HUGE C.I.A. OPERATION REPORTED IN U.S. AGAINST ANTIWAR FORCES, OTHER DISSIDENTS IN NIXON YEARS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP77-00432R000100340001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 7, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 22, 1974
• Content Type: NSPR

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INTERNAL USE ONLY
This publication contains clippings from the
domestic and foreign press for YOUR
BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Further use
of selected items would rarely be advisable.
No. 21 27 DECEMBER 1974
GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
Destroy after backgrounder
has served its purpose or
within 60 days.
. CONFIDENTIAL
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22 December 1974
Ce 1. A 0
SGACAUNST' ANTI
TIA~ EIR DISSIDEN TS IN N1. f
FILES ON .CITIZENS
lrns Reportedly Got
41 e
Surveillance Data in
Charter Violation
By SEYMOUR M. HERSH
Special to Tie New York Times
WASHINGTON, Dec. 21-The
Central Intelligence Agency, di-
rectly violating its charter, con-
ducted. a massive illegal do-
mestic intelligence operation
during the Nixon' Administra-
tion against the antiwar move-
ment and other dissident
!groups in the United States,
according to well-placed Gov-
ernm3nt sources.
An extensive investigation by
The New York Times has estab-
lished that intelligence files on.
at least 10,000 American citi-
zens were maintained by a
special unit of the C.I.A. that
Iwas reporting directly to Rich-
; and Helms, then the Director of
Central Intelligence and now
the Ambassador to Iran.
In addition, the sources said,
accheck of the C.I.A.'s domestic
rii'es? ordered last year by Mr.
:Izains's successor, James R.
: thlesinger, produced evidence
at'dozens of other illegal activi-
ties by members of the C,I.A.
inside the United States, be-
ginning in the nineteen-fifties,
including break-ins, wiretap-
ping and the surreptitious in-
spection of mail.
A Different Category
Mr. Schlesinger was suc-
ceeded at the C.I.A. by William.
E. Colby in late 1973.
? Those alleged operations,
while also prohibited by law,
were not targeted at dissident
American citizens, the sources
said, but were a different cate.
gory of domestic activities that
were secretly carried out as
part of operations. aimed at
suspected foreign intelligence
agents operating in the United
States.
Under the 1947 act setting
up the C.I.A., the agency was
forbidden to have "police sub-
poena, law enforcement powers
or internal security functions"
inside the United States. Those
responsibilities fall to the F.B.I.,
which maintains, a special in-
ternal security unit to deal
with foreign intelligence threats.
Mr. Helms, who left the
C. I. A. in February, 1973, for
his new post in Teheran, could
not be reached despite tele-
phone calls there yesterday
and today.
Network of Informants
Charles Cline, a duty officer
at the American Embassy in
Teheran, said today that a note
informing Mr. Helms of the re-
quest by The Times for com-
ment had been delivered to Mr.
Helms's quarters this morning.
By late evening Mr. Helms had
not returned the call.
"This is explosive, it could
destroy the agency," one offi-
cial with access to details of
the alleged domestic spying on
dissidents said in an interview.
He described the program as,
similar in intent to the Army
domestic surveillance programs
that were censured by Congress
four years ago.
`M- sere was no excuse for
what _ the agency did," the
source said. "What you had
was an insulated secret police
agency not under internal quus-
ti6Tr ?r, audit."
The disclosure of alleged!
illdgal-'C.I.A. activities is the!
first- confirmation of rumorsi
that -have - been circulating in
Washington for some time. Ai
number of mysterious . bur-!
glaries and incidents have comet
to light since the break-in at'
Democratic party headquarters
in the Watergate complex on
June 17, 1972.
Thoughout the public hear-,
ings and courtroom testimony
on Watergate, Mr. Helms and
other high-level officials in-
sisted that the C.I.A. had been
"duped" into its Watergate
Involvement by the White
House.
As part of. its alleged effort
against dissident Americans in
the late nineteen-sixties and
early nineteen-seventies, the
sources said, the C.I.A. author-
ized agents to follow,and pho-
tograph participants in antiwar
and other demonstrations. The
C.I.A. also set up a network of
informants who were ordered
to penetrate antiwar groups,
the sources said.
flea.. .
But he was described by an
associate as extremely con-
cerned and disturbed by what
he discovered at the C.I.A. upon
replacing Mr. Helms.
. "He found himself in a cess-
pool," the associate said.. "He!
was having a grenade blowing!
up in his face every time he'
urned around."
The Ellsberg Affair
} Mr. Schlesinger was at the
C.I.A. when the first word of
the agency's involvement in the
September, 1971, burglary of
the office of Dr. Daniel Ells-
berg's psychiatrist by the White
House security force known as
the "plumbers" became known.
It was Mr. Schlesinger who
also discovered and turned
over to the Justice Department
a` series of letters written to
Mr. Helms 'by James"W. Mc-
Cord Jr., one . of the original
Watergate. defendants and a
former C.I.A: security official.
The letters, which told of White
House involvement in the Wa-
tergate burglary,-had been de-
posited in. an agency office.
The associate said one result
of . Mr. Schlesinger's inquiries
into Watergate and the domes-
tic aspects of the C.I.A. opera-
tions was his executive edict:
ordering a halt, to all question-
able counterintelligence opera-!
tions inside the United States.!
:During his short stay at the,
C.LA., Mr. Schlesinger also
initiated a 10 per cent employe
cutback. Because of his actions,
the associate said, security
officials at the agency decided
to increase the number of his
personal bodyguards. It could
not be learned whether that
action was taken after a threat.
Many past and present C.I.A.
men acknowledged that Mr.
Schlesinger's reforms were-
;harder to bear because he was
an outsider.
Mr. Colby, these men said,
while continuing the same basic
programs initiated by his pre-
,timessor, was viewed by some
inten,ar, cntlcs as "the saving
force" at the agency because
,as a former high-ranking offi-
Icial himself in the . C.I.A.'s
clandestine services, he had the
respect and power to ensure
that the alleged illegal domestic
programs would cease.
Some sources also reported
that there 'was widespread
paper shredding at the agency
shortly after Mr. Schlesinger
began to crack down on the
C.l.A.'s operations. .
Asked about that, however,' -
Government officials said that
they could "guarantee" that the
war member of Congress was C.I.A., similarly refused to di,- domestic
iintelligence files were
c
ApprrffF rtKP6fePJ`1*fY0W08 : E7F 'F'1;'orcl's
selection . of .an..Attorney . General.
Edward Levi, is not the only, person. to
restore the -tattered fabric' of law in
this country. But he would be an ex.
'ceptional 'choice,' for this President
end this time, and' to back away now
would 'be' =one -more :surrender., 'fo
'unreason.'i) .. ?. .
NEW YORK TIMES
24 December 1974
FORD BIDS COLBY
REPORT QUICKLY
ON C.IA DOSSIERS
Account of Allegations About
Domestic Spying Will Go
Through Security Panel
CONGRESS HEARINGS SET
Chairmen of 3 Committees
Planning Broad Inquiries
as Protests Grow
By SEYMOUR M. HERSH
Speaai to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Dec. 23 ' -
President Ford today ordered-
William E. Colby, the Director
of Central Intelligence, to re-
port "within a matter of days"
on the published allegations of
illegal C.I.A. spying on Ameri-
can citizens.
Mr. Ford's call for an investi-
gation, announced by Ron Nes-
sen, the White-,House press
secretary, at Vail, Colo., where
the President is vacationing,
came amid heightened ' Con-
gressional concern and protest
over the alleged domestic spy-
ing, initially reported yesterday
in The New York Times.
Extensive hearings into the
C.I.A. soon after `the new Con-
gress convenes next month
were announced by Senator
John J. Sparkman, who will be-
come chairman of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee;
Senator John C. Stennis, chair-
man of the Senate Armed Serv-
ices Committee, and Represent-
ative Lucien N. Nedzi, chair-
man of the Intelligence sub-
committee of the House Armed
Services Committee.
Through Security. Council
Mr. Nessen said the President
,had ordered Mr. Colby to sub-
mit his report through the Na-
tional Security Council, headed
by Secretary of State Kissinger.
"The purpose is to find out
;exactly what did happen," the
press aide said.
Asked about the future of
Richard helms, the former
Director of Central Intelligence?
who is now Ambassador to
'Iran, Mr. Nessen cautioned
newsmen to "put in perspec.
ative what we have here."
"We have a newspaper ac-
count of past activities of the
C.I.A.," he said. "That's all
we have. We need to avoid
hardening these activities into
fact. Pending this [Mr. Colby's]
report, it seems that to make
this kind of judgment is' pre-
mature."
Violations Alleged
The Times reported yesterday
that, according to well-placed
Government sources, the C.I.A.
had violated its charter by
mounting a massive intelligence'
operation during the Nixon Ad-
ministration against the antiwar
movement and other dissident
groups in the United States.
Intelligence files on at least
10,000 American citizens were
compiled, the sources said.
Mr. Nessen also said that Mr.
Colby informed the President
last week of the pending arti-
cle. Asked why Mr. Ford did
not immediately demand a re-
port from Mr. Colby upon
learning of the allegations, the
press aide said he was unable
to provide any further informa-
tion. -
Asked why the White House
was asking the C.I.A., in effect,
to investigate itself, Mr. Nessen
did not respond directly, but
repeated only that President
Ford had initiated the investi-
gation.
Mr. Nessen's comments cul-
minated a confusing day for the
dispersed Ford. Administration,
which seemed to be unprepared
for the reactions to the reports.
of alleged illegal spying.
News agencies initially re-
ported today that the Justice
Department had begun an in-
quiry into the C.I.A., and later
accounts said that Mr. Ford had
told Secretary Kissinger to
make the study.
The confusion was finally
resolved by a high-level Kis-
singer aide; who told a news-
man tonight that "what hap-
pened is that the President has
asked Colby to give him a re-
port and Henry asked Colby to
submit it to the President
through the N.S.C. [National
Security Council]."
Earlier, the State Department
announced' that Mr. Kissinger
had asked Mr. Helms, who
served as director from 1966
;until 1973, for a separate report
on the allegations.
Mr. Helms has made no pub-
lic comment on the published
reports, but Robert Anderson,
the State Department's spokes-
man, told newsmen that the
envoy would return to testify
before any Congressional com-
mittee seeking his appearance.
There weer no immediate plans
for his return pending such a
request, the spokesman added,)
Denies Kissinger Role
Mr. Anderson said he could
"confidently say" that Mr. Kis-
singer had no knowledge of,
any illegal domestic spying by
the C.I.A. '
Asked whether'Mr. Kissinger
should have known, as national
security adviser, of such activi-i
ties, he said, "I'd assume he'd j
see projects done by the C.I.A.'
that concerned national secu-
rity affairs,"
I The C.I.A. officially remained
silent.
"We're not talking about
that story," one agency officer
told a caller.
The most pointed congres-1
sional reaction to the allega-f
tions of C.I.A. spying camel
from Senator Sparkman, Demo-I
crnt of Alnhama
"I have been shocked by the'
revelations regarding C.I.A. ac-i
tivities in the United States,";
Mr. Sparkman said in a state
ment. "This is a domestic mat-'
ter but there have been other;
operations of the C.I.A. in for
eign fields that have disturbed
the members of the Foreign Re-
lations Committee."
- To Summon Helms
His hearings, he said, will
concentrate on the C.I.A.'s for-i
eign activities but, nonetheless,:
Mr. Helms will be summoned;
to testify "since many of the
things being brought to light
occurred while he was the head
of the C.I.A."
Senator Stennis, Democrat of
Mississippi, said his panel also
would conduct thorough inves
tigation into the C.I.A.
In a statement-issued from,
this home in De Kalb, Miss.,`
lMr. Stennis said the inquiry?
would be "aimed at determin-,
ing whether the agency is pres-
ently operating within the let-
ter and spirit of the 1947 basic;
charter creating the organiza-
tion." That charter bars any
domestic activity by the C.I.A.
Representative Nedzi, Demo-
crat of Michigan, said the hear-
ing would begin soon as the
new. Congress was organized.
He said his investigation
would be conducted "in a mea.
sured, comprehensive manner,
letting the chips fall where they
may." He urged Americans not
to make "hasty judgments,"
adding that "some have already
assumed the allegations and im-.
plications to be facts."
It was unclear tonight]
'whether the confusion over who]
was investigating what in the
Ford Administration was the
result of official or press mis-
, understandings.
