CIA VITAL TO U.S. SECURITY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP77-00432R000100390003-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 22, 2001
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: August 1, 1976
• Content Type: NSPR

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of selected items would rarely be advisable.
20 August 1976
NO. 15 PAGE
GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS 1
GENERAL 14
EASTERN EUROPE 25
WEST EUROPE 26
NEAR EAST 30
AFRICA 32
EAST ASIA 34
LATIN AMERICA 36
DESTROY AFTER BACKGROUNDER HAS
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THE DETROIT NEWS
1 AUGUST 1976
f
I, 'zit
? First in a series
,By COL. R.D. HEINL JR.
(uSmC-Rei.)
? NewtMthury Atalyst
? WASHINGTON ? At its best, the CIA
'can listen to Soviet Party Chairman Leo-
nid Brezhnev's conversation as he rides to
-work, snatch secrets from three miles
i deep in the ocean and accurately forecast
flUSSIIC development seven years ahead.
, At its worst it provided .information
I which led to the fiasco Invasion at the Bay
of Pigs in Cuba, was surprised to learn of
I the fall from power of Sovtel Premier
? Nikita Khrushcher and was unaware of
the 196S Russian military action in
Czechoslovakia
The need for a na Huila! mielltgence
service was brought home to U.S. leaders
Dec 7. 1941, when Japanese planes swung
low over the Hawaiian Islands and sank '
most of the Pacific fleet in less than two
hours
For the United States, it was Pearl liar-
;
;bot that dramatically focused-American
'Iattention on the need for a unified national
1;intethgence service capable of .putting
i facts together, analye ing them and in-
forming those who could at on them
Before World War It, we had Army
intelligence. naval intelleencc and diplo-
matic mtelhaence We also were begin-
' mg to brea fi:Tan codes dui nobody
; was getting II tuetther
The Central Intelligence Agency.
(CIA) is under attack from those who
would ban spying News military
analyst D. Hein! Jr. (USAIC-
Ret.) explores the case for the CIA in
an exclusive four-part series.
; All the information which could have anticapeted Pearl
Harbor was in Washineton bat it was ell over town in
peaaw bits and piece:, with nobody to put the puzzle e
to-
gether: Seperately. the fragments were useless.
; After Pearl Harbor. Americane.were determined never
to be surprised again Within a few months, under Frank-
lin Roosevelt's leadership. we had the OSS (Office of.
Strategic Services!. our first national intelligence agency
which. in 1947, became a permaneet part of the U.S. got-
ernment under the title of CIA.
During the 27 years which followed -- uotil December.
1974 ? the CIA quickly rose to primacy as the world's
highest-quality national intelligence agency It pioneered
the modern rinalyncal techniques of academic intelli-
gence, of technological intelligence, of surveillance from
space. Its organization never W4S penetrated by a hostile
"mole" (a countei spy who works hie way inside an
opposing intelligence ;name.% as so vividly depicted by
John Le Carry in his beet-selling "Tinker. Tailor, Soldier,
Spy"). ? ?
In those good yeare. the saccesaes of American
intelh-
gence were legendary
? P,y breaking Jepan'e codes in 1942.. the U.S. Navy
smashed the Jeoaniise fleet in Midway, avenged Pearl
Heftier. and zeroed the ;exile: wer around. .
? In 1953, Mob:I:rimed Messedegh. trans demagogic
pi er)ier. was en the yeige of overthrowing r.1% shah and
jeinme Iran with the Seviet tereen. WiihiT1 a period of
weeks, in cooi-diriation with Britain's tamed Special int&
Iigeace Service ("SIS", o- the Cl toppled Mos-
sadeh, restorc.3 the shah u rev er, and, pulled out its
men without a ripple. thus saving tree for the Free
! W)rld.
? In the fall of tee2. American intelligence ? in a conflu-
ence of researce. enelvsis. photo-reconnaissanc.c. and
; agent reports ? witted Russian nuclear missiles being
Approved For Reledie
installed in Cuba.
? or nearly a decade Col Oleg Penkovsky. a top Krem-
lin intelligence officer, served as an agent of the CIA ar.d
played a key rile during the Cuban missile crisis.
a American intelligence gave seven yeare' warning on
; development ot .loscow's anti-ballistic missile system
I and reported the :genie and design of the Soviet navy's
new aircraft carriers two years before the first was ;
; launched CIA also pinpointe'd eight new types of Russian
?1 ICBM's and assessed their size and capabilities three to
' four years before each became operational.
? American communications, satellites have listened to
Moscow convereations of Chairman Brezhnev while he
was driving to work in his own limousine.
? Working at unprecedented ocean depths of ?17.000 feet.
the CIA salvaged portions of a sunken Russian nuclear
submarine and would have finished the job by retrieving
her cryptographie secrets, but for national exposure of
the project by syndicated columnist Jack Anderson last
year
The foregoing are but sample' ? successes which be-
came Pnown, contrasted in the many which still must
remain seeret ; but they illustrate the positive things
which can emerge for the side which ? enjoys- superior
intelligence
?Ve:Yamalt.1.01021/00.1.00.1,
Despite this record of brilliant Succ-ess a'nd high'per-
,formance..the CIA nonetheless has its detractors. Sey-
mour Hersh, the New York Times reporter whose 1974
,! Charges of "massive" CIA domestic spying triggered the
; intelligence community's past IS-month ordeal in Con-
gress and- the media, is quite candid. In 1975, on the
David Susskind program. lkrsh called for abolition of all
:intelligence activities.
' The bad patches of intelligence over the years, the
; stumbles and slips which have accompanied the dazzling
hits, show clearly the woes which could ensue if Hersh
and like-minded foes of Intelligence had their way and
the United States shut its eyes to the world. ;
to The Berlin Wall stands to this day as a monument to
, Western failure to anticipate and forestall the physical
division of Germany.
; ? If Western intelligence had divined and penetrated the
1944 bomb attempt to assassinate Hitler, the -plot well
;i might have succeeded, the?mar could have.e:nded a year;
; earlier with Russia's armies halted in Poland.;;.' . a .
? The Bay of Pigs fiasco (a failure, to be sure, of deci-
sions as well as intelligence).still .represents our most
Iserious hemispheric humiliation; and a U.S; setback out-
; reached only by.Vietnam. ?-
le In 1964, the CIA, and thus-the 'Whitellouse, was taken
by surprise when Khreshchey felt. ?
In 196S, when Russian tanks and paratroopers overran
Czechoslovakia, the first news . President Johnson. had
; was when Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin came to
I the White House and told bun.
I a ln 1973, both our own CIA. and Israel's legendary Mos-
' sad. Tel Aviv's highly eecret intelligence service, failed.
to read the signals of the Arabs' devastating Yom Kippur
male tight. . - ?
I The. above ? like the suCcesses recited ? are only
I illustrations, but they demonstrate what can happen
I when a great power suffers intelligence failures.
If there is any concise answer to the question, -Why
intelligence?" one need. only look g -
b 1.1a *01
16 1'"
-
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THE DETROIT NEWS
2 AUGUST .1976
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IA fres
? Second of four parts
. By COL. R. D HEINL JR.
liSMC-Ret.;
. .Nevra Military Analyst
WASHINGTON ? American intelli-
gence has to woe with 27 hostile spy serv?
? ices fully deployed within the United
States and ranged against :the CIA
? throughout the world ?
? Russia s KGB and its military cousin.
the Soviet armed forces' GRU, are big
? brothers to a dangerous array of smaller
? intelligence services including those of
East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland,
Hungary. Romania, Bulgaria and ? larg-
est: among Russia's satellite spy opera-
tions ? Cuba ?
' Besides these are the4 extensive net-.
works of China, North Korea, Libya, the
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
and other Arab nations Nominally neu-
tral, the intelligence operations of India
.and Yugoslavia eat, he counted on to help
the KGB when they can
In Langley, Va., at the secluded head-
quarters of CIA, stands a modest statue of
Nathan Hale, America's first intelligence
officer, who gave his life in the Revolu-
tion.
? Similarly, yet in glaring contrast. KGB
'headquarters.? located in the heart ef ?
downtown Moscow ? dominates Dzerz-
'hinski Square, named for the mighty
' Leninist spyinaster. Feliks Dzerzhinski,
; whose giant statue, like that of Hale,
eerves as a signpost for the agency he
? founded
?? Inside the seven-story yellow building
are the offices of Yuri Andropov. 62, omit-.omit-.site number to George Bush who today
heads CIA Andropov's agency, direct de
edendant of Lenin's Cheka and the czars'
Okhrana, combines the functions of for-
eign intelligence with those of an internal
secret police Although Intounst guides in
Moscow deny it exists, the KGB head-
quarters on Lubyanka Street also houses
? the dread Lubyanka prison first made
famous by Solzhenitsyn in his novel, "The
First Circle."
With a budget that cannot be guessed, An-
dropov has more than 500,000 subordinates, the
preponderacce of whom are committed to inter-
nal security. He has enough intelligence opera-
tives, however, so that, by commonly accepted
estimates, upward of 50 percent of all Soviet
representatives abroad are members of the
KGB. . ? 'sets-, .??: - ? .? ? tie
. (The FBI stated recently that "over 40 per-
cent"?of all Soviet officials permanently as-
signed in this county. and 25 percent of all Rus-
sian excharee students here, have been
identified as spies. ? e. .
? ? ..-?? ? ????? ? ' -
(Since 19-50, 2.ccoi-ding to intelligence sourcei,
some 400 Russians have been expelled from offi-
cial posts in 40 countries for spying. During the
last decade, U.S. records show more than 800
attempts by KGB agents to enlist American citi-?
zens as Russian agents). , : ? ?dent?h..e. ?-? ? ?.?
? The Russian-Embassy on Washington's 16th
Street has more than 200 staff members ard
more antennas than the Pentagon. Backing. up
the Soviets' Washington team are' nearly 250
P.ussiares inflitrated into the UN Secretariat and.
nearly len more in the Soviet Mission to the UN.
Locatedshort distance from the UN, behind
a brownstore front on East 67th Street, is the
headetearters of cop4sc;vai pi,ifeffas
,
General de late igencia), the KGB s .Western
Hemisphere surrogate and largest and most
modem intelligence service in the hemisphere
. . except our OA. -- -tee ? s ?:?;? des ? ?.-
Vilai/e the DGI's operations and makeup hith-
erto have been little known, it now is emerging
? as a main focus of Kremlin-directed subversion,
terrorism and espionage directly aimed at the
i United States. ? ?
. The DGI in recent years. has funded and
trained a range of groups including Weather-
men, SDS, Black Panthers, American Indian
subversives, "FLQ" Quebec separatists in
Canada and especially Puerto Rican revolution-
aries.' s t ? ? . ? .?
't.Under intensive Russian tutelage,. the DGI,
nearly 4,000,strong, is headed by Jose Mendes
Cominches and is, in turn, effectively corn-
mended by Gen. Viktor Semenov, chief KGB
officer in Cuba. ?? , '
: , ? ?_ -
With such enemies abroad, it would be sur-
prising if American intelligence did not have
tenacious foes imbedded inside our free society..
? ? More precisely, ever since December,_ 1974,
When New York-Times reporter Seymour Hersh
charged (and largely failed to prove) that the
CIA was engaged in "massive, illegal" domestic
espionage, the U.S. intellige.ce community has
:been under siege ? described by CIA 'defenders
as"McCarthyisrn of the left" ?from an articu-
late, loosely affiliated cabal of hostile Ameri-
cans whose orchestrated theme, in'the words of
one of them, is that ."the CIA must be abol-
ished."... : ? . -
? The above objective, voiced- over BBC-TV,
was stated by Philip Agee, for 12 years a CIA?
officerewho now lives abroad for fear of prose-
cution because of his intentional betrayal of CIA
people and operations in Latin America and
elsewhere. t ?? ,. ? ,
--Besides Agee, whom the CIA bluntly calls
??defecter;" the anti-CIA coalition includes a few
other ex-intelligence officers, ex-government
officials, congressmen, journalists, radical law-
yers and a miscellaneous anti-establishmentar-
ian fringe that, in general, cpposes not only the?
CIA but the U.S. policies and purpose; it serves.
Attacks from these quarters, in tern, are sup-
ported by a range of groups including the
American Civil Liberties Union, assortetranti-
military radical-revisionist "think tanks" and,
particularly, one cell, calline, itself "Fifth Es-
tate," expressly devoted to exposing the CIA
wherever possible. ? ? .
(The deadly quality of "Fifth Estate's"
programs may be measured by the fact that it
was they,. through their quarterly bulletin,
Counter-Spy, who fingered Richard S. Welch,'
the CIA station chief murdered in Athens by,
Communist terrorists last December).
? ? Short of abolishing the CIA, the agency's
attackers demand full disclosure of all informa-
tion, however sensitive, whether it embarrasses,
the United States abroad, destroys the agency
orexposes its people to mortal harm.
. lithe CIA': lengthy track record of achieve-
ments were not deeply secret, it presumably
would not bow under such virulent attack which
closely coincides with the goals and objectives
'of the 27 foreign intelligence services arrayed
against it. ?_
?? When, in earlier times, American secrets
were endangered (though nothing like today)
through politically motivated
by media and Congress claiming the highest
motives, Presiient Truman snappeori:
"it' matters not whether our secrets are be-
trayed on the front page of a U.S.. twee:leper or
through the oi,ecations of enemy spies. In eithe.-
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WASHINGTON posT
8 AUG l'37
PARADE ? AUGUST 8, 1976
Broadening the CM ?
For years it was held that the
Central Intelligence Agency was
an elitist organization staffed al-
most completely by Ivy Leaguers,
especially in its upper echelons.
Under Allen W. Dulles, Prince-
ton '14, it was reported that 18
of the top 20 intelligence staffers
were old Princetonians. In addi-
tion. to William Colby, class of
'40, who was a recent director,
and Frederick M. Janney, class of
'41, director of personnel, there
are about 70 Princeton alumni in
the employ of the CIA.
There are also a goodly number
of Yale and Harvard alumni. But
in recent years the agency has at-
tempted to broaden its recruiting
spectrum.
Last year it hired 400 em-
ployees from 150 different col-
leges and universities. This sum-
mer its 50 interns repiesent 35
different institutions.
"We do not concentrate our re-
cruiting on Ivy League cam-
puses," reports an agency spokes-
man. "Just look at where our
employment offices are located:
Austin, Boston, Denver, Los An-
geles, Pittsburgh, Portland
(Oreg.), Washington, D.C., Phila-
delphia, New York, arid other
cities."
During World War II when the
Office of Strategic Services, the
CIA precursor, was organized by
the late Wild Bill Donovan, most
of its men came from the Ivy
League. Today the trend is more
democratic, although the CIA top
rung is still heavy with ivy
Leaguers. Incumbent CIA direc-
tor George Bush is an old Yalie.
?
2
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DETROIT NEWS
3 AUGUST 1976
, dirt tricks fail
stir rest. of. wori
Third of four parts
By COL. R.D. HEINL JR.
(1.:SMC-Ret.)
News Military Analyst
WASHINGTON ? American citizens
have been shaken by the last year's pa-
rade of U.S. intelligence secrets in public
but hardly anyone else in the world has
been surprised by the disclosures of
spying.
The reason is simple enough: In the
words of the old song, "Everybody's doing
?i Not just the Russian KGB "had guys"
? arid their friends in surrogate intelligence
; services but almost every significant non-
Communist country has a powerful na-
tional intelligence agency. These .are ,
backed in one way or another by effective
internal security and counterespionage
services and, in practically every case but
the United States, by tough official secrets
laws.
FBI "black bag" break-ins to steal
codes from foreign embassies, CIA assas-
sination studies, foreign destabilization
and minor domestic surveillance ? all
; these and numerous other intelligence
dirty tricks fall within the rules of the
game as it is played, not only by our
enemies but by our friends.
? Here is a rundown on intelligence services tun by some
other non-Communist countries. -
Ever since the 16th century, when Sir Francis Walsing-
ham recruited young scholars from Cambridge and Ox-
ford to spy for Queen Elizabeth in the courts of France
:and Spain ? and in Rome, Britain has ranged its
intelligence services in the first line of defense beside the
pound and the British fleet.
? .. . ?
British intrigue, bribery, blackmail, abduction and
subversion have overthrown governments, rulers, politi-
cal parties and statesmen and destroyed careers and
reputations.. ? ?
That our own CIA should dabble a bit in similar mat-
ters should come as no surprise: When the United States
finally entered the game in earnest during World War II,
the model for our OSS (Office of Strategic Services) was
Britain's famed SIS (Secret Intelligence Service, or "MI- ,
6,.). - ? ?
Much of the glamor. of' MI-6 is oWing, to a long, cozy
relationship with the British press, which has never felt
any inconsistency in serving national intelligence pur-
poses abroad, and with the literary world: Among SIS
alumni are Graham Greene, John Le Carre (real name,
David Cornwell), Ian Fleming and Compton MacKenzie. .
? Today, Britain has three functionally ccmpartmented
intelligence services. MI-6 handles all foreign intelli-
gence; unlike the CIA, its "C," or director, answers
directly to the foreign office, which must clear all SIS
operations. For large-scale dirty tricks, especially aicy
paramilitary operations required by the intelligence
community, the British army maintains a force called
Special Air Service Regiment or "SAS." The original,
pre-Vietnam crncepr and training of the U.S. Special
Forces was based on the SAS. ? ..? ?? ? .
' Catching spies and protecting official secrets, whether
at home or abroad, is the job of MI-6's "rival firm,"
designated "MI-5." Irr, domestic cases, MI-5 (Which
comes under the home secretary) does the digging but
Scotland Yard's Special Branch actually makes the
pinch. ? ? = ? ?
? In a tradition largely fostered by Charles de Gaulle, the
French intelligence services have a long record of -mur-
.der, kidnaping, blackmail, large-scale traffic with organ-
ized crime and internal political intrigue. ? _ ? .
? France has at least four different groups to do the jobs
we expect of the CIA and FBI, as well as many we do not. ?
The nearest French equivalent to the CIA has theacro-
nym, "SDECE." Its Washington headquarters may be
seen in a tree-shaded mansion in the 2100 block of
Wyoming Avenue. The SDECE works. jointly for the de-
fense and interior ministries.
The Directorate ? of Territorial Surveillances (DST)
takes care of counterintelligence inside France, burgles
foreign embassies and taps their phones and not infre-
quently spies on the press. DST comes under the interior
minister. .
? -
For 'really dirty tricks, the French have the Civil- Ac-
' tion Service, known widely as "Les Barbotizes" (false
beards). It was the Barbouzes, for example, who pulled
? off the 1965 kidnap-murder of Moroccan opposition leader'
' Ittehdi Ben Barka. - ?? ,. .,.? .
? The largest Western intelligence service other than the
. CIA is West Germany's END. The END, which concen-
trates almost exclusively on Russia and eastern Europe,
Is backed up in spy-catching by the.FBI-like Office for
Protection of the Constitution. e ? ;?? ? ?,??
The END, however, is frequently. swamped ?situated
as it is in the front lines of European intelligence -.? by
the massive Soviet and East German spy services whose
anti-Western and anti-NATO operations are reportedly
coordinated from the "Karlshorst Compound" in a
heavily guarded suburb of East Berlin.
West Germany, in many ways, is the spy center of Eu-
rope. It is a divided country on the brink of the East-West
chasm and it is the base for 2e0,000 U.S. troops with a
major nuclear arsenal. It is inherently vulnerable to
penetration from East Germany.
? Among a wide range of other non-Communist .
t intelli-
gence services, three are of special interest: South Afri-
ca's effective, ruthless Bureau of State Security (BOSS),
which combines central intelligence and internal security.
with a judicious mix of dirty tricks elsewhere in Africa;
Israel's superb and hypersecret "Mossad," which enjoys
?close links with the CIA; and Sweden's?tightly run serv-
ice which benefits from one of the .toughest official
secrets laws in the world. Recently, a Swedish journalist
was sent to prison even for reporting in print that the
Swedish service existed. ? ?
One notable difference between all the foreign agencies
mentioned (except MOSSAD) and our CIA is , despite
their prowess ? the fact that every one, at one time or
another, has suffered serious penetration by the KGB,
something that has not yet happened to the CIA.
Two of the top officials in Britain's MI-6, defector Kim
Philby and George Blake, were Russian double agents.
Philby was next in line to become the "C" of MI-6. ?
As of 1968, a qualified intelligence source recently esti-
mated, France's SDECE, was "Sc percent penetrated" by
the KGB.
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DETROIT NEWS
4 AUGUST 1976
By COL. R. D. HEINL Jr. ;
QUSMORtt.i
Vacs Military Analyst
WASHINGTON ? A quarter-century
has passed since the State Department
and the U.S. Foreign Service were under
furious and deadly attack by the late Sen.
Joseph McCarthy, R-Wis.
Two decades were required to rebuild
American diplomacy and some of the
McCarthyite wounds may not be healed in
our time.
For the last 18 months ? under similar
onslaughts from the left ? the U.S.: intelli-
gence community has been in gravedan-
ger of being Crippled, dismembered or
'even dismantled, at a time when the
United States probably has more urgent
requirements for intelligence than at any
tune in our history. .
Five committees or subcommittees or
Congress and a White House commission,
egged on by post-Watergate media, outdid
themselves in disclosing state secrets.
The political atmosphere was hyped up
by impending elections in which some of
the CIA's principal inquisitors (such as
Sen. Frank Church, D-Idaho, were
avowedly seeking national exposure and
. national office.
? A Washington magazine, Counter-Spy,
; was established for the sole purpose of be-
traying American intelligence abroad.
(The Counter-Spy program quickly
found its mark: Richard S. Welch, the
CIA station chief murdered in Athens by
Communist terrorists, was fingered by
punter-Spy and its backers, a group call-
mg itself Fifth Estate, largely financed by
writer Norman Mailer.)
At the height of the CIA
e4osures mainly by the
Church and Pike commit-
tees of the Senate and
House ?.a veteran intelli-
gence officer told a re-
porter: .
"If the (Russian) KGB
had SOO agents working full
ttme to neutralize the CIA
on a crash basis, they could-
n't achieve the results .for
the Kremlin that the Church
and Pike committees have
accomplished."
The Pike Committee, in
the House was headed by
Rep. Otis Pike, D-N.Y. --?
William E. Colby, former
CIA director, said:
"The KGB is still running
to catch up." ? ..
Now with the storm
.abating, with the contents
of anailtrasecret House re-
port on intelligence pub-
lished in New York's Vil-
lage Voice, with the Church
Committee having put out
six 'thick volumes totaling
more than' 5,000 pages of
intelligence da tatand with:
President Ford having reor-
ganized the intelligence
community with a 35-page
closely printed directive, it
is time to ask what damage
has been done.
One _who believes.. the
damage has been "shatter-
Ars im
a
ine- is James Angleton, for
31 years the CIA's chief of
counterespionage until he
was asked to resign at the
height of last year's anti-
CIA frenzy. Quiet-spoken,
almost academic in man-,
ner, Angleton is nonetheless
"Our files have been
. raided," he told a reporter.
"Our agents exposed and
.our officials humiliated. _
? "The question I ask the
executive and the intelli-
gence authority is: 'Why
did you permit it to hap-
pen?' The question I. ask
Congress is: 'Why did you
make it happen and why did
you want it to happen?."
.. Other intelligence veter-
ans who have also retired
under pressure or in frus-
tration ask the same.ques-
tions and wince as they try
to assess the damage. Coun-
terintelligence,: they say,
using Ang,leton's adjective,
has been "shattered."
. So it should be that:
? Angleton and his three top
.deputies, representing 120
years of combined coun-
terespionage, have been
forced out.
6 Foreign cooperation, once
lavished on the CIA because
the world knew the agency
could keep a secret, has
shrunk to a trickle as other
. intelligence services have
seen'their? disclosures pa-
? raded by a U.S. Congress
which has leaked every cov-
ert project reported by the
CIA this past year.
6 For the same reason that
foreign sources have dried
e
upAmericans at home and
abroad who have quietly
THE WASHINGTON POST
,August 18, 1976
air
worked to help the national
intelligence service and
clammed up after being ex-
posed by Congress or the
media. .
? ? Despite official denial or
minimazation, those in the
best position to know say
the leakage of the last IS
months has been, in the
words of ene, "enormous."
To quote Angleton again:
"The Church committee
was a McCarthyite hearing
in which the denigration of.
the intelligence community
was its goal. Church ex-
posed to the KGB and other
Soviet, bloc intelligence
services the personnel and
methods of the American
intelligence community."
(One who differs with
Angleton:was Sen. Richard
Schweiker, -recently
tapped by Ronald Reagan
aa his vice-presidential
candidate. Schweiker called
the Church hearings and
disclosures "proof of our
greatness as a nation.")
? Able personnel have been
forced out ? not merely
Angleton and his team. CIA
Director Colby (with whom
Angleton bitterly differed}
in the end was sacked by
President Ford in what
most observers felt was an
act of ritual sacrifice of an
incumbent.. . . .
Will the newly created
machinery for executive
and congressional oversight
of intelligence activities
work and,- above all, can
Congress keep intelligence
secrets? ? -
Here the answer seems
obscure at best.
Eleanor Culver,
Former CIA Aide
Eleanor Kiimain Culver, 47, a for-
mer employee of the Central Triton.
gerice Agency, died of cancer Sunday
at Washington Adventist Hospital.
Born in Wellesley, Mass., she was a
graduate of Wellesley College. She
joined the CIA as a secretary shortly
after coming to this area in HD.
Mrs. Culver, who was the wife of
Robert G. Culver, a Burtonsville bust-
4
As matters now stand,
seven committees of Con-
gress totaling 29 senators
and more than 20 represen-
tative have the claim to
hear CIA and other intelli-
gence disclosures. On Con-
gress's track record to date,
observers are pessimistic.
. Another cause tor pessi-
mism is that one obvious
end-product of the ordeal of
intelligence ? firm legal
-protection against the dis-
closure of its secrets ?.has
so far failed to ma terialice.
Every other Western na-
tion, ? including Britain,
whose Official Secrets Act
is tolighest of all. has ade-
quate laws againt espionage
and to protect its intelli-
gence services against
exposure.
The United States has
neither and Congress so far
shows little dtspesition to
act mi Mr. Ford's recom-
mendations to proviJe the
same statutory shields for
intelligence information
that the law has long pro-
vided for tax and census
data, cotton futures, grand
jury proceedings and the
prahana communications of
doctors, lawyers and re-
porters.
Does this mean the
United States disregards
and has no need for intelli-
gence?
Never, say those who
know best.
In the words of one,
"Having intelligence is
always better than having
no intelligence at all. The
alternative to acting with
knowledge is acting in igno-
rance."
nessman, left the CIA in the late
1950s. At that time, site was a Near
East security control officer.
. She had been a volunteer worker
for a number of philanthropic organi-
zations in the Laurel area, and was a
member of St. Mary's Catholic
Church in Laurel.
In addition to her husband, she Is
'survived by two children, Joseph Ken-
neth and Mary Christine, all of the
home, 16002 Kenny Rd., Laurel; two
sisters, Catherine Cotter, of Wellesley,.
anci Airs. David Foss, of Portland,
Maine, and two brothers, John Kit-
main, of Wellesley, and William
main, of t iidovcr, Mass.
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BALTIMORE SUN
20 Aug. 19 76'
CIA Reply
Sir: Your August 6 editorial,
"Tip of a CIA Iceberg," demands
comment.
It is not my purpose to extend
discussion, if that is the word, of
factual matters covered by the
Commission on Central Intel-
ligence Agency Activities within
the United States, (Rockefeller
Commission), and by the exten-
sive studies and findings of the
Senate Select Committee to
Study Governmental.Operations.
Hundreds of pages of testi-
mony and conclusions are avail-
able to those who wish to dis-
tinguish between evidence and
suspicion, between reality and
allegation, between malfeasance
and sensationalism.
As a result of the Senate Se-
Ject Committee proceedings, the
Congress has taken steps to en-
hance its capacity for detailed
and comprehensive oversight of
the national foreign intelligence
community.
. Executive Order 11905 of the
President provides detailed
'directives for the conduct of for-
eign intelligence activities.
Thus, there is no question that
the Central Intelligence Agency
and other components of the in-
telligence community are re-
sponsive to the direction of the
elected Chief Executive and ful-
ly, accountable to the elected
representatives in Congress.
I do not presume to comment
on your editorial views. I find it
necessary, however, to state
'that the accusations of develop-
ing techniques for "curbing dos;
inestic dissent and securing ide-
ological conformity" are shock-
ing, offensive, and objectionable.
Eternal vigilance of the free ?
press as a safeguard of our free-
dom is one thing; unfounded im-
putation to the government of
monstrous motives and criminal
designs on a national scale is
quite another. Responsible ed-
itorial opinion can hardly go too
far in the exercise of the former,
it is recklessly at odds with the
? fundamental concepts of liberty
when it indulges in the latter. -
Andrew T. Falkiewica,
? Assistant to the Director
of Central Intelligence.
