C.I.A. - I. T. T. PLANS ON CHILE REPORTED

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 41
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 8, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 21, 1973
• Content Type: NSPR

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CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL USE ONLY
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domestic and foreign press for YOUR
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 Approved For Release 2001/08/07 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
try to prevent -the election of
Salvador Allende Gossens, a
Marxist, as President of Chile.
The recommendations in 1970
reportedly included steps ' to
(maneuver the departing ;Chil-
can President back into power,
to foment violence that might
bring about a military take-
over of the country, to use
American governmental agen-
cies to supply anti-Allende
propaganda to other Latin
combination of these things.
The C.I.A. official who was
said to, have "agreed with"
these proposals was William V.
Broe, director of the agency's
clandestine activities in Latin
America.
The I.T.T. official who testi-
fied about this conversation and
many others with Mr. Broe and
other high officials of.the Uni-
ted States Government was
William R. Merriam, formerly
head of the corporation's Wash-
ington office.
. Mr. Merriam was the first
witness to be heard in public
session by a, special subcom-
mittee of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee that is
headed by Senator Frank
'Church, Democrat of Idaho.
The subcommittee will - con-
Iduct what is expected to be a
,two-year inquiry into the be-
Mavior of United States cor-
porations that operate around i
the globe.
Among the main things the
subcommittee wants to find out
is the extent to which these
multinational ? corporations in-
fluence United States, foreign
policy.
The first two weeks of the
hearings will deal exclusively
with the reported attempts of
International Telephone and
Telegraph to enlist the help of
various branches of the United
States Government to keep Dr.
Allende out of office.
It is not yet known whether
.an official of the Central In-
telligence Agency will. testify,
in person or in writing. in
public session or behind closed
doors, about the agency's ac-
tivities regarding Chile. The
subcommittee was said to be
NEW YORK TIMES
18 March 1973
~Ierging of Kissinger and Rogers Posts Suggested I
uy .lvruv w. ruvtvr,z . a Ynuaaelpnia nanxer and for-
Special to The New York Timer mer White House and Defense
WASHINGTON, March 17- Department offibial, and 'has
Ac n efan tnwsrrl refnrrn;nv #U, financial support from the Car-
!sad William P. Rogers.
Consolidation' of the two
posts, the report suggested,
policy machinery'
?" tional Peace, conducted a two. lour foreignzing responsibilit
cry; a panel of prominent citi- by centraliyear study. zens suggested today that con-
by ar
under the President
sideration be given to combin-
ing the posts of Secretary of
State and the President's Spe-
cial Assistant for National Se-
curity Affairs.
The suggestion came In a' re-
port, "Foreign Policy Decision
Making," submitted by a panel
of the United Nations Associa-
tion of the United States of
America. The panel, which is
negotiating with thp C.I.A.
about this.
What came of the reported
agreement on a course of ac-
tion between the corporation
and the agency was not mndo
clear in the opening day's
hearings.
Dr. Allende was elected
president of Chile and took of-
fice on Nov. 3, 1970. He sub-
sequently took over business
properties belonging to I.T.T.
and some other United States
companies,,' as he had promised
in his campaign and as corpora.
tion officials had feared he
would.
The picture that emerged
from the day's testimony was
of the Central Intelligence and
International Telegraph as hard
line anti-Communist groups
that greatly feared Dr. Allende's
accession to power and that
worked together to try to per-
suade the State Department
and Henry A. Kissinger, the
White House adviser on Na-
tional security, to adopt an
equally hard anti-Allende view.
The outlines of the corpora-
tion's attempt to enlist the
help of tho'Government to pre-
serve its interests in Chile were
disclosed a year ago when por-
tions of a number of internal
I.T.T. documents were pub-
lished by the columnist, Jack
Anderson.
Today's testimony, together
with additional documents
made public by the subcom-
mitte - documents that were
voluntarily submitted by the
corporation -depicted a much
more prolonged and extensive
pattern of consultation between
the company and various gov-
ernment officials than had pre-
viously been disclosed.
Mr. Merriam spoke, for ex-
ample, of "25 visits" to the
State Department and of hav-
ing talked with Mr. Kissinger
and members of his staff for a
"year."
His testimoney also indicated
that most of the visits by com-
pany officers to six high Nixon
Administration officials in 1970
and 1971-these were disclosed
yesterday by another Congres-
sional committee-had the dual
purpose of talking about the
company's antitrust problems
with the Justice Department
y
-
,
resting the uncertainties and
friction now existing between
the State Department and the
National Security Council, by
bringing the State Department
"back into the mainstream of
strategic foreign policy and
helping restore its self-respect
and vitality" and by brining
all the manifold internatiptial
activities within the Govern-
ment under a consistent policy
structure.
Among those serving on the
panel were Richard M. Paget,
a member of President Nixon's
Advisory Council on Executive
Organization; George D. Woods,
former President of the, World
Bank; David E. Dell, former Di-
rector of the Budget Bureau,
and Francis T. P. Plimpton,
former Deputy United States
Representative at the United
Nations.
per Company. Other compa-
nies represented included, he
said, Kennecott Copper, W. R.
an dthe Bank of America. Such
meetings among corporate rep-
resentatives In Washington oc-
cur "all the time," he said.
Mr. Merriam said that, the
group had never arrived at any
conclusions on what to do.
Senator Edmund S. Muskie,
Democrat of Maine, asked why
I.T.T. wanted to bring about
the collapse of the Chilean
economy if Its aim was, as Mr.
Merriam said, to make sure
that Chile gave the corporation
"better terms" In payment for
'Chitelco, the telephone com-
pany owned largely by the cor-
poration after the Allende Gov-
ernment took it over. '
Mr. Merriam replied that he
thought "the threat of economic
collapse" might prove effective
with Mr. Allende "if he knew
that the banks might stop lend.
ing
Senator Muskie suggested
that thre threat was an attempt
to "blackmail Allende."
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NEW YORK TIMES
21 March 1973
C,'I, A,-I. T, T. PLANS
I ON CHILE REPORTED
By EILEEN SHANAHAN
Special to The New Yark Times
WASHINGTON, March 20
A vice president of the Inter-
national Telephone and Tele-
graph Corporation said today
that a top official of the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency had
"agreed with the recommenda-
tions" the corporation made to
A central conclusion was
that the interrelation of foreign
and domestic policy issues, such
as in the current "energy cri-
sis" means that more and
more of the decision making
must. be , done at the White
House level.
It was as a step in that di-i
rection that the panel suggested)
having ? the same. individual
and about I.T.T.'s attempts to
keep Dr. ? Allende from being
elected and, later on, attempts
to oust him. '
The ouster plans centered on
Ideas to bring about "economic
collapse" in Chile, according
to ? company documents and
testimony.
As part of this plan, accord.
ing to Mr. Merriam, C.I.A. offi-
cials made "repeated calls to
firms such as General Motors;
Ford Motor Company and
banks in California and New
York," asking them to stop or
reduce their activities in.Chile
to hurt her economy. These
companies, refused, according
to other I.T.T. documents that
were put into the record.
Among other items of eco-
nomic warfare against, the Al-
lende Government that were
proposed by the company were
a cessation of all United States
aid, under the guise of a re-
view, and intercession with the
World,, Bank and the Inter-
American Development Bank to
get them to stop making loans
to Chile. It was not clear
whether any of these proposals
were accepted.
Mr. Merriam also acknowl-
edged, when asked, that a
group of Washington represent.
atives of companies with eco-
nomic interests in Chile had
met several times in his office
to dsicuss how to cope with
the Allende Government.
It was not he who initiated
the meetings of this ad hoc
group, Mr. Merriam said, but
rattier the Washington repre-
sentative of the Anacohda Cop-
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NEW YORK TIMES 0 NEW YORK TIMES
22 'March 1973 / 16 March 1973
McCone Defends I. T. T. Chile Fund Ideal FORD FOUNDATION
structively. The money was to la lions contained in the internal AT ODDS WITH C.I,A.1
Denies Company Sought
to Create Chaos to:Balk
Allende Election
By EILEEN SHANAHAN
Speclal to The New York.Tlmea
WASHINGTON, March ' 21-,-
lohn A. McCone, former head
of the Central Intelligence
Agency and now a director of
the International Telephone and
(Telegraph Corporation, denied
trepeatedly today that a fund of
$1-million or. more than the
,company had offered the United
States Government for use in
Chile'had been intended to'fi-
nance anything "surreptitious."
The' willingness of d.T.T..to
commit the money ,to the cause
of preventing the 'election of
Salvador Allende Gossens, a
Marxist, as President of Chile
was apparently, made known
both to the C.I.A. and to Henry
'A. Kissinger, President Nixon's
adviser on national security.
The person who decided to of-
fer the money. was Harold S.
Geneen, board chairman of I.T.T,
Mr. McCone no longer. headed
the C.I.A. at the time of Mr.'
Geneen's original offer, in mid
,1970, though he'was still a con-
sultant to the agency. He' said
that as an I.T.T. director he had
not been told of the offer until
after the first phase of the
Chilean election in September,
1970, in which Dr. Allende won
a plurality but not a majority.
Dr. Allende was elected by
the Chilean Congress a month
later and took office in Novem-
ber, 1970. Subsequently he took
over business properties belong-,
ing to I.T.T. and some other
United States companies.
Mr. McCone was testifying
today before a special subcom
mince of the Senate Foreign
.Relations Committee that is
looking into the activities of
American corporations that op-
erate all over the world.
Mr. McCone said that at no
time had Mr. Gencen contem-
plated that the proffered fund
of "up to even figures" would
be used to create "economic
chaos," despite repeated recom-
mend'itions to that effect from
various people within I.T.T. and
others within the C.LA
"What he had in mind was
not chaos, Mr. McCono said,
"but what ,could be done con-
be chap ieled to people who I.T.T. memoranda that have
come to light that in Septem-
port the principlsu
es
P and Pro- ber, 1970, the the American Am-
grams the United States stands bassador to Chile, Edward M.
for against the programs of the Korry, had received a "green
Allende-Marxists." light" from President Nixon to
These programs, he said, in- do all possible short of military
cluded the building of needed action to keep Dr. Allende from
housing and technical assist- taking power-was Chilean, not
housing American.
ance to Chilean agriculture. Mr. Hendrix said that the
Both Democratic and Repub- information had come to him
lican members of the subcom- 'from a highly placed member
mittee reacted with consider- of the Christian Democratic
able skepticism. party, which was opposed to
Senator Frank Church, Demo. Mr. Allende, a man whom' he
crat of Idaho, the chairman of had known and trusted for
the subcommittee on multina- years.
tional corporations, noted that Mr. McCone disclosed that as
there was nothing in the scores head of the C.I.A. he had re-
.of internal I.T.T. documents in ceived offers of financial help,
the committee's possession that similar to that made later by
indicated the money was for I.T.T., from various American
such "constructive uses." ? corporations.
Senator Clifford P. Chase, Re- Such offers were infrequent,
publican of New Jersey, asked he said, and had always been
whether the money might not "summarily rejected."
.have been intended to bribe A main point in Mr. Mc-
members of the Chilean Con- Cone's testimony was that'
gress, who had -to decide the none of the plans for inter.
election, since none of the fering in the Chilean election-,
three candidates had won 'a either by the C.I.A. or by I.T.T.
majority. Mr. McCone denied -had been approved by the
this. . necessary high officials in
. Economic Aid Noted either the Government or the
Senator Case noted that the company.
United States had put more Propriety Questioned
than $1-billion in economic aid Senator Edmund S. Muskie,
into Chile in the decade before Democrat of Maine, expressed
the election of Dr. Allende and concern, however, that : the
that he was elected anyway. plans were ever "seriously-con-
"How could a man of Mr. sidered."
Geneen's intelligence possibly "The instinct for returning
think that $1-million for these to such measures in the future
kinds of purposes in six weeks will be very strong and that's
could make any difference?" he what concerns us," he said.
asked, referring to the period Senator Church questioned
remaining before the Chilean the propriety of interference by
Congress decided the election. either the American Govern-
"I have too much respect fort ment or a company in what ap-
his intelligence to think that." geared to he a free election, no
Senator Charles, H. Percy, matter how much the United
Republican of Illinois, suggested States might dislike the out-
that another way in which $1- come.
million might have been used : Mr. McCone replied that "al-
to real effect would have been most two-thirds of the people
in subsidizing anti - Allende ? of Chile were opposed to Allen-
newspapers, which were in fi- de."
nancial difficulties. The popular vote in the elec-
tion had split fairly evenly
that I.T.T. officials had pro- among the three candidates,
posed this, but, according to with Dr. Allende receiving a
Hal Hendrix, the company -s di- small plurality.
rector of public relations for Mr. McCone said that his
Latin America, the plan was general philosophy about pri-
never approved. vate corporate involvement in
Mr. Hendrix, who was an- situations such as that in Chile
other of today's witnesses, ex- was that any action taken
plained that he had proposed taken should conform with
doubling the advertising in such governmental policy. That is
newspapers by Chitelco, the what I.T.T. was proposing, he
Chilean telephone company said.
owned by I.T.T. Senator Church suggested
But he said this was vetoed that private financing of such
by Chitelco officials "and other activities abroad was poten-
executives In New York" be. tinily so dangerous-partly be-
cause they feared the purpose cause it would put the opera-
would be too obvious. tions beyond Congressional
Chilean Source Cited I control-that it might be wise
Mr. Hendrix also disclosed tto pass a law forbidding It.
that the source of one of the
most widely discussed asser-
By DAVID BURNHAM
. The president of the Ford
Foundation has denied an as-
sertion by the Central Intel-
ligence ligence Agency that New City
policemen were trained by the
agency at the suggestion of the
foundation.
