, was justified as necessary to insure the safety of
CIA buildingsi._
If this were not enough, the President's order also
allows the foreign intelligence agencies to collect informa-
' tion . on the domestic activities of the following Amer-
icans: "present and former employees, present and former ..
contractors and their present and former employees,"
and any "persons in, contact with the foregoing. . . ." This
group is subject to physical surveillance (tailing), if need
be. For the CIA, NSA and the military agencies, even a
restrictive reading of this section of the order could en-
compass millions of Americans. The order also permits
the NSA and CIA to intercept international communica-?
(ions to or from the United States under classified proce-
dures. The CIA is empowered to conduct secret scrutiny
checks on "potential _sources or contacts."
' The President's order even provides the foreignintel-
ligence agencies with authority for their own coiNTEL-
!PRO operations. (COINTELPRO was the. FBI's pro-
gram to infiltrate ? and disrupt domestic organizations,
'which included its harassment of Dr. Martin Luther
? King.) Apparently the foreign intelligence ageecizia..had
felt deprived in this respect, for the President now au-
thorizes them to infiltrate an organization in the United
'States "for the purpose of reporting on or influencing its
-activities or members," if the organization is composed
"primarily of non,United?States persons" and is "reason-
ably believed" to be acting on behalf of a foreign poWer:
The obvious targets are foreign student groups and emigre
organizations.
Secrecy: Keeping It All Covered Up. The only criminal
Ilegislation called, for by the President is not directed at
the of' iCials Who abuse their authority but at those who
disclose such misdeeds to the public. Mr. Ford has called
lupon Congress to pass criminal penalties and injunctive ?
relief against official's who leak "intelligence sources or
methods."
Over the past decade, secrecy has often been used to
cover .up illegal or unpopular activities by the executive.
The intervention in Angola is a recent case in point.
; Since the cold-war consensus dissipated, information from
? courageous middle-level, bureaucrats often provided the
means whereby the abuses and crimes of the intelligence
agencies were exposed; ?
Many of these illegalities have, of course, been Ordered
;by Presidents, including President Ford. 'Thus, it is not
?surprising that the White House now seeks official secrets
legislation from the Congress. For ? months, President
Ford and Henry. Kissinger have tried to change the focus
of public attention from official crimes to keeping secrets.
? The cynical use of the death of CIA station chief Richard
Welch and the official suppression of the House Intelli-
gence Committee report have greatly helped their case.
. However, the President may have overreached himself
with his proposed bill. It provides criminal penalties for
any bureaucrat who releases information concerning in-
telligence sources and methods to "unauthorized individ-
uals," including Congressional representatives. If the
President gets his way, a governmental official giving
information to a member of Congress could be prose-
cuted as a felon. As his bill would have it, information
25
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could be provided to Congress only in response to a
formal request-from a .sitting committee and, of course,
Unless the bureaucrat had already leaked the information
the committee wouldn't know what to request.
. Administration spokesmen claim that ,the bill is not
an "official secrets act" because it applies only tO Officials
and only to intelligence sources and methods. But that is
a distinction without a ? difference; intelligence sources
and methods include virtually any activity of an intelli-
gence agency. CIA Director William Colby once provided
a sworn deposition which argued that disclosing a single
gross figure for the CIA's budget (as required by the
Constitution) would reveal "sources and methods." Rich-
ard Nixon used the same rationale to deflect temporarily
the FM's investigation of CREEP money in Mexico.
. Although .the Provisions of the law apply only to gov-
ernment officials, nothing would stop a prosecutor from
summoning a reporter or an editor before a grand jury
to be asked, upon threat of jail for contempt, to reveal
his or her source. .
The President's plan instructs a middle-level official
faced with An illegal Order to report the abuse to "com-
petent authority"?the agency's inspector .general. In the
past, the inspector general system has served primarily
to warn the director of any "flap material," and -to help
prepare a cover story. According to the-President's order,
the inspectors general are to report to the Presidentially
appointed Oversight Board. But the Board is similar to
the moribund PFAIB?Presidential Foreign Advisory In-
telligence Board?which existed in ' blissful ignorance
throughout the period of past abuses. If anyone took the
President's program seriously, his first appointments to
the board?three geriatric cold warriors--were sufficient
to dissuade officials from using the system to avoid com-
mitting illegal acts. ?
Congressional Oversight: Reforming the Club. The
President's recommendations .for Congressional oversight
follow the same themes as his proposals for secrecy legis-
lation. His primary concern is not independent Congres-
sicinal monitoring, but the retention of secrets within a
handful of sympathetic initiates. Thus, Mr. Ford calls
for a joint committee; -he asks for repeal of the Ryan
Amendment .which. now requires that the administration
brief six committees on each nOW -covert action program
abroad. He wants discretion as to when -he will inform
the committees about what is going on in the undercover
state.
-Further, ,the President states that no'classitied informa-
? don given to any oversight committee may be disclosed
. without Presidential approval. Ford suggests that neither
an elected representative, nor a committee, nor bile house,
of Congress has the constitutional power to release in-
formation classified by any one of the 15,000 executive
officials empowered to classify information. He would
' support the outlandish position of Mitchell Rogovin, the
CIA's special counsel, that a two-thirds vote of both
. houses should be necessary to declassify any information
over the President's opposition.
For President Ford, "successful and effective Congres-
sional oversight"- depends upon the "mutual trust" be-
tween the Congress and the Executive. The phrase has
the hollow ring of another statement by an executive
spokesman. In 1971, before the revelations of the CIA's
'programs in Chile, Angola, Iran and Italy, before the
disclosure of the CIA's illegal activities at home, before
we knew about the assassination plots, the underworld
associations, the routine lies, perjuries and distortions?
Richard Helms, then director of the CIA,.was asked how
anyone could be certain the CIA was obeying the law.
He replied, "the nation must ... take it on faith that we,
too, are honorable men. . . ."