Participation Denied
Earlier today a news agency
quoted Laurence H. Silberman,
the acting Attorney General, as
saying he had been in touch
with Mr. Colby and "the matter
'is under review." Justice De-
partment officials . later said
that Mr. Silverman had not
meant to suggest that the de=
partment was planning to par-
ticipate in the review.
In a similar misunderstand-
ing, State Department officials
later emphatically refuted re-
ports from the White House
press briefing in Vail saying
that President Ford had author-
ized Secretary Kissinger to
conduct the inquiry into the
C.I.A. They said that Mr. Kiss-
inger, who is scheduled to be-
gin a vacation in. a few days,
,would be involved only to the
extent of relaying the report
through the National Security
Council to the President.
At his news briefing, Mr. Nes-
sen was unable to say whether
Mr. Ford had been in telephone
contact today with either Mr.
Kissinger or Mr., Colby about
the matter.
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l
WASHINW.UN POS
24 December 1974
~J
K 0
By Murrey Marder
Washington Post Staff Writer
A presidential inquiry was ordered yesterday into
allegations that the Central Intelligence Agency conduct-
ed illegal domestic surveillance especially during the
Nixon administration. In addition, up to four congression-
al investigations. were proposed on the same charges.
President Ford, who is vacationing at Vail, Colo., di-
rected Secretary of State-
Henry A. Kissinger to produce !! gence files on. at least 10,000;
a report "in a matter of days"' Americans were maintained!
on the allegations. Kissinger's L by the CIA in a special unit,
inquiry will be conducted in and that the CIA conducted
his dual role as presidential ! 1 surveillance of . groups carn-
national security adviser and s
;head of the National Security
tCouncil staff. 4
'Kissinger, aides said, has f
asked Richard M. Helms, now l
amba.sador to Iran, to report United States.
h
t
e
th
th
t
arges
e c
a
n
c
ton
er on Under CIA's charter, the
Helms' tenure as director of agency is forbidden to conduct
the CIA from 1966 to 1973. police and internal security
Liam E. Colby, the current CIA'
operations in the United
director also will submit a re- States, with that responsibility
port for this inquiry. assigned to the Federal Bu-'
Investigations into the alle- reau of Investigation.
gations of illegal CIA activi- The accusations about mas-
ties were announced by Chair- sive CIA surveillance of anti-
man John C. Stennis of the war demonstrators were new.
Senate Armed Services The charges of CIA break-ins
Committee: by Sen. John and other . domestic surveil-
Sparkman (D-Ala.), due to be- 'lance activities beyond its con-
come chairman of the Senate gressionally authorized juris-
Foreign Relations Committee diction have been raised be-
in the new Congress in Janu- fore in many forms, but never
ary, and by Rep. Lucien N. have been subjected to ex-
Nedzi (D-Mich.), chairman of tensive public investigation.
the House Armed Services [One CIA official, James'
subcommittee on intelligence. Angleton, head of the agency's
In addition, Rep. Thomas E. counter - intelligence division,
Morgan (D-Pa.) chairman of intends to resign, not because
the House Foreign Affairs
tee, said he has of anysense of guilt, but be-
Commit
Commitee consultations about a cause he wishes to spare the
started possible onsul a by his about a agency further controversy, an
possiblcom- e source told the As-!
sociated Press.]
A sharp attack on the an- The multiplicity of investiga-
nouncement t h a t Kissinger tions discussed y e s t e r d a y
will conduct an inquiry into
the CIA c a in c from Rrp. ! seemed likely to break the in--
Mass.), who repeatedly h a s
charged that congressional
monitoring of the CIA is to.
tally ineffective.
11. .. President Ford's move
(similarly) is a self-protective
recoursenot likely to produce
results or to lead to adequate
oversight of the CIA," liar-
;rington said. He called for a
select committee of the House
to conduct the inquiry.
This surge of projected in-
?vestigations followed changes
published by The New York
Times on Sunday that intelli,-
Vietnam. In addition, apart
from antiwar surveillance, the
CIA was charged with illegal;
break-ins, wiretapping and
other surveillance in the
headed off a public airing of
!CIA operations in the twilight,
!zone between covert foreign'
and domestic activities.
Informed sources acknowl-
edged yesterday that this
,could lead to embarrassing dis-I
closures of past CIA opera-,
ti?ons in this country which i
could raise questions of ille-
gality. Some sources main.
tained, however, that the alle-
gations that the CIA was en-
gaged in massive operations
against antiwar groups in this
country are considerably ex-
aggerated. In either case, the
agency's operations now seem
likely to face' exceptional chal,
lenge.
White House press secretary
Ron Nessen said yesterday!
that "the President is trying
to find out what happened, if
anything."
Nessen repeated, as Presi-
dent Ford said on Sunday in
Vail, that CIA Director Colby
informed the President on
Sunday that "nothing compar-
able" to what was alleged as
improper CIA operations is
now under way, and that the
President told Colby he would
not tolerate any activities of
that kind in his administra-I
tion.
However, Nessen disclosed
yesterday that Colby had in-
formed the President several
days ago, prior to the publica-
ion of the charges by The
New York Times, that the
Times was contemplating such
a story.
Nessen said he was uncertain
when Mr. Ford receivrd that
notification, and Ne6a9ii did
not spell out the Presicient'e
reaction to Colby's informs-
Lion. Nessen did not expleta
why no presidential inquiry
Nessen denied a report yes-1
terday that the Juetlw t'dpart-
ment is also invest:gati.ng they
CIA's operations. "There is no
:role for Justice at the mo-
ment," Nessen said; "it is not
involved in any way." Sen.
William Proxmire (D-Wis.) on
Sunday had called for the res-
ignation of Helms and for a
Justice Department investiga-
tion.
The question of Secretary
Kissinger's awareness of any
alleged CIA domestic spying
operations during his years at
the White House. also came up
yesterday.
The secretary "doesn't know
anything about this," said State
Department spokesman Rob.,
ert Anderson. He said "the.
secretary has never seen anyl
survey -of American citizens
by the Central intelligence
Agency, and he doesn't know
if any such surveys exist."
Anderson's comments ap-
peared to be limited to dis-
claiming any knowledge by
Kissinger of CIA operations
involving antiwar activists. It
was not clear whether the
denial also covered knowledge
of all extralegal operations by
the CIA in domestic activities.
According to one source,
any covert CIA operations,
such as break-ins, conducted
inside the United States, re-
quire approval at the National
Security Council level, ether
by the President or by his
special assistant for national!
security affairs.
Another source said domes-
tic spying by the CIA long
predates the Vietnam war con-
troversy in this country and!
the Nixon and Johnson admin-
istrations, and supposedly was
authorized only if there was
a national security factor in-
10
vowing a foreign country.
Other sources said the foreign
link often. was tenuous or non-
lexistent.
Anderson said Kissinger will
ask Helms to return from Iran
if "a duly constituted congres-
sional committee" wants him,
to testify, but that at present!
there are no plans for Helms'
return.
Although the White House
spoke of a Kissinger report in
"a matter of days," Kissinge -
has been scheduled to leav
Washington on Thursday fe
a vacation in Puerto Rico,' t
return on Jan. 2 or 3.
The swiftness with whit
congressional committee chall
men acted to plan CIA inver
tigattons illustrated the big
s?nrsitivity that has been del
eloping, in the wake of th
Watergate scandals, to charge
of 'v ,adequate congressiona
supervision of the CIA. Fa
yet :?s bills have been intrt
du;.ed - and pigeonholed - t
broaden this supervision, nos
limited to a few senior men
.hers of the Senate and Hous
Armed Services and Appropr.
ations committees who hav
met infrequently and hav
been protective of the CIA. ;
Sen. Stennis said his con
mittee will conduct "an jr
depth investigation" soon alto
Congress reconvenes to deter
mine whether the CIA is oV
erating "within the letter an+
the. spirit" of its 1947 charter
Stennis emphasized that..
strong and effective CIA is es.
sential for national securit-
but that its power "does no
include the operation of 2
domestic intelligence system.'
"It is my firm belief," sai(
Stennis, "that Mr. Colby, the
present director, has beet
faithful in observing the basic
charter in operating strictly
within the law." Stennis saic
that last summer he supportei
an unsuccessful amendment tc
specify that the CIA's jurisdie
tion was limited to foreign op,
erations.
Rep. Nedzi said that whal
he has been told confidentially
about the CIA "does not
square with the article.' in
The New York Times contain.
ing allegations against the.
agency. He said that in hear.
ings he plans by his House in.
telligence subcommittee, "I
personally will make every ef?
fort to assure that the public
will have ample opportunity to
judge the accuracy of the alle.-
gations and the wider impli?
cations without favor and with-
out sensationalism." He cau-
tioned against "hasty judg-11
ments .. .
Chairman 'Morgan of the
House Foreign Affairs Com-
mittee said he is "greatly dis
turbed" by the accusations be-
cause "the, CIA's responsibili-
ties lie strictly overseas." He
said that while the House
Armed Services Committee
has primary jurisdiction over
the CIA in the House, his coin--
mittee "will have jurisdiction,
over foreign policy-related ac-
tivities of the CIA in the nee
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ij W 1-4 %4 ~A &A %Z. U4 iv
It continues to mystify us why the community itself.
1,a ;-
n
f
h
or
ood reason
astral Intelligence Agency, whose ^There is g P
pt n t
e
ectiveness depends on the subtlety --- --
ies out its purview of the Federal Bureau of
h i
i
t carr
c
vy with wh
rd sav tal mission, manages to get involved Investigation, besides the simple mat-
blic controversy after anoth- ter of observing the law. The CIA has
one pu
L r. Well, there go our superspies its hands full carrying out its foreign-
.. _ _ - ?? - _-- .~__.1 ..... .,.: al. Amnriran
ages because some of them apparent- interests under attack almost every-
task the
thi
F
s
or
uish between their place in the world.
di
tin
l
s
g
d not
c~u
meone else's Chalk up CIA needs a flexibility and a freedom
d s
k
o
an
or
. notber' propaganda coup for the from day-to-day public accountability
m-
ld
co
IA's foreign adversaries and domes- that, if suffered at home,.cou
c critics', whether or not subsequent promise the constitutional rights of
!?TA .....,.lr in_
erio
blishes
t
i
s
us
a
on es
ivestigat
eedson the part of the agency. volves undramatic information-gath-
l
so en-
Last weekend's report by The New Bring and analysis, the agency a
e-scale domestic- gages.in clandestine operations that,
f lar
k Ti
g
mes o
or
s ntelligence activity by the CIA - again, cannot be countenanced on the
_ _ m - TAT t .-- ?he ..1aer
tion
iol
i
v. ....... ...o-.....~ -- --
aa
n v
pnarently
947 congressional-charter - calls for authority to enforce federal law in this
rnal
i
t
i
n
e
nst
searching inquiry into what the ages- country, and to guard aga
has been up to and what is needed subversion.
ht track in the fu-. Admittedly there are "gray areas,"
i
h
i
g
e r
t on t
keep
'where the CIA's foreign counter-intel-
roduced
facts are
il
U
,
p
more
nt
ire,
t a final judgment ligence and the FBI's domestic--
..411
ttem
t
p
a
no
e
on the allegations. But the claim that intelligence activities might overlap-
.
nn at least 10,E Americans, and en- nections and vice versa. But this
vert
i il c
o
aged in T~.oualega: ? ----- - -
perations in this country, deserves volvement in the investigation of
in
in
ru
se s
int
....?-- -
y
t
c
en
gee SALVJt
to be fol- testers and black extremists. There
This
ess
f C
i
,
.
ongr
on o
ress
are hints that the paranoia of the
tive action if needed
d b
,
y correc
o~
is in the interest of American freedom . Nixon White I-louse was at work, as
i
f
on
act
as well as the health :of the intelligence well as presidential dissatis
NEW YORK TIMES
24 December 1974
unguarded Intelligence
Yet another -conspiracy under the Nixon Administra-
tion to defy the law and infringe upon the constitutional
rights of American citizens has now sprung into the
open. The domestic intelligence gathering operation of
the Central Intelligence Agency, the maintenance of
secret files on several thousand American citizens sus-
pected of political dissidence were flatly illegal activities;
there is no alternative now to invoking appropriate legal
procedures against the officials responsible.
The basic rationale for the C.I.A. as an independent.
Intelligence organization is not at issue; it is unfortunate
that a valuable, even essential, institution has been cast
under a cloud by the misguided zeal of those inside and
outside the agency who thought nothing of twisting and.
misusing an important national asset.