The denial contradicted a
"fact sheet" on the case pre-
pared by the agency for Rep-
Representative Chet Holified
Democrat of California chair-I
man of the House Govern-
ment Operations Committee.
In the sheet, the C.I.A. said
that "at the suggestion of the
foundation representative, the
NYC police sought assistance
from the agency as to the best
system for analyzing data."
The denial of the agency's(
assertion came in a letter from
McGeorge Bundy, president of
the Ford Foundation, to Rep-,
resentative Edward I. Koch,;
Democrat of Manhattan, who
has charged that C.I.A. train-
ing of policemen from more
than a dozen cities violated the
law.
After Mr. Koch had com-
plained to Mr. Holifield, James
R. Schlesinger, the new Direc-
tor of Central Intelligence, said
in a letter made public on
March 5 that because of the
sensitive nature of such train-
ing, it would be "undertaken
In the future only In the com-
pelling circumstances and with
my personal approval."
Mr. Bundy, responding to an
inquiry from Mr. Koch, said
that he had carefully examined
the C.I.A. assertion and had
concluded that "these inquiries
disclose no evidence" that any
suggestion for C.I.A. training of
policemen was made "by any
member of the Ford Founda-
tion or the Police Foundation
or any employe of the New
Yrok City project funded by
the Police Foundation."
The Police Foundation Is an
offshoot of the Ford Founda-
tion.
Police Commissioner Patrick
V. Murphy, who could not be
reached for direct comment,
was quoted yesterday by Dep-
uty Police Commissioner Rich-
ard Kellerman and an official
of the Ford Foundation as
saying he believed the idea of
going to the C.I.A. originated
with Don R. Harris, a private
consultant.
Mr. Harris, a former C.I.A.
intelligence analyst, was one of
three consultants hired by the
Police Department last year
under a $166,000 grant from
the Federal Law Enforcement
Assistance Administration to
help the department rcoganize
its intelligence files.
In November of 1971, the
Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration, a branch of
the Justice Department, pub-
lished a 150-page manual, co-
authored by Mr. Harris, which
was designed to instruct state
and local police agencies how
to "apply intelligence to com-
bat organized crime." The
other author was E. Drexel
Godfrey Jr., also a former
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BALTIMORE SUN
19 March 1973
C.I.A. employe.
,Informed of Mr. Murphy's be-
lief that Mr. Harris had origi-
nated the idea of sending 14
New York policement for train-
ing with the C.I.A., an agency
spokesman in Washington said
the available information indi-
cated - the plan first was sug-
gested by Wayne Kerstetter,
one of six lawyers brought into
the department in October,
1971, under a grant from the
Police Foundation, the branch
of the Ford Foundation.
Neither Mr. Kerstetter, who
recently left New York' for a
law enforcement position In
Illinois, nor Mr. Harris could be
reached for comment last night.
WASHINGTON POST
14 March 1973
Sentencing' Set
For Watergate 5
Chief U.S. District Judge
John J. Sirica announced yes-
terday that he has set March
23 as the date for sentencing
five defendants who pleaded
guilty to charges of conspir-,
acy, burglary and illegal wire-
tapping and eavesdropping In
connection with the bugging
of the Democratic Party's
Watergate headquarters.
Sirica also announced that
two other defendants, con-
victed of the same charges aft-
er a trial by jury, will be sen-
tenced the same date if he der
nies their motions for a new
`,trial. ?
WASHINGTON POST
20 March 1973
etter policy rile urged
or State Department
By JANIES.S. HEAT
Waah4ngton Bureau of The Sun
Washington - 'A restructur-
ing of the nation's foreign pol-
icy machinery to make it more
adaptable to new international
conditions was recommended
yesterday by a private organ-
ization of businessmen and
scholars.
A policy .panel of the United
Nations Association of the
United States of America, a
group that supports the activi-
ties of the international organi-
zation, called for a reorganiza-
tion of the State Department
and a greater ' role for it in
policy making.
The group's most provoca-
tive but least decisive sugges-
tion was for the merger of the
President's two principal for-
eign policy advisers. A major,
ity of the panel, with varying
degrees of enthusiasm, said
the Secretary of State and the
President's national security,
adviser, should be ',the same
man.
Kissinger Favored
At present, Henry A. Kissin-
ger, the national security ad-
viser, is acknowledged to be
President Nixon's principal ad-
viser and, in most key areas,
his favored negotiator with
other governments. William P.
Rogers, the Secretary of State,
plays a secondary role. ,
At a nets conference, How-
and C. Petersen,'board chair-
man of the Fidelity Bank, Phil-
adelphia, and chairman of the
panel, acknowledged that any
President is going to structure
his advisers in the way that
best suits him.
The panel conceded this
point by citing alternative ar-
rangements, primary reliance
on, the national security ad-
viser, as at present, or assign-
ing. principal responsiblity 'to
,the State Department, as was
the case during the Eisen-
hower administration, when
John. Foster Dulles was Secre-
tary of State.
Restructuring urged
The 'panel's other plain 'pro-
posals were based heavily on
its belief that solutions to the
post-Vietnam foreign policy
problems facing the United)
States "will have to be sought
through more general multilat-
eral means, often through ei-
ther strengthened or new inter-
national organizations."
Therefore, it urged that the
President "give high priority to
fostering and strengthening in-
ternational institutions" and
Department. More officials
should specialize in subjects,
rather than in geographic
areas, as is the case with the
classic political officer in the
diplomatic. service, he said.
The panel also recommended
the creation of a "strong and
highly competent policy plan-
ning, staff" in the State Depart-
ment -to' help deal. with `,'the
new global interdependencies."
Such a staff was created
during the Truman administra-i
but it has rarely, if ever, ;
played an -effective role in
long-range' policy making. Now
known as the Planning and
Coordination staff, technically
responsible to the Secretary of
State, the office is,employed
mostly for research. .
Four of the panel's 22 mem-
bers dissented at least in part
from major recommendations.
David 'E. Bell, executive vice
president of the Ford Founda-
tion and a former high govern-
inent official, and Adam Yar-
molinsky, professor at the Uni-
versity of Massachusetts and a
former Defense Department of-
ficial, said the panel had failed
to come to grips with the basic
problems facing the policy
that he restructure the govern-; makers.
ment's machinery accordingly. Along with Hugh H. Smythe,
In Mr. Petersen's words, professor at Brooklyn College,
there should be "more func- and James R. Ellis, a Seattle
tionalism and less bilaterial- lawyer, the two former offi-
ism" in the foreign affairs cials disagreed with the pro-
agencies, particularly the State posed merger of the two for-
Stcate Spokesman McCloskey
Gets Cypriis"Diploni~tic Post
1)y omu t'y mat"Ut
wnaltlnaton font aloft wrltor
Robert J. McCloskey, for
nearly a decade "the voice"
of the State Department,
will be the new U.S. ambas-
sador to Cyprus; officials in
Nicosih'have been informed.
A formal , announcement
of McCloskey Is appointment
is expected to be made by
,the White House in a few
days.
McCloskey long has been
considered for assignment
to a variety of ambassado.'
rial posts, after an excep-
tional career on the public
firing line during Innumera-
ble crises In American for-
eign policy.
While the credibility of
the federal government as a
whole suffered heavy dam-
eign affairs posts.
Other members of the panel
included Richard Newell
Cooper, provost 'of Yale Uni-
versity and . a former State
Department official; Thomas
L. Hughes, president of the
Carnegie Endownment for
Peace and a former career
diplomat; George B. Kistia-
kowsky, professor emeritus at
Harvard University and a for-
mer White House science ad-
viser; Francis 0. Wilcox, dean
of the Johns. Hopkins Univer-
sity School of Advanced Inter-
national Studies and a former
State Department official, and
George D. Woods, former pres-
ident of the World Bank.
Pennsylvania, McCloskey
joined the State Department
in 1955 as a Foreign Service
staff officer and was first as.
signed to the American con-
sulate general in Hong
Kong. He entered the Bu-
reau of Public Affairs In.
Washington in 1957 and be-
came the Stale Depart-
ment's press spokesman In
1964. His wife is the former
Anne Taylor Phelan of
Chevy Chase, old. They
have two children.
age during this periadpg: e,ed For Release 2001/08/07: Pa77h4 R000100120001-3
nam war, McCloskey's own
reliability with newsmen re-
On several occasions, Mc-'
Closkcy's job hung in the
balance as lie sought to
maintain his reputation for
straighforwardness with
newsmen and meet superi.
ors' demands for obfusca-'
lion.
The most celebrated re,
,bound came in June, 1965,
when McCloskey, himself a
'former Marine. acknowl.
.edged that the first Marine
units sent to South Vietnam
were authorized to engage
"in combat" if attacked.
President Lyndon B. John.
..son, determined to conceal
the marine conlhat role at
.that stage, was furious, and
ordered a White House de-
nial. Secretary of State
Dean Rusk finally calmed
McCloskey encountered an-
other Johnsonian explosion.
when he said the United
States would he "neutral in:
word, thought and deed" in,
the 1967 Arab-Israeli war..
Rusk again came to Mc-'
Closkey's aid with a'
"clarifying'.' statement reaf.
firming U.S. support for Is
rael's survival.
Secretary of State. Wil.
Liam P. Rogers also came to
rely heavily on McCloskey;
naming him,, in July, 1969, to
the dual post of deputy as-
sistant. secretary of state for
press relations and special
assistant to the Secretary of
'State.
McC1nsk'y, now S!1 nod
gray-haired, has operated
less frequently behind the`
scenes on, policy guidance
and often accompanying the
Secretary of State on trips
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N011 YORK TIMES NEW YORK TIMES
10 March 1973 10 March 1973
Nixon Committee Returns ; NIXON AIDE TELLS
$655,000 to 3 Big Donors
Robert Allen, Texas Oilman, Confirms It
Was His $89,000 That Ended Up With
Barker, a Watergate Defendant
By CHRISTOPHER LYDON
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Match 9- president of the Gulf Resources
President. Nixon's re-election and Chemical Company, to
committee said today that itl
had returned $655,000 to three
big contributors, including
$100,000 to Robert H. Allen, the
Texas oilman. Mr. Allen was
the soured of $89,000 that
passed through a Mexican bank
to the leader of an alleged
political espionage operation
against the Democratic party
headquarters here last June.
The committee also an-
nounced that it had returned a
$305,000 note to Walter T.
Duncan, a financially troubled
Texas land speculator who had
borrowed money for large con-
tributions to the Nixon cam-
paign and earlier to the unsuc-
cessful nomination drive of
Senator Hubert H. Humphrey
of Minnesota, a Democrat.
Further, the committee con-
firmed the return of $250,000
to Robert L. Vesco, a principal
defendant in the Securities and
Exchange Commission's investi-
gation of the alleged plundering
of los, Ltd., and a subsidiary
mutual fund.
Even after the return of this
I money, the re-election cmm-
paign committee reported, it
had $4.7-million on hand at the
end of February, including
$246,000 in new contributions
made since the beginning of
this year.
Letters made public by the
re-election committee today in-
dicated that Nixon campaign
lawyers had taken the initiative
in returning Mr. Vcsco's money,
but that Mr. Allen and Mr. Dun-
can had asked for theirs-Mr.
Allen for "personal reasons"
and Mr. Duncan because of his
financial problems.
Mr.. Duncan said, however,
that he would make ."major
contributions to Republican
candidates in 1974 and 1976 if
I am able to recover my fi-
nancial situation to my satis-
faction by that time."
The letter from Mr. Allen,
Maurice H. Scans, finance chair-
man of the Nixon campaign,
confirmed that it was -Mr. Al-
len's $89,000 that had ended up
in the hands of Bernard L. Bark-
er, one of four Miami men who
pleaded guilty to breaking into
the Democrats' Watergate of-
fices here.
But Mr. Allen insisted that he
would not have given the
money if the had known how it
would be used. He said that his
gift had been routed through
Mexico for reasons of "con-
venience" and "privacy"-not,
as has been charged, to rid the
money of traces to, other
sources.
Mr. Allen told Mr. Stans that
because he made his contribu-,
tion on April 5,1972-two, days:
before the new Federal dis-
closure law effect-"I felt, and
still do, that under the law I
had every right to expect and)
enjoy the right of privacy and
full anonymity."
"It was for this reason, as
well as convenience, that I
arranged to have the contribu-
tion delivered from Mexico," he
said. "I realize that this resulted
in some embarrassment to you
and the committee, in that the
press made preposterous and
bizarre assumptions concerning
the purpose of this procedure.
.In actual fact, your committee
did not participate in that ar-
rangement in any way."
Mr. Allen did not explain why:
he had requested the refund.
Mr. Duncan was an obscure
real estate dealer in Bryan,
Tex., before he gave $300,000
to the Humphrey campaign last
.May and June and instantly be-
came the largest recorded con-
tributor in the 1972 campaign.