The Missing Links. The fraudulent nature of the Presi-
dent's program is even more apparent in what he failed
to do. As noted above, he made no mention of any plans
to prosecute intelligence officials for their past crimes.
Edward Levi, the President's disappointing, compliant At-
torney General, has denounced Congressional calls for a
special prosecutor as an attack on the "integrity" of his
department. Yet his minions---;with their integrity totally
intact?have failed to indict one member of the intelli-
gence agencies for perjury, for mail opening, for illegal
surveillance, for illegal break-ins, for COINTELPRO ac-
tivities. The obvious message is that the law did not apply
to their activities.
The President has also refused to notify the hundreds
! of thousands of Americans who were the targets of illegal
surveillance. General Motors treats an owner of one of
its defective cars better than Ford treats a target of his
defective agencies.
Most important, the President refused to consider any
, limitation on covert interventions abroad?except for a
ban on assassination ("Certainly not in peace time," he
said at a press conference), previously considered murder
in American law. In response to a reporter's question,
CIA Director George Bush admitted that the President's
program would "not bar bribery" of foreign officials
abroad. Mr. Bush might have added that it also would
not bar kidnapping, coups, paramilitary adventures, ex-
tortion, "disinformation," and the broad range of other
routine CIA foreign operations.
Indeed, the Presidnt has apparently adopted the po-
sition that covert action overseas?Lthe secret inter-
ference in another country's internal affairs?is an in-
herent power of the Presidency. This dangerous idea,
discredited after the departure of Richard Nixon, has
been hawked around Washington by CIA spokesmen. It
would place the President's secret foreign policy above
, the limits of law.
Taken together, the President's actions and inactions
. nave one consistent theme:? intelligence officials are re-
sponsible only to higher orders from within the executive
branch. The issuance of Executive Orders, restrictions
; that instruct officials not to do illegal acts, secrecy legis-
lation and restrictive oversight provisions?all are de-
; signed to exempt the intelligence agencies from account-
ability to law, while insuring that they will obey the
President.
The legal philosopher, Bernard Schwartz, once defined
three fundamental elements of the rule of law: "(1) the
. absence of arbitrary power; (2) the subjugation of the
state and its officers to ordinary law, and (3) the recog-
nition of basic principles superior to the state itself." ?
With his proposals the President has set the founda-
tions for exempting the covert arm of the state from
the reach of ordinary law, lie is creating a dual state,
one part open and governed by law; the other covert
and governed by whim. In the name of reform, the Presi-
dent has reconstituted a covert executive spying and para- '
military capacity for use at home or abroad.
---
Robert Burosage, a Washington attorney, is director of the
Center for National Security Studies. Ile is coeditor of
The CIA File Grossman,).t
26
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GENERAL
;?
WASHINGTON POST
2 1 MR 1976
.
Mt
? I 1;.,)
44
?
c- I'
''?
..
By Harry Rositzk1
e
intrz 3,11.
wo Contrastm
' 4
? ?
4`;', t '
? '? 1'1 ? t4 ,,? ?
.? I
OW ;THAT Mk. Ford has, banned', the ?.?
? ? :
word ..."detente" .? from ,his lexicon, ? he.
needs a substitute: It will be awkward, even' :
?? for the duration of the campaign, for him '
' to talk about "the present relationship be:. ?
tween the United States and the Soviet
Union" or "the Soviet-American connec-,.
. ? ,;?''
The thesaurus contains no good Anglo-
Saxon word for "reduced tension." Nor are,
the Latin roots of this tainted French word
of any help. "Distension" would be ambigu-
ous, "dystension" too clinical, "detention".
? is from a different root. For the moment:
let
let us speak of the preSent Soviet-American
relationship is "X.":
If tie old word is no longer fashionable
??: at least in 'part that is because we ?were:
??:', oversold or oversold ourselves into thebe
lief that "detente" marked a new ? dawn.,?
Mr. Ford now urges us to consider Or
, tions with the Soviet Union -in, realistic.'
, terms. y/hat is the reality of X?
A'Prlleitlier Mr. Ford fier'Henry KiSsinger,'
W.;Will 'question the basic hostility of Soviet
leaders ?-, from.. Lemn to flrezhnev.,ito the
capitalist werld-..:7heir beliefs that the
main facts In human society are economic;
that socialisails superior to capitalism as ;
systemf,' for 'producing' goodS;; that coin- '
will triumph in the end?are sim- ?
the reality lying beneath and behind
Soviet policy decisions. The ideological,
-struggle, as BrezhneV keeps reminding us,
paaamount. ? ? ; ;
It Is, however, with Soviet aetions?,n
,;'.' Soviet thinking, that a President or. secre-,-.
; ?
tary .rof state' must deal. And here their.:":
problem i's ..compounded by the 'fact that
roe Soviet regime operates abroad on two ' ?
????
ft-separate, yet interlaced, levels?the official
ifgpverriment level and the political action
leveloboth open and covert, with the-party ,
vi its main stimulus. _ ';?? ; ? ?
?
'What appears to irritate ?; and confuse, :1
4.1. Kissinger is not so mueh:the recalcitrance'
' :Of Soviet behavior on the official level as1.1
the COntradictions between their actions
, ? on the, two levels. It has proved far easier ?
, him ,to handle the macropolitics of of-:
ficial than the micropolitics
of. Communist Party actions. : ')
'"Under X, official Soviet diplomacy has
' been notably 'successful in" reaching a ;
European settlement on its own terms: it.",
Rositzke's book, Today," was ? .?-?
published in 1973. He is now writing a book ,
on the CIA, from which he retired in 1970,.7.?
? ?''c-
Germany, the ligation di' the post.q
,
war EurOpean frontieis created by -Soviet '
power, and 'fruitful trade and 'Capital in
Vestment relations with the European Pow,
erS: Moscow's military and economic aid
diplomacy in the developing world has .
served to extend its national influence in
Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent,'
the Middle East . and, spasmodically, in.