- Washington.
SOO
BALT INDRE SUN
6 August 1976
Tip of a CIA Iceberg
Revelations about the CIA's use of extremely
dangerous hallucinogenic drugs?most of them
even now classified as experimental?on unwit-
ting and unwilling subjects in the 1950s and
1960s is frightening enough. What is even more
frightening is the probability that this drug re-
search was no more than the tip of an iceberg of
CIA activity that proceeded apace despite its
self-evident potential for compromising acade-
mic social science research in the United States.
What prompted the recent freedom-of-infor-
mation suit that secured the CIA files was the
earlier Rockefeller commission report on the
CIA, which described the drug programs briefly
and then mentioned, almost casually, that these
programs were but a small part of a much
broader program of "controlling human behav-
ior' Indeed that seems to have been the case.
The newly released files indicate that the CIA
used a variety of front organizations to finance
academic social scientists, and thus was in-
vOlVed in a far broader range of psychologically
oriented research than just drugs, from elec-
troshock to psychological assessments of sub-
jects who were unaware they were being as-
sessed. According to a spokesman for the Center
for National Security, which brought the suit,
"some of the biggest names in academic social
science research were involved, usually un-
THE WASHINGTON POST
August 16. 1916
knowingly" through grants from the CIA front
organizations.
It is probably safe to say that Most of these
researchers pursued their work with the hope of
helping humanity. But although the CIA says its
main interest was defensive, to counter psycho-
logical techniques it feared the Russians were
developing, there is no doubt that the techniques
also had, and have, frightening potentials for
curbing domestic dissent and securing ideologi-
cal conformity. The range of drugs tried, from
aphrodisiacs to "truth serums" and what the
agency called "recruitment pills," suggests the
vicious potential. The agency's unscrupulous
use of the techniques on unsuspecting and invol-
untary subjects leaves little room for confi-
dence that the agency's ethical standards would
forever have prevented use of the techniques on
the general population for political purposes.
Details apparently will be scarce. Hard as it
is to believe, in 1973, the then CIA director,
Richard M. Helms, ordered many records of the
psychological programs destroyed. Mr. Helins's
order deserves to be added promptly to the al-
ready-burdensome agenda of the Senate's new
intelligence committee. The nation is entitled to
as full an accounting as can possibly be assem-
bled?not only of the programs themselves but
of the destruction of the files as well.
World Vision Denies CIA Connection
? The charge made by an unnamed
source in a story published August 9
that World Vision used street-boys
cared for in our humanitarian pro-
grams in Saigon as information-col-
lecters for the CIA is absolutely.
without foundation in fact and is
categorically denied.
? Journalistic fairness demanded a
statement from World Vision in the
context of the original story. The re-
porter, Brian Eads, admits he knew
we had an office in Bangkok, yet he
.never contacted that office. Your
own editorial office could easily
have talked to our international'
headquarters in California. Let me
state it without equivocation: World
Vision has never gathered informa-
tion for the CIA or any other intellig-
ence agency. World Vision is an in-
ternational Christian humanitarian
organization, incorporated in the
United States in 1950. We began our-
humanitarian and Christian minis-
try in South Vietnam, in 1960, and
for 15 years we cared for thousands
of orphans; built hundreds of homes
for refugees, and worked closely
with the evangelical church of that
country.
Nearly 80 per cent of our present
'budget of VA-million comes from
many thousands of American contri-
butors and that the average gift to
our ministries is $19.58.
In March, 1976,! wrote an open let-
ter to President Ford regarding the
alleged use of Christian organiza-
tions and missionaries by the CIA. I
said, in part: ?Ile gospel of Jesus
Christ is above cultures, above gov-
ernments and above foreign policy.
It must forever remain so. I urge
you, Mr. President, to uphold the
doctrine of church/state separation
and to remove the cloud from our
overseas missionary enterprises by
directing the CIA to refrain from in-
volving persons in Christian voca-
tions in its intelligence activities."
I simply ask you if those sound
like the words of an organization
which would allow homeless child-
ren for whom it has provided love, a
home and an education to be used as
spies?
STANLEY MOONEYHA1VI,
President,
World Vision International.
Monrovia, Calif.
Editor's Note:. We regret that a
statement from. World Vision was
not included in The. Post's original
story.
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, NEWS WEEK
23 August 1976
THE MAFA:
A Swm n the Bay
At 71, Mafia lieutenant John Rossetti
.claimed to be living the life of a retiree
on the south Florida gold coast. Last
month, wearing his customary tailor-
made trousers and shirt, he left his sis-
ter's borne in Ft. Lauderdale presumably
for a routine round of golf. He never
showed up. Last week?ten days after he
disappeared?two fishermen thought
they saw human limbs protruding from
holes in a 55-gallon drum floating in
Biscayne Bay. It was Rossetti: strangled,
stabbed in the stomach and stuffed in a
barrel wrapped with chains. Only a par-
tial fingerprint enabled the FBI to iden-
tify his badly decomposed body.
His death carried all the signs of an old-
fashioned gangland rub-out and ordinar-
ily would have attracted only limited
interest. But Rossetti was no run-of-the-
mob thug. He had once worked on the
side for the CIA?which recruited him to
try to assassinate Fidel Castro?and he
had spent several evenings with Judith
Campbell Exner at about the same time
that Exner was allegedly spending some
of her nights on the road with President
John F. Kennedy. Those links?and the
fact that Rossetti recently had been talk-
ing about them to a Senate committee?
again raised puzzling questions about the
mobster's life and touched off demands
fora full Congressional investigation into
his death.
Rosselli's role as a handmaiden to the
CIA was detailed last summer when he
testified before Sen. Frank Church's Se-
lect Committee on Intelligence. Accord-
ing to Rossetti, he was contacted in 1960
THE NEW YORK TIMES
14 August 1976
Levi Orden
?10
:loStarianffriquiry
O Ros2ili Murder
117 Tho Anwelateti Pres3
WASHINGTON, Aug. 13--
Attorney General Edward H.
Le?rl today ordered the Federal ,
Bureau of Investigation to try
to determine whether John Ro-
selli, the crime figure, was mur-
dered as a result of his Senatel
committee testimony on assas-1
simition plots of the Central
Intelligence Agency against
Prime Minister Fidel Castro of
Cuba.
I Mr. Levi was responding to:
requests from Senate
,Intelli-
gence Committee members that.
the Justice Department take
charge of the' investigation.
A Justice Department spokes-
man, Robert Havel, said ? that
Mr. Levi told the bureau "to
investigate whether the Roselli
homicide was the result of his
testimony before the committee
or to prevent future testimony.
before a committee-- of Con-
tress." ? ? ?
Mr. Roselli' s body was found
last weekend in an oil drum.
by Howard Hughes operative Robert Ma-
llen, an ex-FBI agent, and asked to use his
underworld ties to kill Castro with poison
pills that could be slipped into Castro's.
food. Rossetti oversaw that on-and-off
project until it was scnibbed by the CIA in
1963. Chicago-based mob figure NIonio
Salvatore (Sam) Giancana, Rosset ti's
boss, was also recruited for the assassina-
tion effort; he was mysteriously kil led last
year, days before he \'as to appear as a
Senate witness. Earlier this year, Rossetti
also talked to Sen. Richard Schweiker's
subcommittee, which was probing possi-
ble connections between the Castro plot
and the Kennedy assassination.
Rossetti was cooperating with the gov-
ernment as he tried to fend off deportation
proceedings that threatened to end a long
and flamboyant career. He entered the
country illegally at age 6, changed his
name from Filippo Sacco after a youthful
narcotics arrest and. joined the Capone
mob in Chicago. In the '30s he became a
well-known West Coast gambler with
widespread contacts in the movie indus-
try, and in 19-13 he was convicted for a
studio shakedown scheme. Later, still
under the control of the Chicago mob,
Rossetti went to Las Vegas to supervise
the Mafia's gambling interests?which
included casinos in Batista's Cuba. It was
during that period that Rossetti was intro-
duced to party girl Judith Campbell,
whose men friends also included Gian-
cana as well as JFK. That odd quadrangle,
extending into the time of the in ti-Castro
plot, was also investigated, inconclusive-
ly, by the Senate committee last year.
Despite the pattern of overlapping
intrigue in which Rossetti N'as involved,
law-enforcement sources last week dis-
counted the notion that the CIA had any
floating in Biscayne Bay off the
Florida coast.
Mr. Roselli had testified
about his-role in a C.I.A. plan .
to use organized crime figures!
to kill Mr. Castro. The. plan
was never carried out.
? Mr. Havel said Mr. Levi had
authorized the buread to enter
the case under a Federal stat-
ute that makes it a- crime to
obstruct proceedings; before.
Government agencies- and Con-.
:gressional committees.. .The
statute sets a. maximum penal-
ty of _five years in prison, and.
a $5,000 fine:
The ? bureau -director,Y?Clar
ence M.. Kelley, .said Wednes-
day that department officials:
had advised him that there waS,
no Federal jurisdiction, in the
case. Murder ? is not usually- a
Federal crime. ? ?
But Mr. Havel said Mr. Levi
had now. decided that there
was a basis for ? entering the
case. Mr. Levi reached' the de-
cision after ? "communicating
with ? the people up on the
6
part in his death or that of Ciancalia7-1
don't think the spooks did it," said one
Federal investigator. "Rut I don't think
they*IC sorry it happened." Bosse) li had
had a series of three meetings in early
June with molisters on the West Coast,
and most official sources accepted the
killings for. what they seemed , to be,
classic underworld executions carried
out fur a classic underworld reason:
talking too much. The logic was that
anyone willing to talk to authorities
about Castro might be willing to discuss
other mob-related activities as well.
Giancatia, in fact, had already appeared
before a Federal grand jury'in Chicago
when he was shot.
Still, Sen. Howard Baker of the.intelli-
gence committee said last week he
would ask the CIA and F131 for informa-
tion on the Rossetti murder and
that he would urge the panel to
investigate any links between
Rosseili's amid Giancana's kill-
ings. "There appears to be d
connection," Baker said. "Both
agreed to testify on the same
subject. Both were involved in
the same assassination opera-
tion." At the end of the week,
both the Justice Department
and the FBI received a green
light from U.S. Attorney Gener-
al Edward Levi to enter the case
(it is a Federal crime to do harm
to a Congressional witness). But
even so, it remained to be seen
whether the mystery of John Ross.al-
li's death would ever be satisfactorily
solved.
--DENNIS A. WILLIAMS with ANDREW JAFFE in Miami
and ANTHONY MARRO in Washinuton
[Capitol] Hitt t6 deterMine what
Rosellt had toid ? the ? commit-
tee," Mr: Havel said. He did
not elaborate..
The Federal investigation,
Mr. Havel Continued, "is to be
undertaken with close coopera-
tion and coordination with the
authorities" in Dade County,
Fla., which. has jurisdiction
over the Biscayne Bay area.
In his instructions to the
bureau, .Mr..?-Levi ? emphasized
"that Dade County has the
principal responsibility ? for the
investigation," the spokesman
said: ; .
Meanwhile; a lawyer for Mr.
Roselli today discounted the
possibility of: a connection be-
tween his client's death. and
reported recent meetings be-
tween- his client and West
Coast crime figures.
Mr. Roselli at one time was
known as the West Coast lieu-
tenant of the Chicago mobster
Sam Giancana, who was. also
involved in the C.I.A. assas-
sination plots against Mr.
Castro.
Mr. Giancana was murderd
in June 1975. shortly before he
was to testify before- the Sen-
ate investigators.
BALTIMORE SUN
10 August 1976
Colby says
IA did
kill obsters
Miami (API ? The Central
Intelliobente Agency, which en-
listed john Roselli and Sam
(Momo) Giancana, two mobs-
ters, in a plot to kill Fidel Cas-
tro, played no part in their
gangland-style deaths, the
agency's former head said yes-
terday.
"I can guarantee you that
the CIA had absolutely nothing
to do with their deaths." Wil-
liam E. Coiby, a former direc-
tor of the agency, said in an in-
terview with WTOP television
in Was'iington.
Mr. Colby acknowledged
that the agency had used the
underworld figures in an un-
realized assassination scheme
against the Cuban premier in
1061. He was not in charge of
the agency at the time.
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WASHINGTON POST
1 (\lir 1976
ho Killed John Roselli?
? y ^
?,WE'RE GOING TO tell you a little story now.
Once there was a President who was murdered.
? His brother was murdered too. A long time after they
died some very strange facts came to light. It turned
? out that while they were running the government,
the government was trying to get two Mafia mobsters
to arrange the murder of someone else?the head of
a small, hostile neighbor state. It also turned out that
' one brother?the one who was President?appar-
ently had a girlfriend who was the girlfriend as well
of the mobsters. And one of the mobsters, whose
nickname was Momo, was prominent on the list of
criminals the President's brother was trying to put in
jail. The story may sound complicated, but life is com-
plicated, arid the complications in this case got even
more so. For when a committee of the Congress
-wanted the two mobsters to come and tell them some-
thing about all this, only one of thein?the one
-named Johnny? came. The. other one, Momo, was
murdered in his house a week before they wanted
him to testify. Johnny, however, told his story to one
committee in the Congress and then came back?qui-
etly?to tell some more things to another committee
? which was in fact looking into the murder of the
President. Then Johnny went to Florida. Then no one
could find him. Then some fishermen found him.
Dead. In an oil drum.
But we haven't 'told you the strangest part of all
yet, the part you're really not going to believe. It is
that when the great national political community of
solons, scribes, policemen, spies and managers of the
general- wellbeing heard about poor Johnny, they
said: "Oh, my goodness," Some of them went farther,
of course. They said: "Fancy that!" But most of them
didn't say anything at all except: "Yawn."
Forgive us for lapsing into storybookese. We do it
for a reason which is that the simple unadorned facts
of the John and Robert Kennedy-Fidel Castro-CIA-
Mafia-Momo Giancana-Johnny Roselli-Judith Exner-
Church Committee-Schweiker Committee saga need
to be put forward in stark outline for their magni-
tude to be understood. Is it really, as the sophisticated
wisdom goes, "paranoid" on our part to brood about
the suggestive and possibly monstrous interconnec-
tions between all these facts and to wonder why they
are not the object of intense press and. government
scrutiny? What accounts for the general indifference
In high places? What accounts for the eagerness with
which we all seem to accept that familiar tipoff that
we shall be hearing no more about the latest crime?
i.e., the pronouncement that Mr. Roselli's dispatch to
an oil drum and Beyond had "all the earmarks of a
gangland slaying." Those ? are the good old "ear-
marks" we only hear about when it is next to certain
that we shall hear nothing more.
The supposition of course is that the Gang which
runs gangland has its reasons and its methods and
that, disagreeable as these may be, they really lie out-
side the proper realm of public concern because they
amount to a system of justice which 1) only affects
those dumb enough to get involved in it in the first
.place and 2) tends only to punish those who have
committed what the rest of us would regard as hei,
nous crimes anyway. Not that these are things people
say?they're things people .can be expected to as-
sume. But we think in this case the assumptions have
even less validity than they would have on a clear
day, which isn't much. And that is because if we
know anything, we know that the Mafia operations in
which Messers. Giancana and Roselli figured had be-
come intertwined with the operations of the United
States government. Never mind that the decisions of
the 'early 1960s which made this so may rank among
the most abominable decisions ever taken in the U.S.
government. The plain fact is that, given the provoca-
tive and suggestive history of the two men, it is not
possible for either Congress or the Executive Branch
to look the other way or to complaisantly accept the
earmarks-of-a-gangland-slaying bromide.
After Mr. Giancana was killed, the Church Commit-
tee inquired of the FBI whether its proposed meeting
with him had figured in his murder. The FBI re-
ported that it had no evidence to this effect. The
then-director of the CIA, William Colby, felt obliged
to state that the CIA had had nothing to do with the
murder?and Mr. Colby likewise pronounced the
other day that he was certain the CIA had not done in
Mr. Roselli. The mere fact that the questions, to
which these were meant to be the answers, had been
raised tells us, anyway, that much more in the way of
inquiry is wanted. The newly formed Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence has now asked the Justice
Department to make an investigation of Mr. Roselli's
death. We think the Department should comply and
that the investigation; despite FBI Director Clarence
Kelley's disclaimer of jurisdiction, should have the
Attorney General's ,personal attention. Such atten-
tion is needed because of the elaborate and not en-
tirely. reassuring history of relationships between the
FBI and the CIA and the various participants in the
whole sorry saga. We-are not suggesting that any
agency of government?or even any of those agen-
cy's fringe retainers ?were the murderers. We are
suggesting that there is an overlay of potentially em-
barrassing information sufficiently pervasive to keep
an awful lot of people from wanting to have this
thing aired. We also think that the Select Committee
should reserve the right to pursue the matter. Con-
gress, after all, can hardly be expected to sit idly by
while its witnesses are being done in. Nor do we see
how the public in general and the political establish-
ment in particular can turn their attention away un-
til we are all satisfied that a much greater effort has
been made by the government?which means both
the Executive Branch and the Congress?to discover
what elements were at play in this series of appalling
crimes and scandals.
f7
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3A LT I MORE SUN
17 Aug. 1976
The Roselli Murder
Attorney General Edward H. Levi was cor-
rent to order the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion to r..00k into the recent gangland-style slay-
'ng of John Roselli. He should assign this case a
igh priority, even take personal charge. He
should also insist that there be a fuller probe
than heretofore into the possibly related 1975
gangland-style slaying of Sam Giancana. But
the matter can't end there. The Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence should also conduct
a full-scale investigation.
Such unusual fact-finding is called for be-
cause it is possible that these two murders were
carried out to prevent law enforcement agen-
cies and the American people from learning the
truth about an alliance of organized crime and
the Central Intelligence Agency and perhaps the
White House, itself, to assassinate Cuba's Fidel
Castro. IIt is known that such plans were at least
discussed during the Kennedy administration. It
Thursday, Augass' 12, 1976
has even been suggested that President Kenne-
dy's death was somehow related to this activity.
Thus it is even possible that the murders were
meant to keep secret the truth about that shat-
tering event.
So far pursuit of this sordid business has been
left mostly to those who like sensation for sen-
sation's sake, or who do not have anything like
the resources to find the truth. As a result ru-
mors of the most outrageous sort fly to and fro.
You can blame that on the quality of work done
by the Warren Commission and the self-limited
work done by the Senate committee. This situa-
tion is complicated by the present low regard
the FBI is held in, and by the self-interest the
CIA has in the case. Unless Mr. Levi and the
members of the Senate Select Committee fully
involve themselves in this investigation, the
public is going to wonder if it is really as thor-
ough and objective as it ought to be.
The Washington Star
aile ? .
)urea
Eilave not taken the tour
of the new FBI Building;
Inge:lawn in the basement,
my son has a bullet-riddled
target from a tour in the old
ones if remember how our
guide ? raffled off the
amounts .of information the
FBI has in its files, and 'the
efficiency with which it can
retrieve that information.
Information is no good,
after all, without retriev-
ability. lit is no use having
material if you can't use it;
and you can't use it if you
caref.: find it, fast. .
New The . Freedom Of
iinforeration Act has made it
the FBI's duty to reveal
Rs files have to say
a'aer you and me, fellow
citiaees..The FBI, you see,
was r": 91; i'lterested only in
ceiminels, but in anyone
who might become a crimi-
nal ? in everyone. And
it mr,en, Ic expensive lengths
gathering the weirdest bits
of trivia about the strangest
.kinds of people.
So now we are told, by
the FBI and other federal
departments, that it is just
;too hard to find what is in
the files. The FBI . has
denied that it had files
which later turned up ?
and then said Its retriev-
ability .was poor. It has
dragged its feet, asked for
more money, acquired a
im-month backlog of re-
suesto,
of Intimi
It has even been suggest-
ed that it is unpatriotic for
citizens to ask that the Bu-
reau or the CIA obey the
law. After all, how can they
do their job if we keep pes-
tering them with requests
for information?
?I thought bureaus of
investigation were sup-
posed to specialize in infor-
mation. But the FBI was a
bureau of intimidation, of
propaganda, of infiltration,
of provocation ? as much
as, or more than, one of
investigation.
Admittedly, it is expen-
sive to retrieve information
from files that were not set
up for legal use in prosecu-
tion or criminal investiga-
tion but for political
purposes. A CIA official
even claims that it can cost
$150 just to make sure a
person is not in their files.
But it costs a great deal
more to gather that infor-
mation ? to hire the in-
formers and equip them; to
tap and bug and steal and
break in. That was the true
misuse of funds and time
and manpower. The "ex-
pense" in legal arid moral
terms is not measurable.
The Bureau was not even
supposed to be an active
prosecuting agency in the
legal sense, just an accumu-
lator of information usable
by prosecutors. But it be-
came an activist group in
ation
criminal activities, setting
up crimes, aiding and abet-
ting them, and actually
committing them.
I hope everyone who
thinks the FBI or CIA may
have snooped on him or her
asks for all files affecting
him or her.
It will recall both depart-
ments to their real task.
Snoops need to be reminded
that what they gather can
be seen by those they are
spying on. Such reports are
often wrong, misleading,
biased, prejudiced, vicious.
The departments have used
this as an excuse to sit on
"raw files" ? which means
that error, stored up for
official scrutiny, cannot be
corrected by the innocent.
In asking for your files,
be persistent. One standard
dodge, I am told, is to send
back a request asking, in ef-
fect: Who are you? That is
a delay in itself.
One of those who got the
request was a very well-
known writer. A college
sophomore working in the
research department of a
good magazine could have ?
found out anything about
him in 30 seconds. But we
must be patient with our
federal investigators. They
are not very good at their
real job. It has been such a
long time since they did it.
8
MANCHESTER GUARDIAN '
30 July 1976
IN. THE BEGINNING was
the word and the word was
CIA inspired: As cold war
hotted up (to mix a
metaphor) a quarter of a cen-
tury back the American
Government secretly chan-
nelled almost limitless
resources into Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty so
they could channel anti-
Soviet thoughts to the peo-
ples of Eastern Europe.
For decades Washington
indignantly denied that those
stations ? supposedly
-financed by the contributions
of individual freedom lovers
in the United States ? were
really bankrolled and con-
trolled by the CIA. Three
years back Nixon- did a
U-turn. adthitted the CIA
connection, and put the ?
whole- busi4ess on a new foot-
ing.
Now the stations ares pro-
perly financed by Congres-
sional grant and supervised
by David Abshire. who
resigped as Henry Kissinger's
number two to become
unpaid chairman of the
official, but supposedly inde-
pendent. Board for Interna-
tional Broadcasting.
Alishire, who was in town
this week for very private
talks with the Beeb and our
Foreign Office, is one of those
high-powered Americans who
move easily between acade-
mia and politics. Ho runs
Georgetown University's
Centre for Strategic and Inte-
rnational Studies (probably
the most powerful think tank
in the business) and remains
an active Republican.
He is the long-shot can-
didate for K issinger's - post if
? and they are big ifs ?
Ford remains President and
Henry. K fulfils his threat
(promise?) to retire at the
end of this year.
"Things have changed a
great deal since we were'
covertly financed," Abshire ?
said firmly when I met him
yesterday. Ltke how ? 'Well,
we would no longer say any-
thing inconsistent with the
declared foreign policy of the
US.' And :viral . does that
-mean " For a start we
would never encourage any
belief that a revolt in East
-Eutone or the Soviet rnion
would produce a situation in
hich the West would inter-
vene." ?
Anierica had moved away
from the clays of " roll hack "
and'' He
wouldn't tie or distort at the
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iequeSt Of the State'DePart-? _,
ment either, Abshire insists.
-
Now, says Ahshire, the con- -
centration is on fact and on
.violations of human rights
"the more brutal the facts,
the less emotional the
appoaL" Since Helsinki and
detente the Russians have
inceased their stringent
and vicious" ? attacks on all
,Western stations . broadcast-
ing behind the Iron Curtain.
. "They say.,, Radio;,' Free
Europe and Radio Liberation
are .still CIA controlled ? -
it's a lie and they know ?it.".
It oasts the Russians S300
millions a year to jam RFE..
and RL and Abshire admits.
with a wry grin that jamming
is "rather effective ? espe-
cially in the centre or cities."
Even so, RFE reaches 30 mu-
lion East Europeans and RL
40 million'Russians a montiu.
L i.k e Mrs Thatcher,
Ahshire is ? worried about
growing Soviet arms expendi-
ture. "Granted they are an
empire ? the largest
imperial set-up in history.
They are now moving,* for
global reach on the high seas.
They are seeking power far,
in excess of their legitimate
defence needs. It bothers me
deeply.", ? ,
On the basis of that ana-
lysis Abshire sees a great
future . for ? his stations.,
"Home 'public . ? opinion in
Russia is in my opinion now
crucial. So it is our job to
?get the real story on increas-.,
lag Soviet arms expenditure
through to the people. The
free flow 'of information
tates against totalitarianism."
? And that in turn persuades.
him that the Soviet onslaught
on the two stations is only -
-just begining. "They are
trying to develop this thing
Into a post-Helsinki doctrine ?
?all broadcasting not con-
trolled on a direct 'govern-.,' .
ment .to government basis is
subversive and .hinders.
peace." .
Abshire's response, not
stir-
prisingly, . is to beef ? up.
Western broadcasting to the
.Soviet block. "America
spend $100 billions a year. on- _
defence ? primarily to deter!
the few .who rule Russia. It ?
is, ama7ing that so little is
being done to reach the. ?
minds or the many ordinary.,
people who are beginning to,
influence policy."._
Be is ? a great advocate of
the Beeb's respected world
service (" in bad need of
modernisation : most of its
. equipment Is more than 2f)
years old "). and the official
US Voice of Arnertea pooling,
technical, resources
f" Nobody wants any kind of
coordination of program-
ming") with him to latmea
a ntassive new ideological
onslooght on the Communist
world.
It would be amazing if he
. tx.ad not raised such issues in
London this week. Amazing.
to if ? they did not look
att.rictive- to those increa-
singly evon omy-conscious
men at/ Bush floosie,.
SCIENCE
6 AUGUST 1976
New CIA Research, Anyone?
Mathematica Inc.. one of thc 'nation's hest known private .think tanks, hits
become guinea pig for attempts by the Central Intellieence Agency (CIA)
to conduct -open- research and resuscitate its languishing relations with
, the American academic community. Normally. CIA's outside research con-.
tracts ha e been kept secret.
' For 2 years. Mathtech.- a-subsidiary of the--corpOration', has operated a
small consulting group, called the Analytic Support Center, on the outskirts
Washington for the CIA. And althoue.h those close to the work of .the
center are enthusiastic about its activities. perhaps the most interesting
!thing about the S600.00d-per-year effort is that the fact or its existerite is
public knowledge.
The Analytic Support Center develops methodoloey for problems of stra-..
tegic interest: for example, it might model likely coalitions. in :t multirfarty
political system. Into such models CIA can then feed the vast amount or
information it collects on such problems, in the hope of 'improving on its
, individualistic, ad hoc, methods of :in:slyzing them. "Our job is not to con-
duct the analysis. It's to develop and test the methodology." says Norman
An, Mathtech's president. ? .
. :Moreover, the center is meant .to be a link between intellectuals and the
! CIA. The center sponsors university-type seminars at CIA headquarters
(which may be attractive partly because the center's private status enables
' it to pay three times the $100-per-day mandatory government consulting
wage). Thomas C. Schelling, professor of political economy at Harvard,
"eho participated. in one such seminar, says he finds such arrangements ?'all
right so long as everyone who works for them knows who they're workinp,
for. The Mathematica people told Me straight away that it was for CIA."
But the experiment with open research has not been totally sticcessful.
When word of the impending CIA contract reached other parts of ISlathema-
tica. its social scientists objected strongly. Isiathematica Policy Research
(MPR) does more than half of the corporatiOn's S
ness. Milt's reputation as a social science' research oreanization is based on
hs ability to e.et unusually high rates of response in questioning' poor people
such as eltetto dwellers and welfare mothers. The fear was that such people
would slam the door in interviewers' faces if Mathematica had a CIA con-
nection. ?
The dispute was supposedly settled when the CIA contract was let, in No-
vember 1974, by making MPR and Mathtech into separate subsidiaries with
different governing boards. I-low:ever. some MPR staffers are still uneasy,
with the arrangement, altholigh none ean cite an actual instance where a
survey has actually been hurt by knowledge of Mathernatica's CIA contract.
A CIA spokesman denied that the ASC contract signals a new policy of
openness in obtaining outside advice. While some contracts have been un-.
? classified. most of the agency's. dealings with the academie community re-
main secret. The CIA has research' contracts in approsinestely a dozen
colleges and universities; in nearly all cases, only the investieator and a "se-
nior responsible official" of the university?usually the president?know
that CIA is sponsoring the research. Moreover. according to Carl Duckett,
who until recently was CIA's Iona-term chief of research, there arc some.
projects that university records will show the money as corning from ;moth-
er government agency. such as the Department of Defense or the Depart-
ment of State.