It was later discovered that
he had borrowed heavily for
the Nixon and Humphrey con-
tributions but had concealed
large outstanding obligations
from the banks that lent him
the campaign money. Since
then, he has been through
foreclosure on several large
tracts of land in Texas for fail-
ure to pay notes. He faces trial
in July on a $2.2-million suit
by an insurance company over
another Texas land deal.
OFPA6KTOEB.I.
By JOHN M. CREWDSON
8pecl-1 to Tho Now York Times
WASHINGTON, March 9 --'
John D. ' Ehrlichman, Presi-
dent Nixon's chief adviser on
domestic affairs, said today
that he had personally asked
that a White House legal
counsel sit in on an interview
he had with agents of the Fed-
eral Bureau of Investigation
about the Watergate case. '
"I have always felt it ap-
propriate to have counpA
present at an interview o? that
kind," he said. "I just felt
more comfortable." Asked if he
had had any choice in the mat-
ter, he replied that "I might
have been in a little jeopardy
with the employer" if he had
refused to allow the counsel,
John W. Dean 3d, to be pres-
ent.
It was previously disclosed
that Mr. Dean had sat in on
interviews agents had with
other White House personnel
in the inquiry into the bugging
of Democratic headquarters
here. Earlier this week, L.
Patrick Gray 3d, acting di-
rector of the bureau told the
Senate Judiciary dommittee
that, "from a purely investiga-
tive standpoint," he would;
rather the interviews had been'
conducted without Mr. Dean.
At the time of Mr. Ehrlich-
man's interview last July 21,
Mr. Dean was in charge of a
special inquiry ordered by Mr.'
Nixon to establish whether
any White House personnel had,
been involved in the Watergate
incident. The President said
later he was satisfied that none
of them had been.
Mr. Ehrlichman also said, at
a news briefing today, that he
had no knowledge of an ar-
rangement, disclosed by Mr.
Gray ou Wednesday, whereby
a high White House aide had
directed the payment of large
sums of money to a man ac-
cused of directing a political
espionage and sabotage ring
for the Republicans in the elec-'
tion campaign last year. i
Mr. Gray told the Judiciary!
Committee that Herbert W.'
Kalmbach, Mr. Nixon's personal
attorney, had told Federal
agents that he had made the
payments from campaign funds
at the direction of Dwight L,
Chapin, then the President's
appointments secretary.
According to Mr. Gray, Mr.
Kalmbach said he paid from
$30,000 to $40,000 to Donald
H. Segretti, a young California
lawyer, after receiving a tele-
phone call from Mr. Chapin in
September, 1971.
Yesterday, Ronald L. Ziegler,
the White House press secre,
tary expressed "concern" at the
release of Mr. Kalmbach's ac-
count on the ground that it was
"raw, unevaluated material"
and might violate the rights
of the individuals involved to
privacy and due process of law.
But he did not deny the ac-
curacy of Mr. Gray's report.
Mr. Ehrlichman expressed
the same beliefs today, but, he
did not criticize Mr. Gray for
releasing it to the committee.
The Judiciary Comittee Is
considering the nomination of
Mr. Gray to hold a permenent
appointment as director of the
Fedeeral Bureau of Investiga.
tion. Democratic members of
the committee criticized himm
this week for turning over to
Mr. Dean more than 80 raw
interview reports gathered by
agents In ttre Watergate in-
vestigation.
Asked for Interviews
Three reports involved em-
ployes of the Committee for
?ho re-election of the President
who had asked to t alk to
agents in the absence to the
re-election committee's lawyers
to give information about the,
destruction of campaign rec.
ords by committee officials
shortly after the Watergate
case arose.
Senator John V. Tunney,
Democrat of California noted
yesterday that "the same Mr.
Dean" had obtained a job at
the re-election committee for
G. Gordon Liddy, who has been
convicted of conspiring to tap
Vic Democrats' telephones.
Mr. Tunney told the commit.
tee today that he was visited
this morning by two V. B. I.
agents carrying "a number" of
the bureau's Watergate files.
After reading them, he said,
he still planned to introduce
a motion next week to call
Mr. Dean to testify before the
committee.
The committee heard today
from a number of witnesses
who spoke against the Gray
nomination.
Representative Edward I.
Koch, Democrat of Manhattan,
who is seeking the Democratic
nomination for the Mayor of
New York City, said that his '
opposition stemmed from Mr.
Gray's refusal to allow him to
look at a file the bureau had
compiled on him.
Mr. Koch recalled that when
Mr. Gray last year ended a
22-year program of keeping
files on major Congressional
candidates, he said that they
contained only biographical
data from published sources.
Mr. Koch and two other Demo-
cratic Representatives, Jona-
than B. Bingham of the Bronx
,and Benjamin S. Rosenthal of
Queens, immediately wrote to
'Mr. Gray asking to see their
files.
Mr. Gray refused, Mr. Koch
said, noting that, shortly after
taking over the bureau on the
death of J. Edgar Hoover last
May, Mr. Gray had asserted
that the bureau did not main-
tain "'political dossiers."
"Based on the fact that they
,are refusing to reveal certain
files to members of Congress,"
Mr. Koch said that he could
only conclude "that they do
have at least three political
dossiers."
"Clearly, there is more in
that file than si,plply bio-
graphical material." he said.
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NEW YORK TIMES
13 March 1973
Eastland Favors Calling Dean to Testify at Hearings
By JOHN M. CREWDSON
Special to The New York Tdmea
WASHINGTON, March 12-
James 0. Eastland, the chair-
man of the Senate Judiciary
Committee, said today that he
would vote to call a White
House counsel, John W. Dean
3d, as a witness in the com-
mittee's hearings on the nomi-
nation of ~L. Patrick Gray 3d
as director of the Fedilral'
Bureau of Investigation.
Mr. Dean's name has come
up daily during the last two.
.weeks of confirmation hearings,i
and there has been growing
sentiment among Democratic
members to invite Mr. Dean to
explain the facts behind his'
receipt of F.B.I. files compiled,
during the Watergate investi-
gation. gation.
Senator Eastland's support
made it virtually certain that
the committee, when it met
tomorrow in executive session,
summon Mr. Dean.
The White House reaffirmed
today, however, that President
Nixon had no Intention of
allowing Mr. Dean to appear.
Subpoena Opposed
Senator Eastland, a Democrat
from Mississippi, make it clear
that he would not favor issuing
a subpoena if Mr. Dean re-
fused the committee's dnvita-
tor. One committee source said
that a vote on issuing
a subpoena would be "very
close." I
NEW YORK TIMES
13 Mn h 1973
r
Democrat of California, said have charged that Mr. Gray's
'
I
t
.s
last week that he would move willingness to make the F.B.
tomorrow to call Mr. Dean- Mr. Watergate files available to Mr.
Tunney has said that he will Dean is evidence of a lack of
not be able to vote to approve "political independence" on his
,Mr. Gray's nomination with- part.
out an appearance by Mr. Dean Mr. Gray has said that he
to clarify the latter's "omni- was operating on a "presume=
presence" . in the Watergate tion of regularity" in sending
case. the documents to the White
Mr. Gray told the committee House and that he first passed
last week that he had sent them "through the chain of
numerous raw reports dealing
with the case to Mr. Dean at command" to Attorney General
his request. Mr. Gray said. Richard G. Kleindienst.
he had done so because Mr. The committee made public
Dean had been selected by the today an opinion by the bu-
President to head a separate reau's legal counsel, requested
investigation to determine by Mr. Gray last July, "on thej
whether any White House per-., legal basis for dissemination,
sonnel had been involved in, by the F.B.I. to the White
the break-in at the Democratic House of information concern-
headquarters in the Water- ing a criminal case being in-
gate complex last June 17. vestigated"
Mr. Tunney disclosed last The opinion concludes that
week that "the same Mr. Dean" "the authority and the obliga-
secured a job on the 'Nixon tion of the F.B.I. are to keep
campaign staff for G. Gordon the Attorney General fully in-
Liddy, who was recently con- formed and to leave the rest
victed of conspiring to tap to hint".
telephones in the Democratic This portion was underlined
heTherelters. by Mr. Gray and carries the
There have also been reports nciled notation to "do so In
the E. Howard Hunt Jr. who penciled
particular case and in all
pleaded guilty to the same
charges in January, attempted future cases.
to seek legal assistance from The committee concluded to-
Mr. Dean shortly after the day day the portion of its hearings
five men with bugging equip- dealing with the testimony of
ment were arrested inside the public witnesses.
headquarters. The United Auto Worker's
Democratic Senators, led by general counsels, Stephen I.
Mr. Tunney and Edward M. Schlossberg, asked the com-
mittee to hold a decision set
up a decision to the Gray
nomination until a special Sen-
ate committee set up to inves-
tigate the Watergate case had
completed its work, so that!
the Senators would have be-
fore them "the full record of
Mr. Gray's conduct of the in-i
vestigation of that sensitive
matter."
Another witness, Edward
Scheidt, who retired 20 years
ago after a 21-year career as
an F.B.I. agent, told the com-
mittee that he was disturbed
by indications in some of Mr.
Gray's speeches that , if con-
firmed Mr. Gray might draw
the traditionally nonpartisan
ibureau into politics.
Mr. Scheidt, who was once
do charge of the F.B.I.'s New
iYok City office, urged the com-1
imittee to tell the White House
to "send us another name; you
can do better 'Chan that.'At the White House brief-
ing today, Ronald L. Ziegler,
the President's press secretary,
said that Mr. Nixon did not wan
to withdraw the Gray nomina-
tion, and he added that there
was "no validity" to a report
by Newsweek magazino that
the capital's police chief, Jerry
V. Wilson, had been chosen
as the White House's back-up
nominee if Mr. Gray was not
confirmed.
possibility that their advice
and assistance will ever be.
come a matter of public de-
bate,. either during their ten-
ure in government or at a
'later date. Otherwise, the
candor with which advice is
rendered and the quality of
such assistance will inevita-
bly be compromised and,
weakened.
What is at stake, there.
fore, is not simply k ques-
tion of confidentiality but
the integrity of the decision-
making process at the very
highest levels of our govern-
ment.
. As I stated in my press
conference on Jan. 31, the
question of whether circum-
stances warrant the exercise
of executive privilege should
be determined on a case-
by-case basis.
In making such decisions,
I shall rely on the following
guidelines:
1. In the case of a depart-
ment or agency, every official
provided that the perform-
ance before the Congress,
provided that the perform-
ance of the duties of his of-
fice will not be seriously im-
paired thereby. If the official
believes that a Congressional
request for a particular docu-
c
Nixon Remarks on Executive Privilege
WASHINGTON, March 11,
-Following are excerpts
from a statement issued to-
day by President Nixon on
his use of executive privi-
lege:
The doctrine of executive'
privilege is well established.
It was first invoked by Presi-
dent Washington, and it has,
been recognized and utilized
by our Presidents for almost
200 years since that time.
The doctrine is rooted in
the Constitution, which vests
"the executive power" solely
In the President, and it is
desinged to portect com-
munications within the ex-
ecutive branch in a variety of
circumstances In time of
both war and peace.
Without such protection,
our military security, our re-
lations with other countries,
our law enforcement pro-
cedures and many other
aspects of the national inter-
est could be significantly
damaged and the decision-
making process of the execu-
tive branch could be im-
paired.
The general policy of this'
Administration regarding the
use of executive privilege
during the next four years
will be the same as the one
we have followed during the
past four years: Executive
privilege will not be used as
a shield to prevent embar-.
rassing information , from
being made available but
will be exercised only in
those particular instances In'
which disclosure would harm
the public interest.
'Pledged to Openness'
During the first four years
of my Presidency, hundreds
of Administration officials
spent thousands of hours
testifying before committees
of the Congress. Secretary of
Defense Laird, for instance,
made 86 separate appear-
ances before Congressional.
committees, engaging in over
327 hours of testimony.
By contrast, there were
only three occasions during
the first term of my Admin.
istration when executive
privilege was invoked any-,
where in the executive
branch in response to a Con-
gressional request for infor-
mation. These facts speak not
of a closed Administration
but of one that is pledged to
openness and is proud to
stand on its record.
Requests for Congressional
appearances by members of
the President's personal staff
present a different situation
and raise different considera-
been relatively infrequent
'through the years, and in
past Administrations they
have been routinely declined.
I have followed that same.
tradition in my Administra-
tion, and I intend to con-
tinue it during tl remainder
of my term.
Under the doctrine of
separation of powers, the
manner in which the Presi-
dent personally exercises his:
assigned executive powers is
not subject to questioning by
another branch of govern-
ment. If the President is not
subject to such questioning,
it is equally inappropriate
that members of his staff not
be so questioned, for their
roles are in effect an exten-
sion of the Presidency.
Loss of Candor Feared
This tradition rests on
more than constitutional doc-
trine: It is also a practical
necessity.-To insure the ef-
fective discharge of the exec-
utive responsibility, a Presi-
dent must be able to place
absolute confidence in the
advice and assistance offered
by the members of his staff.
And in the performance of
their duties for the Presi-
dent, those staff members
must not be inhibited by the
Approved or Ft~efease`6t6
1M007: CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
meat or for testimony on a
particular point raises a sub-
stantial question as to the
need for invoking executive
privilege, he shall comply
with the procedures set forth
in my memorandum of March
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a substantial question as to
the need for Invoking exec-
utive privilege, he shall com-
ply with the procedures 'set
forth in my memorandum of.
March 24, 1969.