It is reassuring to hear from President Ford and the
Wesent director of Central Intellgience, William E. Colby,
Oat all such domestic surveillance activities have been
g,qrminated; more to the point is how they could have
been permitted in the,first place when Federal statutes
so clearly bar the C.I.A. from internal security functions.
In defending the C.I.A. against recent months of criti-
cism arising from unwise but not illegal covert activities
abroad, Mr. Colby has persuasively argued that the
agency was simply carrying out the duly issued policy
directives of the National Security Council. It will be
with the FBI of J. Edgar Hoover and a
breakdown of CIA-FBI cooperation.
The Nixon crowd managed to involve
the CIA peripherally ' in Watergate,
sought greater participation in the
coverup and perhaps succeeded in
otherwise diverting the CIA from its
legitimate field. The new allegations
raise serious questions about the lead-
ership of former CIA Director'Richard
Helms, now ambassador to Iran. If an
investigation proves it necessary,
Helms should be called back to ex-
plain his role.
The objective of future investiga-
tions should not be to destroy the CIA,
which has performed much of its func-
tion ably and is more than ever needed
in these hazardous and complicated
times. The aim should be to strengthen
the CIA's effectiveness by keeping it
on target. Better congressional over-
sight would be a valuable safeguard,
as well as a White House sensitive to
the proper use of the CIA and deter-
mined to' prevent misuse. President
Ford promises the latter.
In the process of eliminating any
ambiguities about the CIA's lawful
functions and assuring adherence to
clear jurisdictional rules, the agency
should benefit. At 'the least, it should
get some blessed relief from the re-
peated controversies that rob it of
public and congressional support..
important now to learn whether this domestic surveil-
lance ' program-unwise and illegal-was also initiated
by the N.S.C. or the Nixon White House or, alternatively,
grew up from the independent unchecked initiative of the
agency's own Counterintelligence Department, most secret'
and impenetrable branch of sheltered bureaucracy.
Defenders of the intelligence community argue that
domestic surveillance is permissible when clearly related
to foreign. intelligence purposes. A more concrete attempt
at justification arises from the decision in 1970 of
J. Edgar Hoover, late director of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, to cut off working relations with the
C.I.A. Since the agency could no longer rely on the
F.B.I., the body legally charged with internal security,
it was pushed into its own domestic surveillance, so the
argument goes. Professional rivalries are endemic among
secret services; but this particular feud, stretching back
even to the predecessor organization of C.I.A., has had
deplorable implications for national security.
This illegal surveillance operation and the failure to
institute legal proceedings until after its public dis-
closure suggest an intolerable breakdown of institutional
checks and balances. For many years this newspaper-
among others-has urged closer oversight by Congress
of the intelligence community. But the first responsi-
bility for preventing any further misuse of power must
rest with the C.I.A. and other elements of the intelli-
gence community, if they wish to continue receiving the
trust absolutely required for the conduct of their mission.
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WASHINGTON POST
24 DEC 1971i.
The C1iisis
A ?,~ NOTHER JOURNALISTIC FLARE burst over the
.t Central Intelligence Agency Sunday, briefly illumi-
nating a dark corner of its activities barely glimpsed
before. In the early Nixon years, the New.York Times
reported, the CIA collected information on 10,000 or
more American citizens who had some part in the anti-
war and'other "dissident" rrioveruents. It did this despite
a ban * in its legislative charter on "police, subpoena,
law-enforcement powers, or internal-security functions."
That ban was enacted precisely to block such use of a ? .
.secret foreign-intelligence agency as a secret domestic
police force. Coming hard on renewed public. agitation
over. the agency's conduct of subversion in Chile, the
new allegations have created .the most serious crisis.-in
the CL4's 27 years.- -
.In1969-70, it seems, President Nixon asked the CIA
e
eged spying and for
to investigate whether. foreign, elements were behind improved general "oversight" of CIA. We have little
the Vietnam war protests. Whatever Mr. Nixon's pur confidence in an investigation by either the Senate or
poses in askin
the
ti
g
ques
on, it was a legitimate one for ' . the . House committees which are supposed- to oversee
a
f
r
i
i
t
l
.
o
gn-
e
n
e
ligence agency to try to' answer. The =
answer apparently was No..I3ut the matter did not end: -
there. Somehow, the CIA undertook .(or intensified)- a
reported program, apparently With MrColby's approval.
However tortured the legal route may seem, we urge
that it he explored. It holds high promise of disclosure
of many hidden and' hard-to-find aspects of any sur-
veillance program. Fear of prosecution. deserves to be
added.to fear of publicity to deter those. public officials
who might be-tempted to spy on their fellow citizens. It
should hardly be necesary to repeat, after Watergate,
that officials must obey the law. We-presume that the
initial quick look which Dir. Ford has ordered Henry-.
Kissinger to take- in Dr.. Kissinger's capacity as White
House national security advisor - will reaffirm this
fundamental point.
In the Congress, fresh appeals have been made for a
specific investigation of - th
all
the CIA; their record; in so far as they have done any-
thing at all, is one" of protecting the interests of the
CIA rather than those of the. public. ~ -
campaign of -surveillance, of American citizens. . They
were not suspected of being foreign agents; or if, they.
In fact, yesterday d 'number of congressional commit
sere, the FBI should have been called. "We do not tar- tee. chairmen announced their intent to' delve into the
get on American citizens," then-CIA director Richard'- new charges. But a'broader'apprmch is essential. The
need is not. only to `get to th bottom of whatever hap-
Helms said in a public speech on April 14,. 197E Ac-
cording to the story in the Times, the surveillance pro `pened a few years ago but to translate concern over
gram apparently was then in full swing: if that is in this particular episode into a solid institutional remedy
fact the case, then 'Mr. Helms not only- violated the - -"a or all of the" perceived inadequacies of the CIA. The
:egalstion governing CIA's activities but then lied group to take on- this task must be at once detached
about it as well from the Executive (that rules out the President's Fox-
It is said that .James R Schlesinger, briefly CIA's eign Intelligence Ad;~isory Board), expert and authorita-
dirertor in 1973, uncovered the tracks of the program tive; a bipartisan select committee of the Congress
-the anti-war movement was already dead of natural might be the best approach. Sen. Howard H. Baker Jr.
causes. Dir. Schlesinger, now Secretary bf. Defense, and has proposed one such committee to survey CIA prac-
his successor at CIA, William E. Colby, are also said fisting aaw the board to assure it is consistent with ex-
to have found and stopped certain other questionable g law.,
domestic activities, including some touching Watergate. .An ' everi more satisfactory route lies in a seconc(
On Sunday; President Ford reported Mr.. .Colby -. had proposal by Sen. Mike Mansfield (D-Mont.) and Sen.
told him that "nothing comparable. to what was stated Charles McC. Mathias (R-Md.) for a select committee.
in the ITimesi article was: going on over. there." Added It would assess the past record and future role of
Mr. Ford: "I told him that under no?'circumstances American intelligence. On the premise that the 19-17
would I tolerate any such activities under this admini- law, which, brought the CIA into being was drafted
~tration." Then assurances area of course; beside. the under the shadow of cold-war circumstances that
i ^..in . The sec:c v which allows the CIA to conduct ll greatly changed, it would draft a new law cU:La;e,
legal operations makes its formal denials meaningless. with new circumstances, domestic and foreign alike.
The same secrecy makes it possible for the CIA. to en- Any lingering doubt as to the need for just such a basic
cage in domestic spying in the future, with or Without and comprehensive procedure has been erased by the
the President's knowledge or consent. new reports of domestic spying and by the govern.
The Justice Department is already "reviewing" the ment's apparent inability to explain these reports away.
12
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BALTIMORE SUN
24 December 1974
We Don't Want
;.Senator William Proxmire is certainly correct
to:.call for a prompt investigation of the latest
charges against the Central Intelligence Agency.
Those charges are serious and disturbing in the
extreme. The CIA is accused (apparently by present
and former CIA officials and by Federal Bureau of
Investigation officials) of gathering information on
private United States citizens. This intelligence
gathering often involved violating the constitutional
righU.of citizens. Even if it had not, it is wrong and
illegal for the CIA to engage in such activity. That is
sedret police stuff. When the CIA was created in
19 Congress took great pains to circumscribe the
agnty. It was authorized to gather intelligence in
for,);agn countries only. "We don't want a Gestapo," a
cobgressman warned during the 1947 debate.
ave we ended up with one? According to the
allga4ons, the CIA compiled dossiers on thousands
ofYeitizens, including members of Congress, that
ag ts' deemed to be "dissidents." These were for
the?most part members of anti-war groups, but
some others who expressed political objections to
one--or another Nixon administration policy also
se to have been put under surveillance. All of this
activity involving America citizens is said to have
started in 1969, under Nixon, but there are also
charges that the CIA operated illegally in this
country prior to that by doing counter-intelligence
wo 1c involving foreign na nals.
a Gestapo
Senator Proxmire wants the Justice Department
to investigate these charges. It should begin at once.
If illegal acts have been committed by officials,
those officials should be charged and prosecuted to,
the limit of the law. That would clearly demonstrate
to the CIA, to other U.S. intelligence agencies that
might believe they are somehow beyond the law,
and to the American public that there is not going to
be a Gestapo here, that it can't happen here. In addi-
tion to a Justice Department investigation, there
also ought to be a thorough airing of these charges
.by the Congress. And we don't mean by the Senate
Armed Services Committee's CIA Oversight sub-
committee, either. That "watchdog" has been sleep-
ing in the sun for 20 years, as one member, Senator
Stuart Symington, has complained. A broader based
investigating committee is called for, perhaps a spe-
cial, short term committee like the Ervin panel of
Watergate fame.
Whether or not such a committee is decided on,
and whether or not the charges now before the publ-
ic.prove true, there is still a need for a permanent
real congressional watchdog for the CIA and other
intelligence gathering operations. The potential for
abuse-the potential for a Gestapo-is too great to
leave oversight to the sort of coziness that, to
Congress' shame, has prevailed. If Congress won't
protect the rights of citizens from arrogant bureauc-
racies, who will?
WASHINGTON STAR
24. DEC 1974.
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NEW YORK TIMES
25 December 1974
5 DISAVOWS
1LU6Ab' SPY11'G
BY THE GIA.INUS
'alteged Domestic Operation
Under His Stewardship Is
'Categorically Denied'
N C Y AIDE. DISSENTS,'
Angleton, Who- is Resigning
His Post, Is Said to Agree
By SEYMOUR. M. HERSR
' Special 'to The New York Tfinea
WASHINGTON, Dec. 24-The;
Si:ate Department 'said todayi
that Richard Helms, former Di-
rector of Central Intelligence!
and now the Ambassador W
!Gan, had categorically denied
ta the C.I.A. conducted any
4~"ega1" domestic spying un-
i r his leadership- -
But James Angleton, who is
~,?igning as chief of the Coun-'
,A:Hatelligence Department and
c lw has been publicly linked to
t spying, was quoted today,
'as saying that he agreed with
`wme of the allegations that
%yew York Times.
There is "something to it,"
r. Angleton told United Press
Diternational.
His resignation, effective at
tt ie end of the month, became
,';Mown last, night.
Meantime, . Representative
,Lucien N. Nedzi, chairman of
the Intelligence subcommittee
of the House Armed Services
Committee, said in a television
i:Aerview this morning, "There's
been an overstepping of
Controversy Grow$
'You might call it illegalities
ickarter," Mr. Nedzi, Democrat
~of Michigan, said.
The denial from Mr. Helms
was reported by Robert Ander-
{s :n; State Department spokes-
man, as controversy continued
,,So grow over the domestic spy-
ing allegations.
_ The spokesman said that Mr.
ti'eims, who he said had left
Iran on a prearranged home;
leave that will bring him to
Washington early next month,
had telegraphed his denial in
response, to Secretary of State'
singer's request for a report.
,i Mr. Anderson, quoting from
the telegram, said, "Ambasssa.
dm- Helms has. categorically,
With Some Allegations
denied that under his steward
ship the C.I.A. conducted illegal'
domestic operations. against
anti-war activists or dissidents,
or that any unit to do such was
created under him as director.".
Mr. Anderson said that he
had no further information.' .
The press spokesman also
announced that Secretary Kis-
singer was expected to receive
a report on the alleged domes-
tic spying from William E. Col
by, the current Director of Cen-
tral Intelligence, and would for-
ward it to President Ford, who
is on vacation at Vail, Colo. Mr.
Ford ordered yesterday that the
report be made "within a mat-
ter of days."