Africa. It has achieved these ends without
Committihg. its military forces, to fight onforeign soil:;,.
,
.?
?
Mr. I:ords.rightly_defends,X,at the official
level for its clear pluses It has created a ? ?
cliMate for negotiations rather than polem-
ics on such crucial issues as the limitation
of strategic arms andothe mutual reduction
of forces in Europe. It has diminished the,
Iikelihood of a ? military confrontation in
the Middle Eaet. It has apparently spelled
he end of Berlin, blockades and missile ?
-
The principal long-term profit of X to the
Russians is economic: the growing avail-
billty Western technology to increase
.'Soviet productivity; of Western capital that
can. only help Soviet industry catch up
more rapidly and of American wheat to
,
,4 ^ ?
:..-compensate :for the appalling inefficiency
ive? .Without droughts 61 Soviet agrictil-'
ereI no reciprocal advantage we
can expect to get for ourselves:
: It is in ironic :bot inescapable fruit Of X ,
that the Soviet Union is now being genet.= .1?
.Ously helped by the, capitalist 'World with ?
*hich it competes. If the main facts in bw.
man society are economic ai we is
the West are beginning:to realize', 'the ex-
Iliert of ;ioods or credits 'b? the capttalist
to, the communist nations can only help im-
Pic;ie??tbe performance of the Serialist sys- .
',. tem. .Both Marx ? and Lenin: 'argued that:::
capitalist-1i cannot grow on the domestic
. market elem. The driire to external In-
? vestment that Created our multinational
? corporations now extends its benefits to
Soviet production.. -
' 'Whatever Kissinger's' private view of
' this one-sided benefit, ? his public utter-
tuxes 'display' an' almost panicky frus-
tration with Moscow's conduct on the
second, br political, level: its, open action
! :in* exploiting foreign Communist parties
???1 and its covert and open? support of indig,
enol4s wars of national liberation:,
,
; --It is the increasing power of foreign
-Communist parties that has most
27 -bedeviled Kissinger in recent years:
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the Marxiit coalition In 'Chile, the
',threat of a Communist revolution in
Portugal, the likely. . participation of
the Italian party in a coalition govern-
ment.
. Are these to be construed as Soviet
threats to the American interest, as
Soviet violations of X?
s-;It is now 20 years since the 20th
Congress of the Soviet Party
endorsed the peaceful road to social-
ism for the legal parties abroad. The
Italian and French parties have since
played the Western political game by
the rules. Are the citizens of France
or Italy not to be permitted, as Kis-
singer seems to have felt about
Chilean citizens, to elect Communists
into their governments? If the Com-
munists do win, does their success
violate X? And the crucial query:
will they then become automatic in-
atrurrrents of Soviet political action?
**,
Here Kissinger must be realistic',
A strong Communist Party in an ad-
vanced industrial society, despite the
old myth of monolithic communism,
cannot be a minion of Moscow. It
must, in a democratic arena, pursue
Its own national interests to survive
am:I prosper. It must pursue its own
road, not the Soviet path.
The speeches of the Italian and
French party delegates to the recent
Moscow Congress clearly illustrate
this built-in compulsion. Once in a
?Coalition, they will be faced with the
same problems that beset their Chris-
tian Democrat or Gaullist colleagues,
and they will stay in power?if they
perform well. They will naturally in-
fluence the policies of their own gov-
errunents, but those will be Italian
and French, not Soviet, policies.
,--Whoever runs the State Department
can do nothing about this fact of life
unless he wants to get back to the _
old game of matching Soviet subsidies
for, the Communists with American
funds for their democratic opponents.
,Whatever positive role this may have
played in the past, it would now be a
sorry stratagem bound to backfire':
The Europeans will determine their
own politics, not Washington or Mos-
epw.
The recent Communist threat in
Portugal underlines the gap between
Soviet power and the national Com-
munist parties. Though harbored by
the Soviet party during their long
underground existence, the Portu-
guese Communists broke the rules
of the peaceful road by taking to the
streets. The Portuguese leader, Al-
varo Cunhal, almost certainly operat-
ed- on the basis of his own estimate
of-the situation?and failed. Would
Moscow be guilty of violating X if he
had succeeded. . . or the same thing
happens in Spain?
at the foreign party level Is a
meaningless term. Ask the Italian
party not to compete with the Social-
and Christian Democrats for pow-
v...? Expect Moscow to ask them not
C4.2
HE EUROPEAN PARTIES are at
best an uncertain instrument for
the extension of Soviet power. In its
continuing support of wars of na-
tional liberation, directly or by proxy,
openly or covertly, the Soviet regime
'Simply declares that X does not apply
to the Third World. Korea, Vietnam
and now Angola register a failure and
two successes. -
The initial stages of Soviet support
to rebel groups are normally covert
and? Until their success seems almost
assured. modest. The Russians have
invested in the anti-Portuguese rebels
since the 1950s with money, training,
indoctrination and small arms. Their
investment in the Angolan MPLA paid
Off 'after the Portuguese withdrew?
and the more modest American and
Chinese investment Was lest. - -
Kissinger has objected to the So.-
viet action in Angola as a violation
of X. His objection is understandable
but even by American rules, incor-
rect. It was only when the MPLA
established a de facto regime in
Luanda that the Soviet government
began openly supplying large-scale
military aid. Theirs was an official
and legally justifiable response to
the request of? another regime?as
ours was once in Lebanon and, more
recently, in South Vietnam. Kissinger
can complain that their side won and
our side lost, but laments play no
role in realpolitik. - -
The Angolan case intrudes another
complication into the game of who is
to blame? The Cuban commitment of
arms and men to the Angolan fight-
ing cancelled the need for sending
Soviet soldiers to fight in Angola?a
need Moscow has avoided from Korea
to, Vietnam. These wars were fought,
as we like to say, by proxy. Yet no
case can be made out that Moscow
forced Hanoi to liberate South Viet-
nam?or that Brezhnev somehow di-
rected Castro to send his troops to
Angola.