3. A member or former,
member aof the President's
personal staff normally shall
follow the well-established
precedent and decline a re-
quest for a formal appear-
ance before a committee of
the Congress. At the same
time, it will continue to be
my policy to provide all nec-
essary and relevant informa-
tion through informal con-
tacts between my present
staff and committees of the
Congress In ways which pre-
serve Intact the constitutional
separation of the branches.
tage to a decision on Mr.
Dean," the President said: "I
cannot believe that such res-
ponsible members of the
United States Senate, would
do that :.. "
But Mr. Nixon left no doubt
that he would sacrifice Gray's
nomination rather than pro-
duce his White House counsel
for testimony,
"My decision has been
.made," the President said in
regard to any congression-
. al appearance by Dean.
"Perhaps this is the time to
have the highest court of this
land make a definitive deci-
sion with regard to this mat-
ter," the President said, ad-
cling:
"I am not suggesting that,
we are asking for it, But I
would suggest that if the mem-.
hers of the Senate, in [theirJ
wisdom, decide that they want
to test this matter in the
courts, we will, of course, pre-
sent our side of the case, and
we think that the Supreme
Court will uphold, as it always
usually has [sic], the great
constitutional principle of sep-
aration of powers rather than
to uphold the Senate."
On Capitol Hill, the Pres-
ident's remarks appeared to
have the effect of jeopardizing
even further Gray's nomina-
tion and intensifying the in-
ilcnged members of Congress
rr~ to go to the Supreme Court as
the only means of obtaining
testimony from White House
aides, particularly presidential
counsel John 1V. Dean III,
The challenge was imme-
diately accepted by angered
members of both parties on
Capitol hill, including the
elrahninn and ranking Itepuh-
tican member of the special
Watergate investigating com-
imittee,
During a press conference,
the President also moved to
restrict the Watergate com-
mittee's access to Federal Bu-
reau of Investigation records
of its probe into the bugging
of Democratic Party livid-
quarters. He implicitly crit-
icized acting FBI Director L.
Patrick Gray III for already
supplying such information to
the Senate Judiciary Com-
tnittce.
Under no circumstances,,
Mr. Nixon said, would he per-
mit Dean to testify in either
the Watergate investigation or
in the current Judiciary Com-
mittee hearings on Gray's
nomination' to be permanent
director of the FBI.
Observing that the Senate
"might hold Mr. Gray as hos-
privilege will not he invoked
until the compelling need for
its exercise has been clearly.
demonstrated and the re-
quest has been approved
first by the Attorney General
and then by the President..
then by the President. ' J
, 2. A ',Cabinet officer or any
other governmental 'official
who also holds a position as
a member of the President's
personal staff shall comply
with any reasonable request
to testify In his non-White
House capacity, provided that
the performance of his duties'
will not bo seriously Impaired
thereby. if the official be-
lieves that the request raises
WASHINGTON POST
16 March 1973
Executive
Privilege',
Reaffirmed
By Carl Bernstein
and Bob Woodward
Washington Post Staff Writers
President Nixon an-
nounced emphatically yes-
terday that he will prohibit
any member of the White
house staff from testifying
in the 'Senate's upcoming
investigation of the Water-
gate case or any other "for-
mal session" of a congres-
sional committee.
creasingly bitter struggle be.
tween the President and Con.
greys over the separation of
Gradually, the focus of
,Gray's confirmation hearings
has been shifting away from
the nominee and toward the
issues of executive privilege
and the White House role-
particularly Dean's-in the
,FBI's Watergate investigation.
" Leaders of the move to call
can as a witness have'said
Choy believe they can block
the Gray nomination in the
.tudiciary Committee if the
President's counsel does not
(estify,
Sen. Lowell P. Weiker, a
Republican from Cray's home
State of Connecticut, saw,
}}can's appearance in the Gray
Bearings as a side issue andl
added: "But in the case of the,
11'atergate the White House]
staff is not a side issue. The;
i5eople around the President
phd in the White Douse are
the issue."
~ Asked if he would vote to
subpoena Dean or other presi-
dential aides in the Watergate
lvestigation, Weicker said,
., bsolutely."
t? The question of Dean's testi-
mony before Congress has be-
come an issue because of
tray's agreement to turn over
idhvestigative reports to 'the
White House counsel during
the FBI's Watergate investiga-
tion. Members of the Judici-
at-y Committee have question-
10 the propriety of Gray's de-
cision and want to determine
it Derrn misused the informa-
tion he received from the Flll.
"In his remarks at the White
house yesterday, President
Dixon said Dean and 'ot:ier
members of the White ;louse
staff "will furnish information
under the proper circum.
stances" to congressional com-
mittees - presumably by an-
4lvering questions in writing,
' In addition to closing the
door on testimony by his aides,
the President said that "the
tlractice of the FBI furnish-
ii)g 'raw files' to full commit-
tees must stop" with the re-
nt release of information by
Gray to the Judiciary Commit-
tee.
.k' "I understand why Air. Gray
(D d, because his hearing was
involved," Mr. Nixon said.
"I3ut I would say that should
not be a precedent for the fu-
ture."
,, Last week, Gray released in.
formation showing that the
I)resident's personal attorney
avid his appointments secre-
tary had arranged for the pay-
ment of $30,000 to $40,040 in
Nixon campaign funds to Don.
4Id H. Segretti, an alleged po.
lil.ical saboteur.
pBoth of yesterday's state-
merits about White House
aides and FBI files will effec-
tively limit the extent to
Which the upcoming Senate
investigation of the Watergate
case will be aided by the ad-
ministration.
Sens. Sam J. 'Ervin Jr. (D-
N.C.) and Howard H. Baker Jr.
(R-Tenn.), the chairman and
ranking minority number of
the special Watergate investi-
r#pting committee, said the in-
quiry would be seriously ham.
p red by the President's ac,
lions and said they would go
td court, if necessary, to fight
tie restrictions.
"If we get information indi-
cating that any White I-louse
aide has any knowledge rele.
vbnt to this investigation I
will certainly recommend to
the committee that he he
spbpocnacd,'' Ervin said, add.
iiir:
1 "if ' he fails to appear or
r fuses to give information
after his appearance, I will
recommend to the Senate that
hp he adjudged in contempt
t~ the White House, said: "I'm
disappointed at the President's
statement, I had hoped early
on for a successful accommo-
d ition . , . to get all the rele-
vant facts."
Regarding possible testi-
mony from Dean before the
special Watergate investigat-
ir'tg committee, Baker added:
not prepared to say I'd
bb satisfied With written ques-
tions only. . . At the moment.
.r 9y personal inclination is to
t"sists on a personal appearance:
It we can't' negotiate a way
around this impasse, the only
V ?ay is to litigate It.,, :, Ervin said yesterday that he
feels the 1'resldent's slatr.-
rnent about Vill I""ilea was fie-
signed to curtail, if not cut
riff, his committee's access to
itiportant data.
Although the President in-
c8cated he did not object to
the FBI showing "raw files"
to committee chairmen and
e ranking minority member,,
Irvin said that in the Water-:
gpte probe such a limitation
mould be "unacceptable,"
'. "It would take clays to go
through those files," Lrvln
said. "I don't have the time.
The staff has to do it,"
If the President's statement
that raw files should not be
furnished. to a full committee
is translated into action, it
would put the decision in
direct conflict with the Senate
resolution that established the
Watergate select committee,
That resolution, which pass.
ed the Senate Feb. 7 by a
77-to-o vote, grants all seven
senators. on the select corn-
mittce and at least two staff
members access to the FBI's
voluminous Watergate files.
The President's statement
Yesterday also seemed to
counter earlier statements by
Gray, who told the Judiciary
Cominittce considering his
nomination that all tQ mem-
bers could look at the- raw
files. At least two members
have already accepted the of-
fer and looked at some of the
files.
Cray had said that he would,
cooperate fully with the Ervin
select committee Investigetlorti
and did not quarrel with the
provision allowing two staff'
membera access to the FBI
M-
By his statements Yesterda ;
President Nixon indicated that'
he Was primarily concerned,
that information in FBI files
involving what he called "hear-J
say," "guilt by innue'ndo" and
"guilt by association" might be;
made public and leaked to they
press.
During his testimony lash
week, Gray released informa?!
Lion in FBI' files that showed,
that Iierhert 1V. Kalmbach, the;
President's personal attorney,l
and Dwight L. Chapin, the
Pr
id
'
'
es
ent
s former appoint-
of Congress and that;the Sen? meats secretary, arranged for.
ate ask the Department of the payment of more than $30,-'
.1lrstice~ to appoint a special, 000 to Segrctti, a California at-1
lrt?osceutor to prosecute the, torney.
individual-I don't care who, ]Theeased information
hp rs !
was nformati based on on aGraystatere---
SBaket.. who has close tdesi went givrn to the FBI by!
Approved For Release 2001/08/07 : C1A-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
 Approved For Release 2001/08/07 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
Kalmbach and could not be'
classified as a "raw, unevalu-i
ated file," according to Justice!
Department sources.
Spokesmen for both the Jus-
tice Department and 'the FBI
had no comment yesterday on
whether the President's stated
position would cause; Gray to
modify his offer to either the
Senate Judiciary Committee or
the Ervin select, committee.
The White House' also'- had nol
additional comment.
The initial offer to make
the FBI Watergate files avail-!
able to the; Senate was, made
in January by Attorney Gen-
eral Richard G. Kleindienst,
who at the time specified thatf
there would be some limits=
tions placed on ,what could be
made public.
In addition to closing offl
the Senate's access to FBI
files and his White House
aides, President Nixon said!
that he and his press'secre-
tary, Ronald L. Ziegler, would
make no more comments On
the Watergate investigations.
"I could comment on them,"
Icr could in the future. I,
will not. -He will not. And
the reason that we will not
is that when the committee.
completes its Investigation, we"
will then have comments, if
we consider it appropriate to
do so."
The President said that he-
would cooperate fully with
the Senate other than allow-
ing the direct testimony of
his aides.
"I have confidence in all of
the White House people who
have been named," the Presi=
dent said in apparent refer.
ence to the allegations in
press reports that some of his
closest advisers were involved
in a campaign of political es-
pionage and sabotage.
The President also said that
officials from his re-election
committee do not have an
executive privilege to refuse
to testify before the Ervin se.
lect committee.
With specific reference to
former Attorney General John
N. Mitchell, the President's
campaign ' manager, and for-
mer Commerce Secretary Mau-
rice It. Stars, the chief fund
'raiser, Mr. Nixon said:
"None of them have the
privilege, none of them, of
course, will refuse to testify,
none has when he is asked to,
and I am sure they will give
very good accounts of there.
selves, as they have in the
court matfers'that they have
been asked to."
In a pretrial deposition by
Mitchell, the former Attorney
General refused to answer cer-
tain questions about discus.
sions of the Watergate bug-
ging, claiming the attorney.
client privilege.
Yesterday's developments
also left a confused situation
In regard to the withdrawal of
Ervin's request for access to
the transcript of the federal
grand Jury inquiry into the
Watergate bugging.
In a letter to Chief Judge
Approved_For Release 2001/08/07
WASHINGON POST
20 March 1 7
.en Unit .Answers
es s Legal Brief
By Lawrence Meyer
Washington Post staff writer
Lawyers for President Nix-date the free press of this
'
on
s re-election committee at-
tacked yesterday statements
made in a legal brief filed on
behalf' of The Washington
Post as being "in poor taste"
and "outrageous."
The response by lawyers for
the Committee for the ' Re-
Election of the President, di-
rected at The Post's brief and
also separate briefs filed by
three other publications, was
filed yesterday in U.S. District
Court.
Reporters and officials of
the four publications-The
Post, The. New York Times,
The Washington Evening Star-
News and Time Magazine-
have been served with com-
mittee subpoenas demanding
that they make available all
notes, story drafts and other
documents Way have concern.
ing the Watergate incident.
The re-election committee is
being sued by the Democratic
National Committee for inva-
sion of privacy damages grow-
ing out of the break-in and
bugging of the Democratic
Party's Watergate headquar-
ters by employees of the re-
election committee.
Re-election committee offi-
cials have tiled countersuits
for abuse of court process and
libel against former Demo.
cratic Party Chairman Law-
rence F. O'Brien.
The publications last week
filed with U.S. District Judge
Charles R. Richey their op-
position to the re-election com-
mittee subpoenas, arguing that
complying with the demand
would force them to reveal
confidential sources, irrepar-
ably damage their ability to
pursue investigative reporting
and violate First Amendment
rights to freedom of the press.
The Post also asserted that
the re-election committee ,is
the political arm of the Presi-
dent of the United States" and
that the subpoenas "are part
of an attempt by.the incum?
bent administration to intimi-
John J. Sirica of U.S. Districtl
Court here, Ervin said he II
would not need the transcript
because of Gray's promise to
provide the committee with
all of the data collected by1
t h e e FBI in its investiga-'
tion .. ,
WASHINGTON POST
17-March 1973
Bug Ca'se
Accord
10 lCt,
Recaklhud
By Lou Cannon
Washington Post staff Writer
The Nixon administra-
tion and the Senate select
-committee pro b i n g the
Watergate bugging c a s e
reached a compromise. yes-
terday that Sen. Sam J. Er-
1vin Jr. (D-N.C.) said wouldi
allow lihe committee the
"full benefits" of the FBI's
Watergate investigation.