Massive Operation
A State Department official
said this evening, that the Colby,
report had been submitted to
Mr. Kissinger at the close of the
working day and would be sent
to Vail on the' next White
House courier flight.
The Times reported Sunday.:
that, according to well-placed
Government sources, the C.I.A..
had violated its charter by.
mounting a massive, illegal in-
telligence operation during the
Nixon Administration against.
the antiwar movement and oth-
er dissident groups. in the 'Unit-,
States. Intelligence files on;
at 'least 10,000 American citi-
zens were complied, the sources
said. Well-informed sources.
said that Mr. Colby met with
Mr. Angleton last Friday and.
requested that he end his 31-I
year intelligence career.
In a telephone interview this;
morning, Mr. Angleton, whol
said that he had not slept the{
previous night, accused The;
Times of "helping out the;
K.G.B. [Soviet intelligence and
internal security service] a
great deal" by publishing his
name and title in its Sunday
dispatch.
"You've done them a great
favor," he said.
Mr. Angleton did not deny,
however, that he had been
named and identified by a Brit-
ish counterspy, Kim Philby, in
"My Silent War," a book pub-
lished in 1968 after he defected
to the Soviet Union.
Asked about alleged wrong-
doing, Mr. Angleton said, "I've
got problems." He explained his
domestic activities this way:
"A mansion has many rooms,
and there were many thing
going on during the period of
the [antiwar] bombings. I'm not
privy to who struck John."
Mr. Angleton, who had been
in charge of rooting out foreign
espionage agents in the United
States, later permitted news-
men from three television net-
works to interview him.
Asked for reasons for the re-
signations, he was quoted as
saying: "Police state. . Soviet
bloc . . fragmentation ... ' I
haad a son in -the infantry In
Vietnam. Went from private to
corporal."
Asked whether his son had
been wounded, he reportedly
said, No. I think -he's O.K."
A number of present and for-
mer C.I.A. officials expressed
pleasure at the resignation of
Mr. Angleton.
Mr. Nedzi's televised inter-
view marked the first public
confirmation that any domestic
wrongdoing had been commit-
ted by the C.I.A. .
A Question Remains
"But the question of whether
there's any ground for criminal
prosecution still remains," Mr.
Nedzi added. "I'm not aware of
anything in the statute which
set up the agent that provides
for criminal sanctions."
Mr. Nedzi, who is known to
have discussed the domestic
syping allegations last week
with iMr. Colby, said "The infor-
mation which. was given me
does not square. with the infor-
mation that has appeared in the
allegations and the wider impli-
cations of the stories that are
circulating presently."
There was some' "overstep-
ping of bounds," Mr. Nedzi
said, "but it,certainly wasn't of
the dimension that we're led to
believe when we draw the in-
tendd implications,- as I se it,
of what has appeared in the
newspapers and._in, the media."
He said that he planned to
call Mr. Colby to testify at
hearings into the CJ.A.'s al-
leged domestic activities.
Additional hearings were an-
nounced today by Senator Ed-
mund S..Muskie,, gdemocrat of
Maine, whose Senate Govern-
ment Operations Subcommittee
met earlier this month to har
testimony about revamping
Congressional oversight of the
C.I.A.
Mr. Muskie said that he
planned to initiate discussions
early next week with Senator
John C. Stennis, Democrat of
Mississippi, chairman of the
Senate Armed Services Com-
mittee, to determine whether
his subcommitte could shar
access to classified intelligence
material], which traditionally
.has been supplied only to the
Stennis panel.
"There's really'nothing in the
Senate rules that excludes oth-
er committees from access to
this information," the Senator
said.
Special Prosecutor Urged
A call for the appointment of
former Attorney General Elliot
L. Richardson as a special in-I
dependent prosecutor to inves
tigate the C.I.A. spying charges
was made today by Representa-
tive Paul Findley,.Republican of.
Illinois, who is a member of the
House Foreign Affairs Commit-
tee
lit a letter to President. Ford,
Mr. Findey said that neither
denial of the charges by present
and former C.I.A. officials nor
an internal inquiry by the ex-
ecutive branch would dispel
doubts about the agency's do-
mestic activities,
"So tainted has the' C.I.A. be-
come that nothing will suffice
short of a full-scale investiga-
tion and criminal prosecutions
.where they are warranted," he
said. .
. He praised Mr. Richardson,
who was recently named Am-
bassador to England by Mr.
Ford, for his "reputation for
strict adherence to the laws
and his unwillingness to back
on a public commitment."
Mr. Richardson resigned as
Attorney General rather than
carry out an order from Presi-
dent Nixon to dismiss the first
Watergate special_ prosecutor,
Archibald Cox. .
An' Admission 'Reported
Daniel Schorr, a correspond-'
ent for CBS News, reported to-i
night that during a four-houri
conversation with reporters Mr.
Angleton "admitted keeping
files on Americans like Blackf
Panthers and antiwar demon-
strators, but only after they'd
contacted agents abroad."
Mr. Angleton denied, accord-1
ing to Mr. Schorr, any specific;
C.I.A. wiretapping or break-ins,;
"but indicated the F.B.I. was,
asked to conduct some to help i
protect C.I.A. sources and
methods.
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WASHINGTON POST
25 December 19711.
H.611m8 Rejects
Charges glade
about the CIA controversy, a
spokesman said.
No information was avail-
able on the contents of Colby's
report, nor would officials say
whether it concurred with
Helms' published denial.
Despite Kissinger's dealings
with Colby and Helms, State.
Department spokesman Rob-
ert Anderson said reports that
Kissinger is conducting an in.
quiry into the CIA charges are
the result of "a misunder-
standing." Kissinger "has not
been asked nor is he conduct=
ing an investigation of public
Agar?ffit CIA allegations against the CIA,
said Anderson.
By Murrey harder
Washington Post Staff Writer'
Richard M. Helms "cate-
gorically denied" yesterday
that the Central Intelligence
Agency under his direction
from 1966 to 1973 "conduct-
ed illegal domestic opera.
tions" against opponents of
the war in Vietnam.
Helms, who has been U.S.
ambassador to Iran since early
1973, also denied that "any
unit" to conduct such activi-
ties was ever created while, he
was head of the CIA.
That swec ing disclaimer
by Helms of published charges
that the CIA illegally engaged
in domestic spying on war.
critics during the Nixon ad-
ministration was made public,
without amplification, and
without definitions of Helms?
terminology. The Helms state-
ment was issued by the State,
Department in response to an
inquiry to Helms from Secre-
tary of State Henry A. Kis-
singer. Helms was unavailable
for any further explanation.
The Helms denial' coincided
with comments from the for-
mer head of CIA counterintel-
ligence. James Angleton, who
has suddenly resigned, effec-
tive Dec. 31, that published
reports of CIA domestic oper-
ations have been exaggerated;.
but there is "something to it.
Angleton, who said he re-.
signed from the CIA because'
his usefulness has been de
stroyed by the controversy,;
was quoted by United Press,
International as also saying, "I;
Chink there should be a full iii
'restigation."
The State Department said
Secretary Kissinger received.
the report yesterday from the
present CIA director, William
1. Colby, which President
Ford ordered after the publi-
cation of accusations that the'
CIA breached its authority by
conducting covert operations
inside the United States. Kis?
singer met with Colby late
yesterday afternoon at the
State Department, and offi-
cials said Colby's report will,
go out "on the next courier
plane" to Mr. Ford at his Vail,
Colo., vacation headquarters.
Kissinger spoke to the Pres-
Ident by telephone yesterday
Kissinger is only acting on
the President's instructions-
"to transmit a report on these
allegations prepared by MMr.
Colby," said Anderson, in Kis.
singer's additional capacity:. as
assistant to the President for
national security affairs.
Despite that narrow def-
inition of Kissinger's
r o l e in, the ricocheting
controversy, Anderson Baia
Kissinger "earnestly hopes
that judgments on these alle-
gations will be suspended" un-
til President Ford studies Col-
by's report and decides if
"further steps may be needed."
State Department officials
said they were not in a posi-
tion to amplify Helms' denial
which they made public yes-.
terday, because, they said, it,
was the substance of what
they received from him in the
Iranian capital of Teheran.
Helms, they said, was re-
sponding to charges initially
published by" The New York
Times on Sunday, which said
that the CIA during the Nixon
administration kept files on at
least 10,000 Americans in a
special unit and conducted
surveillance of antiwar
groups. The CIA, the account
said, also engaged in domestic
break-ins and wiretapping in
the United States, although
that also is legally beyond its
jurisdiction. The latter charge
has been aired before.
Spokesman Anderson at the
State . Department said,
"Ambassador Helms has cate-,
gorically denied that under
his stewardship the CIA con-
ducted illegal domestic opera-
tions against antiwar activists
or dissidents or that any unit
to do so was created under
him as director."
Anderson said he was un-
able to explain further how
Helms was defining "illegal"
or "domestic" or "operations."
CIA officials regularly main-'
tain that none of their opera.
tions are ever carried out
without prior official author-.
ity. :
Helms left his Teheran post
yesterday, Anderson said, un-
der arrangements made "last,
October" for him to take leave
at this time, and is scheduled
to be in Washington about
Jan. 2 or Jan. 3. That would be
when Kissinger plans to re-
turn to Washington from a va-
cation in Puerto Rico, which is4
scheduled to begin on Thurs-!
day.
Anderson said Helms now is'
"spending the holiday with
relatives" in Europe. At the
American embassy in Te-
heran, a spokesman said yes-
terday that Helms was una-
vailable and his presentI
v0hercabouts are ',classified."
Sen. Edmund S. %-Iuskie (D-
:Maine), chairman of a Senate
!Government Operations sub-
ploring more effective con-
, gressional review of the CIA
land the FBI, said yesterday:
"Denials simply are notj
enough. We have to know the i
scope . of their activities, so
we can judge for ourselves;
whether they exceeded their'
mandate and authority under
the law. The legislation deny-
ing. them [the CIA] domestic
jurisdiction is clear on its
face."
Muskie said that the limited
congressional review of the
CIA's operations, and "the
pressures generated within
the last two days," require
"vigorous" inquiry to produce
"active congressional over-
sight" of CIA operations. Sev-
eral other committees earlier
announced plans to investi-
gate the current charges.
Rep. Lucien N. Nedzi (D.
Mich.), chairman of the House j
Armed Services subcommittee i
WASHINGTON POST
25 December 1974
on investigations, said yester-'
day on the CBS Morning News
TV show that his committee
has discussed with CIA Direc-
tor Colby the "overstepping of
bounds" by the agency.
Information was conveyed
I to me," said Nedzi, "which sug.
gested the overstepping of
bounds, but it certainly wasn,t
of the dimension ... of what
has appeared in the
newspapers .. " 1 1
Nedzi said he thinks it
"can be conceded - as.in any
large bureaucracy i. there'sI
.been an overstepping of
bounds, some improprieties.
but I want to emphasize that
the information I have
does not square, as I said,.
with the information that is!
being. circulated at the pres.j'
ent time."
Asked what he meant by I
' "improprieties," Nedzi said,'
"you might call it illegalities
in terms of - of exceeding i
their charter." Nedzi said the!
CIA "shouldn't be active in!
.the United States, but the!
question of whether there is
any grounds for criminal!
prosecution still remains. I'm
not aware of anything in the l
statutes" establishing. the!
I CIA "that provides for . . .
criminal sanctions."
Nedzi said "it's my intent
to hold a very thorough hear-
ing, to make all of this infer-j
mation public so that the pub-I
lie can have an opportunity to'
judge what precisely took
.place."
Accused CAA '.
isdamus Spy Role
By Ronald Kessler
Washington Post Staff Writer
James Angleton, the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency's
counterintelligence chief,
said last night he has no
personal knowledge of al-
leged CIA domestic spying
activities but could not say
that they have not existed.
Angleton was named in
Sunday's New York Times
as having been overseer of
a "massive, illegal" domes-
tic intelligence operation by
the CIA against antiwar ac-
tivists and. other dissidents.
The newspaper said the op-
eration, which it said took
place during the -Nixon ad-
ministration, involved estab-
.lishment of intelligence files
on at least 10,000 Americans.
In addition, the Times cit-
ed "evidence" of other "il-
legal" activities, beginning
in the 1950s. that included
break-ins, wiretaps, and sur-
reptitious inspection of mail.
In a rambling telephone
conversation of more than
a half an hour from his of-
ed from the agency effective
Dec. 31 but would not say.
why or whether it was his
own decision. He said he has
sent his family to another
part of the country because
of fears for their personal
safety, and he launched a
personal attack on Seymour
M, Hersh, who wrote the
Times article.