Is Castro simply a Soviet stooge
in his African adventures? The Cu-
bans have intervened in Africa with
arms and men for over 10 years. They
now have advisers in Guinea and
Somalia. And no one is in a position
to say what the Cuban troops in An-
gola will do next. Perhaps "liberate"
Namibia? If they do, will it be Cas-
tro's-decision, or a joint decision by '
Castro's African friends, or by a com-
mittee meeting with Brezlinev?
Pinning the blame on Moscow for
the wars in black Africa is a fruit-
less exercise. Shall we challenge Pe-
king for its support of the Rhodesian
rebels in Mozambique?
28
THE KGB naturally plays its part
in these political action opera-
tions, a role unaffected by X. From
the Cold War to the present, the
KGB has not only carried on its usual
espionage, counterespionage and co-
vert action work. but it has played
an indispensible technical role in
passing funds and communications
to the parties abroad and in channel-
ing Soviet support to rebel or guerrilla
groups before the Soviet government
gets involved. It has also readily pro-
vided advice to new revolutionary
regimes on how to set up their intel-
ligence and security services.
In the last 10 years, however, the
KGB's foreign directorate has begun
to perform an even more valuable
service ? to advance in secret the
Soviet government's open objectives
on the official level. Its recruitment
of "agents of influence" in Europe
and the United States gives Soviet
foreign policy a muscle that cannot
I be matched by the West.
Today, in New York, Bonn, Paris
and Rome there are over 200 KGB-
officers assigned to each city (a
hundred were thrown out of London
several years age). Many, if not most,
of them are recruiting not spies but
"friends." Their job is to develop per-
sonal contacts within the power elites
of each nation: politicians of the cen-
ter and right, non-Communist labor
leaders, bankers and industrialists,
journalists and professors, govern-
ment officials and legislators.
These contacts range from secret
to confidential to public. Some are on
the Soviet payroll?the personal as-
sistant to former West German Chan-
cellor Willy Brandt, a key European
negotiator on a truck-assembly plant
project. Some have been bribed with
business opportunities in East-West
trade?a British merchant or an Ital-
ian banker. Others are close enough
acquaintances for a KGB officer to in-
vite to an informal lunch or dinner to
talk about current affairs. In many
capitals, as in Washington, KGB offi-
cers openly lobby among legislators
on bills affecting Soviet trade.
These agents of influence within
the power groups of Western society
give Moscow a useful covert means
for affecting the attitudes and deci-
sions of other governments on matters
of Soviet concern. The KGB officer
under diplomatic cover, socially so-
phisticated, fluent in English, German,
or French, can use his friends or
, agents to lobby for a European Secur-
' ity Conference, to press for favorabils
terms in trade or loan negotiations,
to promote the investment of capital
in a Soviet petrochemical project.
These KGB officers, for the most
part, break no laws. Neither spying
nor subverting, they are beyond the
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purview of Western security services.
The lessening of East-West tensions
under X not only makes their contact-
work easier--and their contacts more
susceptible ? but as Soviet political
and economic interests in the West
continue to increase under X, they
will have more work to do.
Here, then, at the political action
level there is no X, and there can be
none. Moscow will not cease subsidiz-
ing foreign parties, supporting wars -
of national liberation or enlarging its -
reservoir of influence-agents. They
are important elements in the Soviet
global clout. There is no reason for
, the Russians to give them up.
It is this depressing fact that Kis-
Singer must deal with in his public
defense of X. And he must deal with
another frustration: there can be no
seribus tradeoffs between the X and
the non-X level.
It is conceivable, though most un-
likely, that Washington can force
concessions on Salt II negotiations by
curtailing the sale of American wheat
to Russia or by refusing to permit
American oil companies to provide
capital for a new petrochemical plant
WASHINGTON POST
" 14 APR 1976
in Siberia.' 'It Is' inconceivable that
American concessions on Salt II,
trade, or capital investment will buy
off Soviet (even less, Cuban) support
of the black Rhodesian independence
movement. .
WHAT WE HAVE today is half an
X, a relaxation of tensions only
in our official dealings with Moscow.
Perhaps the word Mr. Ford is looking
for is demitente. It is a bastard term,
but ? not inapt. At least it is more
realistic than X.
It is a fact of history that the United
States cannot match Soviet resources
on the political action level. There
are no parties abroad even partially
devoted to our interest. We have a
weak and ineffective propaganda ap-
paratus and a now immobilized capa-
city for covert action. We can have no
agents of influence in Moscow.
In this world of demitente:
? The mai wiet challenge is on
the political economic front, not
the military
? A larger American defense bud-
get will not deter Soviet advances on
the political-economic front. .
Watered-Down
Detente Hi
By Schlesin
?
? The policy of containment, of
simply reacting to Soviet initiatives,
will not work any better in the future
than it has in the past
What we have as the basis for a
more affirmative foreign policy is our
enormous economic clout. If we can
delineate clearly what we want in the
world to assure our physical security
and our national prosperity, we will
be able to direct our capital invest-
ments, trade and loans to building up
stable and friendly societies in the
countries that count for us. We are
now caught up in a vast program of
supplying arms to whoever wants
them, and we cannot change our
habits overnight, but only a radical
shift in our. priorities will enable us
to shape to our own advantage the
world of demitente in the decades
ahead.
The Soviet stance in the world is
hard-headed and forceful. If we can
match it with our strategic vision, nei-
ther Mr. Ford nor his successors will
be frustrated by X, and our secretar-
ies of state will no longer be impelled
to whine or bluster in public speeches.
ciety of Newspaper Editors,
while it is "essential we
have a debate," it is also
. necessary to avoid confusing
, the outside world about
: American intentions.
By Murrey Marder .-. .41? :-"We must not create the
Washington Post Staff Writer , ' --- ---.2!1 impression abroad that
. Former Defense Secretary.: Schlesinger's remarks 1 American foreign policy is
Were-prepared for delivery.
at Harvard University in the
Gustav - Pollack lectures
sponsored by the John F.