Sources close to the commit.
tee said that the compromise,
details of which were not pub-
licly announced, would allow
'the two top staff members of
the investigating committee
i access to the FBI raw files on
the Watergate case. But the
only senators on the seven-
member committee who will
be permitted to see the files
are Chairman Ervin and Sen.
Howard Baker (R-Tenn.), the
ranking minority member.
The President said at a news
conference Thursday "that tho
practice of the FBI furnishing
raw files to full committees
must stop." He said_he did not
object to showing these files to
the committee chairman and the
ranking minority member.
Ervin objected, however, that
th;s procedure would make, it
difficult for 'him to proceed
with the investigation.
"It would take days to go
thiough those files," Ervin said.
"I don't have the time. The staff
has to do it."
The resolution ' establishing
the Senate select committee,
passed unanimously by the Sen-
ate, grants all seven senators
and the two staff members ac.
cess to the files.
Both the administration and
the committee backed down
from their original positions
yesterday in negotiations among
Attorney General Richard
Kleindienst, Ervin and Baker.
The administration, while
remaining adamant on with.
holding the files from the full
committee, agreed to allow
their inspection by Samuel
'Dash, the staff director and
majority counsel, and Fred
Thompson, the minority coun-
sel. Both will be strictly sworn
to secrecy.
The agreement, Ervin and
Baker said in a joint statc-i
ment, will give the committee'
"the full benefit of the results
of the FBI investigation con-
cerning the Watergate inci-
dent and other matters related
to the 1972 presidential cam-
pal gn."
One of the senators on the
Ervin committee. Joseph M
.
country , .." .
In its response yesterday,
the re-election committee law-
yers said, "These parties un-
abashedly accuse the Presi-
dent of the ),Tnited States and
these defer nts of the most
unscrupulous sort of conduct,
but by their very words re-
veal their own political ani-
mosity and misguided actions.
The defendants resent these
unfair accusations."
The re-election committee
brief said that its lawyers, "in
the best interest of their` cli-
ents, have attempted to dis-
cover. evidence relevant to the
cases at hand, and to this end
have caused subpoenas, to be
issued to certain material
witnesses--who happen to be
journalists.
'Tor this honest effort the
defendants have incurred the
wrath ' of The Washington
Post, the self-styled 'news-
paper which has dared to let
the American public know'
and have opened themselves
to more ridicule and charges
of political Intrigue," the re.
election committee brief said.
Addressing . the arguments
of all four publications and the
Reporters Committee for Free-,
dom of the Press, the re-elee?'
tion committee brief said,
"Reduced to bare essentials,
the plea of these (parties) Is a
unified demand of the Fourth
Estate for exemption from the
duty to appear and give testi-
mony in virtually all civil liti-
gation.
"The public's right to know
the whole truth, and the par,'
ties' right to ascertain it by
accepted means" of litigation,
the re - election committee's
brief said, "go to the very core
of our adversary system. The
juries in these cases should
not be denied. the testimony of
essential witnesses." .
A hearing is scheduled
Wednesday concerning the
subpoenas.
 Approved For Release 2001/08/07 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
THE WASHINGTON POST Wednesday.Afar.21,1973
Montoya (D-N.M.), s a I d he
suspected Klcindienst of an
"ulterior motive" in withholding
the FBI files from the full com-
mittee.
,,,It is my feeling that every
member of the committee needs
all the information the FBI has
collected in order to place the'
Watergate matter in proper{
perspective," Montoya said.
Hours before the 'compro-
mise was announced, -White
House press secretary Ronald
L. Ziegler indicated that Act-
ing FBI Director L. Patrick
Gray III would be expected to
withdraw his offer allowing
the full Senate Judiciary Com-,
mittee to inspect the Water-
gate files.
Citing the President's state-.
.merit of the day before, Zie-
gler said "individuals in the
government traditionally, take
guidance' from ? what the
President says.
Cray offered the files to the
full Judiciary Committee last
week during hearings on his
confirmation as FBI director.
Only two senators have ac-
tually inspected them, Sen.
Roman liruska (11-Neb.), who
spent more than six hours
looking at files, and Sen. John
Tunney (D-Calif.), who in-
spected three specific files for
a half hour.
While reiterating the Presi-
dent's opposition to Senate in-
';{ xpection of raw FBI files, Zie-
,Kier also proipised administra-
tion cooperation with both
committees and hinted at one
point that a written report by
White House 'counsel John W.
Dean III on 'the Watergate
case might be made available..
Mr. Nixon has refused to al-
low Dean to testify before the
Judiciary Committee, but Zie-
gler ,has said that he will an-
i swer "relevant" questions in
writing. Dean has not yet been'
asked to testify by the Ervin
committee.
Asked yesterday whether
,Dean's written report on the
;\Vatergate case would he
made available to the Senate
committees, Ziegler declined
to answer specifically but said
"the objective of the adminis-
tration will be to cooperate
and provide the facts and pro-
vide relevant information and
details that the committees
want."
President Nixon maintained
In his Thursday news confer-
ence that he was upholding
-the traditional constitutional
doctrine of separation of pow-
ers between the executive and
legislative branches in declin-
ing to allow his aides to tes-
tify. lie defended withholding
of the FBI files on grounds
they contained hearsay that
made available to the Senate
"could do innocent people a
great deal of damage."
Ziegler was asked yesterday
about the example of Sherman
Adams, personal adviser to
President Eisenhower, who
agreed to testify voluntarily
.before a Scnato committee In
G
y. o.nl Data L
By Bob Woodward
and Carl Bernstein
Washington Post staff writers
Acting FBI,director L. Pat-
rick Gray said yesterday that
he had been "called on the
carpet" last year by two of
President Nixon's top advisers
for leaks of information in the
Watergate bugging case.
Two days atfer Ehrlichman'sj ter The
first call, Dean called Gray , ported that
about "rumors of leaks of FBI
information," according to
Gray's written answer. About
six hours later that day, June
23, Gray id he called Dean
back to deny that information
was being leaked from the
FBI.
Gray introduced records
into the testimony at his con-
firmation hearings before the
Senate Judiciary Committee
showing that he met or talked
with Presidential counsel John
W. Dean III and John Ehrlich-
mah, the President's top do-
mestic adviser, at least 15 sepJ
arate times about leaks during
a four-month period 'before
the election last year. .
Gray's records indicate that
news leaks were, in fact, the
major topic of discussions
about the Watergate investiga-
tion between Gray and the
White House.
The telephone calls or meet.
ings generally came soon after
news stories about the al-
leged involvement of former
or present White, house aides
in the Watergate bugging' or
,in a reportedly broader cam-
'paign of political espionage:
against the Democrats.
"I resented it," Gray said
,yesterday, "because I don't
think there were those leaks
within the FBI." Gray sug-
gested that the leaks may
have come from the U.S. attor-
ney's office or the grand jury
investigating the Watergate.
The first call about the
leaks came from Ehrlichman
the morning of June 21, the
day after the first report ap-
peared linking White House
Iconsultant E. Howard Hunt Jr.
with the Watergate break-in
June 17.
In the written information
supplied to the Judiciary Com-
mittee. Gray noted the date of
Ehrlichman's call (June 21),
the time (9:35 a.m.), and added
that the call concerned
"safeguarding investigative
.procedures against leaks."
Gray said he "advised we were
handling the case as a major
special with usual precautions
for such a case and (had) very
On June 28, the day G. Gor-
don Liddy was fired as fi-
nance counsel from the Presi-
dent's re-election committee
for refusing to answer FBI
questions about the Watergate,
Gray was contacted by Dean
about leaks and talked by
telephone and met with Ehr-
lichman about "safeguarding
investigative proceduies
against leaks," the written
statement says.
Liddy's dismissal was not an-
nounced at the time and did
not become public until more
than two weeks later. Liddy,
Hunt and five other men ei-
ther pleaded guilty or were
convicted at the Watergate
trial in January.
Gray apparently was not
contacted- by either Dean or
Ehrlichman during the entire
month of July, a period in
which relatively few news ac-
counts of major significance
appeared on the Watergate.
The White House contacts
resumed with a call from
Dean to Gray on Aug. 2, the
day after the first news report
saying that a $25,006 Nixon
campaign check had been de-
posited in the bank of one of
the Watergate bugging sus-
pects. The call, according to
Gray's written testimony, was
about "leaks of FBI informa-
tion."
The next contact about
leaks by Dean was made Sept.
19, the day after the first news
report that two high officials
in the Nixon campaign organi-
zation had received large cash
disbursements from a fund
used in part to finance an in-
telligence-gathering operation
against the Democrats.' Gray
was in Kansas City, according
to his documents, and Dean
telephoned him there. In addi-
tion, Dean called Gray- again
about leaks the next day, Sept.
120.
covered a White House di-
rected campaign' of political
spying and sabotage against
the Democratic presidential
contenders.
According to Gray's records,.
"Jean called him at 9:05 a.m.
on Oct. 18 and 25 minutes
later appeared at Gray's office
to discuss the news leaks. This
was three days after the first',
news accounts saying that at-'
Ieged political saboteur Don-
ald H. Segretti was hired by,
the President's appointments
secretary, Dwight L. Chapin.
The next day, Oct. 19, Ehrl?
ichman talked by telephon6,
and met with Gray about,
leaks of information.
The last contact by Dean'
concerning leaks was made
Feb. 2, according to Gray. This,
was the day after Sen. Edward .
M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) released
a report saying that an investi-;
gation by his subcommittee.
had uncovered evidence indi-,
eating White House involve-.
ment in "n wide range of espi-
onage and sabotage activities"q
during the 1972 presidential
campaign.
Gray said the Feb. 2 contact
by Dean also concerned an
"FBI request to interview Mr.
Chapin." This was four days
after Chapin announced that
he was resigning from the.
White House staff. Chapin had
been earlier interviewed by,
the FBI. It could not hq
learned yesterday why the
FBI might have wanted another
interview with Chapin after Feb.
2. The Watergate bugging trial
was completed on Jan. 30.
According to federal
sources, the FBI conducted se-
veral internal investigations
during its Watergate inquiry
to determine if FBI agents
were the source of news ac-
counts. Similarly, Dean report-
edly attempted to determine if
members of the White House
staff were providing informa-
tion to the press.
At the Committee for the
Re-election of the President,
according to employees there,
the entire staff was Instructed
not to discuss the Watergate
case with the press and se-
veral internal investigations
restricted distribution of in-1 Dean also called Gray about were conducted to identify po-
formation." I leaks on Oct. 12, two days af- tential leaks.
response to allegaIinns that her threatened to hold up Gray's
had used his White House pos. confirmation unless Dean tes-
ition improperly in behalf of tifies beore the committee.
industrialist Bernard Godfine. Mr. Nixon has said he will
'.,I am not going to parallel not back down on his invoca.
the two situations," Ziegler re- iron of "executive privilege"
sponded. "I do not think I for Dean even if the Senate
have to." holds the Gray nomination
Senate Democrats have "hostage."
-,Approved For Release 2001/08/07 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
 Approved f
THE WASHINGTON POST
CIA Analyst
days U0& B'raed
To St1i Him
By Sanford J. Ungar
Washington Post Staff Writer
An analyst for the Central In- When he first read. news-
telligence A g e n c charged reports of testimony to
y thO contrary from a prosecu.
under oath today' that there tion witness, Lt. Gen. William
on the part of the government superiors to send internal CIA
to prevent me from testifying"
as a witness In the Pentagon
Payers trial.
Samuel A. Adams, who was
subpoenaed to testify in de-
fense of Daniel Ellsberg and
Anthony J. Russo Jr., said
that his superiors at the CIA
"lied" to him in an effort to
disisuade him from appearing
in-federal court here.
After learning of dealings
petween the Justice Depart-
ment prosecutors in this case
and 'an assistant CIA general
counsel, Adams told the jury,
he' came to the conclusion
that "I. had been had."
The unusual testimony was
tho first inkling the jury has
had of defense, allegations that
the prosecution In this case
ha4 "suppressed" evidence and
tried to "silence" Adanis as a
witness.
U.S. District Court Judge W.
Mott Byrne Jr. prohibited Art-
ems from: discussing some as-
pects of the situation-indlud-
ing matters that have previous-
ly occurred in court out of the
presence of, the jury-but ad,
mitted the testimony on the
narrow issue of whether Ad-
ams is ''biased or prejudiced"
against either side i11 the case.
That was the impression
which chief prosecutor David
R, Nissen sought to give dur-
In,;
extended cross?e mi ~?
n
memoranda he had Written on
the "order of battle" to the
Justice Department for trans-
mission to the court here.
The intelligence analyst'felt
that he had evidence which
might tend to establish the
)innocence of the defendants
-namely, that U.S. military
!officials had intentionally un-
t derestimated the opposing
,forces in Vietnam in order to
i create "the impression that
there was light at the end-of
the tunnel."
Questioned by the judge
this afternoon, Adams said
he was "advised by assistant
CIA General Counsel John
K. Greaney that his mem-
randa had been submitted to
the court, only to learn later
that they had not at the time
actually, been turned over to;
'the judge.