Duckett says that. while CIA usually Deis perrnission for a proposed proj-
ect from a university official,. in keeping with a NO presidential order bar-
ring covert campus research. there are esce.ptions. He says that. as of carly
this year. he knew of one university f.eseareher, who represents ?the hest
brainpower in the United States." who had asked CIA not to tell his superi-
ors that the agency supported him. for fear that he would he fired. The CIA
agreed. Sr, after 2 years of criticism and ins estigation. the aeeney now al-
, lows an oscasional public glimpse of its cleating,. svith intellect's:Os :tntl schol-
ars. But it is still a long s?.ety from 'tooting ttp such dealings to the sun-
shine.- ;toast! SnAt.i.r.v
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.-? ? .;? -?
United States is not to protect democracy in
Europe. It's to 'support friends ,of the United
,States, including the same kind of people that
Lockheed was supporting in Japan and in
,Italy?not friends of democracy, but -right-
wingers verging on fascism.
; Question. Mr. Colby, are you saying that
operatives who were involved in illegal activities
? should be let off the hook, but if one of the
:operatives leaks information beforehand, making
Ian assassination not a reality, then that person
' would be thrown in prison?
Colby. I think the question is really, should the
!CIA keep secret something that was wrong? I
think President Ford has stressed several times
that he will not allow secrecy to be used to keep
.secret something that was wrong, meaning
illegal.
If it is wrong, meaning a wrong policy, it can
be discussed behind closed. doors with the
committees of the Congress representing the
American people.
f Stapleton. Of course, it's interesting that you
say we should not allow secrecy to hide some-
thing wrong. The only problem is, we have to .
find out about it 'first before we can know
'whether secrecy has been used,to hide something
:illegal.
That's the difficulty with that formula.
On the question of assassination, take the
CIA's role in the murder of Patrice Lumurnha. I
.1 don't think that qoestion has been explored
? ade.quately. It's simply not true that the people
the CIA targeted for assassination somehow
managed to survive. Because Patrice Lumurnba
. did not.
Colby. Patrice Lurrennba was killed by totally
separate forces in Africa. It had nothing to do
with any group the CIA was in touch with.
Stapleton. How do we know?
Ccaiby. I do know: [Laughter.]
Question. Would each of the speakers comment
on the Daniel Schorr matter?
S:cpicion. I think what we're seeing in the
attack on Daniei Schorr is an attempt' by the
intelligence agencies to intimidate critics of their
activities.
As information has come out through people
like Daniel Ellsberg and Daniel Schorr in the
past few yeries, there has been an increasing
arenese in United States that the govern-
ment has been carrying out pcbcies which the
people of this country have not been asked to
atipeove and have act approved.
The answer or the intelligence agencies is not
to onen tle.?ir file:, toeespend to 012 rellIC.StS for
infermation about their activrties. Inetead they
try to create a hyeteria olarit the threat of lost
scievei:s and damage to our "intelligence
capabili-
tics." ?
I think 'Daniel Schoi,r should be defended, and
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whoever leaked the information should be
defended as someone who was doing an impor-
tant- and immeasurably valuable service to the
American people.
Co/by. I, of couree, have already 'publicly
defended Daniel Schorr. But I think the people
who gave him the information should he pun-
ished.
Question. Mn Stapleton, do you think the KGB
doer a better .frib in protecting the interests of
Russia than the CIA?
Stepieton. I don't know, the KGB may be more
or lees efficient than the CIA. It. isn't a matter of
concern to me particularly. I think as Americans
wehavea prolth-tm to deal with. Our government
? ?1 :y.??11??; ??4 the !I.\. who i?. liavizta
an inimical effect on the rights of people in this
country and around the world. And that's the
problem we have to deal with. -
Question. Mr. Colby, are you in favor of ending
all spying activities against the Socialist Work-
ers party? And what is the CIA doing to protect
us from the Democratic and Republican parties?
[Sustained laughter and applause.] ?
Colby. I can assure you the CIA wasn't doing
anything to protect you from either the Demo-
cratic or the Republican party in the United
; States, and I'm pretty sure that it hasn't done
anything since I left.
Now, on the second part of the question. I
wouldn't give any party an absolute carte
blanche. I would look at the question of whether
.there is any foreign support or manipulation, and
I would say that it is reasonable for the CIA to
' look at whether this is happening.
Within the United States that's the FBI's job.
Outside the United States that's the CIA's?job.
f Stapleton. Well, there's obviously a dual
standard being used here because there are
certain institutions that operate overseas, like
; Gulf Oil, that engage in political activities in the
United States and that aren't subject to surveil-
lance and infiltration by the CIA and the FBI.
So some become a target and some don't. And I
don't think the criterion is foreign links. The CIA
and FM target those people whose activities are
inimical to the interests of the rulers of this
country.
Question. Mr. Colby, what's the status of the
files on domestic dissidents being held by the
CIA?
Colby: The president of the Senate and the
speaker of the House wrote' me a letter asking me
that I destroy nothing.. I've directed my people to
comply with that letter, but. I also said that I
hoped we would have the biggest bonfire I knew
of as soon as that letter of restriction was lifted.
? Stapleton. I assure you that officials of the CIA
and FBI w wild like to have a hin bonfire of all
thy files we haven't seen, and they're :toiro: to fry.
JIT,Id_organize it as soon as posmible.
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Question. When should the CIA overthrow
foreign governments?
Colby. In the first place, there is a perfectly
practical matter. You don't oVerthrow a foreign
government, you help somebody in that country
who wants to overthrow the government do it.
[Laughter.]
I think that's an important fact, because
there's an image that somehow you just pull a
string in Washington and?hang!?it ? goes.
That's not true.
The second answer is when. I think it should
be used sparingly.
I think there are situations, however, where a
force in a country indicates it will turn the
country into a force hostile to the United States,
that you can perhaps avoid a more serious
' problem later by operating through some assist-
ance to friends.
It's not an ideological urge to go over there and
? remake the world in our image. It is a matter of
the direct interests of the people of the United
States.
Stapleton. This is precisely the point I was
trying to make earlier, that the CIA and its
'defenders continue to claim the right, to try to
'overthrow governments.
? And that's a very important point Mr. Colby
!made about how they don't-try to create images
of the United States around the. world. That's
completely true. ?
They don't try to establish conetitutionol
freedoms around the world. They don't try to
establish a bill of rights in Brazil or Uruguay or
Greece or Chile.
The CIA is trying to support people it feels are
"friends" of the United States, people like
ST . LOUIS POST-DISPATCH
29 July 1976
Above The Law?
In recommending that CIA officials not be
prosecuted for their participation in a 20-year
program of illegal mail opening, Justice
Department attorneys have advanced a shock-
ing supporting rationale. Their argument is
that, because there was "a continuum of
presidential authority" for the program, under
which nearly 250,000 letters were opened,
lesser officials should not be held accountable.
Translated into plain English, what this means
is that if a series of presidents approved the
violation of laws against mail tampering, then
the law should not be enforced.
Actually, the Senate Intelligence Committee,
'after long study, said there was no documenta-
ry evidence that any president during the two
decades in question (1953-1973) had ever
Chiang Kai-shek, Pinochet, and the rest.
Question. I am an _Iranian and 1 and other
Iranians think that the CIA laid a it to do with
the coup in Iran in 1953. I would like to know if
Mr. Colby will support our right to look at CIA
files and see for ourselves who'. the CIA has done
to our country and why we don't hare any
'deno,rrotii? n'hy fee I.,r:?? ? ? s :JP; ,?
L? ?
I dictatorship. [Sustained applause.]
Colby. The Freedom of Information Act gives
a citizen of the United States an opportunity to
? go to the government and get hold of government
doeornents, with a few exceptions outlined in the
act. I do not believe that the CIA shoUld be
responsive to every foreigner who comes to the
front door and asks for a look at his files.
[Applause.]
Question. For Mr. Colby: what is subversion,
'.foreign and domestic?
; Colby. I think the word subversion, there are
quite a number of different definitions of it?no
:very precise ones. It basically means working
underneath to pull out from under the structure,
the, things that hold something up, to penetrate
it, infiltrate it, and so forth.
That's the general meaning but I don't have a
pat answer for that question.
Stapleton. It's a very good point that subver-
sion is not a very precise term. It's used by the
FBI, for example, to target people for harassment
whom the FBI considers "subversive." And
. there's no telling what they mean. It just means
they want to get you.
authorized the CIA to open letters and,
photograph their contents. Yet the Justice
Department lawyers offered no explanation of
their conclusion to the contrary.
In this case ? as in the case of their
recommendation that no CIA personnel be
prosecuted for involvement in assassination
plots ? the Government lawyers seem to be
saying that the CIA should be above the law.
That position is an untenable one. No agency,
even if buttressed by presidential authoriza-
tion, should be allowed to set aside the
Constitution and federal statutes enacted un-
der it. Nor should individual federal agents.
feel free to ignore the law in the future on
grounds that they are acting on orders from
above. That extraordinarily permissive view,
plainly embodied in the Justice Department
recommendation, should be rejected by Attor-
ney Genera: Edward Levi.
12 ?
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LONDON TIMES
13 Aug. 1976
-Join the club
. .
have been invited to meet yet
'anOther. American .author who'
"
admits" to having been an
agent?no, a "deep cover
agent"?for the Central Intel-
ligence Agency. His name As
,Charlas' McCatry and he has
:written a novel which .suggests
Oat- President ? . Kennedy:. ,was
,killed as revenge for the death
of President Diem of South
Vietnam a few weeks earlier.
'
It seems to me that to have '
been a CIA agent is nowadays
,almost ? a.. prerequisite . for:
'literary success,' and I feel that
'I Should try to join the club
if 'my career irt to flourish.. It,
strikes me, though, that I might.
well have worked, for the 'CIA.
without knowing' it, assuming
my?cover was sufficiently deep...
I have, after all, been ? toz-most
,of the exotic parts of the world
where such -? agents operate.
Maybe they have used me sub-
liminally, 'and I. should:men.;
tion as. much on.. my book..
Jackets.. , ..?
-:;Trying to -entice me -to riteei-.
-McCarry, his publicity agent
..writes:- "He is an excellent
-Stibject for interview,. being A
:civilised, humorous and under..
standing person with - a good;
turn be phrase. Coming front
'an old-established American,
:familk he 'has none of the off;
putting brashness ? sometimes
associated with Americans."
Thank heavens heavens for that. Come
to think of it, I expect that is
why , the. CIA never called on.
mc.?, -Too. brash. Too
.putting..
."?.!. The drought situation is so
bad that "we could be fac!ug
.a drought situation by Octo-
ber" said Mr Kenneth hoherts
the authoriWs chid executive, ' ?
3-esterday.
e?.
saii yesterday's.1::Heiln
Telcgralth.
OL.1,
THE WASHINGTON POST
11 August 1976 ?
Daniel Schorr on
tghts or Reporters
By John, P. illacKelaie
,
ATLANTA?Suspended CBS news-
man Daniel Schorr appealed pester-
'day' for "an unofficial First. Amend-
inent", that would protect reporters'
free press rights when reporters clash
.with their employers.
Schorr. in limbo with CBS News
?since leaking a secret House Intelli-
gence .Committee. report. to The Village
Voice six months ago, called on "large
press enterprises" not to discipline re-
porters if they. go "outside normal
Channels" t6 have information pub-
lished in another medium:
. Be spoke at a. luncheon meeting of
the Individual Rights and Responsibil-
ities section Of the American. Bar As.
,sociation, which is holding its annual
convention here. On advice of his own
legal counsel?and with many legal
questions With his employer and- the
.11onse committee still unresolved?
Schorr declined to. say whether he
consulted his CBS superiors before ar-
ranging for the Voice to 'publish long
-excerpts *of the, text of the commit-
tee's report on abu s e s. by United
States intelligence. agencies.
"It has been istenishing," Sehorr.
'said, "how often I meet with impor-
tant persons in- the .news establish-.
ment, completely ready to argue such
matters as the professional necessity
of acting in the face of a House reso-,
lutiOn, the growing -"difficulty- of re-
porting in the face of A secrecy back-
lash, the issues of disclosure versus
national security and privacy?and
find myself having instead to argue
about the propriety of acting on my
own and who owns the information I' :
collect.
'When' did freedom of tt:e press
evolve into a franchise to be exercised
through large press enterprises?"
Schorr asked. "What has happened to
the basic concept of freedom of ex-
pression as a freedom for every
American?"
Schorr admitted that his questions
were "more complicated than they
sound," since, even reporters can
waive their rights of free expression
if they sign a contract giving a pub-
)isher or broadcaster control over the
WaY they use their talents. Yet, he
said, the questions should be raised
and considered. ?
"If government should not ? control
news," Schorr suggested,-. "then per-
.
-;13
haps-no- one-should: The First Amend-
ment says only that Congress' shall
make no law abridging the freedom of
the press and speech. Perhaps it is
time for some unofficial First Amend-
ment that says. no economic enter-
prise shall Make rules-abridging indi-
vidual freedoms of speech and press.
'Phold that the basic purpose of the
First 'Amendment is to -.promote the
broadest dissemination of legitimate
information through all channels--;
and ,not only established, authorized
channels. I would suggest that -the
First Amendment is not only the news
establishment's First Amendment but
it is every journalist's and every
American's. individual right and,
what's ? more,' individual responsibil-
ity?". .
In the beginning, Schorr noted, the
First Amendment was aimed at pro-
tecting pamphleteers like Thomas
Paine and handpress publishers in the
tradition of John Peter Zenger. More
recently it required "the great news ?
empires?The Washington Post-News---
week- Company. 'the Nes' York and
Los-Angeles Times companies, Time
Inc., yes, and CBS?to stand up to the
- Nixon administration and vindicate
the First Amendment
Schorr did make one disclosure:
Contrary to the recent testimony
Rep. James Stanton (D-Ohio). Schorr
said he never. -told Stanton that the
CIA was the source of his contraband
copy of the House committee report
'He said , that only CBS News in-
quired whether Stanton had been cor-
rect...If other news organizations had
called, Schorr said, they, would have
been told that he recalled no such
conversation with the congressman.
But any more discussion about
sources might. give the House Ethics
Committee, which has been investigat-
ing the leak. -an erroneous expecta-
tion about the usefulness of summon-
ing journalists" as witnesses, Schorr
said. Etc repeated that he will not di-
vulge his source and hopes the Ethics
Committee will remain "on its side of
the constitutional Great Divide" by
not calling him to the witness stand.
The audience, composed of the
ABA's minority of lawyers whose con-
cern is chiefly civil rights and civil
liberties, applauded Schorr warmly,
apparently as much for his televised
Watergate coverage as for his untele-
vised- fight with CBS and Congi ess.
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U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, June 28, 9978
HAT E *DORM'S
440,
V kw.DERING
Interview With
Brian Crozier,
ritish Authority
- Assassins live in a world apart, their goals
perplexing to most people. To learn about the
motives of violence, Robin Knight of U.S.
News & World Report talked with an expert.
At LONDON
0, Mr. Crozier, what did the terrorists in Lebanon stand to
gain from murdering the U.S. Ambassador?
A Normal criteria do not apply when assessing "gains" or
"losses" in a terrorist action of this kind.
From the terrorist standpoint, a number of advantages
result from the murder of an 'American ambassador in a
Lebanon-type situation:
One is symbolic. In the eyes of Marxist terrorists especially,
the representative of the United States stands as a symbol of
the "main citadel of capitalism and imperialism." To remove
him is considered a legitimate act of war.
In exactly the same way, the British Ambassador to Uru-
guay, Sir Geoffrey Jackson, was kidnaped by the Tuparnaros
for no personal reason but because he stood for something
labeled "imperialism."
There is also what might be termed the muscle-flexing
aspect. The terrorist group responsible for this particular
outrage demonstrated its capacity and will to act as it did.
Finally, there's a more general spin-off. The leftist side in
Lebanon is believed to be largely financed by Libya, which
has a big arms pact with the Soviet Union. The Syrians who
intervened, I believe genuinely, with the aim of separating
the combatants are also heavily armed by the Russians. To
ambush and murder the American Ambassador, his econom-
ic adviser and his Moslem chauffeur in these circumstances is
to divert attention to another alleged "enemy" even though
the United States is not a party to this conflict.
0, Will the murders set off another wave of terrorism?
A Not necessarily?this is a local incident. Nevertheless?
and unfortunate though it is that innocent people should be
endangered?it must be said that American representatives
in trouble spots will continue to be at risk. Any successful
terrorist action of this kind, even lithe culprits are punished,
'must add to the risks of emulation elsewhere.
O. Do Arab states actively support world terrorism?
A Yes, indeed. The main centers in the Middle East are in
Lebanon, largely because of the weakness of that state, and
Syria. The Syrians have backed terrorism in a deliberate way.
They're mostly concerned with the Palestinians, but they
have trained others?Turks, for example.
Iraq is involved, too.
The present Libyan regime is also in the game of exporting
terrorism. Indeed, Muammar Qadhafi has publicly boasted of
his aid to the IRA [Irish Republican Army] and to armed
organizations as far afield as the Philippines.
O. President Ford has demanded that the assassins in
Lebanon be brought to justice. Yet few terrorists are ever
tried for their crimes. Why is that?
A You have to distinguish between terrorism inside _a__ _
country and transnational terrorism. In Northern Ireland, for -
example, many terrorists have been brought to trial. But
although many have been tried, not all have been sentenced.
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GA1
e.
The reason is terrorism itself, which intimidates witnesses
and prevents convictions.
O. But the gang who attacked the meeting of the Organi-
zation of Petroleum Exporting Countries in Vienna has not
been returned by Algeria to stand trial in Austria, has it?
A No, and there's a good reason for that. Some countries
consider themselves revolutionary, and some regimes are
themselves the end result of terrorist campaigns.
This is true of the Algerian Government, which achieved
independence as recently as 1962 after a revolutionary war
in which terrorism played a major part. This means that the
Algerians are extremely reluctant to betray, as they see it,
their revolutionary ideals by handing over terrorists who
claim to be working for revolutionary causes.
a Have you developed a psychological profile of a typical
terrorist?
A Many terrorist groups have ideological or psychological
bonds?such as the common rejection of existing society.
And there's also a great impatience among young terrorists
to change the system of government overnight. This, more
than anything else, distinguishes terrorists even from politi-
cal extremists, who prefer not to resort to violence.
To all this you must add a desire for publicity, an innate
flamboyance and a complete contempt for human life. Their
motivation is always that "we're going to change everything,
and it doesn't matter how we do it." By the time they become
terrorists, I think they have gone beyond the point where
they are open to argument. What goes on in the mind of the
extremists is more important than any objective reality.
Basically, they want to make people conform to their
views,-force them into obedience. That's why they tend to
terrorize their own side. In many of the revolutionary
situations I've studied, the terrorists have killed far more of
their supporters than the so-called enemy.
O. Are terrorists for hire as killers or kidnaPers?.
A Yes, there are terrorist mercenaries?there's no ques-
tion about that.
The Palestinian Black September group, for instance, has
carried out murders, abductions and even drug running in
return for money, in some cases paid out by Middle East
governments.
0. How do terrorist groups recruit new members?
A It depends on the situation.
If you have a racial, ethnic or religious group that believes
itself to be an oppressed minority, it is likely to resort to
terrorism. It will attract members if it is successful and can
show that in a given situation it is stronger than the authori-
ties. It also means that those who belong to the same
minority who don't want to co-operate may be coerced into
doing so out of fear of reprisal.
And some people get involved out of a conviction that
there is no other way but violence.
a Are some terrorists in it just for the notoriety?
A In the last few years, a "Bonnie and Clyde" mentality
has emerged, as with the Japanese Red Army and the
Baader-Meinhof gang in Germany. What may start as a
Marxist movement rapidly becomes a group of youngish
people enjoying the thrills of terrorizing cities, defying
authority and living dangerously.
In fact, terrorism can become a way of life. But this is a
relatively new phenomenon. Terrorism of this kind?which
seems mindless and nihilistic to normal people?should be
distinguished from terrorism as a phase in the lengthy
process known as "revolutionary war."
This begins with the creation of a clandestine subversive
apparatus, goes on to terrorism and?at least in theory?ends
in a final offensive that topples a regime. I say "in theory.'
because in practice the process is rarely completed. The very
few examples include Algeria and Indo-China--and both
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were "colonial" situations.
? Do terrorist gangs pool their funds and expertise?
A Not to any great extent. Mostly each group has its own
funding organization which secures money by ordinary
crimes like bank holdups or kidnaping prominent business-
men and extorting very large ransoms. They keep whatever
they grab for themselves.
However, there is a great deal of information exchanged
on the technological side. Any new technique that becomes
available is readily handed on. And there may also be
common training schemes.
For instance, there have been links between the IRA and
the Basque [separatist] ETA movement in Spain, and also
between the IRA and some Palestinian groups. And in an
Arab training camp devoted to Palestinians, there will cer-
tainly be a proportion of other nationalities.
Similarly, in Cuba they've trained Africans in guerrilla.
warfare techniques.
Q How about weapons? Are these pooled?
A The truth is the supply of arms is not really a problem
for terrorists: There are so many of them around today. And
some terrorist groups are now enormously rich because of
their successful criminal activities. So if they're not given
weapons, they can easily buy them.
There is, however, an enormous traffic in arms, particular-
ly Russian. It's sometimes hard to say whether these Russian
arms are deliberately provided to terrorists or not, because of
successful clandestine techniques.
In some cases, however, we know the Russians have
definitely given weapons, training and money to certain
groups. Soviet arms, for instance, have gone to both the
Marxist and non-Marxist wings of the IRA.
Q How much is known about the possible involvement of
the Soviet Union?
A We have built up a reasonably complete picture in
recent years. We now know, for instance, that the Russians
have courses in terrorism for two distinct streams of candi-
dates: those from nonruling Communist parties and those
from "national-liberation movements" in "third world"
countries.
BALTIMORE SUN
10 August 1976
?
A notorious example is the terrorist known as "the Jackal"
[Bich Ramirez Sanchez], a Venezuelan who is reputed -to
have led the 1975 attack on OPEC headquarters in Vienna.
He was trained in Russia as a sharpshooter. Then there were
the two Syrians jailed in Holland for plotting to hijack a train
transporting Soviet Jews?who admitted they had been
trained in a camp outside Moscow.
Q Are these people actually Soviet agents?
A I can't prove it, but I don't believe the Russians have
any control over a man like the Jackal. They seem content to
turn such people loose and to support or train terrorist
groups that owe no allegiance to Moscow, merely as a
destabilizing device against non-Communist societies.
Fundamentally, however, they're more interested in train-
ing Communists in the techniques of violence in case such
skills are needed.
For example, they've trained many Spanish Communists
in their techniques. Although these courses ended when the
Spanish Communist Party took its distance from Moscow, the
Russians then arranged for similar courses to be made
available to the Spaniards in Rumania.
Q Is there any international answer to terrorism?co-
operation by governments, for example?
A I must say there are no immediate prospects of getting,
a universally recognized definition of terrorism and the
proper measures to deal with it. Until we do that, common
action is very difficult.
Anybody who has followed the debates on terrorism in the
United Nations can see immediately what the problem is:
Most governments now simply refuse to recognize that what
the Palestinians do is terrorism.
Unless it is possible to penalize countries harboring terror-
ists and to achieve some kind of unanimity in the treatment
of terrorists, we shall remain a long way from stamping out
terrorism.
O. Would terrorists be deterred if they knew no one would
give them asylum?
A All but the most fanatical probably would be. The
problem is that if there is a single government that refuses to
bring terrorists to trial or to extradite them to their countries
of origin to stand trial, then terrorism can go on.
Argentina Rejoins the Latin Nuclear Race
, Buenos Aires.
? Argentina's decision to dust off dormant
nuclear plans is reviving interest in the race
with Brazil to be the first country developing
nuclear weapons on the U.S. southern flank.
The race worries the U.S. as neither South
American nation signed.the nonproliferation
treaty. Although Argentina is currently
:ahead, the smart money is being bet on Bra-
zil. The International Institute for Strategic
Studies in London predicts Brazilian nuclear
weapons testing within eight years while Ar-.
gentina will need about 10 years.
Argentina inaugurated its first .nuclear
power plant in 1974. Brazil's first plant is
scheduled to open next year. But under the
previous corrupt and debt-ridden Peronist
government, Argentine plans stagnated for
lack .of money, which also caused a disas-
trous brain drain. Meanwhile, Brazil's mili-
tary government cut heavily into the lead.
Last year it signed a $10-billion agreement
with West Germany for a crash program to
buy reactors, technology and training.
Since coming to power March 24, a deter-
mined Argentine military government
pledged to revive atomic plans and lure back
scientists once the economy is stabilized: But
this determination is not expected to be
By AGOSTINO BONO
enough. Brazil has the momentum and the
stronger economic and industrial might.
The public reason for the nuclear plants
is generation of needed electrical energy in
both countries. The bomb threat arises be-
cause the processing of nuclear energy pro-
duces plutonium, the key ingredient for nu-
clear weapons. Argentina is already be-
lieved to have about 200 pounds of pluton-
ium, and 33 pounds are needed for a bomb.
When Argentina started producing nucle-
ar energy, "it opened the door to obtaining
an atomic bomb," explained Argentine phy-
sicist Jorge Sabato. "When Brazil possesses
its uranium enrichment plant, it will also
have the pertinent technology to explode a
nuclear bomb."
Argentina and Brazil officially deny mili-
tary plans for the atom, yet strongly hint at
weapons development. ?
Brazilian General Reynaldo Mello de Al-
meida, commander of the powerful first ar-
my, praised the agreement with West Ger-
many. The treaty "will put us in the condi-
tion to avoid whatever type of pressures
from other countries possessing nuclear
arms and energy," he said.
The disclaimers sound unconvincing to
the U.S. Rhode Island Senator John Pastore
criticized West Germany for placing a nucle-
ar threat on the southern flank of the U.S.,
equating this with Soviet missiles in Cuba.
The State Department tried to head off the
West German-Brazilian treaty, saying it was
lax on safeguards against military use.
United States opposition is viewed equal-
ly skeptically in Latin America. Latin
sources say the .real reasons for Washing-
ton's concern are economic and political
self-interest. Politically, the U.S. wants a
freeze to protect its hemispheric nuclear su-
premacy, many Latins argue. Economically,
the U.S. is said to be angry because its com-
panies have been losing out in the contracts.
Brazil signed with the West Germans, and
Argentina is buying from Canada and
France.
The U.S. also "wishes to assure access to
Brazil's uranium," complained Brazilian
Congressman Lysaneas Maciei. The Wt
German deal gives them special rights over
$5.1 billion worth of Brazilian uranium. Bra-
zil and Argentina are believed to have some
of the world's richest uranium deposits, and
as both nations increase their nuclear capac-
ities, less uranium will be available for U.S.
purchase, one Latin argument holds.
Mr. Bono is an American free-lance
correspondent covering Latin America.
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"Tia] I
The New York Times Magazine/July 18.1976
Is America's no-negotiating policy a deterrent or an invitation to murder?
y judigh 2fiHer.
WASHINGTON. Rockets rip through the United
States Embassy in Beirut... , An American military
adviser is gunned tlown on a street in Teheran....
In Khartoum, two American diplomats held hostage
by Palestinian terrorists are riddled with machine
gun bullets after demands for political concessions
are not met. . . Caskets containing the bodies of
an American Ambassador and his economic coun-
selor are received in Washington by President Ford
to a 19-gun salute. . ? .
Although the biggest headlines in the rising
incidence of international terrorism have gone to
Arab actions against Israeli nationals, such as the
slaying of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics in
Munich and the abduction and dramatic rescue of
the passengers of an Air France jet two weeks ago,
American Government missions abroad have also
been a primary target. In the 77 episodes from
1968 to 1975 in which hostages were held for ran-
som, the victims included about 30 American offi-
cials, six of whom were killed. And for nearly six
years now, Washington has adhered to a policy
of "no concessions" to the terrorists. It will not
accede to demands put forward as a condition for
the hostages' release, it will not negotiate such
terms, and it will not put pressure on other Govern-
ments to yield. In the Interests of deterring future
terrorism, America hangs tough.
ut now this rigid policy has come under fire.
Critics within the State Department and elsewhere
are calling for a more flexible approach?one that
would permit negotiations with terrorists and,
under certain circumstances, aceniescence to de-
mands for money and political concessions to save
American lives. This debate over the deterrent value
of. the hard-line policy has until recently been
shielded from public view, but now the critics have
begun to express their views more vociferously and
publicly.
The Israeli rescue of 103 hijacking hostages and
crew members from Entebbe Airport in Uganda
has called attention to the agonizing decisions that
confront American policy makers when American
hostages are involved. Fortunately, terrorism is
still an insignificant form of violence in terms of
numbers. Between 1968 and mid-I975, only 250
people were killed in terrorist episodes?less than
the annual homicide rate of any major American
city. But terrorism cannot be measured by statistics.