Referring to what he-
called a 'masochistic" tend-
ency in U.S. society, Angle-
ton, 57, predicted the coun-
tries under the influence of
the Soviet Union would be-
come more powerful than,
the United States over the.-
next five years.
Asked if the CIA had en-
gaged in domestic spying
activities, he said, "I can't
respond to this because 1 do
not know." In response to
this same question at a later
point, he said, "Any informa-
tion we have on a U.S. c'iti-
zen is passed to the 'FBI on
a daily basis. It's up to the
FBI to determine it it's
fice at CIA headquarters, ' In a third response to the
Angleton said he has resign. 'question Angleton refer
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NEW YORK TIMES
26 December 1971+
26 December 1974
ring' to the CIA, said, "It's
'broken up in many depart-
ments. I'm not going to be
an authority on this matter."
He added, "Surveillance is .
not' in my department.".
"Although he said he has
not studied the Times arti-
cle, Angleton specifically,
denied what he calls its "pri-
mary" allegations concern-
ing his role at the agency.
He said no domestic surveil=
lance was conducted in his'
department, and he said no"
congressmen were snooped:
upon by anyone at the CIA.
"The idea that the agen-.
cy conducted surveillance
of-: congressmen is false,"'
,the- 31-year veteran of the
CIA said.
, . -The Times reported that]
at least one avowedly anti-
war congressman had been
under CIA surveillance, and
."other members of Congress
were said to be included in I
the CIA's dossier on dis-
"As far as Seymour Hersh,
I. think he's getting $75,000
or $175,000 for a book. I
don't know what his purpose
ih:..."
Calling Hersh a "son-of-a-
Angleton said the
?ttlitzer Pri7,,-winning re-
,,?p,,rter had awakened.him at
2 a.m. -to ask him about a
story that had appeared ink
The Washington Post. - "I
find Hersh's prose offensive
to the ear and his speech
I won't go into how I
find that."
Angleton said that when
he leaves the agency, "I will
examine his article and see
how much money he'll make
and consider legal action."
.Asked if he was referring to
a libel suit, Angleton said his
remark had been facetious.
Saying he had thought his
.comments had been off the
record, Angleton said, "A,
Western intelligence serv-
ice has no hope of competing
with police states. The op-
position has 27 different serv-
ices in the Soviet bloc ham-
mering against the U.S."
In the next four or five
years, he said, "there will be
a change of power in which
we will back down or sur-.
render" to the Soviets.
IA Aide
hai'ifies
Etesignatia 111
"United Press Internationn:
James Angleton said :'.'ster-
day he was "asked by ' gher
authorities" to resign Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency coun-
tetintelligence chief.
He telephoned UPI in'','ash-
ington last night and s d he
Nyould like to get some zings
"straightened out" from'.2revi-
ous talks Tuesday and 4 ;ter-
day.
"My resignation was luc-
taut," he said. "I was no ush-
ed: The point I'm mak : ? is
that the story [in Tht. :3ew
YYork Times] was highly xag-
~gprated and as far as I'i con-
cetned I had no knowle,'ie of
ajiy activities of such 1:, the
agency but I can't spt t for
the agency."
-He said he did no ecall
saying Tuesday that did
he knowledge of 1 eged
illegal CIA domestic at ities.
'Why then, he was as, , did
he' resign if he insis he
t}?asn't "pushed."
`,`Let's put it this wa An-
leton said. "I was at I by
higher authorities.'
The allegations o CIA
domestic activities in ling
surveillance of as mans t 10,-
000 Americans were m I by
'hhe New York Times' o un-
d'ay and President Ford ,ter-
ed. Secretary of State I my
4.. Kissinger on Mont , to
make a report "within, oat
tPr of days."
Earlier yesterday, Ar.'. ton
suggested that UPI ? in
touch with former FBI ent
tm Papich in New i ?: ico
about domestic espiona ac
tvities.
"'Sam knows," said ;-j *1e-
tQn. -
j?apich, now executive i ec-
tpr of New Mexico's (t ;an-
i~ed Crime Prevention ni-
mission and an FBI age', or
30 years, told UPI in 1 tt-
querque that moves were ,)t
ttr destroy the FBI and C
"What is taking, pla, , s
lading to a complete c c iv
and destruction of our it
gence service operations, :'a-
i9ich said.
He said he did not. bi e 'e
former Director Richar. 1.
. elms had the CIA unde t e
illegal spying activities ag n ;t
antiwar activists in this (''i ,-
try.
i "I support Helms corny It,
-
IV -because I think the al.
tions are absolutely fe _2
't
said Papich. Helms has dc
the allegations.
"What is appearing it 1 e
press concerning the CIA r. t?
'the 'FBI is a bonanza fo; I
Soviet intelligence age v "
Papich said. "They are lilt- r.
their chops watching us I
,dress ourselves, observ
while we destroy ourselve
t
L A: MAN FEARS
FADING OF VALUES
Angleton Ouoted, as Saying
People No Longer Appear
to Place Nation First
WASHINGTON, Dec. 25 (AP)
i-For 31 of his 57 years, James
Angleton protected-the Central
Intelligence Agency's secrets
and agents from prying foreign
powers; and now he worries
that the values that guided him
have passed out of fashion.
After allegations that the
agency's counterintelligence ef-
forts also included illegal
domestic espionage, he has re-
signed with a denial that he
was in any way involved in the
alleged domestic surveillance.
Here is a portrait of Mr. An-
gleton drawn from people who
know him:
He joined the Office of
Strategic Services, the precur- ?
sor of the C.I.A.. in World War
II. He had entered Harvard Law
School after graduating from
Yale right before Lhe war, but
the, outbreak of hostilities cut
short his legal education, and
he was never to return to
academic life.
For much of his career, he
matched wits with the intel
ligence agenc.es of uther coun-
tries that were trying to spy on
the United States just as the
C.I.A. was spying on them. He
served as head of counterintel-
)igence since 1954.
Suspicious of Soviet
Out of this experience came a
fundamental suspicion of the
Soviet Union and particularly
of the K.G.B., the Soviet ver-
sion of the C.I.A.
'Mr. Angleton, according to a'
person who knows him, was
obsessed with the K.G.B. and
its espionage potential. He was
quick to spot its operatives pos-
ing as Soviet diplomats, and he
kept posted on contacts be-
tween K.G.B. agents and repre-
sentatives of other countries.
He became known as a hard-
line cold warrior. Recently he
was quoted as saying that the
Communist world . had not
changed its goal of world dom-
ination, despite detente.
His speech is lacd with ref-
erences to military balances of
power and what he perceives as
foreign threats to democracy
and the security of the United
States.
"When we went into the [in-
telligence) business, we thought
of the country first," he was re-
cently quoted by a friend as
saying. "But things have
changed now. People want their
mortgages earlier, and personal
security seems more important
than service to the country."
Reflecting on his long career,.
he indicated an awareness that
his view of the world was not
necessarily shared by large seg-
ments of society. He told an ac-
quaintance that his intelligence
work was "a 31-year associa-
tion in the cause of national se-
curity, which people no longer
consider important."
I. He is known to have strong
feelings about each of the six
C.I.A. directors he served un-
der. The late Allen W. Dulles
was his favorite because of the
talent that Mr. Dulles recruited
for the agency.
John A. McCone, Mr. Dulles's
successor, was a "great man,"
Mr: Angleton was quoted as
saying. Richard Helms, the
former director who has been
linked to the C.I.A.'s alleged
domestic espionage, also ranks
high with him.
William E. Colby, the current
chief, and "Adm. William Rad-
burn, who served briefly in the
mid-nineteen sixties, are given
lower ratings.
Mr, Angleton's greatest
enthusiasm is reserved for
James R. Schlesinger, the'direc-
tor for four months in 1972 and
now Secretary of Defense.
He is said to admire, Mr.
Schlesinger's intellect and view
of foreign powers.
"No one in the Cabinet more
truly understands the perils
that this country faces in terms
of the balance of forces," Mr.
Angleton reportedly said.
"Schlesinger is the shield for
this country."
Mr. Angleton once edited a
poetry magazine in college,. and
a friend says that he was on
personal terms with Ezra
Pound, T. S.. Eliot and E. E.
Cummings.
Mr. Angleton's resignation
was announced Monday at a
meeting of C.I.A. officials. His
superiors praised his record and
said that his resignation was
not connected with the allega
tions of domestic espionage.
Mr. Angleton, a six-footer,
with a professorial stoop, made'
a few remarks. He talked of his
good wishes for the agency's
future, and of duty, country,
ethics and the law.
16
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NEW YORK TIMES
26 December 1974
CLIFFORD fAVORB
A SPECIAL INQUIRY
14
INTO C.I.A. `SPYING'!
Declares Investigation bye
Regular Congress Panel
Would Not Be Effective
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Dec. 25-
Clark M. Clifford, the former
,Secretary of Defense who helped
.to draft the 1947 legislation,
setting up the Central Intelli-
gence Agency, urged Congress
today to form a special com-
mittee to investigate the pub-
lished charges of domestic spy-
ing by that agency.
-"Previous investigations into
the C.I.A. by ordinary [Senate
and House Armed Services]
Committees haven't gotten very
far," said Mr. Clifford, who
served in President Johnson's
Cabinet. "The seriousness of
this is such that I would recom-
mend a full and exhaustive in-
vestigation by a special com-j
"
-Thus far, the chairmen, of;
four panels - including the
House and Senate Armed Serv-j
;ices Intelligence Subcommit-
tees-have announced plans
for full inquiries next year
stemming from a report in The
New York' Times last Sunday
that the C.I.A. had allegedly
mounted a massive and illegal
ing the Nixon Administration.
50-Page Report Due
In Vail, Colo., where Presi-
dent Ford is skiing and work-
ing, he told newsmen this
tomorrow a 50-page report oni
from William E. Colby, the Cen-
tral Intelligence Director. Mr.
Ford said that the document,
which is being relayed to him
by Secretary of State Kissinger,
would be thoroughly studied be-
fore the White House com-
mented on it.
Ron Nessen, the White House
press secretary, said that the
document included several ap-
pendixes, but would not elabo-
rate.
In Teheran, Iran, officials at
the United States Embassy said
that Ambassador Richard
Helms, who was the agency's
director when the alleged spy-
ing took place, had left the,
country for an undisclosed des-
Anation in Europe. The State
Department said yesterday that
NEW YORK TIMES
26 December 1974
Excerpts From '47 Law Creating C.I.A.
Specialto The New York Times
WASHINGTON; Dec. 25-
Following is an excerpt from
the 1947 law that created the
Central Intelligence Agency,
Title- 50, Section 403 of the
United Slates Code:
? 403. Central Intelligence
Agency
There is established under
the National Security Council
a Central Intelligence Agency
with a Director of Central
Intelligence, who shall be the
head thereof. The director
shall be appointed by the
President, by and with the ad-
vice and consent of the Sen-
ate, from among the commis-
sioned officers of the armed
services or from among
individuals in civilian life....
0
Powers and Duties
(d) For the purpose .of
coordinating the intelligence
activities of the several Gov-
ernment departments and
Mr. Helms' trip, characterized)
as a prearranged home leave?
would return him to Washing-
ton early next month.
A Dental by Helms
A "categorical denial" by
Mr. Helms of the -domestic
spying charges was relayed to
newsmen yesterday by the State
Department.
The New. York Times, quot-
ing well-placed . Government
sources, reported, Sunday alle-
gations that. the C.I.A. had
'violated its charter by con-
ducting massive, illegal Intel-
ligence operations aimed at
antiwar activities and other
American dissidents inside the
United States. Intelligence files
on at least 10,000 American
citizens were compiled, the
sources said. -
Two days later, James Angle-
ton, director of the C.I.A.'s
!counterintelligence division and
'one of the officials singled out
in The Times's article, resigned
after 31 years of Government
intelligence work.
In a telephone interview, Mr.
Clifford said that he had never
been briefed on any domestic
activities by the C.I.A. during
his service from 1961 to 1968
as a member and later chair-
man of the President's Foreign
Intelligence Advisory Board.
The board was set up by
President Kennedy, after the,
failure of the Bay of Pigs opera-:
tion in Cuba in 1961, to provide'
high-level outside review of
secret intelligence operations.
"What they [the C.I.A.] did
was just never mentioned to
us during their briefings," Mr.