Kennedy School of Govern-
ment.
The address was salted1.
with critical allusions to the
detente policy of Secretary
: of State Henry A. Kissinger,
I although the secretary was
Inot named. Schlesinger and
Kissinger were .graduated in
I Harvard's Class of 1930.
' Schlesinger is contribut-
ing advice to two presiden-
tial candidates, former Cali-
fornia Gov. Ronald Reagan
and Sen. Henry M. Jackson
, (D-Wash.). .
Kissinger was on the re-
ceiving \ end in Washington
of critical comments yester-
day from three other men
whom he wryly observed are
regarded as aspirants for his
job.
In this election year, Kis-
singer told the American Sq.
James R. Schlesinger Jr.
said last night that U.S.-
Soviet 'detente" is now so
watered down as a concept
that "It does not mean the
continued relaxation of ten-
sions."
The. hopes aroused three
years ago that detente
meant "mutual reconcilia-
tion and the gradual normal-
ization of relations" have
disappeared, , Schlesinger
said.
It is now evident, he said,
that "detente means pre-
cious little regarding policy
rpecifies." Schlesinger said.
"Soviet doctrine precludes a
serious approach to mutual
accommodation that satisfac-
torily protects the interests,
of Western civilization."
If detente really amounts
only to avoiding nuclear war,
Schlesinger said, it differs
little from "the Cold War
period." .
- subject to constant revi-
j sion," Kissinger said.
Paul C. Warnke, former
assistant secretary of de-
fense in the Johnson admin-
istration, said earlier' in a
panel discussion at the Sho-
reham Americana Hotel that
too much current debate
tends to "poormouth" Amer-
ican military capacity.
Warnke said some politi-
cal campaign talk has
"actually succeeded in per-
suading a number of our al-
lies that we have become
military inferior to the So-
viet Union."
Aspects . of Kissinger's
. diplomacy were criticized
by Warnke and by Zbie-
gniew Brzezinski of Colum-
bia University, a : foreign
' nolicy advisee to Democra-
tic presidential candidate
Jlinmy Carter, and by
George W. Ball, former un-
der secretary of state in the
, Kennedy and Johnson ad-
29
ministrations. ,
". Kissinger told the editors
in ? his luncheon address:
. "You have been conducting
? your own primary for Sec-
retary of State."
_During a question-and-
answer period, . Kissinger
defended his criticism of
the dangers of' communist
participation in the govern-
ments of Western EureiKI,
which has aroused consider-
able controversy' in Europe.
Kissinger said that as
Secretary of State he has
,
an obligation to make it .
, clear that "the advent of
1 communism in major Euro--
.
pea n countrics is likely to
1 produce a sequence of
events in which other Euro-
pean ? countries would be.
tempted to move in the
same cPrection."
"We should not delude
ourselves" about what it will
mean if communists enter ,
Western European govern- ,
ments. whether or not they
, are dependent on Moscow, ;
he said. ?
In either case, Kissinger
said, it would mark "a his-
toric change that will have ,
." long-term and serious con-
sequences" for the. Western 2
alliance.
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NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY APRint-1976
Moscow Is Said to Modify
Expectations of Detente
By DAVID K. SMPLER
Special to The New York Times
MOSCOW, April 14?The anti-
d?nte sentiments running
through the American Presiden-
Alai campaign have begun to
stimulate shifts in the mood
In Moscow.
Some Soviet insiders, con-
? cerned by President Ford's re-
sponsiveness to criticism from
the right, are predicting a new
restraint in Moscow's foreign
military involvement during the
coming months, particularly in
southern Africa.
Simultaneously, however,
they see Soviet-American rela-
tions entering what one well-
placed Russian termed "a pe-
? riod of small deeds? where we
try to hold on to what we
have, but produce nothing
? bright and shining."
_
' This outlook does not reflect
; a dramatic change of policy
or even a sudden pessimism,
. but rather a subtle cooling of
, expectations, whose tone was
' caught by a Soviet journalist
the other day as he described
:a book he was writing on So-
viet-American affairs. He had
originally planned to call it
"Dialogue Develops," he said.
? But now he has chosen a new
; title: "The Limits of Detente."
To some extent, the current
strains between the two na-
tions derive from their different
definitions of d?nte and their
contrasting notions of its limits.
? For the Russians, the rela-
tionship has a somewhat nar-
rower-justification than for the
Americans. In Moscow's view,
it rests on two pillars?the
prevention of a nuclear holo-
caust and the expansion of
trade with the West. Other
issues, such as the competition
between the United States and
the Soviet Union in Indochina,
the Middle East and Africa,
for example, seem to Moscow
,to lie outside the main field
of detente.
Therefore, the Russians have
expressed no surprise at conti-
nued American efforts to gain
influence in the Middle East.
"We assumed that the United
States would not change its
?poliey and would continue
pushing," one Soviet expert on
foreign affairs told an Ameri-
can correspondent recently. As
for Washington's successes and
Egypt's swing toward a pro-
American position, "we're mad
'at the Arabs, not at the U.S.,"
he said.
In the United States, howev-1
et.. detente _emerged in another
context and carried a different
set of expectations. The desire
to improve relations with the
the
yearsovietUni when
ca
Union gained strength in
foreign-policy concerns were
dominated by the divisive ago-
ny of the Vietnam war, and
the popular American attitude
toward the rapprochement was
shaped by this.
As Vietnam became the cen-
terpiece of Americans' debate
about their role in the world,
the prospect of avoiding other
Vietnam-style clashes became
a primary justification for im-
proving relations with the So-
viet Union. The issue of big-
power conflict in the third
world, a question the Russians
considered peripheral to de-
tente, was integral to the Amer-
ican definition.
Evidently neither side fully
understood the other's view un-
til Soviet weaponry and Cuban
troops were committed to one
faction in the civil war in the
former Portuguese colony of
Angola. The Soviet-supported
side won rather quickly.