It is violence in its most pernicious form; its vic-
tims are the innocent; it is unpredictable. And its
impact is all the greater because it makes one's
own Government seem either helpless or heartless
?unable to protect its citizens or callous in the
remedies its employs.
The United States has chosen the hard-line ap-
proach well aware of its limitations and liabilities.
State Department proponents of this policy know,
for instance, that it is likely to make Washington
seem indifferent to the safety of Foreign Service
officials and American citizens abroad. The Ford
Administration, nonetheless, is deeply committed
Judith Miller is the Washington correspondent of
The Progressive.
to the hard line, and the American response to
terrorism is not likely to change so long as Henry
Kissinger remains Secretary of State. But unrest
within the State Department over the current
stance is growing; there is little ground for hope
that acts of terrorism involving Americans will sub-
side in the near future, and the whole dilemma is
likely to come up for reassessment by the next
Administration.
0
In the early 60's, terrorist incidents were rare.
In 1968, however, diplomatic kidnappings and at-
tempted assassinations increased markedly in num-
ber. Among the victims that year were four Ameri-
can officials kidnapped and killed in Latin America
and two wounded. Washington dealt with each inci-
dent as it occurred; there was no consistent policy.
In some cases, the Government ignored the terror-
ists' demands; in others, while refusing to pay
ransom, Washington pressed the Governments of
the countries where the abductions took place to
meet the terrorists' conditions. For example, when
Ambassador Charles Burke Elbrick was kidnapped
in Brazil in 1969, the United States put pressure
on Brazil to free 15 "political prisoners," as de-
manded by the captors.
Brazil reluctantly complied,
and the Ambassador was re-
leased, unharmed.
In July 1970, Dan Mitrione,
an American public-safety
adviser stationed in Uruguay,
was abducted by the Tupa-
maros, the "urban guerrillas"
then on the rampage in that
country. In the developing
drama (which has been fic-
tionalized in the Costa-
Gavras movie "State of
Siege") the Uruguayan Gov-
ernment rejected the Tupa-
maros' offer to release
Mitrione in exchange for a
group of political prisoners.
At this juncture. Washington's
policy hardened. As one State
Department official said, "We
decided not to pressure the
Uruguayans to meet the ter-
rorists' demands. We were
beginning to realize that such
actions would only encourage
others to use the same tactic."
Efforts to rescue Mitrione
were unsuccessful. His deed
body was found in an aban-
doned car.
The number of terrorist in-
cidents rose sharply in 1971,
but it was not until the
slaughter at the 1972 Olym-
pics that the United States
began to take concerted
counteraction. President
Nixon established a Cabinet
Committee to Combat Terror-
ism, composed of the Secre-
taries of State, Defense,
Treasury and Transportation,
the Attorney General, the
Ambassador to the United
Nations, the directors of the
C.I.A. and the F.B.I., and the
President's top national-secu-
rity and domestic-policy aides.
.The committee appointed a
Working Group of officials of
these and other Government
agencies. This group, meeting
twice a week, began to lay
down plans for coordinated
action. What it boiled down
to was "no concessions."
On the evening of March 1,
1973, that policy was put to
its first major test.
In Khartoum, capital of the
Sudan, eight Palestinians of
the Black September terrorist
faction stormed and seized
the Saudi Arabian Embassy
during a farewell party for
the deputy chief of the Ameri-
can mission, George Curtis
Moore. They soon released
all their prisoners except two
Arab diplomats, the Belgian
charge d'affaires, American
Ambassador Cleo A. Noel Jr.,
and Moore. In exchange for the
lives of these five, the Pale-
stinians demanded the release
of hundreds of "political
prisoners" held in the Mideast
and the West?including Sir-
ban Sirhan, the slayer, of
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Robert Kennedy.
The Working Group in
Washington assembled an
emergency task force, which
set up camp in the State De-
partment's Operations Center,
a communications room down
the hall from the office of the
Secretary of State. Telex mes-
sages from the embassy in
Khartoum were- speeded to
?various members of the Gov-
ernment by phone, pneumatic
tube and a facsimile trans-
mitter equipped with a scram-
bler to insure secrecy. Presi-
dent Nixon sent a Deputy
Under Secretary of State,
William Macomber Jr., to
Khartoum to advise the Su-
danese in their negotiations
with Black September. ?
It seemed to many on the
task force that there was a
chance of saving the hostages'
Jives. A cable from the embas-
sy in Khartoum said Black
September had dropped all its
demands except for what
seemed to be its bedrock con-
dition?release of 17 Palestin-
ian guerrillas imprisoned by
the Jordanian Government
after the suppression of the
Palestinian commando forces
on Jordanian soil. Macomber
and his entourage landed in
Cairo. The publicity sur-
rounding their mission ap-
peared to have pleased the
Palestinians. There were indi-
cations that they were pre-
pared to fly to Cairo with
their hostages, to continue
the negotiations there. -
Quite suddenly, things
seemed to fall apart. Black
September refused to move
the talks to the Egyptian capi-
tal. Macomber, setting off for
Khartoum, was diverted by a
sandstorm. The guerrillas is-
sued a "final deadline" for the
release of their comrades in
Jordan. The Jordanian Govern-
Ment refused to comply. At a
White House press conference,
reporters asked President Nix-
on about the Sirhan Sirhan
demand. He' replied that the
United States would not give
in to blackmail. "We cannot
do so and we will not do so,"
he said. "Now, as to what
can be done to get these peo-
ple released, Mr. Macomber
is On his way there for dis-
cussions; the Sudanese Gov-
ernment is working on the
problem . . . but we will not
pay blackmail."
The cables to the task force
became increasingly ominous.
The Palestinians, who, from
all indications, were growing
anxious and irritated, heard
of Nixon's widely reported
statement. Soon afterward,
they permitted Ambassador
Macomber was on his way to
Khartoum from Asmara and
would arrive later that
evening. "That will be too
late," the Ambassador said.
The next morning, the Pales-
tinians gave themselves up.
The bodies of the two Ameri-
cans and the Belgian were
found .in the basement.
The new American policy
was given more official ex-
pression by the President a
few days later at a State De-
partment ceremony honoring
Noel and Moore. "All of us
would have liked to have
saved the lives of these two
brave men," Nixon said. "But
they knew and we knew that
in the event we had paid in-
ternational. blackmail, - it
would have saved their lives,
but it would have endangered
the lives of hundreds of others
all. over the world, because
once the terrorist has a de-
mand that is made, that is
satisfied, he then is encour-
aged to try it again; that that
is why the position of your
Government has to be one,
in the interest of preserving
life, of not submitting to inter-
national blackmail or extor-
tion any place in the world.
That is our policy, and that
is the policy we are going to
continue to have." ?
The death of the two popu-
lar diplomats stunned the For-
eign Service. For many in the
State Department, the shock
was followed by anger. Some
felt the handling of the inci-
dent had been bungled. Sever-
al Foreign Service officers de-
manded a full-scale study of
the Khartoum episode instead
of the routine post-mortem
conducted by the Working
Group. Seven months later,
the Rand Corporation, the
California-based "think tank,"
was hired to review the whole
question of negotiating for the
release of kidnapped diplo-
mats and to make recommen-
dations. Khartoum was one of
some 30 cases to be examined.
The project was headed by
Brian Jenkins, a senior Rand
analyst who had long been
warning the State Department
of the growing threat of
terrorism.
? Last May, a draft of the re-
port was issued in the form
of working notes and was cir-
culated for limited distribu-
tion within the State Depart-
ment. Those familiar with the
work describe it as an anal-
ysis and indictment ? of the
hard-line policy.
One? of the fundamental
errors made in the Khartoum
incident, according to the
White House press conference
at the time Macomber was on
his way to Khartoum. "The
guidance given to him
[Nixon], if asked about the af-
fair, was to remain noncom-
mittal," Jenkins wrote. "[The]
President's statement ... sug-
gested that there was not
much to negotiate, even when
Macomber arrived. . . s
[Macomber's] long flight was
working as a stall, which the
President's statement may
have effectively torpedoed."
Moreover, Jenkins added, Ma-
comber was sent half-way
around the globe from Wash-
ington, with the result that
no American in a position of
authority arrived in Khartoum
in ? time; sending someone
closer might have made more
sense. And when Macomber
was dispatched, no one in
Washington had a clear idea
of what he was supposed to
do or why he was being sent.
Among ienkins's recom-
mendations were that high-
level Government officials re-
main silent during such epi-
sodes, that all official state-
ments be checked with the
task force set up to handle
the crisis, and that all infor-
mation to the press be
screened. Even a biographical
sketch listing a kidnapped
diplomat's previous assign-
ments can have a detrimental
impact on his chance of sur-
vival, Jenkins argued, since he
may have been accredited to
a Government regarded by the
terrorists as their enemy. The
Working Group has accepted
these recommendations and
revised its guidelines accord-
ingly. It has also agreed with
his finding that greater exper-
tise and professionalism are
required, and it is expanding
its membership to include'
psychiatrists, police special-
ists and others experienced in
"coercive bargaining" with
terrorists: The most contro-
versial section of the study,
however, deals with the effi-
cacy of the "no-concessions"
policy.
The current hard-line posi-
tion, Jenkins points out, is
based on the assumptions
that, first, refusing to negoti-
ate, pay ransom or make po-
litical concessions ,deters ter-
rorists from kidnapping
American officials; and, sec-
ond, that any deviation from
such a policy would lead to
a proliferation of such inci-
dents. Both in his still-classi-
fied study and in his public
writings, Jenkins contends
that the evidence to support
draft report, was Nixon's "no
Noel to speak by telephone these assumptions is
to his embassy. Noel was tolA pti5kidtilt3r ittAting 200.11108/0,agagy_
' RE1Fgelt Q4 r3R-(1QP I
PP
17
he reasons, has many objec-
tives; the wringing of conces-
-sions is only one of them, and
often not the most important;
the terrorists may, for exam-
ple, be hoping to gain publici-
ty for their cause and project
themselves as a force that
merits recognition. One objec-
tive the terrorists do not have,
he argues, is mass murder.
"Terrorists want a lot of peo-
ple watching and a lot of peo-
ple listening, not a lot of peo-
ple dead," he told the House
International Relations Com-
mittee during hearings last
summer. Their target, there-
fore,. is not so much the hos-
tage as the larger audience.
In this sense, terrorism is
theater.- A hard-line policy,
while it can add to the theatri-
cal effect, can do little to
deter. .
?
Jenkins has- considerable
support for his views among
other experts on the subject.
Prof. Richard Falk, of
Princeton University, told the
same committee, "We don't
have real evidence that deter-
rence works." While agreeing
with Jenkins that massacring
large numbers of hostages
does not fall within the politi-
cal terrorist's plans, Falk held
that in some cases the deaths
of some hostages "actually
serves the interest of the ter-
rorist group better than would
the receipt of ransom de-
manded (release of prisoners,
money, etc.)." Hence, he said,
the hard-line policy can often
play into the terrorists' hands.
What really deters, accord-
ing to Jenkins, is not a hard
line during the crisis but
determined action afterward
to capture and conviot the ter-
rorists. In this country, he
says, there have been only
647' kidnappings for ransom,
in the past 30 years?and the
reason is not far to seek.
"If one looks at the record of
ransom payment, the ransom
has almost always been paid
by the family. . . '. [But] of
the 647 cases, all but three
have been solved. The F.E1.
has a better than 90 percent
capture record. The convic-
tion, rate is extremely high,
and the sentences are harsh."
Hence the relative unpopu-
larity of kidnapping for ran-
som within the United States.
This argument is supported
by the American Foreign
Service Association, the For-
eign Service officers' "trade
union." The association- has
established a Committee on
Extraordinary Dangers to ne-
gotiate with the State Depart-
0039001)(42ernent on prob-
Approved FarRelease-2001-108/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100390003-2-
lems of terrorism, and there
have been frequent- meetings
with Kissinger and his top
aides. The committee has
several objectives.
. One is better protection for
the 31,000 American officials
stationed overseas?and, in
that regard, much has been
done already. Congress has
appropriated 2() million for
closed - television monitoring
systems, electronic alarms, ar-
mored cars, extra Marine
guards at American Embas-
sies and other security meas-
ures; and American officials?
and businessmen. living
abroad?are briefed on the ,
rudimentary precautions they;
should take for their own
. safety. Another dams id ? ?
Is for broader medical
coverage for former hos-
tages and their families.
But the committee's main
complaint is against what
Its members see as the
'State Department's un-
willingness to impose
strong sanctiens against
.governments that harbor
terrorists or allow them
to go free.
The Department's rec-
ords on that score sub-
stantiate the cosnplaint.
A terrorist involved in a
kidnapping has about an
80 percent chance of es-
caping death or capture.
For those who are caught
and tried, the average
sentence has been only 18
months. Of the 257 inter-
national terrorists appre-
hended since 11970, Hess
than half were still in jail
as of September 1975. In
the Xhartoum case, the
Black September guerril-
7ne 'entre convicted of mut--
een r`I'd sentenced by the
SetTteese to life imprison-
727 ent. Soon after, how-
even, ell were flown. to
EjnI7t, where they are
new ?living under "house
nrair a brief
period, the United States
Ambassador to the Sudan
was withdrawn and aid
. was suspended. When the
flap died down, normal
relations were restored.
"What good is a 'hang
' tough' postuee during a
kidnapping," said a For-
eign Service committee
representative, "if the De-
partment is unwilling to
be firm on pressure for
punishment? They're per-
fectly willing 'to sacrifice
us in the narrie off deter-
rence, but unwilling to
rock the diplomatic boat
afterward."
As to the 'hang-tough
polley fiteeL, the Foreign
Service has not taken a
formal position. Some of
its members support it.
Others are critical of it,
and added their voices to
the calls for a more flex-
ible policy that were
heard charring a two-day
conference on interna-
tional terrorism spon-
sored by the State
Department three months
ago.
0
Despite the growing
criticism within and out-
side the Government, the
State Department clung
to the hard-line approach
in word and deed.
In May 1973, just a few
months after the Ithaia
town incident, Terrance
Leonhardy, United States
Consul General in Guada-
lajara, was kidnapped by
t-wing militants, who
demanded that the Mexi-
can authorities release 30
Assailers and read the
kidnappers' communiqu?
over the air. According to
a State Department offi-
cial familiar with the epi-
sode, the United States
counseled against acqui-
escence. But the Mexican
Government complied.
with the demands and
Leonhardy was releas
unharmed.
In March 1974, the
United States refused to
comply with demands for
money made by the kid-
nappers of Vice Consul
John Patterson, stationed
in Hermosillo, Mexico. De-
spite the efforts of his
family to meet the de-
mands, Patterson's body
was found near Hermo-
sillo in July.
- During the crisis, Lewis
Hoffacker, then head of
the Cabinet Committee to
Combat Terrorism, reaf-
firmed the "no-conces-
sions" policy in Congres-
sional hearings. "Tactics
vary in each crisis situa-
tion," he said, "but one
consistent factor should
be understood by all
parties concerned: The
United States Govern-
ment will not pay ransom
to kidnappers, nor will it
release prisoners to satis-
fy blackmail demands.
We advise other Govern-
ments, individuals and
companies to adopt simi-
lar positions because we
believe to do otherwise
will multiply terrorist at-
tacks."
In the summer of 1975,
three American students
were kidnapped in Telm-
a
For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100390003-2
Approved
ala. The ransom was
raised by their families,
and the students were
released. But the Ameri-
can Ambassador, W.
Beverly Carter Jr., was
sternly Reprimanded by
Kissinger for his involve-
ment in the negotiations.
"It is our policy, in order
to save lives and in order
to avoid undue pressure
on Ambassadors cli over
? the world." lessingee told
reporters, "that American
Ambassadors and
dals not participate in
negotiations on the re-
? lease off victims of terror-
ists, and that terrorists
know that the Unieel
States will not participate
in the payment of ransom
and in the negotiations
for it. In any individual
case, this requires heart-
breaking decisions .
but there are impaRtaret
issues of principle in-
volved hese."
State Department offi-
cials who support that
policy _insist that it does
deter terrorism. They
point out that other gov-
ernments that have had
a more flexible policy?
West Germany, the Neth-
erlands and Britain ?
have recently toughened
their positions on negoti-
ations and ransom pay-'
ment. They argue that
kidnappings of diplomats
would have increased at
an even steeper rate had
the United States net held
firm to its position. In (the
absence of international
agreement on a cede of
sanctions and punishment
?one men's "terrorist"
is, in many instances,
another man's "ffettetiom
fighter"--it should he,
they contend, the obliga-
tion of each government
to demonstrate to the ter-
rorists that their tactics
will be unproductive.
The hard-line eperoach,
these officials claim can
sometimes even enhance
the victim's own bargain-
ing power. By way of en-
ample they point to the
1974 kidnapping of Bar-
bara Hutchison, of the
United States Informetion
Agency, by terrorists in
the Dominican Republic
who sought the release of
imprisoned comrades. She
persuaded her captors to
free her by convincing
them that the United
States would never pres-
sure the Dominican Gov-
ernment to eccede to
their demands cad tat
killing her would be
Actually, the Jenkins
recommendations would
retain some of the bene-
fits, real or imagined, of
the present posture. A
flat "no-concessions" poli-
cy, he says, limits, the
range of possible re-
sponses and stifles inno-
? vative action aimed at
saving a hostage's life.
Those managing these
crisis situations, he con-
tends, should not be
forced to rule out any op-
tion in advance. Nothing
should be prohibited--ei-
their negotiating formally,
or bargaining informally
or secretly, or even pay-
ing ransom, if it can be
arranged through third
parties without publicity.
In other words, the Unit-
ed States could continue
to espouse a hard line
publicly, while becoming
more flexible privately.
Jenkins "smisses the
objection that such a two-
tier policy would readily
become apparent in the
era of Watergate journal-
ism. Because each inci-
dent is unique and com-
plex, there is already a
degree of ambivalence
and confusion surround-
ing such episodes. When
Col. Edward Morgan was
held hostage in eirut last
year, the United States
publicly refused to con-
sider ransom. But ransom
was ? paid?ostensibly by
a group of unidentified
Lebanese businessmen?
and the colonel was
released. While Washing-
ton officials insist that
the United States did not
deviate from its "no-con-
cessions" line, they con-
cede that speculation
about the source of the
funds persists. The
American Government,
Jenkins suggests, ought
to be able to capitalize
on ambivalence of this
kind. "To assume that
private flexibility would
immediately become ap-
parent is to assume gross
stupidity and incompe-
tence in the management
of such crises."
There is another con-
sideration that is often
cited by Jenkins's sup-
porters within the State
Department?the difficul-
ty for any government to
implement a "no-coeces-
sions" policy consistently
and evenhandedly. The
United States would not
negotiate for the lives of
Noel and Moore in Khar-
toum, but would it refuse
APproved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100390603-2
to negotiate or consider
ransom if the hostage
were Henry Kissinger or
Susan Ford?
Even Israel, regarded
as an exemplar of the
toughest policy possible,
has negotiated with ter-
rorists in several particu-
larly difficult hostage
episodes. After an El Al
jet. was hijacked to
Algiers' in 1968, Israel
agreed to release Arab
prisoners as a gesture of
"goodwill" to save the
plane's crew and passen-
gers. A year later, Israel
exchanged two captured
Syrian Air Force pilots
for two Israeli hostages-
of a hijacking. The Israelis
were also willing to
I negotiate with the Pale-
stinians for captured
Israeli schoolchildren in
the town of Ma'alot in
1974. In that instance,
deciding the negotiations
would not prove fruitful,
the Israelis stormed the
school and one of the ter-
rorists sprayed the chil-
dren with bullets, result-
ing in the death of 24.
The raid on Entebbe
Airport has renewed de-
bate within the Adminis-
Monday, August 16, 1976
tration. Some see the
Israeli action as vindi-
cating the hard-line ap-
proach. Acording to this
view, the Israeli "nego-
tiations" were merely a
shield behind which the
Government planned its
bold and risky mission.
Others come to the op-
posite conclusion. They
believe the Israeli offi-
cials who insist that the
negotiations were serious,
and they thus see the
talks as a departure from
Israel's usual hard-line
policy. Whatever the case
?and officials here have
no hard evidence to con-
tradict the Israeli asser-
tions of good faith?policy
makers believe the Israeli
response to the hijacking
is not relevant to American
planning and decision-
making. "The option the
Israelis chose," said one
high-level official, "would
never be possible for us."
The feeling is that Israel,
already a pariah to many
in the United Nations,
stood to lose little
through such an assault,
whereas the United
States, as a world power,
could not engage in such
unorthodox action with-
out suffering a tremen-
dous loss of prestige.
, The United States role
as superpower, Adminis-
tration officials, argue,
also limits the retributive
action that Washington
can seek against nations
harboring terrorists or al-
lowing them to go free.
While the United States
may like to "punish"
such nations, the officials
say, broader foreign-
policy interests often
make the withholding of
economic and military
aid, or the withdrawal
of an ambassador, coun-
terproductive. In addi-
tion, given the year-long
Congressional investiga-
tion of the C.I.A. and
other intelligence agen-
cies, formation of special
squads to hunt down and
capture or kill interna-
tional terrorists has
been ruled out as an op-
tion. Finally, the United
States has publicly sup-
ported solutions to in-
ternational terrorism
throughr4the United Na-
tions, and extreme uni-
lateral responses such as
the Entebbe mission
would not be consistent
THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
Lebanese rightists join
secret world terrorist tasks
By a staff correspondent of
The Christian Science Monitor
Beirut, Lebanon
Lebanon's civil war has sparked plans for a
clandestine, worldwide Maronite Christian ter-
rorist organization, aimed at secret warfare
against the Palestinian Arabs and their suppor-
ters.
The plans were discussed at a meeting in
Bogota, Colombia, in July attended by a hand-
ful of Lebanese emigres from South America,
West Africa, and the United States and repre-
sentatives of extremist Lebanese Christian
groups.
A-Source with direct knowledge of the Bo-
gota meeting said the proposed organization
would be activated only "if the Palestinians
really get out of hand" following capture Au-
gust 12 of their major stronghold in the Tel al-
Zaatar refugee camp in east Beirut.
Another source with less direct knowledge
'described the nascent group as "having some
,characteristics of Israel's Mossad [the Israeli
secret overseas intelligence agency], the spe-
.cial operations branch of the U.S. Central In-.
telligence Agency, and, if you like, the former
Secret Army Organization (OAS) in Algeria."
.The OAS was a French settler group which hi
1960-62 tried unsuccessfully to block Algerian
independence and later to assassinate French
President de Gaulle.
Allusions to Israeli counterterror tactics
may not be empty .threats. 'Especially from
Approved For
1970 to 1973, Israeli commandos tracked down
and murdered confirmed or suspected Pales-
tinian terrorist and guerrilla intelligence
agents in such cities as Paris, Rome, Nicosia,
and Cologne.
This was one of the Israeli responses to Pal-
estinian and international terrorism. More re-
cently, such terrorism is thought by the Maro-
nites here to be the work of what they call
"the international Left" ? Cubans, the Japa-
nese "Red Army," the gang headed by the Ve-
nezuelan "Carlos" and others, all of whom the
Maronites now think are fighting on the side of
the Palestinians against them in Lebanon.
Some, they say, were captured when the be-
sieged Tel al-Zaatar camp was overrun. Al-
though the Soviet KGB (secret service) has
been careful to cover the tracks of any in-
volvement in -the Lebanese conflict, right-wing
Christian officers told this reporter their men
had captured and then killed a Russian.agent
or technician at Tel al-Zaatar about five
weeks before its fall. He carried no identi-
fication papers, but spoke fluent Hussain and
with the stated American
goal of achieving an in-
ternational consensus.
Therein lies the full
painfulness of the dilem-
ma, "Be more flexible,
do everything possible to
save our people's lives
during the crisis ? and
come down hard after-
ward on the terrorists
and those who support or
tolerate their actions,"
say the critics of the
present policy. "But we're
already as flexible as we
can be," reply the policy
makers. "We communi-
cate with the kidnappers
-through third parties in
every way short of nego-
tiation or bargaining. We
take advantage of every
option we have. The in-
escapable fact is that
some options during and
after the crisis are simply
not open to us." It is also
inescapable that the ter-
rorists are becoming in-
creasingly sophisticated,
daring and innovative,
and the pressure on the
United States Govern-
ment to match them in
these attributes can only
increase.
only a little broken Arabic, they added.
The Maronite map, it finally activated,
might try to operate among Palestinian and
other Arab emigres in Persian Gulf oil states,
the Americas, and in West Africa. It would
strike at sources of arms and money for Yas-
ser Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization,
as well as at extremist splinter groups.
Both leading Christian parties here, the pha-
.lange controlled by Pierre Gemayel and his
sons, and the national liberals of ex-president
Camille Chamoun, could furnish recruits, al-
though the party leaderships officially frown
on terrorism outside Lebanon.
An anti-Palestinian terrorist brigade might
not carry an open Maronite label. It ? might
carry heavy membership of more extremist
Maronite groups like the Guardians of the Ce-
dars and the Lebanese youth movement.
On the clerical side, the League of Maronite
Monks, controlled by Father Charlie' Kassis,
now touring the United States to win support
for the Maronite cause, would fall under suspi-
cion of the leftists whether or not it were ac-
tually involved.
19
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I'9E WASHINGTON POST
August 16, 1976
IP e7u9s Cle 1 j
By Joanne Omang
Washington Post Foreign Service
TINGO MARIA, Peru?A light
spring green in color that contrasts
with the dark mat of the surrounding
jungle, the fields of coca bushes here
roll away over the hills to the horizon
in a two-tone patchwork seamed by
the muddy Huallaga River.
A visitor can have a sickly sweet
Inca Kola at the Cafe El Gringo on
the rutted main street and ask any-
body?discreetly, of course?about the
town's biggest indtistry, the coca leaf.
,It is raw material for the white joy-
dust or cocaine, here called oro blanco,
'or white gold. The -growing American
taste for it has been a financial bonanza
for Tingo Maria.
A few years back, everybody grew
tea or coffee or bananas. Not any-
'more.
"Well, the bananas would rot some- ?
times before we could get them out to
market, especially in the rainy season.
Then disease killed the coffee crops
. three or four years ago, and tea really
is a lot of work for very little Money,"
. said a straw-hatted farmer over his
beer.
" Coca, on the other hand, he contin-
ued, takes virtually no care, grows
well on the seamy near-vertical hill-
sides and brings in six crops a year.
"You just strip the leaves and then
poof, another crop in 58 days," he
said.
Much of the coca in Tingo Maria is
legal. Peru, according to the govern-
ment's National Coca Enterprise, is
the world's largest producer, growing
an official crop of 10,450 tons on
40,860 licensed acres, an area the size
of the District of Columbia.
The actual planting is probably
about 57,000 acres, however, according
to the enterprise's administrator, Ale-
jandro Costa. Drug control sources es-
timate the dried coca leaf production
at more than double the official level
?perhaps 22,000 tons, or 70 per cent
of the werld's crop.
Soaked with kerosene in makeshift
cement-lined pits, the dried leaves
'yield a rubbery scum or paste of
about 1 per cent of their weight. The
paste is treated in clandestine labora-
tories in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia
to become cocaine hydrochloride at
half or more the weight of the paste. In
other words, Peru's estimated illegal
leaf production of roughly 12,000 tons
alone could yield 60 tons or more of
' pure cocaine, and probably does. Vir-
tually all o it goes to the United
States.
The crop of legal coca leaves theo-
retically has another fate, although
much of it probably is also made into
white gold. Only 627 tons are ex-
ported, 55 tons reduced to cocaine
paste for Europe where it becomes no-
vocaine and other anesthetics. The
rest goes as leaves to U.S. companies
such as 'the Stepan Chemical Co. of
New Jersey, which produces non-drug
flavorings for soft drinks. "How do
you think Coca-Cola got its name?"
asked Costa.
The rest of the legal leaves are all
officially accounted for as chewed or
y-Dusg I
made into tea by the country's 3 mil-
lion native Indians, the vast majority
illiterate and poverty-ridden.
Bus drivers munch the leaf with
lime to stay awake on long ;trips. IR
poverished villagers chew coca ? in:
of food to drive away hunger
pains. Tired women carrying enor-
mous bundles of goods to market use
it to fight their fatigue. Sheperds on
the high altiplano combat the cold
and altitude sickness with the coca
leaf's gentle stimulation. For those not'
hungry or tired, the leaf often seems
only to make the mouth - slightly
numb:-
. .. -
"We have in mind the slow and
gradual elimination of the habit of
chewing," said Costa. "It will take
massive education and a long' -time."!