Clifford said. "These fellows [at
the C.I.A.] obviously were oper-
-ating with the greatest degree
of secrecy."
"I can tell you " he added
agencies in the interest of
national security, it shall be
the duty of the agency, under
the direction of the National
Security Council-
(1) To advise the National
Security Council in matters
concerning such intelligence
activities of the Government
departments and agencies as
relate to national security;
(2) To make recommenda-
tions to the National Security
Council for the coordination
of such intelligence activities
of the departments and agen-
cies of the Government as
relate to the national secu-
rity;
(3) To correlate and evalu-
ate intelligence relating to
the national security, and
provide for the appropriate
dissemination of such intel-
ligence within the Govern-
ment using where appropri-
ate existing agencies and
facilities: Provided, That the
Agency shall have no police,
subpena, law - enforcement
did at their peril. If J. Edgar
Hoover had heard of it, he
would have come in blasting.
It would have caused quite a
snarl."
Even before the drafting of
the 1947 National Security Act
-setting up the C.I.A. began, Mr.
Clifford recalled, Mr. Hoover
laid 'the lawdown: the F.B.I.
was to be the sole. agency of
the Government to handle mat-
ters inside the continental
United States."
At the time, Mr. Clifford,
now the senior partner in a
Washington law firm, was a
lawyer on the White House
staff of President Truman.
It took careful negotiations
inside the Truman Administra-
tion, Mr. Clifford said, to
achieve a consensus on the
powers of the new C.I.A. "We
very carefully carved out their
functions," he recalled, to re-
strict C.I.A. operations inside
the United States.
Since then, he added, he
knew of no secret White House
[directives that would give the
powers, or internal-security
functions: Provided further,
That the departments and
other agencies of the Govern-
ment shall continue to col,
lect, evaluate. correlate, and
disseminate departmental- in-
telligence: And provided fur-
ther, That the Director of
Central Intelligence shall be
responsible for protecting in-
telligence sources and meth-
ods from. unauthorized dis-
closure;
(4) To perform, for' the
benefit of the existing intel-
ligence agencies, such addi-
tional services of common
concern as the National Secu-
rity Council determines can
be more efficiently accom-
plished centrally; -
(5) To perform such other
functions and duties related
to intelligence affecting ' the
national security as the- Na-
tional Security Council may
from time to time direct','
!C.I.A. any operational power
in the United States, even in.
'the case of foreign espionage
1agents.
"If a secret agent comes to
the United States," he said,
"the C.I.A. must immediately
inform the F.B.I."
If the published allegations
are true, he said, "it means
that the C.I.A. just chose to
disregard what the limits of the
act were."
In - a subsequent telephone
interview, Maxwell D. Taylor,
a retired Army general who
served on the President's For-
eign Intelligence Advisory Board
from' 1965 until 1970, also said
that he had never been informed.
of any domestic C.I.A. opera-
tions.
"I know the statute under
Which the C.I.A. operates," he
said.
I General Taylor did acknowl-
edge that some highly secret
protocols to the 1947 act had
been agreed upon. Those agree-
ments are known to deal with
the C.I.A.'s overseas activities.
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NEW YORK TIMES
26 December 1974
deaf or? C r6a xn a C.I? AS
Grew Out of Pearl Harbor
By DAVID BINDER
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Dec. 25-
American political and military
leaders created the Central In-
telligence Agency after World
War II as a needed instrument
of global power.
The concept had its origin in
the failure of American intel-
ligence services to coordinate
{signals warning of the Japanese
;attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.
As early as 1944, Gen. William
J. Donovan, chief of the war-
time Office of Strategic Serv-
ices, proposed establishment of
an agency to centralize intelli-
gence efforts.
. Yet the real impetus came
from the decision of President.
Truman in 1946 that the United
States must shoulder new re-
bponsibility as a major world
power and should counter what
was seen to be a menacing ex-
pansionist challenge by the So-
viet Union.
Mr..Truman established a Na-
tional Intelligence Authority in
1946 and, under it, a Central In-
telligence Group-the foreruri-
rter of the C.I.A. But genuine
!centralization of United States
[intelligence was still 'years'
away.
The Central Intelligence
Agency was formally chartered'
under the National Security Act
air - in the expectation of
sparking an overthrow of the!
Communist leadership in Tira-i
na. Nearly all of the invaders 1
were captured.
`Soon the agency was super-
vising the operations of another
anti-Communist force-11,000
Chinese Nationalist trnons-or
the eastern frontier of Burnia.
The C.I.A. was also nar?chuting
spies onto the Chinese main
land and the Ukraine to make
contact with other anti-Com-
munists.
In Western countries, mainly
in Italy. France and Ge.many,!
the C.I.A. was secretly sponsor
ing scores of anti-Communist;
political parties, newspapers.!
radio stations, trade unions and
even student groups.
The double aim was, in the.
words of an old C.I.A. man, "to.
prevent Communist takeovers,'
such as occurred in Czechoslo-
-vaicia in 1948, and where pos-
sible to push the Communists!
back."
Efforts Are Merged
But grave shortcomings had
emerged in the C.I.A. attempt
to conduct the clandestine' col-
lection of intelligence separate-
ly from activist political opera-!
tions. "They tended to cross:
each other up," said an agency'
veteran. i
To eliminate rivalries, Walter
Bedell Smith, the director from
1950 to 1953, merged the clan-
destine collection operations,
with the 'covert operations. Mr.1
Wisner was brought over from;
the State Department. This was
'the birth of what the C.I.A.
called its clandestine services.
In addition, Mr. Smith and his
deputy, Allen W. Dulles, placed
new emphasis on the analysis
of intelligence and on longer
range estimates of enemy
potential. Mr. Smith inaugurat-
ed an Office of National Esti-
mates under the Harvard his-
torian, William Langer.
The office soon became the
apex of the intelligence commu-
nity, a group of 10 seasoned
military men and academics
whose job was to sift through
masses of intelligence data and
make detached judgments on)
major foreign developments in
terms of the national interest.
In the nineteen-fifties, the]
C.I.A. also developed l?rge I
,scale intelligence service indus-
tries, both in purely technical
The United States was al-I
ready enigaged i.n sporadic un
,dercover, political operations
against ,'Communist forces at
the time in Germany, Greece l
and Italy. But the operations
were initially conducted from!
the Department of State under;
Frank G. 'Wisner, a former
O.S.S. officer. I
`Commitment' Becomes Clear
"Until 1950 nothing much
was accomplished," Ray S.
Liine, 'a retired C.I.A. official,
recalled. "It was sort of a
iioundering period." But Mr.
Cline, who served as C.I.A.'s
Deputy Director of Intelligence
from 1962 to 1964, acknowl-
dged that the agency "devel-
eped a commitment to political
operations" overseas at the
very outset. terprises.
By early 1951 the C.I.A. had i Dummy Groups Set Up
acquired a manpower of about It financed establishment of
5.000 and its influence was two huge radio stations-Radio
rapidly spreading around the (Free Europe for broadcasts tol
world and through the Wash- East Europe and Radio Libera-1
i.tgton bureaucracy. It was tion (later Radio Liberty) for'
powerful transmissions to the
a period of adventurism'and of Soviet Union; It set up dum-
some embarrassing defeats. 'my foundations,* dummy com-'
Together with Britain's secret 'panics, dummy public relations
intelligence service, the C.I.A.i firms and dummy airlines. It
gan a series of small inva- [gent organizations nranda
lae trade
arsons of Albania-by sea and byI unions-all with a view to
assist in penetrating foreign listened less and less to them
countries. and more and more to his mili.
On the technical side, the tary advisers. '
C.I.A.- sponsored development A decline in the C.I.A.'s ac-
of a whole range of reconnais- Jcess to the White House set in,
ranee and monitoring equip- and its role in policy formation
ment, among which was thet ;continued to wane under Pres-
'high altitude U-2 spy plane. ,'dent Nixon. The agency's
Starting in 1956, the, U-2s' )product remained much the
ranged with impunity over the 1same. But' its customer had
Soviet Union, China and later 'changed.
Vietnam and Cuba bringing I President Johnson simply did
back telltale photographs of not like the gloomy assessments
missile sites and other military Hof the Vietnam war outlook
installations. -
When Mr. Dulles succeeded given him by the agency. Pres-
Mr. Smith as Director, he per- ident Nixon was determined to suaded President Eisenao?cr tr end invoi t of United
accept the C.I.A. as a national States forces ces in in the Inc:ochin-
service reporting directly to the' conflict and did so through con-.
White House, with its estimates: sultations with the trt.cs in-
being considered essential ele volved rather than with his in-
merits of the policy-making telligence advisers.
Mr. Nixon and his national
process.
was the U-2, however, that security adviser, Henry A. Kis-
caused Mr. Eisenhower one of singer, continued to rely on the
his greatest embarassments. technical data assembled by the
One of the spy planes eras shot C.I.A., especially for the con-
down over the SSoviet Union in Educt of strategic arms talks
- with the Soviet leadership. But
1960 on the eve of t
e ire
.
h
ident's intended summit meet. they were hardly interested in
ing with the Soviet Union's Ni- the traditional intelligence esti-
kita Khrushchev. The Adminis- mates of the C.I.A.
tration at first denied that the In- late 1972, Mr. Nixon and
craft was a spy plane, and then Mr. Kissinger agreed on a ma-
President Eisenhower acknowl- ljor reform of the. C.I.A. The
edged that it was and accepted President appointed James R.
responsibility for the flight.! Schlesinger to replace Richard
That was the.beginning of aril Helms as director and clean out
unmasking of dozens of C.I.A. the agency.
operations that had been con- In his few months as director,
ducted more or less in secrecy
-including the 1954 toppling Mr. Schlesinger forced the re-
Of a Communist - oriented `tirment-or resignation of more
government in Guatemala. than 1,000 of the 15,000 C.I.A.
Defect Disclosed employes. His successor, Wil-
The militant anti-Communist Liam E. Colby, 'a graduate of
motivation of the United States clandestine services, proceeded
Government continued undimin. with a structural reform in
)shed into the Kennedy Admin- 1973, abolishing the old Office
istration, which allowed the of National Estimates system.
C.I.A.-managed invasion ~f The structural changes were
Cuba to go ahead in ? April,
11961., demoralizing for many C.T.A.
Its total failure revealed a se- oldtimers. But worse still was a
sinus defect in the C.I.A. strut- series of revelations throughout
ture-the men responsible for 1973 and 1974 that the agency
analyzing and estimating intel- had been involved in some
ligence were kept in ignor^nce questionable and even criminal
of plans for covert operations operations in the domestic poli-
like the abortive Bay of Pigs tics of the United States. Tnese
landings. included the following:
This was remedied under the tiThe use of C.I.A. equipment)
new Director, John A. McCone, break into former t the C. LA. Watergate head-
who gate saw to it that the analysts
and estimators were consulted nuarters of the Democratic par.
about. covert political actions. ; ty? qThe But the Cuba invasion dis alleged ged Nixon Administration's
use of C.I.A. operatives
closed another disturbing trend to monitor activities of political
in United States policy-making: dissidents-a task nominally
the tendency to allow relatively the responsibility of the Federal
modest undercover intelligence Bureau of Investigation.
.operations to balloon into large 4iThe assignment of the C.I.A.
b to train more than 50 American
military actions. police officers, including 14
It went that way in Indochi- from New York, in clandestine
na, from Vietnam to Laos and arts.
Cambodia, and the C.I.A. bore All these activities were in
most of the public blame. apparent violation of the
"The C.I.A. should have been miss' 's original charter and
doing rifle-shot operations, not mission barring it from internal
security effort,
full scale military operations," "We were good and secret
Mr. Cline observed ruefully. and highly until
Still, 'he recalled the McCone 1965," Mr. Cline remarked.
years from 1962 to 1966 as "a "Now the C.I.A. is in the open
period of peak performance" by . and it looks bad.
the C.I.A. "I am concerned because the
There were C.I.A. voices then, idea is being skillfully promot-
among -the analysts, warning led that subversion is a C.I.A.
against, a deeper American in- Illlinvention,', Mr. Cline cdnclud-
volvement. in the Indochina) ed "whereas it is a doctrinal
conflict. But President Johnson `policy of thgRussians."
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CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
26 December 1974
Tighter
ren
cte
NEW YORK TIMES
26 December 1974
Controlling the F.Q.I."