Moscow maintained its right
to support "wars of national
liberation." The outcry from
the United States prompted So-i
viet experts and even some;
Western analysts to accuse
lmericans of being naive in
inking that detente could
eliminate such competition..
'It Would Do Everything'
"You Americans tried to sell
detente like detergent and
claimed that it would do ever)'-
thing detergent could do," one
Soviet specialist on American
affairs remarked several
months ago.
"Our Government doesn't un-
derstand American society and
the Ameritan system too well,"
a Soviet scholar said. "We
thought that because America
was tired of foreign involve-
ments after Vietnam it,
wouldn't get involved in Ango-
la. That was right..- But we
didn't understand that because
America was tired, the reaction
a American society would be
stormier."
Only in recent weeks do some,l
Russians seem to have grasped
the seriousness of the American
reaction, and only lately do
some experts here appear to
have understood that the end
of the Vietnam war and a sense
of helplessness have contribut-
ed to the resurgence of conser-
vative elements in American
politics.
A few months ago Soviet
officials were dismissing the
American conservatives' at-
tacks on detente as mere elec-
tion - year propaganda that
would evaporate after Nov. 2.
Now they are not so sure.
Notes Of Worry
These days notes of worry
creep in among the optimistic
30
pronouncements in the soviet 'liners in the official press now
press that most Americans sup. I had increased ? license to ex-
port improved relations. Last press themselves.
week, Georgi A. Arbatov, direc- This license may be applied-
tor of the U.S.A. Institute, the to other areas of the Govern-
Kremlin think tank, wrote in
Pravda:
"The elections pass, but the
consequences of pre-election
ment bureaucracy where anti-
American impulses, restrained
in recent years, are now slight-
ly freer to operate. That may
demagogy and the concessions be one explanation for the
made in the course of the elec. threats and bomb scares direct-
ed against American diplomats
in Moscow in retaliation for
harassment of Soviet diplomats
by Jewish protesters in New
York.
tion campaign continue to in-
fluence American policy, some-
times creating serious difficul-
ties."
"The failures in U.S. foreign
policy, specifically in SoutheastExchange Negotiations
Asia, have caused obvious re- On the other hand, at certain
lapses into cold-war thinking
'by some of the U.S. leaders,"
Mr. Arbatov continued.
"One can, of course, under-
stand that the defeats in South-
east Asia, the changes in Portu-
gal, the miscalculations in the
levels the relationship has a
momentum that keeps count-
less scientific exchanges, cul-
tural programa and negotia-
tions going. An agreement has
just been reached to limit un-
derground nuclear explosions
eastern Mediterranean and the for peaceful purposes, for ex-
events in Angola have caused lample, and for the first time
dissatisfaction in the ruling the Russians have approved on-
circles of the U.S.A.," he said, site inspection by Americans
"But emotions do not remove to verify compliance.
the need to establish correctly But the likelihood of conclud-
the causes of political miscalcu- ing a much more important
lations. And these spring in treaty limiting the deployment
the first place from the fact of long-range nuclear weapons
that the U.S.A. invariably took seems to have dimmed. For
up the defense of unjust end this Moscow tends to blame
lost causes." what it sees as President Ford's
In private conversations with unwillingness to hold a firm
Westerners, some Soviet offi- line against the military and
cials have indicated that the his critics on the right.
angry American reaction to One Soviet source said that
Angola and the specter of a during Mr. Kissingees visit to
swing to the right in Wash- Moscow last January, agree-
ington have made the Kremlin ment on an arms treaty seemed
wary of further such adven- lose. The Secretary of State
tures for the moment. appeared to react favorably to
One Soviet insider assessed
a Kremlin proposal, but he was
this shift in Moscow's posture clearly unable to get Washing-
by citing an analysis by Sec- ton's approval for agreement
retaty of State Henry A. Kis- then. He flew home, apparently
singer that described Soviet with plans to return to Moscow
foreign policy as a product of several weeks later, but he
twin, often contradictory, in-
fluences: a missionary zeal and never did.
Doubts on Credibility
a bureaucratic pragmatism.
The Angola involvement grew One well-placed Russian de-
out of the missionary zeal, the scribed the mood in the Krem-
Russian said. Now, he ex- lin as "quiet desperation with
plained, the pragmatic bureau- the Administration." He saidl
that there was a feeling that,
Mr. Kissinger's influence was
being eroded, and he remarked:
"With Ford, it is a credibility?
cracy has gained ascendancy,
and the Angola developments
are not likely to be repeated
in the near future. Some West-
ern diplomats have speculated
that Moscow might choose to
give covert support to guerril-
las in Rhodesia, for example,
in an effort to mask its involve-
ment.
Back to Fundamentals
At the same time, Moscow
appears to be focOsing its
definition of detente more and,
well, I won't say 'crisis,' but
there are doubts."
He even expressed a certain
nostalgia for former President
Richard M. Nixon, whose poli-
cies, he said, seemed firmer
and less ambiguous.
If Mr. Ford looks to the
Kremlin like a less desirable
victor next November than he
more on its most fundamental seemed some months ago, then
element?the avoidance of nu- Ronald Reagan, Henry Jackson
clear war. ? ? land George Wallace are all
"The way of life existing !anathema.
in the U.S.S.R. pleases far from ? Jimmy Carter is still an un-
all Americans," Mr. Arbatov known here, though some So-
wrote, "while the Soviet people viet officials have thought well
do not like the American way
of life. D?nte does not remove
this, nor can it. But it demands
that despite all the differences
and problems, the two powers
should learn to live side by
side so as not to jeopardize
the existence of their own
peoples and of all mankind."
As the definition has nar-
rowed and the tone of the
relationship has begun to
change, new tensions have de-
veloped. One Soviet journalist
observed recently that the hard-
of his foreign policy state-
ments. The real favorite among
official circles seems to be Sen-
ator Hubert H. Humphrey, who
is not a declared candidate
but is regarded here as a strong
advocate of improving Soviet-'
American relations.