He estimated that about 26,000 Peru-
vians earn a living from the coca in-
dustry, among them 3,000 distributor-
businessmen and 18,000 producers. At
the farm-income level it is a $61 mil-
lion a year legal business." - -
Some 2,500 of the producers live in
and around Tingo Maria, Costa esti-
mated. A town and district only 37
years old, with 30,000 residents, its
pastel stucco and graying wood build-,
pigs occupy the only flat space for
miles among jutting jungle-covered
mountains on the eastern slope of the
Andes.
The mountain skyline behind the
'town, natives like to point out, looks
like a big-bellied woman lying down'
and is called "the sleeping beauty."
Gaily painted wooden trucks, splat-
tered with mud, rattle emptily through
town after unloading dozens of peas-
ants at the Saturday night traveling
fair.
"The place is half-mafiosi," grumbled
a dry-goods store manager. "They have
all the money and all they buy is
liquor." Dealers for the paste .arrive
every so often in small private planes
at the dirt airstrip, several persons
related, and are wined and dined at'
the few large coca plantations:
?Most of thelegat and-illegal eocg IS
grown or, the same estates, enforce-
ment officers said, with the illicit
leaves concealed under false .produc-
tion figure documents. Recently, how-
ever, small, landholders created under
Peru's agrarian reform have begun
converting plots of two acres or so to
coca, occasionally surrounding it with
screens 'of other crops.
"Some people changed their life-
styles overnight," said Tingo Maria's
'government-appointed mayor, Jose
Suito Medina.
The going official rate at the farm
is $1.40 a pound for d.?ied leaves, or
about $1,100 per acre per year. That
is well above the Peruvian per capita
average income of about $600. The un-
official rate, however, is $320 for an
illegal pound of coca paste three
times the legal price for the amount
of leaves necessary to make it. The
half-pound of cocaine it produces
might in turn bring $13,500 hi street
sales in the eastern United States, ac-
cording to Washington officials.
The only real evidence of now wealth
is the big Ainerican-made cars that
jounce incongruously through the pot-
r U.S.
holed dirt streets. Stores are well-
stocked and high-priced, but they carry
goods normal in rural Peru rather than
luxury items: plastic shoes for $10,
work shirts for $5.
"Nobody wants to show off their
money," said Rolando del Aguila, ad-
ministrator of the government-run
Turistas Hotel. "But the restaurants
and bars are always full, and you can
never get a seat on the plane to
Lima."
Mayor Suito lamented the tax rev-
enue the government loses to the il-
legal coca trade. Tinge/ Maria's legal
production of 3.8 million pounds in
1975 brought in $185,000 in taxes at
half a cent per pound, but the mayor
said decent enforcement could in-
crease the take by a third.
"I'd hire professionals and pay them
well, so they couldn't be bought, give
them a gun and a vehicle and have
them estimate production right there
on the farms. That way the growers
couldn't use false papers later on."
He admitted that the job would be
dangerous, noting that three persons
have been killed here in coca-deal
fights in the last year. He also agreed
that elimination of illegal coca would
cause suffering among the citizens.
."I'd like to eliminate it, but what'
would people do then?" he asked.
."Nothing grows on the land after-
ward."
Drug enforcement officials question
the common notion that coca drains
the soil of all its nutriments. They say
crop substitution is a long-range proj-
ect awaiting discovery of a product re-
motely similar in income.
But the only real industry in Tingo
Maria other than coca is the Mapresa
Lumber Mill and Fibreboard Factory,
which employs 250 persons at $3 a day.
Around it stretch the coca fields,
where ragged sharecroppers with eyes
devoid of expectations tend the corps.
Some of these people were among
those arrested a few months ago in a
Massive police raid that has grown in
the retelling. Local versions now say
Interpol sent 150?or was it 300??
agents disguised variously as tourists,
hippies, prostitutes and businessmen
into Tingo Maria to arrest more than
a hundred' people. Local police, laugh-
ing at the tale, said maybe two dozen
people were arrested by 10 or 12 na-
tional narcotics agency officers. Every-
-one agrees, however, that important
figures escaped, warned in advance by
their local contacts.
? There are four U.S. Drug Enforce-
ment Administration men attached to
the American embassy in Lima, offer-
ing case-solving advice and training
programs to Peruvian officials. U.S.
All) has supplied six vehicles, but no
weapons or aircraft have been offered,
embassy spokesmen said.
But eliminating the coca traffic does
not rank high on Peru's national
agenda, and the most ambitious project
is a request for a U.S.-financed aerial
photo study of the extent of the prob-
lem. "It's realty impossible to contfol,"
said Costa. Other drug enforcement
officals were more graphic. "It's like
trying to empty the ocean with a sand-
pail," said one.
20
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E. EcosomisT AUGUST 14, 11.476
Pluto's children
?
An act of joint self-control, please, by the world's nuclear exporters?or the
spread of plutonium could produce up to 40 nuclear powers by 1985
One of the nicest things about President Amin of
Uganda, Colonel Qaddafi of Libya, Mr Ian Smith
of Rhodesia, the Provisional IRA and the . Baader-
. Meinhof gang is that none of them has any nuclear
weapons. Not yet. If, in a few years' time, an A-bomb
becomes almost as normal an item in everybody's
armouries as a grenade or a sub-machinegun, the con-
dition of mankind will be drastically changed. How
could this happen? Too easily. You?or, at least, your
fairly average MIT student?can design a bomb in five
weeks, using only the information that is obtainable in
libraries. You need only a dozen pounds of plutonium;
and all over the world there are reactors. blithely creat-
ing the stuff as a mere by-product of electric power, at
a rate already nearing 25 tons a year.
India demonstrated two years ago just how easy it
is to evade controls and use the by-product .to make a
bomb. And this week Mr Kissinger admitted the "high
probability " that some heavy water which. the Ameri-
cans supplied to India for its nuclear power plants had
been instrumental in producing the plutonium for
India's 1974 nuclear explosion. This revelation, along
with the American decision last month to sell still more
uranium to India, was clearly one reason why Pakistan's
Mr Bhutto would not be persuaded by Mr Kissinger
this week not to buy a nuclear processing plant from
France (see page 48).
Plans arc now being considered in America and
? Britain for reducing the risk of plutonium being stolen
by mixing it with uranium before stockpiling. A further
idea, which the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
(AC:DA) in Washington would like to pursue, is that
the used fuel rods from enriched-uranium reactors
should be promptly recycled in natural-Uranium ones
of the Canadian type. This " tandem cycle " could
reduce the rods' plutonium content to a less alarming
! level before they lose their protective radioactivity.
Good, but not good enough. Sonic: potential pluton-
: ium thieves may be baffled by these devices, if and
, when and where they are adopted; but the pickings
could still be good elsewhere, with power plants in many
different countries churning out the deadly stuff and
frightening quantities of it 'Being moved around.
Such a world is not far away. President Ford gave
warning on July 29th, when he issued the ACDA's
latest annual report, that by 1985 there will probably
, be nearly 40 countries whose reactors have created
; enough plutonium to make bombs, in addition to the
six existing members of the " nuclear club ". The " near-
' nticlear " 40 include, by most reckonings, about 25?
!States that have ratified the non-proliferation treaty,
? thus binding themselves not ,to acquire the bomb and
agreeing to let all their nuclear installations be in-
spected by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
But there are at least a dozen countries that have not
ratified the treaty' and are thought to have the option
. to go nuclear by. 1985 at the latest. They include Argen-
tina, Brazil, Chile, " Cuba, Egypt, Indonesia, Israel,
Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey.
, It cannot be assumed that the option is renounced
for evcr merely by ratification of the NPT--because
?
the nuclear nightmare. Up to now, however, the
mechanism has been worked halfheartedly and hypo-
critically by to many of the NPT parties?including
the U.nited States, which in Lyndon Janson's day was
the treaty's foremost champion. As a result, non-parties
have actually been given incentives not to adhere to it.
The plain meaning ignored
Under the, treaty, a party should not supply nuclear
equipment and material to another state unless that
state lets the IAEA apply its safeguards to all of the
nuclear material in its possession, "for the exclusive
purpose of verification of fulfilment of its obligations
assumed under this treaty ". To, the plain man, the
.NPT text means, plainly, no supplies to non-parties: a
highly effective device for encouraging adherence, to
the treaty, as nuclear equipment and reactor fuel are
still exported by only a few countries (and even France,
the only non-party among the exporters, has promised
to behave as if it were a party). Disastrously, the
Americans led the other exporters in quibbling their
way round this commitment. And now the chickens
have conic home .to roost. ? ?
The Germans and French have undertaken to sell,
respectively to Brazil and Pakistan (which are not NPT
parties), whole nuclear fuel cycles?not just reactors,
but processing plants for uranium enrichment and
plutonium separation; a ? virtually complete do-it-
yourself kit for bomb makers. Feathers are ruffled and
the roost resounds with agitated clucking. American
protests at the French and German moves might, how-
ever, carry more conviction if the Americans had not
recently competed?unsuccessfully?against the French
for a contract to supply two big reactors to South Africa
not a treaty' party), and agreed to sell a big reactor to
Spain (not a treaty party ). and flirted with an Indian
nuclear deal. ? -
At last \Tar's NPT review conference the opportunity
to restore the weakened treaty to strength was thrown
away. Instead the major exporters furtively formed
their London club ", at whose secret meetings they
have. done precious little to avert the proliferation of
nuclear arms which they all profess to fear. Nor have
? they made much noticeable effort at IAEA meetings to
bring about the improvement of the agency's safeguards
system. At the moment an exporting state can some-
times claim that, however inadequate the safeguards
it writes into its .own deals may be, they art a bit
tighter t bait tlw agency's. . .
?
The pass has not yet been Sold outright. Given a real
effort in the next year or two, including a thorough
'overhaul of the treaty's mechanism and the agency's
'safeguards system, there is still a fair chance of heading
tiff the arrival of a world in which the bomb will be
available to several dozen governments, some of them
flickeringly unstable, and also to any terrorist gang that
can snatch nuclear materials, or even whole weapons,
from wherever they are worst guarded. But it looks as
if the?efrort will not be made, primarily because some
tif the exporting states governments will not restrain
firms that are eager for profitable deals. These nuclear
the treaty permits withdrawal under the: pressure of. _deals, be it noted, tend to be profitable only for the
" extraordinary events ". But this does not mean thmssoncerned ; all too often, they somehow involve
the NPT is useless. The treaty has created a mechanism L.0(' exporting state's taxpayers in a loss. If the pass is
ivhich, if operated at ftAl3pow,.
rOVitl9e8141144ighiW100V68/01V.ItlAliklifrfri66422/kbobilfintaKiSC21?' it
21
Approved For-Release 200-4108/08-: CIA-RDP77-00432R000100390003-2-
NEW YORK TIMES
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
11 August 1976
9 Ai.r,
a SEES A ROLE Soviets wary
IN !BINS A-BLAST of U.S. in
Indian Ocean
By DAVID BURNHAM
satc.tai to The New York. Times
?
WASHINGTON, Aug. 8?Sec-
retary of State Henry A. Kis-
singer has acknowledged that
it is highly probable that mate-
rial supplied by the United
States was used by India to
become the sixth nation in the
world to explode a nuclear de-
vice.
The acknowledgment by Mr.
Kissinger appeared to contra-
dict State Department asser-
tions in June that the material
in question had not played a
role in the Indian nuclear ex-
plosion in 1974.
Mr. Kissinger, in a letter to
Senator Abraham A. Ribicoff,
Democrat of Connecticut, said
a "misinterpretation" of assur-
ances by the Indian Govern-
ment and of technical data had
led the State Department to the
incorrect conclusion that no
United States materials were
involved in the Indian test.
Consequently, Mr. Kissinger
said, there is "a high probabil-
ity" that heavy water supplied
by the United States was used
by India in the reactor that
produced the plutonium ,for
what India calls its "peaceful
nuclear explosion."
The admission by Mr. Kissin-
ger could affect the nuclear
export policy of the United
States, an area of growing
diplomatic and economic im-
portance as the number of na-
tions using nuclear power to
generate electricity increases.
The Senate Government Op-
erations Committee, headed by,
Mr. Ribicoff, has already ap-
proved legislation reorganizing
the procedures under which
nuclear equipment and. fuels
are exported.
This legislation is pending
before the Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy and the For-
eign Relations Committee. The
suggestion of confusion on pol-
icy in the past has increased
pressure on these committees
to act.
The dispute over Indian use
of American materials also is
expected to play a key role
with the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, which on July 20
held a hearing on a request
for an export license for new
Shipments of uranium to India.
The licensing has been chal-
lenged by a number of or-
ganizations, including the Natu-
ral Resources Defense Council,
and the Sierra Club.
In disclosing Mr. Kissinger!S,
letter, Senator Ribicoff said id
a statement that he was deeply,
disturbed "because it. indicated
that India has misused our
peaceful nuclear assistance to
develop its version of an
atomic bomb." ?
The Senator further noted
that India had proceeded
"with its nuclear explosion
program, using plutonium de-
rived from United States-sup-
plied material, over the 'formal
By David K. Willis
Staff correspondent of
The Christian Science Monitor
Moscow
The Soviet Union is moving quietly to shore
up its own hand in the Indian Ocean and the
Persian Gulf ? while attributing sinister mo-
tives to U.S. Secretary of State Henry A. Kis-
singer's visit to the area earlier this week.
In a cartoon in the Aug. 10 edition of Pravda,
the Soviet party newspaper, a figure in the uni-
form of a U.S. general is flapping down to a
landing on black eagle wings, two rockets
strapped to his back and two more on his feet
like witch shoes. Below is a tiny island bris-
.tlitig with more rockets and with GIs.
The island is labeled Diego Garcia; and the
line underneath the cartoon reads: "Nesting-
ground of the Pentagon." (Diego Garcia is the
British-owned island out in the Indian Ocean,
where ? by agreement with the British ? the
U.S. is developing naval and air facilities.)
The Pravda cartoon is a symptom of the
growing Soviet concern with U.S. diplomatic,
economic, and military efforts to strengthen
American influence in the Indian Ocean,
across which lie the world's key oil supply
routes.
The cartoon appeared just as Secretary Kis-
_singee ended his visit to the Persian Gulf re-
gion, which is linked with the Indian Ocean in
. strategic significance.
As Dr. Kissinger met with Pakistani leader
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the Russians drew loud
and prolonged attention here to the fifth anni-
versary of their own treaty of friendship with
India.
As Dr. Kissinger announced new arms and
economic dealings with Iran, Moscow publi-
cized its own economic aid projects there ?
projects about which the Shah of Iran speaks
rarely in the West, but which are growing in
scope just the same.
And around the edges of the Indian Ocean,
the Russians are jockeying for position in both
Somalia and Ethiopia, blasting U.S. plans for
Diego Garcia, and warning that the U.S. is con-
verting Australia into a Pentagon outpost as
part of a U.S. drive to regain influence and po-
sition lost with the collapse in Indo-China.
Moscow's public approach to new U.S. deals
with Iran is twofold: It warns that the gulf
"cannot stay aloof" from "the historical pro-
cess of relaxation of international tension" in
objections of the United
States."
Mr. Ribicoff charged that
"our loose nuclear dealings
with India set a very danger-
ous precedent and may, in
fact, encourage other develop-
ing nations, particularly Pak-
istan, to misuse peaceful
nuclear assistance for nuclear
weapons purposes."
He said the United States.
should make it clear "we will
not tolerate such abuses."
the world, and quickly reiterates its own aid
projects in Iran.
, A recent article in the Soviet Government
newspaper lzvestia claimed that the Soviet
.Union was one of the largest purchasers of Ira-
nian goods, and implied that Western nations
were interested only in oil. Western diplomats
here point out that half of the Soviet imports
for the past two years has been natural gas.
Moscow uses it to replace its own gas which
is sold to Western Europe.
Knowledgeable Russian sources say that
there is talk of building Soviet grain silos in
Iran, and that the Shah wants the output of the
Isfahan steel mill boosted to 2 million tons a
year.
?, Meanwhile, the formal Soviet reaction to
new U.S. sales of military hardware to Iran
and to Saudi Arabia is that Washington is
trying to recoup the money it has spent on oil.
?and to control the entire region.
In Pakistan, the Soviets seem to favor stable
-Pakistani relations with India, and are working
to increase trade. The Russians are selling the
Pakistanis heavy machinery and are buying
cotton fabrics, clothes, shoes, and carpets.
India ties valued
In India, Western observers here wonder
just how far the Soviets can begin to meet In-
dia's virtually inexhaustible needs. The Rus-
sians value their ties with Prime Minister In-
dira Gandhi, however, and are trying to ex-
tract maximum propaganda advantage from
them in a week of ceremony and fanfare.
On the Horn of Africa, on the Indian Ocean's
western flank, Moscow faces some delicate
choices. The Somalis, who allow, the Russians
permanent access to Berbera, may well make
some move to gain control of the strategic port
of Djibouti should the French pull out of their
toehold there. Any such move will be stoutly
resisted by the Ethiopians, the bulk of whose
outside trade flows through the port. The Eth-
iopians have just had their highest-ranking de-
legation in Moscow since the coup of two years
? ago removing the Emperor. Moscow re-
sponded with approving references' to
the"young revolutionaries." ?
Now the Somalis have also sent a delegation
here, presumably to be reassured that they' are
still first in Soviet hearts ? but also, Western
sources believe, to hear some veiled Soviet
chiding about the wisdom of their keeping the
peace over Djibouti. If the Somalis do move.
the Russians will be caught in a dilemma.
Meanwhile, to the southeast, Moscow has re-
acted frostily to the latest ANZUG meeting in
Canberra between the U.S., Australia. and
New Zealand, tying it with Diego Garcia and
warning of dark U.S. designs on the entire
Pacific Ocean.
The other nuclear powers at
present are the United States,
Britain, the Soviet Union.
France and China.
, Heavy Water Involved
The United States-supplied
material in question was 21
tons of heavy water, an essen-
tial ingredient for transforming
Inatural uranium into plutonium.
Natural uranium cannot be used
as an explosive,' but small
amounts of plutonium can easi-
ly be fashioned into a nuclear
lweapon.
22
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Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100390003-2
? THE NEW YORK TIMES, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 11, 1976
Spread of Nuclear Weapons and U.S. Sales:
7
By LESLIE H. GELB
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Aug. 10?
The disclosure that Pakistan's
purchase of a nuclear reproc-
essing plant from Fance would
jeopardize the sale of military
jet aircraft the Pakistanis want
from the United
States shows the
increasingly close
tween the prob-
lems of nuclear
proliferation and
conventional arms sales.
B1 law and by Administra-
tion policy, it is now virtually
established that if a country
takes steps to acquire the ca-
pability to build nuclear weap-
ons, the United States will cut
off all forms of aid except
food. What is not clear is
whether the Administration is
prepared to sell conventional
weapons that otherwise would
not be sold as an inducement
for a country not to develop
nuclear armaments.
The trade-off for American
leaders is this: the probability
of setting off regional conven-
tional arms races and creating
,imbalances is now weighed
? against the possibility of pre-
'venting a world filled with nu-,
iclear weapons.
1 So far, there is no clear-cut
pattern in the way the Admin-
istration has dealt with this
matter in the cases of Paki-
stan, Iran, South Korea and.
Brazil.
The weight of opinion in the
Administration seems to be
against selling the A-7 Corsair
jet fighter-bomber to Pakistan
unless the sale is the only
.means of getting Pakistan to
News
Analysis
cancel its contract to buy a
French nuclear reprocessing
, plant. Such a plant is used to
separate plutonium from the
spent fuel of a nuclear power
,plant, and the plutonium could
be used to produce a nuclear
weapon.
Sale Would Violate U.S. Policy
If the sale of A-7's were to
be judged on its own merits,
independent of the nuclear
proliferation issue, most Ad-
ministration experts would be
strongly opposed to it. They
argue that the A-7 is an attack
aircraft and thus its sale to
Pakistan would run counter to
the Administration's policy of
selling only defensive weapons
to nations in the Asian subcon-
tinent. They say that the sale
would further damage Ameri-
can relations with India.
? The prospective $500 million
sale of about 100 aircraft is,
however, important to the A-7's
manufacturer. The LTV Corpo-
ration officials said that with-
out the sale LTV would have
to shut down its A-7 production
line.
Administration officials said
that Secretary of State Henry.
A. Kissinger was inclined to
deal with the Pakistani case
along somewhat the same lines
as he had with Iran?namely,
to sell the arms if that would
resolve the nuclear issue.
During Mr. Kissinger's visit
to Iran last weekend, Shah Mo-,
hammed Riza Pahlevi reported-
ly agreed not to purchase a
reprocessing plant in return for
getting an American guarantee
of enriched uranium to fuel
Trans' nuclear power plants and
of the use of a multinationally
controlled reprocessing facility.
BALTIMORE SUN
10 August 1976
At the same time, Mr. Kissinger
and the Shah announced a $40
billion trade package, including
$10 billion in sales of American
arms to Iran.
No Denials Offered
State Department officials
were very reluctant to ac-
knowledge that there was any
link between the two matters,
but they did not deny it either.
As one said, "We're not about
to put ourselves in a blackmail
position where any country can
get arms out of us by threaten-
ing to buy a reprocessing
plant."
A Senate staff study recently
questioned the sale of many
weapons systems to Iran that
it said could be operated only
by American personnel, and the
Shah is said to want to buy
even more sophisticated weap-
ons.
In contrast with the cases of
Pakistan and Iran, Administra-
tion officials insisted that no
promises or even hints about
future arms sales had been
given to South Korea in return
for the Seoul Government's
agreement last January to can-
cel its order for a nuclear
reprocessing plant from France.
As one official explained:
"We simply made the negative
clear to them, that if they went
forward with the reprocessing
plant, Congress would insist on
the termination of further mili-
tary credit sales. And they un-'
derstood this."
Another official said, "That's
right, but who's to say they
won't come to us three years
from now and start bargaining
all over again."
Congress recently approved
a law that would ban aid to
any -country that sold or re-
Guns for Oil .
Trade is inherently healthy. Announcements
of increases, regardless of the countries in-
volved, are usually good news. But the joint
Iranian-American communique of Saturday
roughly trebling the estimate of trade between
the two countries for the six years ending in
1980 is a disquieting exception. Unlike most
trade increases, it is a tribute to American
weakness and not strength. The United States is
stepping up its dependence on Iranian oil and
paying for it with more modern weaponry than
is good for Iran or the world.
The arguments presented by Shah Mo-
hmmed Riza Pahlevi and Secretary of State
Henry Kissinger are sound in principle. Since
Britain withdrew militarily from the Persian
Gulf; Iran has replaced it as the paramount
power and force for stability there. It is a coun-
tervtfeight both to the Soviet Union on its north-
ern-border and the lesser powers with Soviet
arms in both the Arabian peninsula and Central
Asia. Iran is a valued ally. What is frightening is
the scale of armament, roughly $2 billion worth
a year in seeming perpetuity.
a
ceived uranium enrichment fa-
cilities or a reprocessing plant,
that was not subject to ade-1
quate safeguards. But Adminis-
tration officials noted that
there were several large loop-
holes in the language, including
Presidential waiver authority,
that still allowed for considera-
ble flexibility. "In the case of;
South Korea, at least," an offi-
cial said, "we were not abouti
to play games; the Congression-
al intent was clear."
I What will happen in regard
to Brazil is not yet clear. Brazil
has ordered an uranium enrich-
ment facility from West Germa-
ny, but Brazil is not as depend-
ent on or desirous of American,
arms as South Korea, Iran or
Pakistan. Economic aid to-
Brazil is so small as not to be
a factor either.
Thus far, the burden of thi'
Administration's argument to
Brazil and the other countries.
has been that reprocessing fa=
cilities are highly uneconomi-
cal, and that it is much cheaper
for a country to buy nuclear
fuel from the United States
than to make its own. This ar-
gument seems to have carried
some weight with the South
Koreans and the Iranians.
Whether it will continue to be
persuasive is far from clear. .
At this point, the overriding
priority that the Administration
has given to preventing the
spread of nuclear weapons
leads to thinking of arms sales
as sweeteners. These sweeten-
ers, some Administration offi-
cials are coming to believe,
could prove almost as trouble-
some in the short run as the
f, is ad cf nuclear weapons
might become in the long run., ? ,
A staff report from the Senate foreign assist-
ance Subcommittee angered the Shah by sug-
gesting that Iran cannot operate the sophisticat-
ed weapons it already has without American
personnel. This is probably true for the time
being, although the inference that Iran has lost
policy independence would be untrue. Iran is no
American puppet. The Shah's leadership in
OPEC price-gouging is proof of that. While it is
both stable and basically friendly, no one can
guarantee both conditions indefinitely. Mean-
while, vastly increased armaments for Iran on-
ly whets the arms appetites of Iran's neighbors
and near-neighbors, both Soviet and Soviet-sup-
plied, provoking what it is meant to offset.
Iran has bought beyond its means in the past
few years, over-estimating its oil wealth. En-
couraging it to continue doing so will at least re-
cycle petro-dollars. The estimate of $14 billion
in oil imports from Iran is a tribute to the fail-
ure of American government, industry and peo-
ple to achieve a genuine conservation policy.
America's waste of energy is fueling Iran's de-
lusions of military grandeur.
Approved For Release 2001/08/081cIA-RDP77-00432R000100390003-2
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LONDON TIMES
10 Aug. 1976
THE BOMBS
The United States Government'
is -beginning to suspect that the
policy, pursued for over twenty-
three years, of the. free sharing
of information and materials
for the peaceful uses of nuclear
technology has been a dreadful
mistake. This . is reflected
clearly in the arguments being
put to Premier Bhutto ' of
Pakistan by Dr Henry Kissinger
to dissuade him from buying
nuclear fuel reprocessing plant
from France. That would put
into the hands of the Pakistanis ?
the capacity to obtain supplies
, plutonium needed , in the
most direct form for nuclear.
bomb making. The pressure on
Premier Bhutto is more than a
moral argument. Dr Kissinger
is backed by new United States
enabling legislation to deny mili-
tary and economic aid to non-
nuclear countries who are intent
on producing nuclear weapons.
Serious doubts about the
unwitting sabotage of the non-'
proliferation movement .began
with the Indian detonation of a
so-called " peaceful " nuclear do-,
vice in 1974. ? In the immediate
months following that explosion
the 'Americans still rejected any
suggestion that their. policies 'of'
the 1950s and 1960s?when ?
atomic reactors. were being sold
to ? third world countries and
thous-ands of foreign scientists.
were being trained in nuclear
technology and the secrets of
manufacturing plutonium?con--
tributed to the spread of nuclear
weapons throughout the -world.
In particular there were
firm denials of reports that
materials supplied by the United
States Atomic Energy Commis-
sion had made the Indian'
nuclear device possible. Written
replies to questions in Congress
now show this not to be true
indeed the Canadians, ? who
have been pilloried in the inter-
national public arena for pro-
viding the Indians with the basic
knowledge and ingredients for
their A-bomb, may in fact take.
?
NEW YORK TIMES
17 Aug. 1976 ? '
C010 bo n hetoc
OF THE 1980s
\
. ? ?
some solace front.a the 'fact that ?
? the necessary materials came
from the United States.
The admissionby Dr Kissinger
describes -how the supply of
small amounts of heavy water
for a research reactor of the.
Indian Atomic Energy Commis-
sion ? was probably .the crucial
sOurce of material which made
possible the 'completion of a
nuclear explosion two years ago.
? One assessment submitted
recently. to President Ford lists
? the forty countries who by 1985
could have enough plutonium
from electricity generating
nuclear reactors to build, atomic
bombs: most, of these reactors
have originated from ,the United
States: The group includes West
Germany; Israel,' Iran, ? South
Africa, Japan, Switzerland,
Sweden, East Germany, Brazil,
Argentina, Egypt, and Pakistan.
The analysis exposed the impo-
tence of the safeguards proce-
dures of a .the ? international
Atomic Energy Agency. '
?
The ,dilemma is not exclusive
? to the United States. The British
Government has not answered
honestly questions :about the
supply to non-nuclear countries
and non-signatories of the non-
proliferation treaty of.. material
for nuclear technology... Arneri,
. can .officials fear the halt of
uranium ?,shipments to a non-
signatory country like India will
Mean simply that country
no longer . follow even the
inadequate conditions laid down
by the United States as safe-
guards to prohibit the .building
of a bomb with the 'materials
already received. A similar argu-
ment ,has been in progress about
supplies of material from Britain
to ? Japan a which are being
negotiated in the ?400m con-
tract for .the: reprocessing- of
nuclear reactor .fuel at Wind-
scale. ? ,Happily, Japan has
recently ? signed the non-
proliferation treaty ,and there-
fore, avoids; further. ?.embarrass-.
? It would be easy to be cynical about the fifth summit.
meeting of so-called nonaligned nations in Colombo
this week. As usual, the "nonaligned" will include Fidel'
Castro's Cuba and Kim 11 Sting's North Korea, =Ong
other dubious claimants. The rhetoric and resolutions
are likelylo be excessive, one-sided, all too familiar. The
demands on the richer nations will be the same as those'
made at every meeting of the poorer countries, whether
they convene as the nonaligned, the, Group, of .77,
'4fsnow 112) or the third world.