Greaney told Adams in al
written memo on Feb. 9 that,I
according to a message trans-,
mitted from Nissen through,
'the Justice Department, the
judge had decided the ma-
terial was not "exculpatory"'
and so there would be no,
need for the Adams testimony]
here:
On the basis of that advisory,
.Adams said today, he decided
to ? "desist" from his efforts
. to bring the evience before
lion of Adams today.
chronic complainer within the jpcrin, a former Defense De-
CIA. who once accused top
military officials of being in a,
"conspiracy" to fabricate data
on ' Vietnamese Communist!
Adams has held that view
for several years now, and
that was the thrust of his
original testimony for Ells-i
documents being "dated" at
the time, Adams testified?
ally useless" If they had fallen 1
sultant to the defense attor-
neys here, that Adams learned
this information was "inaccu-
rate," he testified today.
The prosecution has denied
that it made any attempt to
suppress Adams' evidence,
and C=reaney-in an affidavit
submitted to the court two
weeks ago-said the allegation,
that he sought to persuade
the CIA analyst not to testify
was "absolutely false."
Adams has now been on the
witness stand for three days;
far longer than originally
anticipated, and this has de-'
layed the testimony of 111e-t
George Bundy, who was na?
tional security adviser to the
late Presidents Kennedy and
Johnson and is now president
NEW YORK TIMES
21 March 1973
my ,r1rnnaa1V n1%1NVJ4J
} Spectei to The New York Ttmef
LOS ANGELES,-March 20-
-.The late Ho Chi Minh would
have had to -telephone the De-
fense Department to' determine
whether one of the "top secret" .
documents, in the Pentagon
papers trial was enuine, a de=
fense witness testified today.
The witness was William G.;
Florence, who spent 43 yearst
as an Air Fo'-'e officer and a^
civilian woring in ? Federal
bureaucracy on the classifica-'
tion of Government secrets.
During long cross-exalnina-'
Lion from David R. Nissen, the
chief prosecutor, Mr. Florence
said that one of the documents
in this case, a 1968 Joint Chiefs
of Staff memorandum,. would
have been virtually useless to
foreign intelligence because
there was nothing in the docu-
ment dtself to authenticate
wheter it was genuine;
"It could have been counter-
felted?" Mr. Nissen asked.
"It could be a counterfeit,".
Mr. Florence replied.
"You mean he'd' have to
telephone and say, 'This is Ho
,Chi Min; I'd like to know
.whether this is, genuine?"' Mr.
Nissen asked.
"if he wanted to do it [to
' 1ctowJ I'm sure he would,"
answered Mr. Florence.
Indirect Defense Route
Mr. Florence, who has been
testifying for several days,'
squinted through his black
rimmed glasses at the jury and
the prosecutor, rattling off the:
various divisions and sub
'divisions of the Government's.
classification regulations.
He was there mainly to at-
tack the Government's system
of classifying documents, but
United States District Court
Judge William Matthew Byrne
Jr. has refused to allow Daniel
Ellsberg and Anthony J. Russo
Jr., the defendants,'to mount a
direct attack on the system. As
a result, Mr. Florence is at-
tempting to do it indirectly. '
His answers were long and,
convoluted,, and the judge often
interrupted him to keep brim to
the point.
.The essence of his testimony
was considered extremely im-
portant by the defense. It was
to the effect that there was no
real way to tell whether the
Pentagon papers were properly
classified "top secret-sensitive"
when they were compiled in
1967, let alone when they were
allegedly stolen by Dr. Ellsberg
in 1969.
There were many reasons for
this, he said, including the fact
of the Ford Foundation.
It was also revealed in court
today that the defense had.
subpoenaed a recently retired
Army colonel, Gaines Hawk?i
ins, of West Point, Mississippi;
to corroborate Adams' testi=s
mony on the alleged fabrica.
tion of the "order of battle"
but that Hawkins on arrival
in Los Angeles had declined
to cooperate with defense at-
torneys and had been dis-I
tmisscd from the subpoena, i
Derivative Classification ?
testified, then the papers were
classified under a Defense De-
partmnt procedure called de-
rivative classification, that is,
a system under which a docu-
ment receives the classification
of classified research material,
even if that material is only a
single sentence that had been
previously classified.
Mr. Florence, over several
days, had insisted there was
no way of 'reading the Pen-
tagon papers to tell whether
its source material was
properly classified;. if the
source material was not prop-
erly classified, then Curely the
papers themselves were note
either, the defense contends.
In a sense, Mr. Florence's
testimony was aimed more at
the judge than the jury, for
the defense is attempting to
subpoena the source material
used In compiling the Pentagon
papers. It, through the develop-
ment of Mr. Florence's testi-
mony,'.- Judge Byrne is
propmpted to grant that sub-
poena, then the defense might
succeed also in prompting
..the judge to allow it to attack
the classification system di-
rectly.
So the battle between the
consultant and the prosecutor
stretches over the hours, with
the former holding to the point
that he cannot tell without the
source material whether the
papers were properly classified
and the latter trying to make
the witness appear foolish.
Mr. Nissan asked 'whether In
the absence of any official
communication covering the
Pentagon papes, the papers
did not authenticate them-
selves.
"They do not for me," re-
plied Mr. Florence.
Dr. Ellsberg and Mr. Russo
are accused of six counts of
espionage, six counts of theft
and one count of conspiracy.
WASHING IrJN POST
9 March 1973
ITT Deities Con.nectian
With Watergate Figure
International Telephone and
Telegraph Corp. yesterday de.
nied that it had any connec.
tion with any of the Watergate
defendants as was alleged, In
a column by Jack Anderson
Thursday.
In a statement from New
York, R. G. Bateson, associate
general counsel of ITT, said
that the allegations In the
column "are completely inac-
curate and untrue."
"ITT never hired E. How-
ard Hunt or any so-called 'Miss
Sion Impossible team.' There
Is no link between ITT and
any of the Watergate defend.
ants, or break-ins of the
Chilean embassy or Chilean
diplomat's residences," Bate:
son said.
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NEW YORK TIMES
21 March 1973
Anarchy of Diplomacy
? By James Reston
WASHINGTON-Secretary of State
Rogers has begun a quiet but intensive
inquiry into the problem of protecting
American ambassadors and their staffs
in foreign capitals from the outlaws
who are now terrorizing the diplo-
matic community.
This is now a worldwide problem.-
For the Arab terrorists are beginning
to avoid the major capitals of the
world,. where U.S. embassies have
fairly good security forces, and are
concentrating on less prominent cap-
itals, where it is easier to kidnap
American .officials and hold them as
hostages for the release of Arab out-
laws elsewhere in the world.
Some fairly obvious protective meas-
ures have been taken, with the help
of the C.T.A. and the Pentagon, since
two American diplomats were cap-
tured and assassinated recently in
Khartoum, the capital of the Sudan.
More security officers have been
and from now on, they will not only
travel ?with U.S. ambassadors wher-
ever they go, but will also help pro-
tect their families.
Also, new bullet-proof cars are
being provided for all embassies, and
the U.S. Government is emphasizing
that security for U.S. officials and
their families is the primary respon-
sibility of the home government.
Secretary Rogers has also been
pointing out to these governments
that, this wave of kidnapping will
never be stopped so long as the people
who commit these crimes are permit-
ted to go free. Of all the criminals
.involved in attacks on foreign'embas-
sles in recent years, only one is still
in jail. All the rest have been released,
including the Arabs who survived the
attack on the Israeli, athletes at the
Olympic games in Germany. Accord-
ingly, Mr. Rogers is pressing for the
death penalty for those engaged in
diplomatic kidnapping, though this
penalty is against the law of the
United States.
13
These precautions, however, do not
satisfy Secretary Rogers or the U.S.
Foreign Service officers, who now
head about 70 per cent of the 130-
plus American embassies overseas. Mr.
Rogers points out that protecting all
U.S. personnel in all embassies is a
mammoth job, and total security can-
not therefore be guaranteed.
Also, some Foreign Service officers
are critical of the Nixon Administra-
tion's method of handling a crisis
when American officials are kidnapped
and held for ransom. The policy is to
handle each case as best the Govern-
ment can, but in general to avoid
being "blackmailed," even if this
means risking the lives of the.captured
American officials.
Most foreign governments holding
prisoners whom the kidnappers want
WASHINGTON
released approve of this policy, which,
is generous to them but not to the
kidnapped Americans. Golda Meir, the
Prime Minister of Israel, recognized
the American Government's dilemma
when she was in Washington the
other day.
This anarchy in' the diplomatic
world will not only go on, she said,
,but it will probably get worse. The
attacks are likely to take place in the
smaller capitals, she observed, and it
is not impossible that the wives and
children of diplomats will be seized
one day. Then, she asked, what will
you do?,
Secretary Rogers' answer to this is
that much stricter security measures
will soon be in effect, not only for
U.S. officials overseas, but for their
families as well. Obviously,. there is
no satisfactory answer to this problem,
but at ]east this crisis in the diplo-
matic community should remind us of
the service of these officials and their
families.
13
Henry Kissinger gets all the head-
lines on the spectacular missions to
Peking and Moscow, and the American
ambassadors'in London, Paris, Rome?
and Tokyo are, fairly safe and fancy;
but the State Department and the For-
eign Service officers still have to deal
with most of the drudgery of Anieri- .
can foreign policy, and now most of
the physical risks as well.
Diplomacy has been transformed' by
the fast jet airplane and by instant
communications via the satellite and
the computer, and the copying, ma-
chines that distribute an ambassador's
dispatches quickly through the Wash-
ington bureaucracy.
When the head of an American mis-
sion abroad reports something really
important in his capital, the chances
are somebody from Washington will be
sent out to deal with it. The rest of-the,
time, the ambassador is left with the
routine dog-work, and the social rou-
tine, which may be more injurious to
his health than kidnapping.
Ironically, about the only place
where an American ambassador is rea-
sonably safe these days is in the ma-
jor Communist capitals of the world.
In Haiti, or the Sudan, or Austria, he
may be kidnapped any night on his
way to a birthday party, and held for
the release of political scoundrels
thousands of miles away, and nobody
here quite knows how to deal with this
anarchy.
Secretary Rogers can give them
bullet-proof cars and more Marines at
the U. S. embassy door, and the Presi-
dent can proclaim that he "won't be
blackmailed," but this doesn't quite
deal with the problem, and nobody
knows it better than the Secretary of
State.
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
8 March 1973
ailaum ? s
By Charles W. Yost
New York
As one who has spent most of his life as a
career diplomat and has been considerably
concerned with the Middle East, I am moved
to make several comments about the assassi-
nation of the American Ambassador and his
deputy in Khartoum last week.
The most obvious judgment is that this was
an atrocity which could not conceivably be
excused by any claims for "justice" for the
cause in whose name it was committed, or by
the misforty:.:; and "alienation" of its per-
petrators. Moreover, as ? Talleyrand re?
marked on another occasion, it was worse
thart a crime, it was a mistake.
. All over the world it has served to confirm)
the popular association of Arabs with' 'terror-
ism," to buttress the Israeli argument that
their Draconian retaliations are necessary
against irrational savages like those of
"Black September," and to discredit and
undermine support abroac"1 for the Arab side
in the Middle East conflict. It was an
unmitigated catastrophe for everyone con-
cerned except a few fanatics.
That being said, any realistic under-
standing of the confrontation in the Middle
East over the past 20 years must lead to the
conclusion that atrocities of this kind are
almost inevitable and, until that con-
frontation is brought under control, will
probably grow worse. When two generations
of young Palestinians are brought up in
refugee camps, without decent homes or
regular employment, without a country or a
future, it is certain that many, having little
other occupation, will dream of revenge and
some will indulge in it.
The responsibility for that crime, that is,
the crime of neglecting a generation of
outcasts, is widely shared. It is shared by the
Israelis who cast them out in the first place,
who refused to compensate them and who
now refuse to make a viable political settle-
ment. It is shared by the Arab governments
who, holding the refugees in their ghettos as
a means of pressure on Israel, refused to
resettle or assimilate them. It is shared by
the world community, which turned its back
on them, and by the United States which,
while paying conscience money through
UNRWA, failed to pressure the two primary
recipients of its largess, Israel and Jordan,
into resolving the problem.
6 6 6
Incidentally one wonders whether a similar
young generation is not being forgotten and
corrupted in the ghettos of America's great
cities, and whether the fruits of this neglect
and alienation are not the drug problem and
"crime in the streets" about which we so
piously protest, while failing to do more than
tinker with the underlying causes.
Indeed, hard as the Black Septembrists
try to capture the label of terrorism for their
exclusive property, the competition is very
keen. Both sides in Vietnam have been and
still are engaging in terrorism. torture, and
atrocity on a substantial scale. Moreover,
Lieutenant Calley is not the only American
who participated in them. In Northern
Ireland both sides indulge daily in assassina-
tions of entirely innocent persons on a scale
and with a callousness outdoing Black Sep-
tember. Hideous as the latter's atrocities are
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they are far from unique. Even the most
."civilized" in the modern age seem to
succumb as easily to fits of senseless violence
as, did their barbarian ancestors.
To return to the two American diplomats
who died in Khartoum, as the President said
the other day, the trade of diplomacy can still
be a very dangerous one. It is far from being
all cocktail parties or windy speeches at the
conference table. Diplomats of one country or
another are being kidnapped or shot at
somewhere almost constantly. Very few of
'them but have had narrow escapes In hostile
crowds, on the edge of war zones or, as in
Khartoum, In what seems the most innocent
surroundings.