Moscow is watching the race
closely, and Soviet specialists
in foreign affairs are asking,
Americans they meet' more
questions than usual. One in-
fluential Russian, making a
somewhat wishful prediction,
declared, "I'll bet it'll be Hum-
phrey-Carter."
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? The Washington Star
Sunday, April 4, 1976 '..
?? ..'.: ?'? Ll, ? ::,;'*k : ? ::',??? 4si?fr+.!.2.. i...'...-.:---r-i -- -.1.1.1,.....r r4 ;.?
S. .. ... . ,.
.,..?........4. -, ., ?,::':k ;.? '''l 4 I,: ? ?'106; rg I. ,;.40?tZ.i:
Crosuy ? .1.Noyes-.??? : ? . ; 7. :?? ; ; , :, ' .`,, s'? ..?, -. - --:. ' ,?.???? ..**4.? -4,,, `??? :. :
',:? ?:. .1,.....,4??' l',P;;:'t i.'7'... .4,, --
er s pessimism ? --
aissing ? ?-.1.
.
?.
. ..',...'.1 ?.? ....-.7?:,,?::?:-.'''..t? '.1',',',? '4',.-, ,'-',', .'.'), ,-!:4,?' , . '.. ? ? . ..? :' - '.7:':', ' - :, -,f?t,% ..:....7't'.:4Z-'."._,;:;;..k
.. .
telegraphs,: o.ur. pune 0 ssness.--?
4
... ,.
. , ? ' :,...41::: ,',...)..:. ?? : '!"??.':.;". ,.. ,,c. f.: ? ' , ..:: ? : ' :-.. . , ' . ''' ''' '....,,",
. .
The:foreign policieS pursued by Secre--? %
tary of ?State :Henry Kissinger have fallen.
? on hard times. And since these policies for;
some...time:to come .will be those' of the,,.
United States; it is not just Henry Kissin-
' ger who is in trOublez- 'q ? ,
: liAsran articulate-exponent in the area of: .
foreign-affairs,: the-secretary remains a,
'. considerable asSet :for the administration,
botlyin, domestiePolitics and throughout
? the viorld-. But his prominence also assures
that he will attract most of the lightning .
from critics of administration foreign poli,
ex. And there is no question that, as the re-
sult of political circumstance, his author-'
? tias been eroded and diminished in:
recent months ?-; - ? ?
hii'contintfing'battles with Congress, -
,Mr: Kissinger-has been Using a strange
kind of pugnacious pessimism, lavishly
,prophesying &Join if the Congress 'refuses
itti shape up;.:: ? - - _ '`-`7,:??? ? '' ,
If, as seems likely, his new SI billion aid
agreement' With Turkey is blocked, the
secretary says, it "would lead to disas-
troui Consequences that would last for dec-.
Congressional refusal -to ga along
'
with- the administration's decision to sell
six C-130 military. transport planes to
"Egytit, he warns; would be- a "slap in the
face" for President Anwar Sadat; leading
r..?to a situation of "utmost_ gravity with the
most serious Consequences in the Middle
? Nct doubt there is. an element of exagger-
,ation, in some of these judgments.,' reflect-
: ing a:settled:conviction that when Con-
, gresi tries to: cariduceforeign policy on a--
day-rd-day basis, it will probably: make a
mesi of it.' Henry' Kissinger, like most
. secretaries 'of.state, is not shy about as-.
setting executive authority in his awn area.
? of responsibility,7'; . - ?
But: the 'underlying problem is grave
enough. For the hardiact is that the Ford
administration lost c6ntrol of its -foreign
policy many months ago to an increasingly
THE NEW YORK TIMES, MONDAY, APRIL-
asSertive congressional opposition. Today-
almost every aspect of this policy is under ?
attack, both from the Democratic left and ?
the Republican right. And, as Mr. Kissin-
,..ger himself would be the first to admit,'.
effective. American action in any critical.
area .of the world has become more dubi-
toni as time has passed. ?
'1It is one thing when it is a matter of
:dealing with Turkey and Egypt. Serious as
, the consequences of congressional obstruc,
1:ion in these areas may be, the pcitential
for disaster is at least limited. But this is
? niit the case when the problem involves the
'Soviet Union'tand its Cuban partners-in:
'mischief.-And that, of course, is the area of
Mr. Kissinger's chief concern.
The concern is,entirely justified.. Ever
since Watergate, the possibility of a major
Russian move to take advantage of the
. paralysis of the American government has
?:..been an abiding obsession in the adminis-
tration. Recent developments in Angola
and -elsewhere in southern Africa have.
given substance to these fears. Mr. Kissin-
? ger is not exaggerating at all when he
warns that further moves by the Cubans
and Russians would "create the most ex-
treme difficulty-for the United States."?:
The problem, of course, is what to- do-
,about it.
about it. The secretary, no doubt, means
?
his warnings to the Russians and Cubans
to be taken seriously. Yet the administra-:
,tion itself admits that an American- inter-'
yention in southern Africa at this point,::
4:even limited to. military equipment, .is out
of the question. And if Congress became
convinced th4t_there was a real probabil-
- ity of military- action against Cuba,. it
would very probably pass a law to prevent
it
--Mr. Kissinger himself, by his proteSta?-?II
iions and warnings; is in the unhappy posi- _
tion- of advertising the weakness of the
American response to the Communist
threat. And that is the very last thing he ?
wants to do.
12, .1976 . .
Europe's Leaders Take a Gloomy View
By FLORA LEWIS
PARIS, April 11 ? Western
Europe's leaders have settled
into a state of gloom in the
belief that the United States
is retrenching in world affairs,
a mood deepened by their own
Inability to act together.
This was -the mood when
Common Market heads of
government discussed interna-
tional affairs in Luxembourg
early this month, according to
participants and other well-
informed officials.