Critics will say that the host, Sri Lanka (formerly
Ceylon), could have put to better use the $50 million
spent just to prepare for the assembly of 4.000 delegates
,from 85 member and 25 observer nations. It might have
used a $280,000 Parliamentary appropriation to provide
care and housing for Colombo's army of cripples and
beggars, rather than to move them temporarily out of ?
sight into "rehabilitation" camps outside the capital.
,
ment for :the British Government.
'On. the Other hand a comparable
? .
asize contract for fuel reprocess-
ing,' ' "which would yield
plutonium, has been agreed
between 'France and Japan. The
French arc themselves not
parties to the treaty and there-
fore the'. same obligations do not
exist.
.. The Americans are turning the
screw .on their customers by
insisting that when fuel from
nuclear reactors?the source of
plutonium for bomb-making?is
ready , for reprocessing it must
be returned to the United States
so .that it cannot be stockpiled
for weapons. Advisers to the
American Government feel their
mistake has been in believing the
argument that the technology for
peaceful purposes. of nuclear
development should belong to the
werld, and ,could be separated
from, military. application. In
practice ? the idea of withholding
only the secrets of the actual
construction of a nuclear weapon
is ? not enough. Dr Frederick
director of the United States
Arms Control and Disarmament
Agency, said . recently it has
taken a long time lo realize that
weapons ,design is not all that
difficult. ?
The only way to build :a barrier
to prevent weapons proliferation
is by controlling the availability
of plutonium ? and enriched.
uranium. The myth that peaceful
uses and weapons technology
could be separated led to the
United States declassifying a
plutonium-separation system
liarned Purex ; small quantities
of plutonium were aCtually given
to foreign ,countries to assist
them in their research and devel-
opment nf this process. Even now
, the desire to export nuclear
equipment outweighs the con-
cern of most . suppliers to limit
nuclear proliferation. We are
creating a, terrifying world for
1930s, a
. ? ?
And yet, much of the discussion' at Colombo will
undoubtedly transcend the hypocrisies and focus on real
Problems' that, in an increasingly interdependent ,world,
inevitably affect the prosperity and, well-being of the
'richer as well as the poorer countries; control and
pricing of raw materials; conditions of trade; the neces-
'sity for rescheduling debt service for developing coun-
tries whose balance-of-payments deficits reached $40
billion' last year; the crisis confronting the World Bank's'
International Development Association, mostly. because
the United States, by far its biggest contributor, is now
.seriously in default on its pledges..
, ?It is clearly impossible to meet all of the demands
Of the deVeloping countries. But neither can the richer.;
,countries, in light 'of their own long-run interests and.
their stake in international peace and stability, ignore:
those demands. The rhetoric of Colombo will be heard.
'again at the United Nations General Assembly next
month.. The task for the United states and other indus-
_ trialized nations. is to help sort out what is ?reasonable:
and give it more serious attention than in the past. '
t
24
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too.
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NEW YORK TIMES
YITGAOuSgLAV9EXILES
IN BELGIUM AFRAID
Murder of Anti-Tito Activists
Creates Apprehension
Among the Emigres
SPedal to The New York noes ,
BRUSSELS, AUG. 14 ? A
series of murders, threats and
kidnappings has created a di-
/
mate of fear and suspicion in
the small community of anti-
Tito exiles here.
The discovery of the third
and fourth Yugoslav murder
victims in 18 months here this
?week has led most East Euro-
pean emigres and the authori-
ties to suspect that the violence
, is possibly linked to an attempt
by Yugoslavia to eradicate
potential enemies to Titoist
policies that could jeopardize
an orderly transition after he
dies.
,
All the victims living here
have been either royalist Ser-
bians or anti-Tito Communists.
The most prominent was Vladi-
mir Dabcevic, who had been a
high-ranking member of the
Tito Government but was even-
'Wally jailed for pro-Soviet
' tendencies. Following an? es-
-cape he lived here until his
mysterious disappearance last
August in Rumania, and his re-
cent trial in Belgrade when he
was sentenced to a long prison
term for conspiring against the
Government.
Delon Murder Figure Cited
The targets this week were
Miodrag Boskovic; a long-time
:resident here who combined the
'role of antique dealer and inn-
keeper with that of Serbian
s-oyalist activist; and Uros Mili-
icevic, a young Yugoslav who,
'was linked to the murder of
the bodyguard of Alain Delon,
the French film star, several '
; years ago. The Belgian police
?are currently following various
leads but are without hardI
They are unsure whether thel
main target was Mr. Boskovic;
for political reasons of Mr. Mille
!cevic who confessed to having
:hired a killer to murder Mr.
Delon's bodyguard, but was
.ruled insane and the alleged
:murderer was freed.
Mr. Boskovic was the second
person connected with an
-exiled Serbian royalist publica-
tion, Serbia Resurrected, to
have been shot to death. The
editor, Peter Vatic, was also
slain in May 1975. Another Ser-
bian restaurateur who had
fought with Draja
an anti-Tito leader in World
War 11, was also killed in
,
BALTIMORE SUN
18 Aug 1976
Israel considers refusing visas
Jews
to Soviet (pews going to West
By a Sun Staff Correspondent
Jerusalem?The Israeli gov-
ernment is considering a pro-
posal that it refuse to give visas
to the thousands of Soviet 'Jews
who want to leave Russia but
do not want to come to Israel,
though ? such a move probably
would end any chance of emi-
gration for them.
A second proposal under
consideration would bar all in-
ternational Jewish aid groups
from helping Soviet Jews who
do receive Israeli visas but
want to go to the United States,
Canada or other countries.
The two measures are
meant to halt the declining im-
migration of Soviet Jews to Is--
rael. About half of the 1.350
Jews leaving the Soviet Union
each month now choose to go to
other countries.
Both proposals have been se-
verely criticized on moral
grounds during discussions
here, for an Israeli immigrant's
visa generally is the only way
for a Jew to leave the Soviet
Union.
The committee members
studying the measures also
have been warned that they
would provide Moscow with a
potential propaganda issue if
they are adopted.
Yet so grave is the concern
here about declining immigra-
tion in general?as many per-
sons left Israel last year, about
20,000, as arrived?that adop-
tion of one, perhaps both, is ex-
pected later this month, accord-
ing to sources at the Jewish
Agency, which administers the
immigration program.
Both measures now are un-
der study by an eight-man com-
mittee representing Israeli gov-
ernment agencies and the
American organizations that
made the desire of Soviet Jews
to emigrate an international is-
sue five years ago.
The American groups are
pushing the Israeli government
March of last year. In one case
another exile came forward and
said .the Yugoslav secret police
had sought to recruit him to
commit the murder. All these
murders have not been solved.
The victims of the families
And other exiles erg almost
unanimous in the belief that
these acts were engku:Ti-Fd by
the Yugoslav -secret police and
fear more attacks or reprisals.
to deny immigrant visas to
those Soviet Jews judged likely
Ito drop out in Vienna, a decision
ithat could become highly arbi-
trary, according to sources
close to the study committee.
The Israeli preference, how-
ever, would be to grant visas to
most Soviet Jews wanting to
emigrate but then prohibit all
assistance?air fares, tempo-
rary housing , resettlement al-
lowances and visa sponsorship
?if they chose to go to another
country, the sources said.
"No one wants to be in the
position of bearing the burden
of keeping Jews locked inside
the Soviet Union," one partici-
pant in the discussions said.
"The Jewish Agency does not
want to become responsible for
preventing as many Jews from
emigrating as the KGB [Soviet
secret police] has been."
But Israeli officials and in-
ternational Jewish assistance
organizations have been unable
to come up with any alternative
measures to reduce the Vienna
dropout rate, which grew from
about 10 per cent in 1972 to a
peak of 52 per cent earlier this
year.
, For Israel, more is involved
than just the embarrassment of
being rejected by the Soviet
emigrants since the country
still depends heavily for its
growth on a steady flow of im-
migrants.
One way to reduce the prob-
lem would be to curb the activi-
ties of the Hebrew Immigrant
Aid Society MIAS), an Ameri-
can group that virtually com-
petes in Vienna, Rome, Brus-
sels and other centers for Sovi-
et Jews, according to Israeli of-
ficials.
"The scene in Vienna is un-
seemly, to say the least, with
all the. blatant promises the
HIAS people make," one Jewish
agency source said.
Anti-Zionist Jewish groups
also have offices in Vienna and
Brussels and parts of West
Germany in the past have been
described as centers of anti-
Tito propaganda aimed at the
hundreds of thousands of
Yugoslav migrant workers in
Western Europe. The Yugoslav
Government has also waged a
major education campaign
among these expatriates, who
it fears could become a source
of opposition upon their return
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Rome and try to convince ar-
riving Soviet Jews not to go to!
Israel and provide assistance to
those wanting to go to the Unit-
ed States instead.
, Supporters of the two pro-
posals have argued in the often
heated discussions here that the
continued high rate of dropouts
in Vienna endangers the whole
effort to persuade Soviet au-
thorities to let Jews emigrate,
for it undermines the basic ra-
tionale of family reunion and of
return to a national homeland
where Jews will be able to ex-
press their identity, have access
to Jewish culture and be free
from anti-Semitism.
They also have argued that.
those allowed to leave as Isras
eli immigrants but go instead to
the United States possibly are
depriving real immigrants of
Soviet exit visas.
Soviet Jews who have come
to Israel attribute the high
dropout rate, which has been a
hotly debated matter here for
several months, to the often
highly critical views of Israel ?
of those who -have come here
and write their.families back in-
the Soviet Union.
"Russian Jews in Israel do.:
not understand what it means
to be Jewish," said Herman
Branover, an engineer who em-
igrated from the Soviet Union
several years ago and now
heads a Russian immigrant
group here.
"They are rootless, have too
little feeling for the land and
contact with the people. So the ?
reason for their alienation is
not that things are bad here, but
that they feel they do not be-
long."
But disenchantment is not
confined to Soviet Jews-40 per
cent of American, Canadian.
Australian and European Jews
who come to Israel as immi-
grants now leave within five,
years. according to government:
figures-
1003A03-2
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101; gittltfi ? Sun., August 8, 1976*
?-?-41ILILZ
? Euro e's Leftists Stress Unity as Way
to chieve 'Transition to Socialism'
BY BARBARA KOEPPEL ?
When a battered Europe emerged from
World War II a generation ago, it began re-
building not just the rubble that once was
?Rotterdam, Berlin or Coventry, but also the
political, economic and social order.
The course of reconstruction, had been
plotted in Pottsdam in 1945 with the con-
tinent split into two distinct spheres of in-
fluence. And although resentment flared in
Barbara Koeppel, a Baltimore free-lance
journalist, attended a recent meeting of Social-
ist and Communist party functionaries in Lis-
bon.
some European quarters (France in the West,
and Poland and Czechoslovakia in the East)
at the superpowers' involvement in Europe's
internal affairs, that basic division continued
through the recovery period.
Now, with reconstruction complete, the old
cold war ties are strained; rumblings of "na-
tional independence," and the growing power
of the "left" in Southern Europe, threaten the
existing order.
Spanish Communist Party leader Santiago
Carillo, for instance, comparing himself to
Martin Luther and Moscow to Rome, says the
time has come for a break with the "church"
of the Communist world. This and similar
urgings by other Western European Commu-
nists for a new "Eurocommunism" are a di-
rect challenge to Soviet influence in Eastern?
Europe, where there certainly would be sym-
pathetic vibrations if Communists in the West
succeed in the ballot-box route to power.
For the *United States and its Northern Eu-
ropean partners, a move leftward is certain to
be felt in the North as well as in Southern
Europe.
Thus, each broad alliance, in East and
West, determined to resist the challenge to
the "order" and to its power, seeks ways to
strengthen old alignments and forge new
ones where needed.
The response depends on the extent of. the
control. The Russians, for example, to retain
what leadership they have, had little choice
but to sanction the principles of independence
for the various European Communist parties
at their meeting last June in East Berlin. The
Western powers, on the other hand, are de-
termined to counter all moves from the left.
Thus a group of Western Europe's Social
Democratic leaders met early this year, and
with only France's Francois Mitterand and
Sweden's Prime Minister Olaf Palme abstain-
ing, vowed a policy of noncooperation with
any governments that, become Communist-
controlled. More recently, as West German
Chancellor I lelinut Schmidt disclosed on his
visit to the United States, three other nations
besides his own?the United States, France
and Britain?considered denying credit to
Italy if Communists are brought into the cabi-
net.
Now the leaders of the left in the Mediter-
ranean countries, long splintered by factional
disputes, reason that rapidly changing condi-
tions demand that they, too, form alliances.
To this end, Socialist and Communist party
functionaries from Southern Europe met re-
cently in Lisbon to map a strategy for what
they hope will be the transition to socialism.
One main theme emerged: Alliances of all
sorts and at all levels are essential. With alli-
ances, the left can win elections, and once in
power, begin to transform the system to pro-
vide benefits for all in society. Without them,
the left is doomed to sideline maneuvers.
In Southern Europe today, this is perhaps
Amer than ever as the left inches close to
power; alliances are crucial to enlarge and
strengthen its constituency. Electoral success
is tantalizingly close in France, where Mitter-
and, the Socialist Party head and candidate
for president in the 1974 elections, just missed
winning by two percentage points in that
election. In Italy, the Communist Party and
Socialist Party together captured 44% of the
vote in the June elections; in Portugal, the
two parties and groups to their left polled
51% in April's parliamentary elections.
Although the type a-alliances chosen will
vary from country to country, the Lisbon
conferees agreed that some basic coalitions
must be sought. First, there must be unity of
the left inside each country. Second, alliances
must be forged between the parties and the
mass democratic movements, and between
the left and others not normally considered
,its allies. And looking to the future, there
should be alliances among left governments
in different countries?if and when they
come to power?as well as new relationships
among them and third world producers.
Calls for unity of the left are nothing new.
But often they have been barely disguised
schemes of one party or another ,to take pow-
er. Since no party would settle for the num-
ber two slot, the result was a left plagued and
weakened by divisions.
In Portugal, for instance, the Communists
and Socialists denounce each other while, as
one independent Portuguese Socialist re-
marked, "Right-wing groups whittle away at
progressive programs passed in the last two
years (such as land reform and poor people's
occupation of vacant housing)."
But if unity eludes the left in Portugal,
some real gains are being scored in Italy,
Spain and France. In France, the Communists
and Socialists signed a "Common Program" in
1972, a list of Socialist goals they are publicly
committed to support. Both agreed to back
the other's candidates in final election, once
the weaker ones are eliminated in the prima-
ries. The coalition appears to .be strictly a
marriage of convenience; hut a practical lead-
ership knows it may be their ticket to suc-
cess. In Spain, where hostilities were once so
great that left-wing rivals killed each other,
the various left parties now have solid work-
ing alliances.
The second type of coalition brings togeth-
er the "old democratic institutions," (parties
and unions) and the !'new' ones?town,
school, workers' and neighborhood councils
that are part of a mass democratic "popular''
movement mushrooming in Southern Europe
today. These decentralized groups, formed at
the local level, originally were nonpolitical.
But as their clashes with local administrations
grew, they found their grievances were tied
to the political and economic system.
The third type of alliance?with those not
normally on the left?is not a new concept.
But, as one Portuguese observed, "When the
left made such pacts in the past, it was with
groups themselves out of power; which ?need-
ed a broader base of support. Once they re-
gained power, the left was eased?or pushed
?out."
The left now seems aware that it must at-
tract new votes, since its traditional base, the
working class, is too small for a majority.
Leftist leaders sense that the time is histori-
cally ripe to woo those who previously sup-
ported conservative parties, but who are be-
coming alienated from the system.
Out of such thought emerged the "historic
compromise" in Italy, devised by the Commu-
nists and Socialists to attract the vote of the
newly disaffected Catholic workers who had
been loyal to the Christian Democrats. In the
June elections, the Communists scored im- ?
pressive gains after campaigning on an anti-
existing government, anti-monopoly platform,
and on a record of efficient administration of
the cities they already control.
In Spain, for all those pressing for political.
social and economic reform after 40 years of
dictatorship, the name of the game is coali-
tions. The "opposition" consists of such un-
likely partners as the Communist Party, vari-
ous Socialist parties, progressive monarchists,
conservatives, liberals, unions and people's or-
ganizations. As one opposition member ob-
served, "After we win basic rights, the alli-
ance will be shaky. But for now, we are unit-
ed."
Another reason the left needs to reach out
to those not normally its allies is to insure its
own protection, to counter the pressure from
those with vestedinterests in the present sys-
tem. For despite some gains on the left, the
fact remains that the centrist parties still
have the largest following and majority sup,
port. And most Europeans still fear socialism
in general and the Communists in particular,
partly because of past heavy-handedness by
the Communists.
"We must move with moderation," said
Michele Achilli, an Italian Socialist, "because.
we must not frighten our new constituency
with changes that are too radical. This could
drive them into the Mins of the right, z.',nd
together they could defeat us."
Portugal was cited as an example of right-
ist forces coalescing after many Portuguese
became convinced that the new and better
life promised by revolutionary soldiers ap-
peared instead to be a life of violence and di:-
26
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Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100390003-2
-order. With Portugal as the lesson in how not
to succeed, the leftists believe fledgling leftist
governments still can move toward "industri-
al, economic and social justice."
Translated, this means building a mixed
economy (both a public.and private sector) in
the first phase of the transition process, while
continually enlarging?but always with pop-
ular support?the amount of publicly owned
industries and services.
And last, there is "Eurocommunism," the
'call in Western Europe today for the develop-
ment of socialism, not just in one country, but
for the entire region, and for national inde-
pendence from all foreign interference. .
The Lisbon conferees were convinced that
any attempt to reduce foreign domination
will threaten both superpowers. As one of the
Spanish contingent observed, "Both Russia
and America want to freeze the status quo to
maintain their respective spheres of influence
in Eastern and Western Euope. Therefore,
detente was born." . . ?
WASHINGTON POST
5 AUG 1976
' They were just as convinced that there
would be reprisals, particularly from the
United States, if left-wing governments as-
sume power. Remembering Allende's Chile,
they fear that the United States would with-
hold credit, boycott their exports and deny
them crucial raw materials and agricultural
products. And since the Lisbon conferees con-
tend that no single country could withstand
this pressure alone, Eurocommunism becomes
for them the prescription for survival.
At the same time, many European leftists
think they must nurture new relationships
with third-world producers of raw materials,
including bilateral trade agreements by-pass-
ing multinational corporations. The agree.;
ments would benefit the producers, they say; ,
through favorable terms of trade and politi.:,'
cally, too, since in these countries, the tug to-
wards independence is intense.
Independence, Western European style;
also would mean dissolving ties with NATOV:
since the goal is no alignrnents, either. with
the East or West. But the leftists gathered in
Lisbon agreed that too quick a rupture would
mean retaliation. They suggested a *plan fer
gradual disengagement, following the French
and Greek models; both countries now have
only formal membership, having decreased
their financial support, ended participation in
military maneuvers and closed bases.
Given all of the difficulties and the varying
conditions in different countries, is the "tran-
sition to socialism" imminent in Europe? Not
yet; premature to talk of it, the leftists meet-
ing in Lisbon agreed. But they added that
is possible to think seriously of it.
"The key lies in the alliances," a Portuguese
remarked, "and until now, the only successful
coalitions have been among the right. , !
"A hundred years ago," he added, "Kail%
Marx said that without practice, there is no
theory. Perhaps the two will come together,
at last." ,
Visa Policy uzzles Communists
Italian Cases Demonstrate Complexities, Contradictions
By Sari Gilbert ,awarded key positions in the Italian
.,;.; , ; ? societal to The Washington Pest . Parliament and are now about to give
r?::,, ROME ? Two years ago When Italo - essential parliamentary support to the
new minority government formed by
'Itisolera, . a top Italian urbanologist
the ruling Christian Democrats. .
.with leftist sympathies, returned from .
brief visit to the United States he
I received a phone call from the Amen-
can consulate here asking him to pay
:.a call. ,
"While you were in the U.B.," he
was told, "we received information
that contrary tt, the statements on
your visa application, you are a mem-
..ber of the Italian Communist Party.
insolera, author of a well-known
?isttidy of ? modern Rome, and a city-
, planning consultant for several Ital-
:Ian towns with leftist administrations, -
told the U.S. official he was not a
member of the party and that how he
:voted was no one's business.
Although the consul he spoke with,
from whom he never heard again,
,-promised to investigate further, his
visa was stamped with a huge
"cancelled," causing him, Insolera
said, "acute embarrassment" every
time he shows his passport to cross
the border into Switzerland where he
teaches at the University of Geneva.
out of 110 visa applicants who were
; The case was never publicized and " declared ineligible during the last 18
months because of ?Communist affilia-
tions were later granted waivers. .
Their visas, issued after they sub-
mitted a rough itinerary, did not per-
mit the usual multiple entries and
were generally limited to short periods.
Other Communists, aware that Italy
does not require visas from its Ameri-
"It's the same problem we've long can visitors, have found -U.S. ques-
had in Latin America, where almost timis regarding their political affilia-
anyone of cultural importance has tions offensive. They note that the
past or present relations with the far American law in no way restricts neo-
'left," a U.S. official said earlier this fascist party members.
-year. U.S. officials here make it clear that
? To another Western diplomat, the their job is to implement the 1952 Mc-
'current U.S. visa policy, based on a Carrell Act provisions on political In-
1952 act of Congress, is "particularly eligibility. ? '
absurd" in Italy where the Commu- ? But the State-De-pertinent has some
'lists control more than a third of the discretion that has enabled it to mod- 'United States presidency is up for
popular vote, , have recently,. been ify the original spirit of the law. and. ,grabs."? ? ?.
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27
The State Department is currently
considering a formal request last
spring .by the party's daily newspaper,
Unita, to open a permanent bureau in
the United States,
Visa refusals in 1975 to Giorgio
Napolitano, a ranking Communist
leader invited to lecture by several
American universities, and to the par-
ty's chief international affairs expert,
Sergio Segre, who had been scheduled
to attend an academic conference on
Italy, subjected U.S. policy to ridicule
here and strengthened misconceptions
among Italians as to just what that
policy is.
A sampling of opinion of young
Communist professionals who fre-
quently travel indicated that many be-
lieve the U.S. policy now is the same
as it was at the height of the Cold
War. This belief appears, to have led
many Italian Communists to forego
visits or to lie on their applications.
According to figures supplied by the
U.S. consulate in Rome, however, 106
Is not typical. But it points up the
complexities. and contradictions of
current American visa policy toward
Communists in a Western country like
'Italy, a U.S. ally. where 1.7 million cit-
izens belong to the party and another
'10 million voted for it in recent gen-
? gral elections.
which could permit 'other changes in
the future.
According to one source, at least 10
years ago the State Department told
its representatives abroad that mere
membership in a communist organiza-
tion was not automatically sufficient
for the denial of a waiver. ?
U.S. Consul General Normand Red-
den said, "We have nothing against
any party member with a. valid reason
to visit our country." Redden speci,
..fled, however, -that. activities falling
under the category . of "party busi-
ness" would not be considered valid
reasons for visiting and that low-level
Communists would probably find it
easier to et a visa than. important
party leaders, would:
Embassy and State Department o1fi
cials have tended to be particularly
,cautious on applications of prominent
, Communists such as Napolitano and
Segre because the Italian. leftist press
tends to interpret, such events as sig-
nificant changes in American policy.
When Segre finally did get a visa at
the end of last year, it was for an or-
ganized visit by an all-Party Italian
parliamentary delegation :that had no
.political implications. ? ?
State Department caution is 'likely
to follow the Unita application too.
While newspapers from Communist
ruled Soviet bloc countries already
are allowed to have bureaus in the
United .States, the opening of a per-
manent bureau by a non-Soviet bloc
Communist news Organ would be
given a 'broad political Interpretation
in Italy, where the Communists ap-
pear well aware that U.S. "recogni-
tion" could greatly enhance their
legitimacy. .
"In addition." said one. Western
source, "the Communists seem to
have a penchant for broaching things
at the wrong time." He pointed out
that the 1975 Napolitano visa request
had come in the middle of an - Italian
election campaign, while the Unita ap-
plication "has been made .when .the
Approved For Release 2001108108: CIA-RDP77-00432R000100390003-2
SUNDAY TIMES, London
1 August 1976
Italy's Co
from the
Godfrey Hodgson analyses
Italy's latest government.
FOR THE THIRTY-NINTH time
in the 33 years since the col-
lapse of fascism, a new Christian
Democratic prime minister has
taken office in Italy.
There are still no Communist
ministers in the government
headed by Giulio Andreotti,
which was sworn in on Friday.
Yet in several specific ways the
events of the past 10 days, lead-
ing up to the formation of the
Andreotti government, do mark
a historic advance in the status
of the Italian Communist Party.
What has happened, in a single
phrase, is that the Communists
have escaped from the political
ghetto they have inhabited since
the liberation of Italy 30 years
ago.
The first measure of the
change that has taken place is
a very simple one. For the first
time, the Communists are no
longer in opposition.
The reason for this is that
the Andreotti government?and
this, too, for the first time in
the 'history of the Italian
Republic?was formed without
a majority in parliament.
The 263 Christian Democratic
members elected to parliament
on June 20 fall well short of a
majority of the 630 members.
In the past, a similar lack of a
majority has not stopped succes-
sive Christian Democrats from
forming governments. But in
each case they have lined up,
before going to parliament for
a vote of confidence, enough
votes to be sure of winning.
? Andreotti has been unable to
do this. He will, therefore, go
before the Senate on Wednesday,
and before the Chamber of
Deputies on Monday week, to
ask for the votes of confidence
without which his government
will oe stillborn, supported only
by les own Christian Democrats.
He will have to rely on the 227
Communist members of parlia-
ment to abstain.
While, in accordance with the
traditional subtlety of Italian
politics, Andreotti 'has not openly
asked the Communists to abstain,
and the Communists have not
openly promised to do so, the fact
that a government has been
sworn in can be taken as proof
that in his several rounds of
" consultation " with Communist
leader Enrico Berlinguer, Andre-
otti has got the assurance he
needs that the Communists will
abstain. It can be taken as
equally certain that the Com-
munists will extract a high
political price for this curious,
Indirect, but vital support.
Some of the details of this
price were spelled out in an
Interview in the Corriere della
Sera 10 days ago by a Com-
munist leader, Senator Gerardo
Chiaromente. The Communists
were asking to be consulted on
a much broader range of issues
than the economic programme
of recovery which, everyone has
agreed (or many months, can
be carried out only with their
ists esca e
1 g eft
support and with that of their -
preponderant influence in the
trade unions.
The Communists now want a
new broom to sweep Christian
Democratic appointees out of
the nationalised industries; they
want fascist sympathisers re-
moved from the police and
secret services; they want
administrative reforms; - and-
they want a voice in foreign
policy.
In a word, the price of their
abstention is that -the govern-
ment should take account of
their views on all major issues.
And whatever subtle indiree-
tions may have been exchanged
in the 'conversations between
Andreotti and Berlinguer, this
is what Andreotti must have
promised to do.
At first glance, it is not
obvious from the electoral
arithmetic why the abstention
of the Communists (who won 34
per cent of the vote on June
20, -against Z8 per cent for the
Christian Democrats) is neees.
sary for a government to be
? formed.
The 'explanation lies in the-
travails of the third biggest
party, the Socialist Party. In
theory the abstention of the 57
Socialist members of parliament
would be enough. -
But the Socialist Party is
deeply scarred and divided by
the events of the past six
months. It was they who preci-
pitated the prolonged political
crisis whicih led to the election,
when their leader, Francesco dc?
Martino, abruptly pulled out of
a coalition with the Christian
Democrats, then led by Aldo
Moro as prime minister. The
election was catastrophic for
them, as -it was for the other
minor parties. The Socialists
had counted on winning 15 per
cent of the vote: they failed to
win 10 per cent.
Two weeks ago, at the
luxurious Midas Palace hotel
on the outskirts of Rome, a
palace revolution inside the
central committee of the Social-
ist Party overthrew de Martino
and replaced him with a young;
strongly anti-Communist Social-
ist leader from Milan, Bettine
Craxi.
In time, it is quite possible
that Craxi means to bring the
party back into alliance with
the Christian Democrats. His
chief backer is the powerful
Calabrian leader, Giacomo
Mancini, and Mancini is known
to be a close friend, across the
political trenches, will Andre-
otti. There is speculation that
Andreotti counts on Socialist
support after a special Socialist
congress in the. autumn.
But -for the time being, it was
simply impossible for Craxl and
the new leadership, with the
'rank and file of the party blam-
ing their electoral collapse on
more than a decade of " Centre-
Left " alliance between Socialists
and Christian Democrats, to be
overbid by the Communists.
The Socialists could pet allow
a Christian Democratic govern-
ment to be formed by abstaining
if the Communists voted against.