Those in the Foreign Service take all this
very much In their stride and consider it part
of their duty, an inevitable component of
their chosen profession. They would, how-
,ever, appreciate a little more understanding
on the part of their compatriots and masters,
a little less chatter about the State Depart-
ment having "no constituency," less penny-
WASHINGTON POST
18 March 1973
Joseph Kraft
Am~ricaIs 1V
Many thoughtful and friendly Amer.
ican watchers saw in the Vietnam war,
the beginning of the end of this coun-..
try's supremacy in international of-'
fairs. In that vein, for, example, Roy
Jenkins, Britain's former Chancellor of
the Exchequer, called his graceful set
of lectures on America "Afternoon on
the Potomac."
But recent events in all corners of
the globe show that Americans are far
from being the over-the-hill mob. On
the contrary, with the, Vietnam alba-
tross finally lifted, this country's
power is more than ever the dominant
force in the world.
The most dramatic sign,of American
power has come in recent contacts
with Communist China. A whole series
of events-the release of American
,prisione}-s; the agreement to establish
high-level liaison offices in Washing-
ton and Peking; the reception of.Henry
Kissinger by Mao Tso-tung-all testify
to. one point. The Chinese want the
whole world to know, in.the most strik-
ing way, that they have harmonious
relatives.with the United States.
The' Russians are hardly less
friendly. Big Two negotiations on arms
control and trade go on apace. Secre-
tary of the Treasury George Shultz re-
ceived a very cordial welcome in Mos-
cow last week even though he raised
of
ver "the Hill.
the touchy subject of Russian restric-
tions on Jews wishing to emigrate to
Israel.
A particularly revealing sign is a
hopeful article on prospects for Ameri-
can-Soviet cooperation published by
George Arbatov, the head of the USA
Institute in Moscow. Mr.. Arbatov has
frequently published material that is
conciliatory toward the United States.
What-is significant about the present
article is that it appears in the ideolog-,
ical redoubt of the regime, the theoret-
ical journal, Kommunist.
For once, moreover, this country has
improved relations with Russia and:
China without seriously damaging rap-
port with western Europe and Japan.
No sensible person will bother his:
head much about the complex details
of the international monetary accords
recently concluded by Secretary
Shultz and his undersecretary, Paul
Volcker. But those agreements reflect
two political turn-abouts favorable to
Washington.
'thus Japan has agreed to revalue
the yen in a way favorable to Ameri-
can exports. The Japanese revaluation
represents a complete about-face by
Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka.
The n West . Europeans have also
agreed to a revaluation that is also fa-
vorable to American exports. The Eu-
ropean decision expresses a complete
about-face by France which had previ-
ously opposed any joint action helpful
NEW YORK TIMES
11'March 1973
Frankfurt Cites Drug Counts
FRANKFURT, West Germany,
March 10 (Reuter)-Americans
were involved in almost half
the narcotics offenses com-
mitted in Frankfurt last year,
Police Chief Knut Muller re-
ports. ,
to the American Interest.
A final expression of American pre-
eminence emerges from the two best-
,known hot spots. In the Mideast, the
Egyptians are looking 'to the United
States for a move towards settlement.
Provided the Egyptians themselves
show a little more flexibility, there
may be such a move. In Latin America,
it has become old hat merely to'blame
all troubles on Uncle Sam. A marvel-
ous occasion for such tactics-a special
meeting of the United Nations Secu-
rity Council in Panama-has drawn
only a handful of foreign ministers,
and no outside heads of state.
. The chief lesson of all this is that
.American power in, the world is de-
pendent, not upon staying in Vietnam,'
but on getting out. No matter what
happens in Indochina, Washington has
no interest in becoming engaged again.
A second lesson is that the.American
position in the world is easy enough to
permit serious address to serious inter-
nal problems, We can easily afford to
concentrate more attention and more
resources on such domestic problems
as inflation, . education, transport,
crime, race relations and the cities. In-
deed, when the right approach to these
problems is through international ac-'
tion, the United States need have no,
compunction about being what it real-
ly is-namely the foremost power in
the world.
01977, Publishers-Hail Syndicate
11
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pinching on their small budget by congress-
men willing to vote billions for "defense,"
bless forced retirement when they are still in
the prime of life and usefulness. Most of all
perhaps they would like a better chance to
rise, like those in the armed forces, to the top
of their service, rather than to see most of the
prime (and safest) posts awarded to big
contributors to political campaigns. (Could
one of those be sent next td Khartoum?)
Perhaps the tragic death of Noel and
Moore, two officers of the American Foreign
Service who spent their careers in the Arab
world, will remind the Arabs that their
friends need to be protected, and will remind
Americans that they have faithful servants
abroad who deserve to be encouraged and
honored before they are dead.
The author of this article writes from a
background of 40 years as a United States
diplomat.
01973 Charles W, Yost
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WASHINGTON POST
20 March 1973
1 Charles W. Yost
SALT II: Where .Does National Security
The opening in Geneva last week of
the second round of SALT II, the stra-
tegic arms negotiations with the Soviet
Union, is an appropriate' moment for
reviewing the state of play in this crit-
ical field.
Since World War II the United
States has spent $1.3 trillion and the
Soviets an estimated , $1 trillion on
arms. In the past two or three years,
however, ' the two countries have
moved from confrontation to negotia-
tion and made substantial progress to-
ward detente. Willy Brandt's ostpoiitik
has defused the crisis in central Eu-
rope. The United states has made a se-
ries of significant trade and other
agreements with the Russians. Secre-
tary of the Treasury George Schultz
recently visited Moscow.
Yet, oddly enough, the arms race
with the Soviets seems to roll on with
a momentum all its own without any,
regard to other relations between the,
two countries. Arms are supposed to
provide security but in this case they
have become the main element of.inse-
curity. As Fred Charles Ikle remarks
in a recent article in "Foreign
Affairs": "Toward each other as'a pea
pie, Americans and Russians harbor
practically no feelings of hostility,. but
by our theories they must indefinitely
face each other as the most fearful
threat to their future existence."
;Could Irrationality be carried further?
Returning specifically to SALT II,
both sides approach the negotiations
with some very human hang-ups which`
may be more appropriate to the foot-
ball field than to a competition in
means of mass destruction. Reiterating
a point he has made before, President
Nixon declared to the South Carolina
legislature last month: "Let us be sure.
that he [the President] never goes to
the negotiating table representing the
second strongest nation in the world."
NEW YORK TIMES
10 March 1973
U.S. Indicts 19?Here
As Drug Smugglers
Inlatin Connection'
By JAMES M. MARKHAM
Federal authorities yesterday
announced the indictment of 19
reputed heroin traffickers,
dealers and couriers and the
further disruption of the
!'Latin-American connection."
The ring was said to have
smuggled more than two tons
of heroin into this country.
Among those arrested in the
United States and several other
countries were five employes
of Acrolincas Argentinas, a
steward on Avianca Airlines
and a Cuban voodoo high priest
from Washington Heights,
The alleged kingpin of
It was precisely to overcome U.S, su-
periority and achieve "parity" that the
Soviets have been frantically building
up their strategic and naval forces
over the past 10 years. As long as nei-
ther side is willing to be "second
strongest," and as long as generals and
admirals persist in exaggerating the'
capabilities of the other side and ex-
panding their own, the arms race will
never stop.
A further hang-up is the tendency of
both sides to start new weapons sys-
tems as "bargaining chips" to, be
traded off in future negotiations. Un-
fortunately, given the slow-pace of tie-
gotlntlons and the vested interests cre-
ated in military-Industrial complexes
by each ongoing system, once a new
one is started it is rarely stopped. Bar-
gaining chips become building blocks.
If one looks at the SALT negotia-
tions either in technical. military terms
or in terms of domestic political psy-
chology, the negotiators have an in
credibly difficult task. Since the
MIRV'ed Poseidon missiles - from a
single nuclear submarine could hit
simultaneously 160 cities of the ad-
versary, and since such submarines
are invulnerable to attack now or in
the foreseeable future, one might have
thought it could be agreed that a cer-
tain number of submarines so armed
would constitute a "sufficient" de-
terrent for both sides.
But that would be much too simple
minded. What of the "investment" by
each in more than a thousand land-
based intercontinental missiles? What
of intercontinental bomber aircraft of
which the United States now proposes
to start a whole new family, the B-12?
What of nuclear weapons on carrier
based aircraft in European waters, and
Soviet Intermediate range missiles tar-
getted on, our European allies? The va-
band was Francois Rossi, 'a 34-
year-old Corsican who had op-
erated out of Buenos Aires but
who was arrested at American
request last month in Barce-I
Ilona, Spain, to which he had
fled.
With the arrest of Rossi,
Federal authorities believe thay
have cut deeply into the estab-
lished leadership of trafficking
operations that move European-
refined heroin through Latin
America and up to Miami and
New York.
In the last few months, three
major Latin-connection traffic-
kers-Auguste Ricord, Christian
David and Michel Nicoli-were
convicted here and sentenced toe
20 years. Last year, -Lucien
Sardi, another big-time dealer,
was killed in a shootout with
Mexican policemen and a fifth,
Andre, Gactan Condemine, is be-
lieved by French authorities to
have been eliminated.
However, the current Latin-
~1e 12 connection investigation is ex-,
1-reLy Ut pieces uu - urv cu-".,a. '
tempt the players to a game as Intri-
cate as it Is profitless.
It is disturbing that Inc unites
States is sending In a new team of ne-
gotiafors at this difficult juncture. Its
chief, Ambassador Alexis Johnson; is a
man of great ability and experience,
but not in this particular field. The
"arms control and disarmament agency,
which backstopped his predecessor, is
being downgrad-, in both funds and
staff. The h,iance of decision-malting
could thc,efore shift to the Pentagon,
where each of the three services has
its sacred cows to protect. Of course
basic choices will be made by the Pres-
ident with the assistance of Dr. Henry
Kissinger. Let us pray those choices
reflect what our primary security in-
terests really are in the 1970s.
A' recent Harris poll showed that
more than 60 per cent of Americans
believe today that the government
should Increase spending to curb air
and water pollution, to provide federal
aid to education, and to help the poor,
whereas &b per cent oppose Increased
spending for research and develop-
ment for defense. It is just possible
that- the public has a more realistic
sense oZ where priorities in the na-
tional interest lie than the government
has.
Vice President Agnew spoke in
scathing terms during the political
campaign of those who "disastrously
tamper with the national security."
Perhaps those who are tampering with,
national security in the real sense are*
not those who believe we could safely
reduce the billions spent to deter an
extremely unlikely nuclear "first
strike". against us, but those who are
reducing funds needed to make our
cities and suburbs safe, healthy and
civilized habitats for Americans.
peeled to yield still More indict-
ments. And whch those have
taken their toll, a "new genera-
tion" of South American-based
traffickers is expected to
emerge, as one well-placed nar-
cotics official put it yesterday.
At a news conference crowd-
ed with representatives of Fed-
eral agencies - among them
John Ingersoll, director of the
Bureau of Narcotics and Dan-
gerous Drugs, and Customs
Commissioner Vernon Acrec-
Robrt A. Morse, United,States
Attorney for the Eastern Dis-
trict, annouced the four indict-
ments.
Rossi, known for years to
the police of several countries
as the elusive "Marcello," had,
.like David, Condemine and
,Nicoll, originally worked for
IRicord, but then set up his own
operation.
Rossi, who is wanted on
charges of murder in France,
will be extradited to this coun-
i try. He built a typical polyglot
smuggling network in Latin
America, according to Federal
authorities.
Among those indicted as
members of his ring were Este-
ban and Cesar Mclchiore and)
,Roberto and Eduardo Burns,
two sets of brothers who had
-worked as freight handlers for.
Acrolincas Argentinas in Buenos
Aires. They allegedly eased
heroin shipments into the holds
of planes scheduled for flights
to Miami and New York.
At the United States end,'
Jaime Pereira, who is chief
cargo agent for Acrolincas Ar-
gentinas in Los Angeles but
who had worked in New York,,
allegedly met the shipments on:
,arrival. According to agents,
who trailed hint, Pereira was
kept moving about the United
States, depending o nthe desti-
natiomt of a particular shipment. ' e
Elio Paolo Gigante, a Bra,- ,.?
zilian steward for Avianca who ?
was arrested in Bogota, Colom-
bia, in 1967 for smugg!ing
drugs, allegedly served on oc- '
casion as a courier for the ring.
The reported involvement of
airlines personnel in the case ? ? 1
highlights a classkc mode of
smuggling, which is by no
means confined to Acmiineas
Argentinas and Avianca, ac-
cording to narcotics authori-
ties.
The principal 5-eciver et tile,
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'American end, according to of-I
ficials, was Roberto Arenas, al
57-year-o1d Cuban exile who
served as a high priest in a
voodoo cult known as Los San-
tos.
Agents who arrested him
said his spacious apartment at
515 West 187th Street in Wash-
ington ', Heights was littered
with chicken heads, candles, in
cense sticks and other voodoo
paraphernalia.
Arenas, who reportedly used
sect members as distributors,
was said to consult the heav-
ens for propitious times to
bring in a plane load of heroin
and then bless each newly ar-
THE COMMONWEAL
16 March 1973
rived shipment before sending
it on.
Attired entirely in white,
Arenas was yesterday arraigned
before Federal Judge .Jacob
Mishler, who set bail at $750,-
000. The cult leader was un-
able to post it.