From time to time since the death of J. Edgar Hoover,
.members of Congress and others have murmured quietly
about the need to impose more reliable controls on the
Federal Bureau of Investigation. Perhaps Congress will
be .jolted out of its slumbers by the revelations about the
Central Intelligence Agency's illegal intrusions into the
domestic security field, coupled with some devastating
observations by William C. Sullivan, formerly Number Three man in the F.B.I., on its abuses and ineptitude in
handling this responsibility-'a responsibility it botched
from the start.
Mr. Sullivan argues that the F.B.I. was not equipped-
to undertake the domestic security function when Presi-
dent Roosevelt first gave it the assignment in 1939 and
that no really effective or' controlled program was ever
developed. As a result, the activity was susceptible to
abuse, as when the bureau accepted,such "purely politi-
cal" assignments as checking up on opponents of lend-
lease for President Roosevelt and opponents of the
Vietnam war for President Johnson. Moreover, micro-
phones, telephone taps and other electronic devices were
among the program's principal tools. Mr. Sullivan notes
that their use constituted invasion of privacy and, in
.some cases, violations of the Bill of Rights. Mr. Sullivan
is not sure that a domestic security program is necessary
for the nation, but he is quite clear that if it continued,
it should be taken away from the F.B.I.
During his stint as Deputy Attorney General, William
Ruckelshaus was planning a searching review of its func-
tions and operations, but the "Saturday night massacre"
killed that plan. The undisciplined helter-skelter growth
.of the F.B.I. has never been checked or seriously analyzed.
If the Department of Justice does not have the heart for
resurrecting Mr. Ruckelshaus' proposed review, it is up
to Congress to undertake both the hard analysis and the
tasks of supervision and oversight which it has neglected
for so long.
By Robert P. Hey '
Staff correspondent of.
The Christian Science Monitor
Washington
Talks with key congressional
sources familiar with the CIA con.
troversy over alleged domestic spy-,
ing make clear that:
o Congressional committees al-
most surely will investigate and keep
tabs on CIA activity far more strin-
gently than in the past. This will be so
regardless of how much truth the
congressional investigations find in
current charges that the CIA violated
the law by massive domestic spying
on Americans.
e The c:iarges do not square with
what key members of Congress have
been told about past CIA activities in
briefings with present CIA officials.
These briefings would indicate that
the charges are overblown. But if"
congressional investigations should
prove the charges are largely accu-
rate, several congressmen would feel.
they had been deceived by the CIA
and would be furious.
c Despite President Ford's order
that Secretary of State Henry Kis-
singer investigate the charges against
the CIA, congressional investigations
will go forward. At least three sepa-
rate ones are scheduled to begin after
the new Congress convenes in mid-
January.
1966-73 period involved
Sources note that it was the top CIA
officialdom itself which is reported to
have uncovered the domestic surveil-
lance and stopped it - specifically
James Schlesinger, now Secretary of
Defense and previously director of the
CIA.
In advance of the hearings, con-
gressional sources generally assume
that no such widespread surveillance
existed either under Mr. Schlesinger
or William Colby, the present CIA
director. Therefore much attention is
expected to be focused on CIA activi-
ties during the tenure of Richard
Helms, now Ambassador to Iran; he
was CIA director from 1966 to 1973.
.Sen. John C. Stennis, whose Armed
Services Committee will hold one
investigation, cites as a prime pur-
pose discovering if the CIA is "oper-
ating within the letter and spirit" of
the 1947 law which established it. He
calls the CIA a "necessary com-
ponent" of the U.S. military, but
warns that it "must strictly observe"
the law.
In joining the general forecast of
Increased congressional oversight of
CIA activities, one important source
notes that 1974 "has been a year of
more concern about the CIA, and
certainly this [new charge] will
greatly intensify it." .
He ticks off questions that have
arisen about the CIA's activities dur-
ing the year:
? . CIA's loan of voice-changer, wig,
and other apparatus to Watergate
burgler E. Howard Hunt. Originally
they were used in the burglary of the
psychiatrist of Dr. Daniel Ellsberg;
there is some thought in Congress that
they may have been retained by Mr.
Hunt and used In Watergate activi-
ties.
? Unsuccessful efforts by the
White House to get the CIA to lie and
block aspects of the FBI's Watergate
probe.
? The suggestions of Watergate
committee member Sen. Howard H.
Baker Jr. that the CIA was more
deeply involved in the Watergate
break-in than is publicly known.
@_ Disclosure that the CIA was
involved in trying to "destabilize" the
Chilean Government of the late Presi.
dent Allende.
Meanwhile, James Angleton has
made known his resignation as head
of the, CIA's counterintelligence oper-
ations, according to the Associated
Press. In its story on CIA acitivities,
the New York Times charged that Mr.
Angleton headed illegal domestic sur-
veillance efforts. But in making
known his resignation, Mr. Angleton
said he was leaving for the good of the
CIA, not becasue of any wrongdoing
on his part.
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WASHINGTON POST
26 December 1974
Joseph: Ie raf t ?
The
COlby.
Case
Anybody who wants to know where
it's at, in..Washington these days should
pay ,close attention to William Colby,
the director of the Central Intelligence
Agency. For Mr. Colby is the model of
the modern bureaucrat.
In dealing with the Congress and
the press he has been openness per-
sonified. - often to the disadvantage
of his: colleagues and superiors in the
government. His case shows that the,
sensational revelations about domestic.
spying,. by the CIA, while connected.
with. what used to be wrong here, have
nothing., to do with -what' .is presently.
the trouble in Washington.
Mr..:.Colby is a. symbolic figure.. n.
many-ways. He is-typical of the highly
professional men (Princeton .and. Co-
lumbia Law School) who could have
,made. it ,in private life, but chose
government after the war because it,
offered. more interesting jobs.
His service with the government led;
to a distinct institutional loyalty. 'Mr.
Colby has been with intelligence serv-
iees since. World War II, and with. the
CIA for -a score of years. He is totally
aware..of the adengy's bureaucratic In
WASHINGTON POST
15 December 1974
terest.Ifthe.word'did not'have such 6
very bad connotation, he could fairly
be called an apha?atch'lk.., '
Finally, Mr. Colby has experienced
firsthand two blows shattering to the
American bureaucracy. He was a lead-
ing figure in the Vietnam War--both
out in Vietnam and here in y'S ashing-
ton. He was also involved in picking'
up the pieces in CIA after the agency's
role in Watergate (notably the Ellsberg
break-in) began to surface.
In the light of that experience, Mr.
Colby's record is fascinating. He has
broken with the tradition which made
the top intelligence man a close-
mouthed bad guy who took the rap, for :
his bosses. On the contrary, Mr: Colby
has made himself regularly available
for speeches and questioning by cony
gressional committees and interested.
citizens' groups, including newspaper
men.
In dealing with the Congress, 11ir..
Colby has not merely talked to the se-
lect number of senior senators and,
representatives grouped together in-
an "oversight committee." He has
talked to the regular committees on
foreign relations, appropriations, at-,
omit energy and economic policy. He
has indicated that he would welcome a
new oversight committee, and would
accept any membership on the commit
tee the Congress chose to impose.
In dealing with citizens' groups, he,.
does not merely talk to friends of the,
CIA. He met with over a hundred jour-
. nalists during his first year in office,-
and spoke to the Nieman Fellows ' at
Harvard. He even exposed himself to a
group -which has is its. Stock-in-trade
hostility to the CIA-the Center for
National ' Security , Studies, which
staged a program that Included an en-
counter between Mr. Colby and Daniel
One inevitable result of such open
ness is the circulation of stories very
prejudicial to officials for whom direc,
tors of the CIA normally show an
exaggerated respect. For example, Mr.
Colby-without being obliged to-told
a congressional committee a lot of
things about CIA activities in Chile"
which put egg all over the, faces of
former drector Richard Helms, Secre-
tary of State Henry Kissinger 'and
eventually President-Ford.
Another indirect consequence, given
the tenor of the times, is that a
.great many other intelligence officers
are spilling the beans about past oper-
ations. Such sources have combined
with a notable case of journalist over-
play to yield the current crop of sto-
ries about CIA spying on domestic dis-
sidents in the Nixon years.
I do not mean to minimize such ac-
tions. If what actually took place was
as advertised in the New. York Times
by Seymour Hersh, then there were
grave violations of the laws governing,
CIA operations.
tt. But no one should be under the im'
pression that the spirit of the Nixon
presidency is still dominant in Wash
ington; There is no present threat to'
.individual liberties from an all-power-
ful Executive.
The reverse is true. The real danger
is weakness at the center, bureaucrats.
playing to the press and the Congress,
and demoralization all along the line.
So those ...ho take upon themselves to
be investigators and judges of govern-i
ment behavior have all the more rea-'
son to he careful and responsible, to
note the present as'well as the past,
and to avoid the hunt for scapegoats
which now seems to be shaping up,
> ' 1974, Field Enterprises, z c:
;SI fflies Who Canie.- to Dinner
By Dorothy McCardle -
John Al. Shaheen, who plans to start
publishing an afternoon newspaper in
New York, possibly some time next
summer, says The New York Press, as
he calls it, will be a $20-million enter-
prise.
A slight greying man, Shaheen was
here as toastmaster at the recent Vet.
erans of OSS dinner at the Washing-
ton Hilton. He was chairman of the
William J. Donovan Award Committee,
which gave the 1974 Donovan award to
William J. Casey, president of the Ex-
port-Import Bank. Shaheen is, himself,
a veteran of the OSS in World War II
and so is Casey.
Casey said that American and Brit-
ish counter-intelligence units had the
"closest thing to a decisive clandestine
impact on the war in Europe. It came
not from the hundreds of anon and
thousands of weapons parachuted into
Europe, but from a handful of real
German spies captured and turned
around In England, and a couple of
dozen imaginary spies in an imaginary
network carrying out imaginary opera-
tions within England."
According to Casey, "The fact is that
our side operated the entire German
intelligence network in England, writ-
ing their reports in London and send-
ing them to the Germans by radio or
with letters to Madrid or Lisbon in se-
cret ink or microdot.
"These fictitious reports convinced
the German ,generals and finally Adolf
Hitler that the Allied landings would
come, not from Normandy, but near
Calais, 100 miles to the North."
Casey, who has been chairman of the
Securities and Exchange Commission,
and Under Secretary of State, said
that the Central Intelligence Agency,
which grew from the OSS, is far more
than a spy operation today.
"The CIA is one of the world's -great
centers of learning and scholarship,
having more Ph.D.s and advanced sci-
entific degrees than you are likely to
find any place else," Casey said.
In his speech, Casey set the record
straight about that "Wild Bill" nick-
name given Donovan.
"Donovan's manner was deceptively
mild," /said Casey, relating how Dono-
van's soft voice and gentle manner had
caused some people to change their
opinion of Donovan.
Said Casey: "Donovan came into
town as 'Wild Bill' and left as Sweet
William."
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NEW YORK TIMES
27 December 1974
s !VAGUE
IcJ1973CIScYBiD
But Denied Domestic Roid'
-House Unit Linked Him
to- Discussion of Plan
By SEYMOUR N. HERSH
Special to Tho Nev York Times
WASHINGTON, Dec. 26
Richard Helms told the Sen-
ate Foreign Relations-Commit-
tee in 1973 that he could-not
"recall" whether the Whiter
House had urged the Central
Intelligence Agency to engage
in domestic spying because of
increasing antiwar activity in
1969 and 1970.
a, ahe Nelms testimony, taken
at a secret Senate committee
hearing on Feb. 7, 1973, camel
four months before the first
pub'is
hed accounts of Mr
Helm's participation in the so-1
called Huston plan for domestic,
spying, put forward in 1970
ber, Tom Charles Huston. The
plan, which called for. some
[ covert operations acknowl-
edged to be illegal, was never'
officially put into effect by the;
Helms Denial Recalled
Documents made available
}last July by the House Judici-,
ary Committee's impeachment:
inquiry showed that Mr. Helms,
been an active participant in
the various working sessions
Ion the plan.
The State Department an-'
pounced Tuesday that Mr.
Helms had categorically denied
in a telegram from Iran, where
he is United States Ambassa-
dor, that the C.I.A. participated
in "illegal" domestic spying
while he served as its director
,from 1966 to 1973.
,from.
Helms has since left his
`post and is officially reported
to be on a prearranged leave.
In Vail, Colo., where Presi-
dent. Ford is continuing his
working-skiing visit, the White
House announced that it was
awaiting a special report on
the domestic spying allega-
tions.
Mr. Ford, chatting with news-
men before the report's arrival,
indicated that he might make
,the document public. It is said
to total, 50 pages with addi
tional appendixes.