That is why Communist absten-
tion was necessary before a
government could be formed.
The Socialists are not the only
minor party whose weakness
has proved to be a problem for
the Christian Democrats. ?
? When I talked with Giovanni
Galloni, one of the vice-
secretaries of the Christian
Democratic party, 10 days ago,
'he told me confidently that
Andreotti would be able to put
together a parliamentary
majority: "Only a few votese,
he said, "but enough." . ?
Plans upset
Within 48 hours the Christian.
Democrat calculations were
upset. First Giuse-ppe Saragat,
the former President of the
Republic who leads the Social
Democratic party, with only 15
me in b ers -of -parliament,
announced that he and his party
could only at best abstain, and.
certainly not support Andreotti.
Within hours, the Republican
Party, whose besVknown leader
is Ugo LaMalfa, took the same
position on behalf of its 11
members of parliament.
What had happened, it is now.
clear, was that all the minor
parties?Socialists, Social
Democrats, Republicans and.
Liberals?had done so badly in'
the elections that they simplyt
could not afford to be seen by
their -remaining supporters to
be taken for granted by the
Christian Democrats.
?
The Communists have ins
creased their influence in ano-
ther practical way. They will be
playing both a more important
and a more -positive part in thq
work of this new parliament than,
in any of its six predecessors. . ?
For the first time a Conte
munist--Pietro Ingrao--evill be
the Speaker of the Chamber of
Deputies. And for the first time
no fewer than seven of the par.;
liamentary committees -which
shape and draft legislation will
be chaired by Communists. ? ;
The " historic compromise ')
between the Marxist and ?Catlin:.
lie forces in Italian life, which
the Communists propose and the
Christian Democrats say pub-.
liely they can never accept, is
not yet a reality. But the constie
tution of the new parliament
and the situation of the new
government bring It unmista:le
,ably closer.
28
NEW YORK TIMES
18 Aug. 1976 ?
NEW ROME MAYOR'
IWANTS VATICAN TIE,
Communist-Backed Scholar
'Stresses Preservation of i
City's Cultural Heritage I
By STEVEN ROBERTS
Special to The New York Times
Rome, Aug. 14 ? Rome's
City Hall is on the Campidoglio,
a magnificent public square de-
signed -by Machelangelo. Across
the Tiber River stands the Vati-
can, home of the Sistine Chapel
and other great works by the
same master.
"Some distance separates
1.1," said Prof. Giulio Carlo
Argan, the city's new Mayor.
"But the same genius should
link us together."
Professor Argan was chosen
this week as Rome's first Com-
munist-baeked Mayor, and his
comments indicate the party's
conciliatory approach. The Com-
munists want to maintain ties
to the Roman Catholic church,
in part because these two pow-
erful forces spring from the
same soil and share the same
cultural heritage. ?
Before the City Council elec-1
Pons in June, the church cam-
paigned strenuously against the
Communists and warned that
Rome under Communist rule
Would become "a city without
God." But the Communists led
the balloting with 35.5 percent,
While the Christian Democrats,
who had governed the city con-
tinuously since World War II,
trailed with 33.1 percent. . .
After weeks of negotiation
the Socialists and Social Demos
Crats agreed to join the Com-
munists in a governing coali-
tion. But since the three parties
held only 39 seats in the 80-
member council, they needed a
promise from the three Repub-
lican members to abstain from
:Voting.
Conciliatory Stand Taken
' Some analysts here feel that:
this 'leftist front could . he al
model for future goveenmentsl
on the national level, but the
Communists did not press their
advantage. In a surprise move
they agreed to name Professor
Argan, who ran as an independ-
ent on the Communist ,slate,
father than one of their own
party stalwarts.
; The outcome of the election
here meant that the Commu-
nists now control every major
city on the Italian mainland. In
mane places they have won
praise for practical problem-
solving instead of ideological
crusades, and in an interview
this week Professor Argan
struck a similar note.
' As a professor of art
history at the University of
Rome, the new Mayor is deep-
ly concrned with protecting the
priceless monuments in the
hestoric central city. But this,
problem, he said, cannot be
separated from the very mod-
ens maladies afflicting the city
overcrowding, noise, polite
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ion. . . ?
"Rome has spread like an oil
plick, mainly because of land
speculation," he asserted. "The
.historic center is crushed under
the weight of the new urban
ptructures. They are the real
dangers hovering over Rome."
City Deep in Debt
Yet witll all the recent build-
- ing, about 600,000 of Rome's
3 million people lack adequate
housing. At the same time, the
City has accumulated a huge
debt of about $5 billion.
, Professor Argan offered no
panaceas, but he did offer an
4pproach. "Sobriety, correct-
ness, seriousness and applica-
tion of the law perhaps will
not create much excitement at
first, but we are not looking
for excitement," he said. "We
are looking to administer con
2:ectly."
The new Mayor is 67 years
old, a serious man with a warm,
slow smile that eventually il-
luminates his whole face.. A
few samples of the city's artis-
tic and religious heritage hung
On the walls of his office: a
Rubens portrait of Saint Fran-
cis, Francesco Bassano's picture
of the Annunciation.
:4 A Teacher for 40 Years
A A native of Turin, Professor
Argan has been teaching art
history for more than 40 years
and enjoys a high reputation
among both students and schol-
ars. Asked why he had taken
such a demanding job as the
mayoralty, at a time when most
Then would be contemplating
retirement, he answered:
"Building speculators are the
enemy of the city, and the Com-
munists are the enemy of the
speculators."
The mayor describes himself
is a friend and disciple of
Lewis Mumford, the urban critic
and planner, whose works, in-
clude "The Culture of Cities."
-711
'THE NEW YORK TIMES, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 18, 1976'
Marxist Road to Rome
By C. L. Sulzberger
ATLANTA ? The Italian people,
whose wide variety, of genius has
never included a talent for self-govern-
ment since old Roman days, have now
devised an extraordinary ramshackle
system to help their nation out of its
terrible crisis. This is no less than the
formation of a government which
excludes the Communist Party from
all its ministries but which depends
wholly upon at least tacit Communist
support to get anything at all done.
Only with the backing of those they
openly distrust can the Christian
Democrats succeed in climbing out of
an abyss of inflation, unemployment,
-corruption, maladministration and so-
cial unrest. Prime Minister Giulio
Andreotti is thus in the peculiar posi-
tion of holding the Communists away
while implementing an emergency plan
of such a nature that he can count on
those same Communists to support it.
The Communists have not only
escaped from the political ghetto in
which the Christian Democrats had for
so long sought to pen them but they
have already obtained enormous pro-
vincial and municipal power as well as
national prestige and parliamentary
influence.
One of their members is president
of the lower house; seven committees
:in the Senate and Chamber of De-
.puties have Communist chairmen. But,
excluded from a cabinet relying on
their support, they will get credit for
its successes while escaping blame for
its failures.
Over thirty years the Communists
have improved their electoral position'
by moving steadily upward from 18.9
percent of the vote to 34.4 percent in
June while the Christian Democrats
slid from a high of 48.5 percent in
? 1948 to 38.7 percent this year.
Enrico Berlinguer, the brilliant party
leader, has been saying for months:
"The Communist question can no
longer be avoided. . . . The Italy of
today cannot be governed without the
: Italian Communist party." It seems
inevitable that some of Berlinguer's
; followers will eventually be given at
least secondary posts in a coalition
government based upon his vaunted
formula, the "historical compromise."
Such a compromise, as he sees it,
would unite all (except neo-Fascist)
political factions in a "national" gov-
ernment, avoiding an open clash be-
tween right-wing and left-wing forces
or the kind of left-alliance cabinet
. that would surely split Italy into two'
warring camps and very likely repeat
the Chilean tragedy.
? There is sharp division among
' Western leaders about the conse-
quences of such an inclusive coalition
government. Many agree with Alek-
sa ndr Sol zhenit syn, who told me
during the course of a very lengthy
%Tmversatinn try, ly! was convinced
Italy's Communists would ape the
Soviet Union's and that this "is pre-
dictable in any and all Communist
revolutions: one thing is said before
gaining power and another thing is
done afterward.
"Before the [Bolshevik] revolution
Lenin made many, many promises. He
promised freedom of movement for
everyone, an absence of censorship,
peasant ownership of land, direct
workers' control of industry." Sol-
zhenitsyn stresses that not a single
one of these pledges was honored, and
concludes:
"The West deceives itself by think-
ing that this dictatorship stems from
Russia's own past and that therefore
the West is immune to the disease
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
'Berlinguer is
being logical when
he insists his party
wishes to continue
Italy's membership
in NATO.'
because its awn heritage is different.
. . I don't believe the statements of
the French or Italian Communist
Parties concerning their intentions.
One must not forget that Lenin him-
self always used golden words before
coming to power. But once he came to
power he showed that he had a well-
organized dictatorship run by an iron
fist."
I have boundless admiration for
Solzhenitsyn's geological courage and
immense respect for his literary gifts
but I think that because of his suffer-
ing and his experience only with the
Soviet form of communism his views
are oversimplified.
Personally, I have been impressed in
long talks with Berlinguer and it
seems to me he is being logical when
he insists his party wishes at present
to continue Italy's membership in
NATO. Why is this logical, since NATO
is patently a protective alliance aimed
at only one principal adversary, the
Communist Soviet Union?
The reason is that Berlinguer not .
only believes in developing a differ-
ent form of socialism?with a demo-
cratic guarantees?in his country but
also recognizes the very real pos-
sibility of a Soviet or pro-Soviet
putsch in neighboring Yugoslavia
some time after Tito's death.
And Berlinguer, in 1976, just like
Tito in 1948, doesn't fancy the idea of
a Soviet or Soviet-puppet neighbor
for the independent Italy whose inde- ?
pendent future he now, in one or an-
other way, is helping to plan.
29
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MANCHESTER GUARDIAN
2 August 1976
The Guardian has been in dispute
with the Indian government over ,
its coverage of the sub-continent
since Mrs Gandhi declared the
state of emergency last year.
,Brian Brooks, who has witnessed
from Delhi many of the events of
the past 13 months, gives his
findings DR the state of the
country.
RESIDENTS of the old city
of Delhi woke up on June
26 to 'find a strange spectacle.
The Indian national flag
fluttered from .many lamp
posts, and the elegant trico-
lour was 'found .pasted on
;walls of schools and temples.
A slogan had been .
scrawled on the wall of a
government building barely
200 yards from Akashvani
Bhavan which houses the
?
government-owned' .A11
India-
Radio : " Down with the
,Emergency ! We will regain.
our freedom !"
. Boys and girls emerged
from the old city's bylanes
shouting freedom slogans. By..
10 am the protest against the.
state of national emergency,
a year old on that day, was
over. Not more than three
hundred people were
arrested in the capital.
Reports from Gujarat State;
which was ruled by the five-
party opposition United
Front party, until March 31,
said about -2.500 passive
resisters were arrested on the
first anniversary of the emer-
gency.
Calcutta and Bombay, the
nation's two biggest cities,
almost ignored the anniver-
sary. Though underground
sources claim that upwards
of 35.000 anti-government
demonstrators were arrested
all over the country, qualified
.observers. say that not more
than. 10,000 fresh dissidents
have joined the estimated
,125,000 held since June last
year when Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi sent the
world's largest democracy to
prison.
Mrs Gandhi and her
advisers can take little com-
fort from the almost total col-
lapse of the opposition's
plans to mount an impressive
nation-wide protest on June
26. When underground
leaflets began to appear in
early May urging the people.
to n demonstrate your will to
be free." the Government
took extraordinary precau-
tions to quell any possible
manifestations of public
anger. Some 5,000 additional
policemen were moved into-
the capital from the adjoin-
ing states of Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, and Madhya Pra-
desh. And hundreds of
people suspected to be
organising the June 26 pro-
lest were arrested all over
the country. .
." All these precautions
were totally unnecessary,"
said a prominent journalist.
"Mrs Gandhi had already
crushed all posSible sources
of resistance. And with the
arrest of George Fernandez
?only a few days before the
anniversary the underground
was totally finished." Mr Fer-
nandez, . the -top-ranking
leader .of the Socialist Party,-
had evaded arrest success-
fully for almost a year.
It was reported that he was
betrayed by a party worker
from Bihar who was working
both for the police -and pro-
Moscow Communist Party of
India (CPI). The Government
had set up a special 300-man.
police squad to hunt Mr Fer-1
nandez down, and a shoot-at
-sight order was issued last
August.
The underground could
operate with some effect so
long as the states of Gujarat
and Tamil Nadu were in the.
hands of opposition parties.
N o w, even clandestine
leaflets are rarely to be seen.
A senior official of the
Government's Press Informa-
tion 'Bureau told me. "We
used to receive at least two
leaflets a week all these
months. At one stage, .as
many as 400 underground
sheets were being produced
from Gujarat and Tamil
Nadu. The Home Minister
himself has admitted in Par-
liament that in Delhi alone
7,000 people were arrested
for producing anti-Govern-
ment literature. All that is
finished now. The Empress
reigns supreme !"
Most oflicials of the Lok
Sangarsh Sainiti or People's
Committtee For Struggle,
which has been conducting
the underground passive
resistance ?movement, are In
prison. One of the. dozen or
?so organisers still free told
me recently in Madhya Pra-
desh State that about 1,500
? underground' workers- -have
'fled to 'Nepal. .
'Reports from Katmandu
Say that the Nepalese Gov-
r lernment h a s reieated
'appeals from the Indian
police to arrest and extern
'members of the Indian
-underground. This is not
so much because King Biren-
-.dra has become a lover of
democracy but , because a
'sizeable- number of his own
political enemies have found
shelter in India. The Indian
Government is believed to
have told Katmandu that it,
, is prepared for an
" exchange" of underground
political workers but the
Nepalese are apparentU
reluctant to forego this valua-
. ble leverage.
A source close to the Nepa-
lese embassy said that Kat-
mandu will never hand over
to the Indian members of
? the Rashtriya Swayam Sangh
(RSS), a Hindu right-wing
body, banned by the Gandhi
regime shortly after the pro-
mulgation of the emergency.
The Nepalese royal family
.has been the traditional
patrons of the RSS which
regards Nepal as the only
surviving Hindu monarchy in
the -.world. King Birendra's
father used to attend RSS ral-
lies in various parts of India,
causing considerable embar-
rassment to the late Prime
Minister Nehru.
"The RSS continues to be
active all over India," Brah-
manand Reddy, the Indian
Home Minister, said recently.
." It has even extended ittr
tentacles to far-off Kerala in
the south... The capacity of
the RSS for violent mischief
is unlimited. We must be on
our guard." But observers say
that Mr Reddy is deliberately
exaggerating the potential"-
' ties of the RSS in order to
find another excuse to con-
tinue the emergency.
No visitor to India can fail
to be impressed by the state
of law and order. Samachar,
' the new nationalised news
agency and the Government's
major means of disseminat-
ing claims of instant pro-
- gresS, said in a long survey
on June 26 : " A year of
emergency has hatched (sic)
a new profile of India, a
? distinrt profile in discipline,
dedication and hard work...
Never has the nation
? appeared more stable poli-
tically and viable economi-
cally.... From a fate similar
to the one that befell the'
30
'Fourth Republic of France,
India was pulled back."
The Samachar report then
went on to list the " hundred
.gains" ranging from land
reforms to steel production'
and from coal to crime con- .
trot and added : "Academi-
cians, intellectuals, petty
officials, industrial workers,
rickshaw pullers, indeed a
cross sect-ion, of the natien,
told Samachar, 'Let the
emergency continue
indefinitely !"1
? That evening a senior
reporter of Samachar said to
me at the Press Club : "Did
you read our survey of the
results of the emefgency ?
-The whole damned stuff was
handed down to Lazarus
(Wilfred Lazarus, the
Samachar general manager)
by the Press Information
Bureau. Most of -the claims
'made in the Samachar survey
.and other officially- inspired
surveys cannot stand even
elementary scrutiny. But so
severe is the press censorship
.that we have to-circulate, and
ithe newspapers have to print.
what even a school boy.
-knows to be exaggerated and
false."
To find out whether this-
Samachar man had a private
grouse against the Govern-,
ment, I drove to Jaunsar
Bawar, some 300 miles from'
Delhi. to verify claims that
16,000 \bonded agricultural
workers had been freed and
Provided with _alternative,
jobs. All that T could gather
was that only SO of them had
found new jobs. Said one
former serf: "I was the vir-.
tual slave of a landlord for'
30 years. He paid me hardly
?25 for a whole year. But
he also provided my 'family
with free' food. Now. I am
a free man but can't find a
job."
The Indian Express. the
country's largest newspaper
chain, reported from the
south Indian state of Kar-
nataka that 10 freed bonded
slaves of Honganur village
near the state capital "have
opted for bondage again
rather than enjoy the poverty,
of freedom." Later, a junior
official of the censor's office
rang up a senior editor of
the Express to give him a
piece of friendly advice,.
"Look," he said. "we have
no desire to stifle investiga-
tive journalism. But this kind
Of sensation-mongering is
irresponsible." When . the
editor said that the report
was based on authentic evi-
dence. the official .sharply
retorted: -ft is not enough
for a report to be fraction'
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? ally accurate. It must be
constructive.
" Feudal bullies still rule
Uttar Pradesh villages," says,
a headline in New Age,
official organ of the Mus-
covite Communists. The
CPI, which claims to he an
.enthusiastic supporter of Mrs
Gandhi's New Economic Pro-
gramme, is making some
noise about what it calls
"highly exaggerated" claims
by " government officials at
the lower levels." About the
claim that tens of thousands
of acres have. been distri-
buted to the landless, Mr
Satyapal Deng, leader of the
CPI . group in the Punjab
,stete legislature, has this to
'say: "In about three thou-
sand villages, that is in a
about 25 per cent-of the total
number of villages in the
state, not a single person has -
been sanctioned any plot."
Mainstream, a pro-CPI
weekly, reported that in two
?.Uttar Pradesh hamlets gross
illegality has been detected
in land distribution under
the new economic pro-
gramme. It said that local
?? bosses are demanding money
and liquor from Harijans (so-
called Untouchables) before
, allotting government land to
:them..
Ironically, pro-CPI journals
in India are being given some,
latitude by the censors
'because the party is in favour
of even stronger measures to
suppress the non-Communist
opposition, and New Delhi
!does not wish to rub the Rus-
sians on the wrong side. But
a very knowledgeable MP
said that during her recent
trip to Moscow Mrs Gandhi
complained bitterly to. Mr
Brezhnev that the CPI is only
trying to exploit the. emer-
gency for its own ends.
i Sanjay Gandhi, ? the Prime
'Minister's ambitious and
authoritarian son, has openly
warned the CPI "not to
indulge in any dirty tricks
;at this time."
, A member of the New
,Delhi bureau of Blitz, the
'mass circulation, Bombay'
?weekly edited by Kusi Karen-
jia, a personal . friend of Mrs
Gandhi, said : " My paper is
'a supporter ,of the emer-
gency. But if we only sing
the praises of the Govern- -
ment, what will our readers.
think of us ? Already the
average Indian thinks that
the Government has nationa-
lised the entire press."
Whatever its lapses in
Other areas of administration,'
the Indian Government has
made news management a .
'thoroughly efficient opera-
tion. Said *one editor : Mrs?
' Gandhi will order an election
once she has completely sup-
pressed the press. Th.2re are
still some lingering dissidents
in the. journalistic frater-
nity."
Information Minister.
Vaidya Charan Shukla
recently .aid in Srinagar :
"We have no desire to con-
trol the press." But with the
' help of sonic pro-Government.
editors. popularly known as
chrmehas (stoonn) he is
trying to foist a " of
conduct " an newspapers. In
his weekly column, Mr V. K.
Narasimhan, chief editor of
the Indian Express and one
of India's few genuinely
heave editors, asked : " Is it
THE NEW YORK TIMES, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 18, 1976
Indian Paper's rndependece Threatened
By HENRY KAMM
Special to The New York Times
CALCUTTA, India ? The
Statesman, the last of India's
English -language nationl dai-
lies not yet completely domi-
nated by the Govenment, is
under intense Government pres-
sure. ?
A court hearing scheduled for
New Delhi on Aug. 20 may put
the presses of the newspaper's
New Delhi edition under Gov-
ernment control. The news-
paper's corporate headquarters
and largest edition are here.
The case is another in a series
of Government moves since
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's
declaration of a state of emer-
gency last year threatening The
Statesman's independence. It
involves an order by the Gov-
ernment for the newspaper to
show cause why its presses
should not be forfeited because
they served to print a recently
closed monthly. The monthly,
Seminar, which ceased publica-
tion last month rather than ac-
cept a Government order to
submit itself to censorship be-
fore publication, had no con-
nection with The Statesman. It
was printed on the newspaper's
presses on a commercial basis.
Neither The Statesman nor
Seminar had had any warning
before last month's censorship
order. The order has not been
violated since no issue of the
magazine was printed follow-
ing it.
? Nonetheless, copies of the
show-cause order were present-
ed individually to the retired
former chief justice of India,
S. R. Das, who is chairman of
t? he newspaper's board of direc-
tors, and to each board mem-
ber.
The Statesman will contest
the Government order, as it has
the previous moves against it.
They involved attempts by the
Government to gain control of
the newspaper through legal
moves.
The first was an allegation
that The Statesman ? had
misused its newsprint. The sec-
ond was a charge that the
newspaper had wrongfully ac-
quired majority control over a
book-publishing concern. some
years ago. The third was confis-
cation of the passport of the
newspaper's managing director,
C. R. Irani, when he returned
from a session of. the Asian
Press Institute in Hong Kong.
In the first two, the news-
paper sought in ,the high court
of the state of West Bengal to
block the orders, contending
that the legal moves were part
of a Government design to gain
control of the newspaper. The
orders were issuedand the
Government has not moved to
have them rescinded. The
Statesman believes that the
Government is not prepared to
fight the cases on the freedom-
of-the-press issue.
Statesman Stands Alone ?
The newspaper's briefs al-
leged, with names, dates and
places, a number of Govern-
ment attempts to put pressure
on The Statesman to fall into
line. The contentions involve
harassment in systematically
delaying publication of the
paper through censorship ac-
tions, direct demands to change
news policy by the Information
Minister, V.C. Shukla, and
other officials, pressure on
stockholders, and Government
attempts to influence appoint-
ments of news executives.
The other Englisle-language,
an accident that nowhere in
the code does the word ' free-
dom ' appear? "
? According to one Bombay
editor, censorship has noti
only become stricter each'
passing day but arbitrary
and absurd. He gave one
recent example. Vinod Rau,
the local censor, rang him
up one Morning to say .that
henchforth Sanjay Gandhi
should, not be referred to
as the -Youth Congress
?Leader, the: young man's
popular designation.
.hitherto., " Why ? asked the.,
..editor in sheer astonishment.
Has Sanjay _ceased to ..be,
young or has he. left the Con-
gress ? " The genial Mr Ran,,
a former editor of the Indian'
Express, replied : "I do not
know why ? New Delhi has
issued this order. But mya
suspicion is that Sanjay has
now become Sc 'famous that
he does not need any desig-
nation.''
The Government ordered a
blackout of the recent- presa,
conference of Mr Jaya
prakash Narayan, Mrs
Gandhi's chief political
adversary, ?who was freed
after lour months in solitary,
confinement, The conference
was called to announce the
formation of a United Oppo-
sition Party to light the next
election. if and when it is
hale. But opposition poll-
ticians who are still free ask
built up ?when newspapers
are forbidden to print a;
word about', its preparatory
work.
Opposition MPs strongly.
deny Mrs Gandhi's recent
charge that elections cannot
be held because " the opposi-
tion is still thinking in terms
of violence and chaos." Mr'
Narayan is believed to have
? written a. letter to Mrs
Gandhi saying that the
apposition at no time
believed in violent methods,
and that she is only. finding
new excuses to continue the.
emergency.
One MP said : " It is ? the'
Government which believes
in violence. Can torture and
harassment of prisoners be
justified ? George Fernan-
clez's.aged mother has written
to President Ahmed describ-
ing how one, of her sons was.
systmatically tortured in
.order to ferret out informa-
tion from him about George."
national newspapers, which
have been the most influential
in the country since the coloni-
al period, are The Times of
India, The Hindustan ? Times,
The Indian Express and The
Hindu. The Statesman is alone
among them in restraining its
enthusiasm for Mrs. Gandhi's
measures; such enthusiasm has
become the uniform standard
of the once highly contentious
press ?
The Statesman is as bound
by the rules issued for the In-
dian press, which prevent criti-
cism of the "emergency" and
its sweeping curtailment of
civil rights, as are all news-
papers. It does not criticize. But
its regular reader's find that the
paper does ? not go out of its
way to praise, as the others do.
Hindu Falls Into Line
?
Unlike its competitors, more-
over, The Statesman does not
give front-page prominence to
all Government actions, impor-
tant or not. The Statesman's,
policy is defined as accepting'
Government rules on what it,
must not print but reserving fort
itself the decision of how to
present the news it is allowed
to publish.
Of the other English-language,
national newspapers. The.'
Hindu, published in Madras, fell'
into line quickly. The Times of
India was in a difficult situa-
tion to resist because the Gov-
ernment, as a result of a pre-
emergency court action for
financial anomalies, .has tempo-
rary control over oneethird ofl
the newspaper's stock and the I
high court in the state of Maha-
rashtra, in Bombay, contra's
another third. ?
: Will elections be held at
r71? Many Indiana think that
Mrs Gandhi may tall a poll
early next year if the
economy continues to
improve and inflation-control
measures are successful on' a
long-range basis. But with a
good monsoon suddenly
becoming uncertain and,
prices' of essential articles
going up again, there is
doubt whether Varuna, the
rain God, will favour Mrs
Gandhi.
But lea.' Indians are pre-
pared to agree that the mixt
.:.lection can .he free and fair.
There is nearemanimity in
intellectual circles from
? Kashmir in the north to
, Kerala in the far south that
' the ? series of coeetitutional
changes the Congress Party
has rammed through Perlia-
anent and ?thc strangulation
of the press ?have. reduced
? democracy. to a inert carica-
ture.
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APproVed For RefeaS6 2001798/08 :-CIA-RDP77:06432R060-100390003--2
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL,
Friday, July 30, 1976
Responsibility and Rhodesia
It looks as if Mr. Kissinger's
"Lusaka Statement" offering U.S.
aid in toppling white-dominated
Rhodesia was not just rhetoric. The
Congress is now considering bills to
put substance to the promises of the
Secretary of State. ?
Mr. Kissinger proffered Ameri-
can economic aid to the "front-line"
black African states to recompense
them for part of their losses from
boycotting Rhodesia. The Interna-
tional Security Assistance Act
signed into law by President Ford
late last month authorized $25 mil-
lion each for Zaire and Zambia and
another $20 million for "other
southern Africa"?a cloyingly in-
nocuous way of identifying the
avowedly Marxist governments of
Angola and Mozambique.
While the authorization has
passed, the appropriation is another
matter. Anti-Communists on the
Hill are sticking at supplying funds
to Mozambique and Angola. Unfor-
tunately, their scruples will proba-
bly have little effect; even if they
block appropriations in the bills now
under consideration, Mr. Kissinger
can dip into other pockets for aid to
the African Marxists. What is par-
ticularly significant about the cur-
rent debate on the Hill is that aid to
Zaire and Zambia has been almost
non-controversial. Of course, these
countries are friendly to the U.S.,
but the earmarking of aid funds for
boycott indicates that Congress
has accepted Mr. Kissinger's policy
of "unrelenting pressure" on Rho-
desia.
The other part of that pressure?
repeal of the Byrd Amendment per-
mitting importation of strategically
important Rhodesian chrome ? is
being held in abeyance until after
the Republican Convention. Presi-
dent Ford dare not annoy the con-
servatives before the nomination. .
We wonder if the administra-
tion's policy is wise, regardless of
one's views of what will happen in
Rhodesia. If one believes that the
Rhodesian system is likely to hold
and will be superior to any candi-
date replacement, for the inhabit-
tints and-or for the West, then the
U.S. has no business trying to de-
stroy it.
But if one agrees with the pre-
Onderance of informed opinion that
? white supremacy in Rhodesia is on
the verge of overthrow, then it be-
htioves the United States to use its
ood offices to ease the travail of
transition and to try to promote a
replacement regime friendly to U.S.
interests.
It is difficult to see how Mr. Kis-
singer's policy fits into either view.
The survival of the settler regime
will hardly be affected by U.S. pol-
icy, short of direct military inter-
vention on either side. Barring ma-
jor power intervention, the out-
come will depend on the military
competence and national will of
the Rhodesians. What the U.S. aid
will do is lend American moral sup-
port to the effort to settle the issue
by force. Thus it gives the U.S. a
certain responsibility for the out-
come, without giving the U.S. a
means of influencing it.