The sense of frustration was
intense, they said, not only
because there are no prospects
now for European unity but
also because they feel that,
while the might of the Soviet
4Union is growing, the United
States is leaving a vacuum that
Europe cannot fill.
Opposition leaders and other
politicians have other views.
Not even all the leaders agree
on what should be done, nor
even on the extent of the trou-
ble facing Europe. But they did
agree that none of them could
really do much.more than at-
tend to mending domestic fences
and hope for the best.
America's Absence Noted
Chancellor Helmut Schmidt
of West Germany, for example,
has decided to make a major
theme of his election campaign
the fact that Germany is much'
better off than- its neighbors,;
a strategy that effectively pre-
vents him from speaking for
Europe or taking a European
initiative that would have a
of U.S. Role
chance of approval by his part?
ners.
The mood of the leaders may
have been intensified and exag-
gerated by their own inability)
to act together, and by what
one called the "blithering ab-
sence" of America from the;
world scene in this election
year. This mood may dissipate'
as recovery progresses and,
events impose reaction.
But at their meeting, ?thet
nine heads of government were:
"morose," an official said, as;
they discussed detente. East-;
West relations, Africa, the
Middle East; Lebanon and other
international political problems
at a dinner held between two.
fruitless formal sessions devot- ?1
ed to European questions.
A Helpless Feeling
' The atmosphere was so bleak
that one of the participants
afterward exploded: "We can't
even have a crisis any more.
There was no blood on the
walls, nothing. Just 'But you
do understand, my dear friend,
in my position ?' "
There is general agreement
that the situation?it is not
called a crisis so much as a
decline, a gentle, steady sub-
sidence in quicksand?is more
a psychological than a factual
loss of ability to deal with
events,,a loss of will. 31
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ZBut *hen that has been sald,
what follows is never a propo-
sal of what might be done.
It is, these days, a recital of
why it is so difficult to do
anything.
The European leader,' per-
ception of American policy and
intentions varies somewhat, but
all are acutely aware that it
is an election year in the United
States and consider that Wash-
ington will probably be unable
to act, whatever happens in
the world. It makes some an-
gry, since they are also aware
of a steady buildup of Soviet
power and of Moscow's ex-
panding influence in some
areas, notably Africa.
They are accustomed to the
electorial cycle in the United
States but are more worried
than usual this time because
they also tend to believe ?that
there have been some fun-
damental changes in American'
attitudes, though not to the
point of the "neo-isolationism,"!
"eclipse," "withdrawal" ?that
European newspapers have
been discussing. -
Watergate, Vietnam, Angola,
Lebanon are the words most
frequently cited when high offi-
cials are asked whether they
think the United States, has
really shifted course. At the
time of Watergate and the
Communist victories in Indo-
china, the tendency was to say
that these traumatic events
would leave the United States
in a better position to go back
to basics, especially to its role
of leading and galvanizing the
Western world.
But that is no longer their
perception. A few feel that
when the elections are over,
America will resume that role.
Most say unhappily that the
conclusion to be drawn is that
Europe should quickly develop
its own cohesion and capacity
DAILY TELEGRAPH,
26 March 1976
-Nat
to act, but that it cannot and
will not.
Africa's Fate Assessed
The French, for example,
have been telling their partners
that the whole of Africa . is
teetering, that pro - Western
leaders such as President Mo-'
butu Sese Seko of Zaire are
complaining that they chose,
"the wrong side" and wonder-I
ing, in the wake of Angola, if!
they should not sidle far to the!
left before they are toppled
by Soviet-inspired forces.
Nobody argued when this
assessment was presented at
the dinner in .Luxenbourg, one
source said, and everybody
agreed that "something must
be done." But when it came to
issuing a joint statement on
Rhodesia, which worries the
leaders deeply, they could not
even agree on supporting
'Britain's' demand for black
majority rule within' two years
and came out with a diluted,
deploring communique that
attracted no attention at all.
r There is a great deal of pri-
vate talk 'among Europeans in
political power. these days,
about Europe's past "ingrati-
tude to America an us carp-
ing. It is accompanied by as
much talk about America's fail-1
ure to understand and accept
that powerful countries are al-
ways , criticized and. even dis-
liked by those around them;
But when -they are asked
why. European leaders do not
-voice their concern. openly.ancl
--appeal to America for leader-
:ship with a' promise of' support,
as Britain did in the days that
Produced the Marshall Plan' and:
-.NATO, the invariable answer;
- is, "We could never manage
,to speak together; we couldn't
agree, on how to go- about it."
Giscard Lacks the Power
The' Europeans seem- to take-
London
It for granted that: it Is not
possible ; now for President
Valery Giscard -d'Estaing of
France to take the lead because
he has had to throw himself
back on the Gaullists for sup-
port in hopes of defeating the
Socialist-Communist opposition
at the 1978 parliamentary elec-
tions.
"The only ? ones who 'could
do it, are Schmidt or Callaghan,
one leader said; referring to
the West German Chancellor
and Britain's new Prime Minis-
ter, "They won't," he went
on. "They, boast of being prag-
matists and rail at 'European
poetry.' All they really pay
attention to is their domestic
politics and how' to add' up
fractions of a .percent ? of the
,vote to patch their majorities
;together." ' .
Optimists. among these :Men:
:Whose' task it is 'to make-
sions Say: "I guess we'll just
float 'along for the time :being.
Things are getting se bad that.
.they can only get-better." The'
;pessimists 'shrug and' say:" "It's
'getting -late. Time ?to break up
'and' go home. We'll talk about
it tomorrow.".
That" Was the "view of the'
situation. given by one official.
Although they have become
'friends through-repeated;meetz
ings?they see each other three
times a year at European con-
ferences and frequently ? meet
in smaller, or larger groups else-
where the leaders have
reached a state 'of imtatiOn
where they not infrequently
mock and_ deride each other
outside of their encounters. ?
"Nothing but a bunch of timid
mediocrities in sight," ;said an.
official, including himself.
Confidence Evaporates-