"I wouldn't rule it out," hey
said. "It will depend on the
content."
Ron Nessen, the White House
press spokesman, later told re-
porters that he did not know
what would be done with the
document.
The Ford Administration hasi
made no official denial or con-;
firmation of the alleged spying!
since the initial published re-
port in The New York Times;
on Sunday.
The Times, quoting well-1
placed Government sources,
said that the C.I.A. had vio
lated its charter by conducting
massive and illegal intelligence
operations aimed at antiwar
and other American dissidents
inside the United States. Intel-
ligence files on at least 10,000
American citizens were com-
piled, the sources said.
The subject of domestic,
C.I.A. intelligence was raised,
repeatedly during Mr. Helms's
secret Senate confirmation tes-
timony, timony, as the Senators focused,
questions on the fact that two)
of the five men arrested eight
months earlier in the.Wategate
break-in had some
connections.
Mr. Helms assured the. com
mitte that the agency had not
ben involved in any domestic:
spying.
At one point, Senator Clif-
ford P. Case, New Jersey Re-
publican, posed the following
questions:
"It has been called to my
attention that ih 1969 or 1970
the White House asked that all.
intelligence agencies join in the
effort to learn as much as they
could about the antiwa- move-
ment, and during this period
United States Army intelligence
becamg involved and kept files
on United States citizens. Do
you know anything about the
activities of the C.I.A. in that
connection? Was it asked to
be involved?"
"I don't recall whether we
were asked," Mr. Helms re-
I sponded, "but we were not in-
volved, because it seemed to
me that was a clear violation
of what our charter was."
A moment later, he told
Senator Case what he would
have done if someone had re-
quested the C.I.A. to become
involved in dcmestic opera-
tions: "I would simply go to
explain to the President this
didn't seem to be advisable."
In his May 22, 1973, state-
ment on Watergate, President.
Nixon disclosed that he met
with Mr. Helms and other top
intelligence officials on June'
5, 1970, to discuss "the urgent
need for better intelligence op-1
erations." i
That report led to a series of
recommendations drafted . by
Mr. Huston and approved in
writing by Mr. Helms and
others. The recommendations
called for break-ins, wiretaps
and the surreptitious inter-
ception of mail, acts acknowl-
edged to be illegal, to meet the
alleged threat from antiwar
and radical groups who were
said to "seek to confront all
established authority and pro-
voke disorder."
The House Judiciary Commit-
tee's documents show that on
July 23, 1970, Mr. Helms re-
ceived a top-secret memoran-
dum on the domestic intelli?
Approved
{
gence plan from Mr. Huston.! ported the options selected by'
The memorandum called for thelthe President," he said.
C.I.A. to join other Government) In its Sunday dispatch, The
intelligence agencies to evalu-!Times quoted a high-level Gov-
'ate, report on and carry outlernment intelligence official as
the "objectives specified"-thatlacknowledging that the C.I.A's-
jt, covert actions. 1 decision to maintain domestic
Five days later, the memo-Ifiles on American citizens "ob-
randum was recalled because of1viously got a push at that
an objection by John N. Mit- time."
chell, who was then Attorney Nonetheless, Mr. Helms as-
General. sured the Senators during his
In an Aug. 5, 1970, leter urg-C February, 1973, testimony that
ing Presidential approval of the,he believed "100 per cent" in
program, also included in thelthe 1947 legislation setting up
.House documents, Mr. Hustonithe C.I.A. That legislation bars
said that the C.I.A. and thelthe agency from having any
military intelligence agenciesipolice function inside the
"all have a great stake and al United States,
great interest." "All of these agencies sup-
WASHINGTON POST.
27 December 1974
CIA Probe
Asked for
By Clifford
By Ronald Kessler
Washington Post Staff Writer
Former Secretary of De-
fense Clark M. Clifford yester-
day called for creation of a
congressional committee simi-
lar to the one that investi-
gated the Watergate scandal
to probe charges that the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency en-
gaged in domestic spying.
Clifford, who helped draft
the 1947 legislation creating
the agency, said a_joint com-
mittee of the House and Sen-
ate, with an adequate staff, is
needed to air the charges that
appeared in last Sunday's New
York Times.
The Times alleged that the
CIA had. mounted a massive,
illegal domestic spying opera-
tion during the Nixon adminis-
tration. The activities were
said to include creation of
files on 10,000 antiwar dissi-
dents, wiretapping, mail inter-
ception and break-ins.
The legislation creating the
CIA makes it clear that it, may I
not engage in domestic activi- I
ties, Clifford said in a tele-
phone interview yesterday.
"There have been a series of
incidents that have involved
the CIA," he said. "It seems to
me we should have an investi-
gation in depth. The time has
come for the Congress to look
searchingly into the CIA in
light of conditions in 1975 to
see if improvements are
needed in the act." The 94th
Congress will convene Jan. 14.
President Ford yesterday re-
ceived a 50-page report on the
allegations from CIA Director ,
William E. Colby. Ford said he
would not rule out making the
report public, although presi-
dential spokesman Ron Hes-
sen later said parts of the re-
port are classified.
The alleged overseer of the
spying operation, James An-1
gleton, former director of the i
CIA's counterintelligence divi-,
Sion, was quoted yesterday by l
United Press International as
saying he resigned from the
agency because "higher au-1
thorities" wanted him to leave. J
In an earlier, Washington!
Post interview, Angleton said
he had been asked some time
ago about his activities at the
CIA by the office of Watergate
Special Prosecutor Leon Jaw-.
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NEW YORK TIMES
27 December 1974
o LA?'s Budget Is So Secret That Even 1 ost'Mennbeih o
.By DAVID E. ROSENBAUM
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Dec. 26-Ev-
cry year, the Senate and House!
vote to allot money to the Cen-'
tral Intelligence Agency. But
most members of Congress do.
not know how much money
they are allocating, or what it
will he used for.
In fact, they do not even
known when they are voting to
allocate it.
It is a system that has been in
place since Congress agreed, by
law, 25 years ago to let the
C.I.A. decide how much Con-
gress and the public should
know about the agency's activi-
ties. And the agency's budget is
one of its best-kept secrets. .
To monitor the agency, the
Senate and House have formed
small subcommittees of senior
members, most of them politi-
cal conservatives, who, accord-
oing to experts, rarely challenge
the figures and information
supplied to them by the agency.
Following a report by The
New York Times last weekend
that the C.I.A. had allegedly
mounted a massive intelligence
operation against dissident
groups within the United
States, in direct violation of the
law, Congres:._nen of both par-
.ies and various ideologies and
many other influential persons'
have called for detailed Con-1
gressional reviews of the agen-i
cy's operations.
Proxmire Asks Action
"Immediate and severe action
is necessary," said Senator Wil?'
liana Proxmire, Democrat of
Wisconsin, in a statement that
was echoed by many others.
"The seriousness of this is
such that I would recommend a
full and exhaustive investiga-
tion by a special committee,"
said Clark M. Clifford, the for-
mer Secretary of Defense, who'
helped to draft the original
legislation that established the
C.I.A.
, Similar statements have been
made each time there has been
an intelligence scandal since
the agency was created by Con-
gress in 1947.
Yet, Congress has beest reluc
'tant to act. More than 200
measures designed to make the
C.I.A more responsive to Con-
gress have been introduced in
the last quarter century, buti
none hive been enacted.
The infrequent Congressional
investigations have been held
in closed sessions and have pro-
duced little change in Congres-
sional oversight procedures.
Congress has continued to al-
low the agency's budget to be
camouflaged in the stated
budgets of other departments
and agencies, and the appropri-
ations to be spread throughout
a number of different appropri-
ations bills.
- There is not a single line
item in the Federal budget or
,a single dollar figure in any
appropriations bill that can he
identified as applying to the
intelligence agency.
The prevailing view in Con-
gress seems, to have been. that
expressed three years ago by
Congress Know Nothing About I
Senator John C. Stennis, Ilcmcr surveillance activities and a? Senate Foreign Relations Com
,;crat of Mississippi, who is the special Senate committee to' j
single most influential member faird House For be en
study how the Senate could im- :fairs es Committee are to be i
of Congress on intelligence prove its oversight of intel-' g ven
?matt.ers, more access to the information
"You have to make up your ligence matters. 1 about the C.I.A. in the next
mind that you are going to( The House Armed Services Congress. I
have an intelligence agency and) 'Committee considered but did
protect it as such and shut your not act this year on a measure
eyes some and take what ist that would further define the;
.coming," Senator Stennis said prohibition on C.I.A. activities;
,in a Senate floor speech.
His fear and that of many tin domestic intelligence. - I
other members of Congress and I The Senate Government]
the intelligence community is Operations Subcommittee one
reportedly that, if knowledge of Inter- Governmental Relations;
X.I.A. operations become wide- ;held two days of hearings one
spread in Congress, some Sena- the Senate bills earlier thin
tors and Representatives may !month. They, like the House'
-disclose confidential informa-
"tion that could endanger the ]bill, are likely to get further
.-country. hearings next year.
Congress had delegated to In addition, members of the
four subcommittees, two in the
Senate and two in the House,
.its oversight function with re-
gard to the Central Intelligence
Agency.
The Senate and House Armed
Services Committee each have
intelligence subcommittees
-made up of the senior members
Af the full panels. The Senate
subcommittee has five mem-
bers, headed by Mr. Stennis.
The House subcommittee has
seven members, headed by Re-
presentative Lucien N. Nedzi,
.Democrat of Michigan.
The Senate and House Ap-
propriations Committees also
have subcommittees dealing
with funds for the intelligence
agency. In both cases, the sub-
committee members are the
five senior members of the sub-
committees that deal with de-
fense appropriations.
The subcommittees seldom
meet. This year, the Senate
Armed Services subcommittee
net twice, the House Armed
Services subcommittee 7 six
times and the Senate Appro-
priations subcommittee five
times. The 'House Appropria-
tions subcommittee did not re
,port a record of its meetings.
Minutes of these meetings)
(were not kept, and in most
cases the actions taken were
,not recorded. Not only was the
(public thus kept in the dark,
but so were the other members
of Congress.
"I do not think there is a nmant
in the legislative part of the.
Government wiio really knows
what is going on in the intel-
ligence community, and I am
terribly upset about it," Sena-
tor Howard H. Baker Jr., Re-
publican of Tennessee, told his
colleagues in a speech on the
Senate floor last October.
Senator Baker and Senator
;Lowell P. Weicker Jr.,Republi-
.can of Connecticut, introduced
legislation in September that
would create a 14-member
Joint House-Senate Committee
on Intelligence Oversight with
jurisdiction over all intel-
ligence-gathering activities.
Other bills that were intro-j
duced in the Senate this year!
would establish a joint commit-
tee on national security, a joint
committee to study government,
"It is the .duty of Congress,
not the option, in a democracy,
to police the vast American in-
teliigence set - up," Senator
=Weicker said at the Govern-
ment Operations panel's hear-
ings on Dec. 10.
"It won't. wash," he added,'
expressing a view that seems to
be gaining more support in
Congress, "for Congress tQ
complain that it was not in-
formed of some nefarious ac-
tion when Congress has permit-
ted itself to remain ignorant or;
passive when knowledgeable."
JAPAN TIMES
II December 1974
`CIA Using e?urdes
To Aid .ran Repression'
NEW YORK' (Kyodo-Reu-
ter) - A Denver lawyer who
recently returned from a fact-
finding trip to Iran said Mon-
day he was - convinced that
U.S. resources were being
used through the Central In-
telligence Agency (CIA) to as-
sist a repressive regime.
that American resources were
being used through the CIA to
"enhance the Shah by assist-
ing him in his pattern of re-
pression."
Iranian jails now held an
estimated 20,000 to 40,000 po-
litical prisoners, he'said.
Reynard is a board member
William Reynard told a of the Unitarian Universalist
news conference thht political Service ? Committee, which
dissidents were often tortured, . was founded in 1939 . to ' rescue
the majority of offenses were Czechoslovakians from the
tried by military courts bar- Nazi threat and, which has
red to civilian lawyers and a sponsored a number of inves-
military panel decided cases tigations of alleged human
on hearsay evidence prepared rights violations.
by Savak, the Iranian secret With Reynard at the news
police., - conference were Iranian .phar-
No witnesses were allowed macologist Ebrahiem Yazdi
to testify directly, he said. a n d Pulitzer Prize-winning
American journalist Frances
Reynard said his 10-day in- Fitzgerald, who has visited
vestigation had convinced him Iran.
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