It is one thing, after all, to ad-
vise the white Rhodesians to try to
make a deal to remain as a "white
tribe" under a black government,
but it is a far different matter to
give overt assistance to attempts to
overturn them. No one, no matter
how well advised, can have any
credible scenario of what happens
to Rhodesia when the Smith regime
goes. It could be a successful Ka-
tanga with a black government re-
lying on white support, or another
Kenya where a white community
lives comfortably under a stable
black government, or another.
Congo or Angola.
No American presures or prom-
ises can assure a favorable out-
come. Efforts to buy our way into
new nationalist governments and
thus exclude Soviet influence have
rarely worked. Nor should the U.S.
pretend to act as guarantor to a
black government's assurances
about the future of the white minor-
ity, since no one can be sure any
given government would be around
long enough to enforce such prom-
ises. The only direct American in-
terest in Rhodesia is that we prefer
to buy chromium there rather than
from Russia. Whether we do or not
will not affect the outcome, nor
need it necessarily prevent our buy-
ing chromium from any successor
regime, which will want to export.
Trying to influence the complex-
ion of the next government may be
a task appropriate for discreet work
by our diplomats and intelligence
services; we can offer mediation;
but we should beware of assuming
responsibility for the future of Rho-
desia, lest we find ourselves cater-
ers to another bloodbath.
32
NEW 18 YES
.T" iT97:
A
SOUTH AFRICA LINK
TO ISRAEL GROWS
Closer Relations Reported
to Include the Delivery of
Military Materiel
By WILLIAM E. FARRELL
Special to The New Y9rk Times
JERUSALEM, Aug. 17 ? Is-
rael's diplomatic and commer-
cial ties to South Africa have
increased dramatically in recent
months in a strengthened rela-
tionship between the two coun-
tries that reportedly includes
the sale of Israeli-Manufactured
:military equipment.
While there is little hesitance
on the part of Israeli officials
to discuss the growing commer-
cial trade between the two na?
tions, these officials are reluc-
tant to discuss the military
transactions. Nevertheless, in-
formation has been seeping out
in various quarters, including
the foreign?press and the Israeli
radio. These disclosures include
the following:
clAn Israeli radio report that
-Israel is building at its Haifa
shipyard two long-range gun-
boats armed with sea-to-sea
missiles- for the South African
navy. Other accounts place the
number of boats at six. The
420-ton boats cost about $6
million without armaments.
With missiles the cost is esti-
mated at $18 million a boat.
cReports that about 50 South
African naval personnel, on
temporary civilian status, are
training in the Tel Aviv area
to man the missile boats, with
the expectation that the first
of the vessels will be ready in
January.
tlUnconfirmed reports that
the sales agreement with South
Africa includes delivery of up
to two dozen Israeli-built Kfir
jet planes.
diReports that in exchange
for South African raw mate-
rials, including an estimated
one million tbns of coal a year
to buoy the Israeli steel indus-
try, the Israelis would provide
South Africa with advanced
military electronic equipment.
Israeli officials are loath to
discuss the reported military
aspects of the exchanges be-
tween the two countries be-
cause of South Africa's pariah
status among many nations
and particularly because of
criticism expected in the United
States from such quarters as
the black Congressional caucus
and from liberal American-
Jewish groups.
The Israeli Government has
long opposed Prime :-Minister
John Vorster's racial policies
and any inquiries concerning
Israel's current dealings ' with
South Africa elicit a re-affirma-
tion of that opposition.
Mr. Vorster visited Israel in
April, the first such visit by a
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Sinith AfricanPrime Minister in
24 years. During his stay, Mr.
Vorster told reporters that he
had discussions With Prime
Minister Yitzhak Rabin and
Foreign Minister Yigal Alton
dealing with "ways to expand
trade, encourage investments,
the setting up of joint scientific
and cultural ventures and loans
for the joint utilization of South
African raw materials." At the
time, he denied reports of an
arms deal.
Such reports grew .in in-
tensity after Mr. Vorster had
toured an Israeli missile boat
at a naval base near Sharm El
Sheik and after he had visited
the Israeli Aircraft Industries
plant near Tel Aviv, which
manufactures Kfir fighter
planes.
Foreign Policy Justified
Government officials here
justify Israel's stepped-up deal-
ings with South Africa in a
number of ways, including:
41A contention that such deal-
ings are consistent with a
foreign policy that sanctions
diplomacy with any nation
wishing to pursue diplomatic
relations with Israel.
91A pragmatic rationale based
on the country's inflation rate,
estimated this year at about 30
percent, and its strong need for
foreign currency and raw ma-
terials.
(1The fact that Arab pressure
forced many black African na-
tions into severing diplomatic
relations with Israel in 1973,
including countries in which
Israel had made major "good
neighbor" gestures over the
years. Israeli opponents of the
Government's increased deal-
ings with South Africa say the
policy is a shortsighted one
that will seriously impede
Israel's efforts to restore the
severed relations with black
Africa.
A contention that declining
South Africa's offer of amity
might have an adverse affect
on that .country's small, gener-
ally wealthy, and mostly Zion-
' ist community of 120,000 Jews.
, A number of Israeli Govern-
ment officials are irked by what
they consider to be the special
attention being given to the
country's dealings with South
Africa. They contend that they
are being subjected to a double
'standard. Since many other
countries, not necessarily en-
amored to South Africas' racial
policies, also have dealings
there.
Still oters cite Israel? relative
political isolation, saying that
the realities of its world posi-
tion leave little leeway for lofty
moral postures in light of its
needs.
Two members of the knesset,
both of the left, ' recently
addressed themselves to the
Government's relations with
South Africa. - ?
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WASHINGTON STAR
11) PUG 1375
Frr E
By Tony Avirgin
Special to The Washington Star ?
MAPUTO, Mozambique ? There is a belief
throughout Africa, a legacy of the colonial past
with its inevitable racism, that says black Afri-
cans by their very nature can never be Commu-
nists. The rulers of Mozambique are out to prove
this belief wrong.
They are creating a revolutionary state right on
the borders of white minority-ruled Rhodesia and
South Africa.
Since the Mozambique Liberation Front (Freli-
mo) came to power a little over a year ago, the
watchword has been "aluta continua" (the strug-
gle continues).
Mozambique still is on a war footing, but the
fight now is to achieve economic independence,
crush the bourgeoisie and create a "workers' and
peasants' state."
LIGHT POLES on the wide boulevards in Mapu-
to ? the new name for Mozambique's capital ?
used to carry beer signs. Now they support color-
ful banners declaring war on capitalism, imperial-
ism and racism.
Waiters no longer refer to customers as "sir" or
"madame." Everyone now is "comrada."
But the Mozambican revolution gees far deeper.
The plan is to use as a model for the entire coun-
try the "liberated zones," areas that Were
controlled by Frelimo during the war against
Portugal. They are in the north and center of the
country, and Frelimo wants to spread their influ-
ence to the south and to the cities.
In the liberated zones people live an egalitarian,
puritanical work-centered existence. Villagers till
the fields for the benefit of all. Literacy and health
are stressed as a part of every person's revolu-
tionary duty. Progress has been made in changing
the role of women from that of traditional African
society.
FRELIMO officials say one of their big concerns
just now is maintaining the integrity of these
liberated zones, that they are in danger of being
"polluted" through the return of more than 50,000
refugees who had fled to Tanzania and Zambia.
Radicalization and mobilization of the population
outside the liberated zones is another major con-
cern. The long-range plan was that this would be
accomplished over a period of years as the war
against Portugal spread to include the entire
country.
But the 1974 coup in Portugal that toppled Lis-
bon's right-wing government cleared the way for
a quicker end to the war. Frelimo found itself in
possession of something it hadn't sought, the high-
rise urban centers that Frelimo President Samora
Machel recently described as "the haven of the
bourgeoisie."
In February. the Frelimo central committee de-
clared the nationalization of all rented and aban-
doned properties. The decree said compensation
would go only to those who had not recovered their
original investment in rent. '
OFFICIALS still are not sure exactly what they
nationalized. A survey team has been going from
house to house in Maputo (formerly Lourenco
Marques) to determine which properties had been
abandoned and which had been rented.
Tenants remain, but their rent now goes to the
state.
Other nationalizations in the first year of inde-
pendence covered all land, all schools, hospitals
and clinics, as well as the banning of private prac-
tice of medicine and law and of funeral parlors,
which Machel said practice "commerce in death."
The foundation of Frelimo's politicization cam-
paign is a vast network of "groupos dinamiza-
dores" (dynamizing groups) in neighborhoods, vil-
lages and work places. Every citizen is
encouraged to attend.
The groups serve multiple functions, including
the political education, implementation of party
directives and such practical matters as making
sure streets are kept clean.
FRELIMO IS engaged in "class warfare," a
struggle that inevitably will result in the aliena-.
tion of previously privileged segments of the popu-
lation.
White residents of Mozambique were given the
option of taking Mozambican or Portuguese citi-
zenship. Ninety percent of the 200,000 whites left
rather than accept the loss of privilege demanded
by Frelimo.
Observers believe about half of the 20,000 re-
maining will leave eventually, but they are
different from those who fled earlier, who often
were outright racists and staunch anti-Commu-
nists.
One young man who will leave for Portugal
shortly said, "I really think that what Frelimo is
doing is the best thing for this country. I wanted to
help but I found that I had been raised in too privi-
leged a life. I found that I wasn't strong enough to
change, so its best that I leave."
Black opponents of Frelimo who did not flee, in-
cluding several thousand former members of
Portugal's colonial army, now are in "re-educa-
tion" camps in the countryside.
WASHINGTONPOST
3 JUL 1976
? State' Dep a rtm en t
spokesman Robert L.- Pun-
- seth said yesterday that the
department "categorically
denies"- a,- report in The
...Washington Post yesterday
that the United States,. Brit.
am And Kenya are cooperat-
ing to overturn the Uganda
.government of President Idi
Amin.
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log 2Inge1et ZEriting Thurs., August 1Z 1976
14p1p!ne:
opm 44 at
, ?
(nig' nalism ec in More
ost of OM lies With U.S.
BY JACQUES LESLIE
Times Staff Writer
S
11ANTLA?Por many years after the Philippines was
- 'granted independence in 1946, the island nation almost
slavishly aped the policies of its former colonial master,
the United States.
During that period a leading Filipino historian warned:
*We are equating America's national interest with ours
.... It is. . . easy to persuade us into believing that some
iaction which is best for America is actually best for us."
. Philippine foreign policy was so determinedly anti-Com-
Inunist, for example, that the nation did not even estab-
lish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union until two
months ago. When the United States confronted the So-
viet Union and Cuba in the 1962 missile crisis, the Philip'
ines promptly suspended relations with Cuba. . ... :
. In recent years, however, many Filipinos have begun to
ille
.. stion this unbending pro-Washington attitude. The as-
sertion of Philippine nationalism at the expense of Ameri-
can interests always was favored by a minority of Filipino
;politicians known as "nationalists." Given impetus by the
;collapse of pro-American governments in Indochina last
1year, the nationalists' objectives are becoming more and ?;
tniore popular.. .
President Ferdinand E. Marcos increasingly appeals to
nationalist sentiment. His most dramatic move was to an-
nounce more than a year ago that the United States
would have to renegotiate the agreement that allowed it
to operate two Major military bases here rent-free. Nego-
tiations for a new bases pact have been -under way since
June 15 without any firm results. ?
. , A year ago, Marcos went to Peking to establish I cliplo-
clemned big-power hegemony in Asia. The Philippines last
trnatie relations with China, and at the same time con-.
iroonth agreed on relations. with a unified Vietnam, a na-
tion which 'Wa.shington refuses to recognize.
. . In economic policy, the disenchantment which some Fit-,
I Spinos feel toward the United States was reflected in the .
lapse in 1974 of the Laurel-Langley agreement that had '
' been in effect since Philippine independence. It was based
! on the assumption that since the Philippine economy im-
mediately after independence was still dependent on the
,United States, Philippine exports would be given prefer..
i,ential treatment in America in return for lucrative term
for U.S. investment in the Philippines.
s .
Itilanir Filipinos came to resent the benefits offered U.S.
Snvestors here, and the United States did not object when
.no effort was made to renew the agreement before its ex-
!piration in 1974.
At the same time, the Philippine Supreme Court pro
yoked the ire of some U.S. investors by ruling that the
'lapse of the Laurel-Langley agreement meant that its
provisions retroactively had no validity.
To U.S. investors who had bought land based on Laur-
el7Langley's assurance that they could never be forced tq
divest, this was a telling blow. The Supreme Court deci-
' Eton required the investors to sell their land. -
, Since then the Marcos government has increasingly
pressured foreign investors to accept lower percentages of
ownership in business.
"The whole tenor here has been of a more nationalistic
!application of 'economic policy," a Western economist said.
Opposition politicians here are still skeptical about the
depth of l?lareos' commitment to nationalist aims. "Since
'last year, when he went to Red China, he has tried to
preempt all the nationalist issues, here," said an opposition
Politician who asked not to be identified. "But what
'makes it very clearly superficial is that he keeps on beg-
ging for foreignhivestment and leans."
In 1975, the World Bank and the Asian Development
Bank approved loans to the Philippines worth $200 mil-
! lion. US. economic aid in fiscal 1976 was $81 million, and
American AID planners are asking Congress for a $106
million appropriation in fiscal 1977. American investment
in the Philippines is estimated at $1.5 billion.
Growing Phillipine preoccupation with nationalism
seems to indicate a feeling that decades of cultural dotni-
nation by the United States have deprived the nation of
pride in its culture. Renato Constantino, professor at the
University of the Philippines, wrote in a sardonic essay
that the Filipino:? ?
"Has shown his discriminating taste by being receptive
only to American culture, selecting for avid consumption
such outstanding American contributions as cowboy mo-
vies, horror pictures, comics, rock and roll, soapbox der-
bies, beauty contests, teen-age idiosyncrasies, advertising .
, jingles, cocktail parties, and soft drinks."
The depth of American inflence is apparent even in the
'countryside surrounding Manila, where the lush, green
land is punctuated with Pepsi-Cola advertisements and
U.S.-brand gas stations. Basketball nets, symbols of the
Filipinos' favorite sport, tower over muddy fields.
To be sure, some observers run counter to the nationa-
listic trend by arguing that one reason for the Americans'
Euccess in dominating Philippine culture is the absence of
a great traditional civilization here. Before it was colo-
nized by Spain and then the United States, the Philippines
consisted of largely autonomous tribes which were spread
over some of the nation's 7,000 islands. They left behind
Irici artistic, monuments like those which have come to
symbolize national greatness in other Asian countries
.isuch as Indonesia and India.
"Marcos is trying to create national pride," a Western
diplomat said,. but Filipinos feel their lack of any great:
civilization or culture."
. To many observers, the key to instilling national pride '
' is langauge. In colonial days, the Americans allowed only
English to be taught in schools. English spread across the
nation, which had been divided by the presence of 87 in-
digenous languages. Between 30% and 40% of the people
litar speak English.
,! "In exchange for a smattering of English, we yielded
our souls," Prof. Constantino argued. "The stories of
, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln made us forget-
; our own heritage. The American view of our history
(taught in schools in the colonial period) turned our he-
roes into brigands in our own eyes, distorted our vision of
our future." ?
? In addition, few Filipinos teamed English perfectly, and
many thus suffered from being unable to speak any lan-
guage articulately. But now Tagalog, spoken by 56% of
the population, is enjoying a- resurgence. Long ago de-
clared the Philippines' national language. its use in uni-
versities is finally challenging that of English.
Some observers believe the anti-Americanism now pre-
valent here reflects the negative- side- of many Filipinps'
long-standing love-hate feelings for the United States.
Taught. to accept. American values as their own during
colonial rule, many Filipinos are anxious for acceptance
and sensitive to slights from the United States.
This preoccupaticin with American treatment is current-
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BALTIMORE SUN
, 3 August 1976
Thailand's Foreign Investment Lag
Bangkok.
The Thai government is becoming con-
cerned about a drop-off in foreign invest-
ment. Foreign as well as local investment
began to tumble as communist forces took
over the neighboring Indochina states of
Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam in mid-1975.
Total foreign and domestic investment in
1974 was running $450 million, 30 per cent
of it foreign. In 1975, it was down to $75 mil-
lion, 15 per cent of it foreign.
Applications for firms enjoying tax privi-
leges were submitted at a rate of about 20 a
month in 1974, 10 a month in 1975, and are
.now running at only 5 a month. These num-
bers apply only to initial registered capital
and do not account for reinvestment. Never-
theless, even though better figures are hard
to come by, the feeling here is that the for-
eign investor is losing interest in Thailand.
At a recent panel discussion at the For-
eign Correspondents Club of Thailand, a
group of overseas business men aired their
doubts. They were unanimous in agreeing
that investor confidence in Thailand was
shaken by the demise of the Indochina states
and the fear that Thailand would become the
next domino.
Japan is Thailand's leading investor, with
the U.S. second. The Japanese member of
the panel said that his country's investment
in Thailand was down to a third of its 1974
value, while worldwide Japanese investment
was about the same. He attributed this to
political unrest.
The panel tended to be bullish on Thai-
land, maybe because the members have
much at stake. The American representative
played down the "investment follows the
flag" concept and said he felt that the Amer-
ican military withdrawal would have little
effect on the American investor. "Business
tends to be apolitical," he said. "The pres-
ence of the troops does not affect the ability
to generate a profit."
? The German member of the panel felt
that the withdrawal would change invest-
ment calculations. "Instead of getting your
capital back in 5 years, you might want it
back in 3 years," he remarked.
The panel was critical of the press. Mem-
bers felt that outsiders are getting a wrong
, By FRANK LOMBARD
Impression of the situation in Thailand. They
are continuously getting strange queries
from their home offices, where executives
are convinced that Thailand is in a state of
chaos and collapse.
The blame for sensationalizing spot news
stories fell on far-away editors, who lack
perspective on the local situation. Examples
were the recent ransacking of the Prime
Minister's residence by a mob of drunken po-
licemen and an incident in which 50 armed
bandits, some of them policemen, held up a
Bangkok-bound express train and sprayed it
with automatic gunfire.
Such occurrences evince little surprise
among those who live in Bangkok, where
chaos is normal and does not necessarily im-
ply instability.
All in all, Thailand's economic pulse is
healthy. Inflation was 12 per cent in 1974
Banditry evinces little
surprise among those who
live in Bangkok, where
chaos is normal and does
not necessarily imply
instability.
and only 5 per cent in 1975. The Thai curren-
cy is stable. The black market price has nev-
er fluctuated more than 10 per cent from the
controlled rate despite reports that some $35
million has illegally fled the country in the
past year. International reserves dropped by
about 20 per cent in the latter part of 1975,
partly due to the American withdrawal, but
they have lately turned around. Thailand
- was recently granted a 100-million-Eurodol-
lar loan.
In the April 1976 issue of Euromoney, a
banker's journal printed in London, Thai-
land's investment prospects were analyzed.
The magazine described the present demo-
cratic Thai government as "an uneasy expe-
riment." (Military governments have been
the norm.) It said the government was cor-
rupt and chaotic and has been insensitive to
13, reflected In the massive joublicity here being even the
trial of two Filipina nurses in Michigan accused of -mur-
dering five of their patients. The nurses are erten por-
trayed as the innocent victims of a U.S. campaign to ma-
lign the Philippines.
On the other hand, a large pool of goodwill for America
still exists. The high level of emigration to the United.
States shows this: last year alone, there were 33,000 who
emigrated.
One impetus to anti-Americanism. probably has been -
.Maros' four-year-old martial law regime, which has en-
gendered some disillusionment with U.S. policy. g?The US.
brought Filipinos up to believe in democracy," complained
a professor here, "but when Marcos suspended democratic
methods, the U.S. continued to support hint"
35
the needs of the rural sector, at least until
recently. It characterized the Democratic
party, which rules the present fairly stable
coalition, as capitalist and royalist. The so-
cialist opposition is weak and the Commun-
ist party is banned, all of which is good news
for investors.
"If there is a military coup, it might en-
courage foreign investment," the magazine
said. "However, it will also encourage the
communist insurgents and result in a longer-
term shift to the left."
Many observers in Bangkok feel that if
Thailand is to go communist, it will probably
fall from the inside. No one is really expect-
ing an invasion. There are close to 10,000
armed, uniformed insurgents operating in
this nation of 40 million, and there are prob-
ably an equal number of unarmed cadre.
Their ranks are increasing at a rate of about
10 per cent a year. On the other hand, the
population is growing by 3.2 per cent a year,
and the number of armed criminals far ex-
ceeds the number of communists. There is
no gun control, and the murder rate is 4
times that of the U.S.
Communist, terrorists act on principle
alone and save their bullets for the police,
the army, and corrupt officials. No business
man has been molested. No capital equip-
ment has been damaged. Intelligence
sources say the communists get their money
from a Bangkok-based underground and buy
their weapons on the Thai black market. Se-
rial-number checks have not shown any
substantial surplus American weapon move-
ments from Vietnam to Thailand.
Ideological and training support for Thai
insurgents come from Hanoi and Peking.
This is unlikely to stop, since the commun-
ists 'consider it a party and not a government
affair. ?
The communist threat is serious but a
long way from being fatal. The Thais may or
may not find a solution, but in the meantime,
there is money to be, made in a country
where the minimum wage is $1.25 per day,
corporate balance sheets can be kept from
the public scrutiny and tax evasion is a na-
tional sport.
Mr. Lombard is an American free-
lance journalist based in Bangkok.
. ,
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Approved For 1Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100390003-2---
NEW YORK TIMES
25 July 1976
Small New Countries in the Caribbean
Are Starting to Follow Cuba's Example;
By The Associated Press
PORT OF SPAIN, Trinidad?
The small emerging nations of
the Caribbean are moving to
the left, and the pace is accel-
erating.
In the years since Fidel Cas-
tro introduced radical socialism
to the area, eight former Brit-
ish and Dutch territories there
have gained full independence
Six other island-states expect
independence within the next
decade.
The new nations inherited
multiparty systems of govern-
ment, but left-wing politicians
now either are in power in
nearly all of the 14 countries,
share it, or are in powerful op-
position.
In interviews, many of these
leaders saw the Cuban model
of social and economic planning
as a real alternative to Ameri-
can-style capitalist democracy,
and as a way to solve their
problems.
Many leaders in the British
Caribbean came to power es-
pousing one form of socialism
or another, usually of the mild
British variety. "They were all
parlor Socialists," said a West-
ern diplomat disparagingly.
Once in power, however, even
the moderates found themselves
pushed to the left.
Violence In Jamaica
Virtual communism has come
to Guyana. and the introduction
of radical socialism has been
violently resisted in Jamaica.
Leaders in the emerging island-
states of Dominica and St.
Vincent seem convinced that
Marxism will be their best ideo-
logical course when they gain
independence soon.
And common to the Caribbean
today Is the trend toward the
nationalization or partial take-
over of America's $6 billion in
business investments.
Helping to polarize the polit-
ical leaders are the apparently
intractable social and economic
problems that they believe are
impervious to other than radi-
cal solutions.
"Capitalism has been in oper-
ation in this part of the world
for some time and it has failed
us," Prime Minister Forbes
Burnham of Guyana said in an
interview. His view was echoed
by others interviewed in the
Caribbean, and they cited the
following overriding problems:
41Unemployment ? Popula-
tions have multiplied. The
island of Barbados, for in-
'stance, one-fifth the size of
itacksonville, Fla., has a popu-
lation of 243,000 with 30 per-i
icent of the work force unem-I
!ployed. Similar unemployment'
:figures are found among the
Irest of the Caribbean's 15 mil-
lion people, with high densi-
ties in capitals such as King-
ston, Jamaica; Port of Spain,
Trinidad, and Georgetown,
Guyana. Crime levels are high
as a result.
(IF:migration cutoff?Emigra-
tion to the parent colonial:
country once was a safety
valve, hot Britain and the
Netherlands have reduced the
traffic. Canada is also slack-
ening its intake, and .only the
United States is continuing to
absorb migrants in great num-
bers, The annual quota for
the Western Hemisphere is
120,000 and many of these
emigrants cane from the Ca-
ribbean. Jamaica, with only one
half of one percent of the
hemisphere's population, last
year provided 10 percent of
the quota-12,000 immigrants.
itiDecline of plantations?The
traditional sugar and banana
plantation economies continue
to decline because of poor world
prices and the reluctance of
die newly independent islanders
to work in the fields. "They
continue to equate hard work
with slavery," said a Govern-
ment official in Guyana.
(Wailure of federation?The
best hope for the viability of
the Caribbean islands was be-
lieved to be in federation. Brit-
ain found that newly independ-
ent Trinidad, Guyana, Barbados
and Jamaica were unwilling to
pull together. Federation has
failed even in the tiniest is-
lands. The Associated State of,
St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, with
,only 60,000 people on three
.small islands, has already split
into two parts and may soon
split into three. A similar pat-
tern is showing up in the Neth-
?erlands Antilles. Various eco-
nomic federations have been
attempted, but even the Carib-
bean Common Market, the most
hopeful indicator of economic
cooperation, seems destined to
fail because of traditional island
rivalries.
Measured against this gloomy
political and economic perform-
Cuba, the largest of the Carib-
bean states, with nine million
people. Using teohniqques of
complete social planning and
authoritarian control, Prime
Minister Castro is reported to
have thoroughly transformed
Cuba, pouring 30 per-cent of
the gross national product into
development, and providing free
nursery schools, medical care
and education to university
level.
That Mr. Castro made these
achievement' with around $2
million a day 'n Soviet aid and
at the expense of free institu-
tions has not dismayed his--
ribbean admirers. His example
seems to be catching on,
Setting the pace is Guyana,
formerly, British Guiana, on
the northeast shoulder of South
America. Foreign business has
been nationalized and the coun-
try's 800,000 people have been'
mobilized along Marxist-Lenin-
ist lines. "Guyana will have
moved into being a fairly ortho-
dox Communist country in four
or five years," an experienced
observer there said.
Guyana 'has entered a .rare
period of political serenity.
Cheddi Jagan, the political op-
position leader and bitter
Marxist opponent of Prime
Minister Burnham, has worked
with the Government in com-
pleting the Marxist structure
of the Minnesota-sized country.
Manley Turned to Left I
Jamaica, at the end of al
chain of sparkling islands and
1,200 miles to the northeast,
is one-twentieth of Guyana's
size but has three times the
population. A sudden turn
toward radical socialism by
Prime Minister Michael Man-
ley after he visited Cuba last
year shocked the conservative
,opposition party and led to
charges of 'Communist influ-%
ences in Jamaica. Tinte were;
countercharges of tnvolvement;
of the United States Central,
Intelligence Agency. The popu-
lar Mr. Manley is expected to;
win the approaching. elections?
and to resume ?his leftward
march.
In Barbados, Prime Minister:
Errol Walton Barrow allowed'
Angola-bound Cuban -planes to
refuel there.
Trinidad is the most stable!
of ;the small islands, with Prime,:,
Minister Eric Williams, a mod-
erate, bolstered in power by,
rich new finds of petroleum off,.
his southwestern coast. Mr::
Williams visited Cuba last years
,
but has since voiced disapproval'
of Mr. Castro's foreign adven-.
tures.
The Bahamas is another cen-`.
ter of stability. The Govern-
ment there has resisted over-,
tures from Cuba, but has ex-
pressed interest in nationaliz-
ing some local industries, in-.
eluding the 'gambling casinos. -
A 'Golden Handshake'
Surinam gained its independ-
ence from the Netherlands'
eight months ago, receiving
a "golden handshake" in the
form of a $1.7 billion aid pack-
age from The Hague. Western'
diplomats say the "medium-
term" prospects for Surinam
and its 300,000 people are ex-
cellent. But they warn that
there is a strong leftist trend in
the powerful labor movement
of this South American neigh-
bor of Guyana,. and say it
could eventually radicalize the.
Government and endanger
large American bauxite inter-
ests.
The five British Associated.
States in the Windward and
Leeward Islands yield authority
in defense and foreign affairs to
London, but retain full internal
power. "4e. Governments are
either left wing or have radical
politicians in coalitions. They
are expected to accept inde-
pendence within the next few
years.
Edward Bruma, the left-wing
Minister of Economics in Suri-
nam, was asked what future
American policy might be: "The,
United States will have to learn
to live with people who have
different political systems. We
learned to live with the atom
bomb; America will have to
learn to live with a Socialist
Caribbean."
The United States Govern-
ment has told leaders in Ja-
maica and Guyana that it is
concerned less about their form
of government than the poten-
tial subversive influence of
Cuba and the Soviet Union on
Caribbean affairs. Local offi-
cials scoff at this potential
threat.
THE. WASHINGTON POST
7 August 1976
?
e The Cuban Communist 'Party newspaper
Granma accused the CIA and the opposition, Jamai-
can' Labor Party of a "wide ranging plan of destabi-
lization" against, the Jamaican government of Prime
Minister Michael Manley, which has intensified con-
tacts with ,Cuba.
36
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