The, indictments, which cover
the period 1965.1971, name as
co-conspirators but not as de-
fendants both Nicoll, the traf-
ficker who was sentenced to
20 years last December, and
Hovsep Chambian Caramian, a
convicted Argentinian heroin
smuggler who had jumped
the x'o:itics of L7ero3ta its
r' -t' ergs i is
ALFRED W. McCOY
Harper & Row, $10.95
Trc : .rlero sa
COMM. OF CONCERNED ASIAN
SCHOLARS STUDY GROUP
New England Free Press (Boston), 250
.Si t U CONE N
The prevailing wisdom in official cir-
cles and much of the media is that the
heroin which passes through American
syringes begins its journey on the Ana-
tolian plateau of Turkey. There the raw
opium is grown and sold to those who
transport it to Marseilles. In Marseilles'
infamous laboratories it is transformed
into heroin and shipped to America.
For many years, we are told, the gov-
ernments of Turkey and France re-
fused our earnest entreaties to join us
in the fight against the heroin plague.
Now, at long last, they have had a
change of heart. Turkey is forcing its
opium-growing peasants to abandon
their crop and the French police, hand-
cufTcd for so long, have been unleashed
against the chemists and smugglers.
The heroin traffic, it would seem, is
coming to an end. Like the war against
inflation, the narcotics war has been
won by the Nixon Administration. The
boundless joy all good citizens must
feel at this news is muted, however, by
the reality that heroin grows more
available as each day passes.
The contradictions inherent in the
official view of the heroin trade provide
a point of departure for the cxceilent,
complementary studios by McCoy-and
the CCAS study group. Official wisdom
to the contrary, 701i% of the world's
illicit opium conies, not from Turkey,
but from the Golden Triang!e in which
Burma, Thailand, and Laos meet. Pass-
ing through laboratories in Hong Kong
$100,000 bail in Miami last)
year but who was returned
from Bolivia in a United States,
Air Force C-130. ' ,
aI It appeared that Nicoli and
,Caramian had either been per-
suaded or were being induced
to testify against their former
colleagues.
Of the 19 defendants, 5 were
arrested in their own countries
and will probably not be extra-
dited; 4 wbre apprehepded
abroad and. will'be extradited;
6 were arrested in the United
States and 4 were being sought.
In addition to Rossi, Arenas,
the Melchiore and the Burns
brothers, Pereira and Gigante,
Fixing up America
and, increasingly, in Indochina, itself,
much of this opium becomes the pure
heroin from which American junkies
receive their highly adulterated fixes.
Behind this story of shifting markets
and increasing demand lies the political
economy of the heroin trade-several
centuries of o fieial complicity stretch-
ing from the Portuguese to the Central
Intelligence Agency. As McCoy says,
"Almost without exception it has been
governmental bodies-not criminals-
whose decisions have made the major
changes in the international narcotics
trade." As one might expect, the history
of the trade is complex, twisting and
turning as the best detective . fiction.
McCoy carries his readers through the
maze with measured prose and superb
research. The quality of .the research
is attested to by the inability of the
CIA to debunk any of the book's im-
portant facts or conclusions (for their
attempt see back issues of the New
York Review of Books). It is a story
which cannot be summarized in a few
lines, although the CCAS study group
does summarize it effectively without,
of course, presenting the massive evi-
dence disclosed by McCoy.
The Opium Trail complements Mc-
Coy's work by concerning i:self with
the human realities of addiction in the
military and to the particular problems
of women addicts. Concluding sections
of each study discuss ways of coping
with the problem. The Opium Trail
focuses upon rehabilitation of addicts
and McCoy, upon solutions to the nar-
cotics trade as a whole. It is to Mc-
Coy's conclusions that we must turn
because they run counter to much of
what his boo:: reveals. '
Three solutions to the heroin plague
are offered by McCoy: cure the addicts.
stop the narcotics syndicates, or climi-
the following were indicted:
Francisco Toscanino, 38, Italian citizen,
alleged lieutenant of Rossi; recently ex.
tradlted from Brazil.
Francois Chiappe, S2, Corsican, alleged
Rossi lieutenant; ? arrested In Argentina.
Miguel Russo,.40, Italian citizen; arrested
In Argentina.
Segundo Coronel, 36, Cuban-born Miami
resident; alleged Arenas associate; ar?
rested In Costa Rica.
Humberto Coronel, 52, brother of Segundo;
held in 5200,000 ball in Miami.
Felice Bonetli, 40, Italian citizen; being
sought.
Armando Nlcolay, 43, Argentine; alleged
Toscanino associate; being sought.
Giovanni Parlslo, 48, Italian citizen; alleged,
courier; being sought.
Mariano Warden, 49, Argentine travel agent;
alleged courier; being sought.
Mario Lobo, 47, Cuban-born Miami' residenti
alleged malor dealer; told In $200,000 ball
In Miami.
Aurelio Atarfinez?M+rllnet, 31, Cuban?bornl
Miami resident; alleged emeioys of Lobo's;
held in $200,000 ball,
be halted,. he suggests, if the U.S. pays
the opium farmers not to plant their
crop, and applies economic and politi-
cal pressure to the governments who
now abet and profit from the trade.
Much of McCoy's excellent research
has been devoted to uncovering the
links between America's Indochinese
allies and the opium trade. He demon-
strates time and time again that Amer-
ica's anti-Communist crusade, and the
alliances made in its name, have per-
petuated the international narcotics
traffic. Dien, Thicu, Ky, Khicm, Vang
Pao, Ouane Rattikone-all of them,
and many others, arc deeply implicated.
,Further, McCoy has demonstrated that
these leaders are not only involved in
the trade, but in many cases it is vital
to their power base. I?Icnce, cessation
of the illegal opium traffic would seri-
ously jeopardize those governments we
rely upon and have propped up for so
long. The burden of the book is that
whenever it has come to a choice be-
tween opium and anti-Communism the
U. S has opted for the latter and cov-
ered up the former. Despite a faint
hope that things might change, McCoy's
"solution" cannot stand against what
he has revealed.
Only two successful cases of the:
suppression of opium farming are dis;
cussed at any length in McCoy's book. -"q,
The Turks are forcing their opium farmers to give up their livelihood with.,.. '
out regard, it sterns, for the economic
consequences of that act. The other..'
example is the People's Republic of
China, which produced the ? bulk of
Asia's opium prior to the *revolution.
China suppressed opium production (al-
most overnight) through a massive so-
cial revolution which created other
goals and means of attainment for its'
citizens. Without America's calculated
it is possible that Asia's ,
nate illicit opium production. %?c re-. interference,
jects the first two as being impractical
and devotes his attention to the third
solution. Illicit opium production can
revolutionaries could have solved their
narcotics problems before it became
ours.
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 Approved For Release 2001/08/07 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
WASHINGTON POST
18 March 1973
D61viley
l~ecrriit'vii 'Dual
fly Thomas O'Toole
Wn.1IdnQlon turd Htnif writ',.
~tslL.is!
Mission Over China, 'h en CapefaPe2~ i:e 1,
rhere were 30 of them there that
day in 1951, 30 (graduating Yale seniors
all, drawn to a small room on the New.
biitnt notice
Haven campusy a recume on the bulletin board. One of them re-
members that the notice was next to
one put there by Procter & Gamble.
They were met by a middle-aged
man dressed In the Ivy League flan-
nels of the day, noteworthy for noth-
ing except that he smoked a pipe and
wore the Yale tie, lie told the seniors
that. he's been a member of the OSS
(Office of Strategic Services) during
World War II and had operated behind
German lines n11-during the Allied ad-
vance across Europe Ile said he was
,now with the Central Intelligence
Agency, which was then so new that
none of the Yale seniors had heard of
.it. . ?
The recruiter said he was at. Yale to
bring qualified bright young men into
the CIA. which needed to grow be-
cause of the Chinese intervention into
the Korean War. Ile said little about
what qualified bright young'nien could
expect in the CIA, leading several of
the Yale seniors to press him on what
they might have to do.
"Well, this is purely hypothetical,"'
the recruiter said, "but we might cx-
?pect? you to parachute into China to
help set up n communications opparn-
tus, sort of get things started."
hypothetical as it might have bleu
at the time, that is almost what Jack
Downey was doing in J952 when he
was captured by the Chinese in the
foothills of the Manchurian mountains.
Downey refused to discuss his mission
when he was released two weeks ago
after 20 years in a Chinese prison. but
reliable' sources say be was on a dual
mission that fateful clay when his
C?47 aircraft was shot down by small
.arms fire inside China.
For years, the United States has dis-
avowed Downey's mission and %%-here.
State Department cover story has long
been that Downey was a Defense De-
parinx'nt employee. on an authorized
flight from Seoul to Tokyo the day
his plane was lost.
Ihlwney's fricvuls say he Could
nave been released as Carly as 1955 if
the United States had only acknowl-
edged that he was a CIA agent. Ills
friends call him a victim of the Cold
War, a victim of the China Lobby that
kept the United States friendly with
Chiang Kai-shek and a victim of the
virulent anti-Communism of the '50s
and '60s.
Downey had been a CIA agent for
more than a year, one of a dozen Yale
graduates who had been recruited off
the campus that day in 1951. He was
participating In a tradition that grew
through the fifties and on into the six-
ties, when Yale men tended to domi.
nate the ranks of the CIA.
Downey was stationed by the CIA In,
Japan, where he trained Taiwanese
from Chiang Kai-shek's Isolated island
in the arts and crafts of the profession
he'd been taught in Wasbington. Dow-
ney was considered one of the best
young agents in the Far East. He was
strong, durable, quickminded and a
born leader of men.
That leadership was obvious even in
Downey's early CIA days. His class of
40 was asked at the end of their train.
ing which man in the class they'd like
to lead them or be with them in trou-
ble spots. Thirty-one of the ?40 chose
Downey.
Most of that class wound up in
South Korea or Japan, where they
trained South Koreans and Taiwanese
in espionage. The work was routine,
but it had its moments of danger. One
agent (also a Yale classmate of
Downey's) remembers going aground
in the fog -off the coast of North Ko-
rea, where his "fishing junk" was drop-
ping Korean agents into the north.
"VVe thought we were aground on an
uninhabited island, where we'd be safe
until the tide lifted us off," he said.
"Then the fog began to lift and we dis-
covered we were less than 100 yards
from the main railroad )Inc that
moved men and supplies down from
Vladivostok."
Nobody, but Downey knows how
many missions he flew over China, but
the men who knew him in the CIA as"
sume he'd been there more than once.
One former.agent said there was never
any need for Downey to be on the
plane. He said than while Downey
didn't defy regulations, he overstepped
his participation in the mission by be-,
ing on the plane.
'Jaclt flew with his men because he
,liked them and wanted to be with.
them when they jumped,".the one-time
agent said. "That was one reason he
was there. The other one, I guess, was
that it was a lovely moonlit night and
Jack just wanted to see China."
The mission Downey flew Is believed
to have been a dual one. It is under-
stood the C-47 was to pick up a Talwa-
.nese agent who was already inside
China. The plane was then to continue
on to the mountains of Manchuria and
parachute seven other Taiwanese into
China to set up a communications
base.
Downey's plane never made it to the
mountains. Sources said the Chinese
arrested the Taiwanese agent Downey
was supposed to pick up before Dow-
ney's plane left for China. Sources also
said the Chinese intercepted radio
messages inbound to the Taiwanese
agent, which alerted them to the time
and place of the pick-up.
When Downey's plane flew into
China, men and weapons were waiting
for it. The C-47 is understood to have
come in low and slow over the spot
14 designated for the pickup when Clii-
nese troops opened fire on the plane. ?
The C'-47 crash-landed in n Manchu-:
Tian field, which explains how Downey'
is said to have walked away from the
wreckage. All eleven people on board'
survived the crash. Besides Downey,
there w , CIA Agent Richard Fecteau,
two Taiwanese pilots and the seven Ta-
,iv.,anese agents who were to be para-
The seven agents were executed by
the Chinese. The two pilots may also
have been shot, though there is a pos-
sibility they are still in a Chinese
prison. Fecteau was sentenced to 20
years in prison, Downey to life. The,,
different sentences were given because
Downey was the mission chief, Fecteau'
a subordinate.
Downey has said he spent the first
10 months of imprisonment in leg
irons. Harvard, University Law Profes-
sor Jerome A. Cohen, a classmate of
Downey's at Yale and today a special-
ist in Chinese law, said there was noth-
ing unusual about Downey's treatment.
"All criminals were treated the same
way in the People's Republic of Chi-'
nag' Cohen said. "They socked it to
you from the start, then became len-
ient as you reformed, vs you told the
truth and as you repented about the,
truth."
Do,viiey said he told his captors ev-
erything he knew in those first 10,.
months. He was quoted by newsmen
Interviewing him last week at a hospi-
tal in New Britain, Conn., where his
mother is recuper ling from is stroke:
"1 would say I revealed about every bit
of information I had."
Mica he'd told the Chinese the de-
'tails of his work, Downey was taken
out of leg irons. But he was kept in
solitary confinement for another 14
months, during which time he was not
allowed to talk to anybody but his cap-
tors. Even that conversation was lim,
ited to chats with the jailer who super-
vised his 30 minutes of courtyard exer-
cise every day.
Downey and Fecteau were moved
out of solitary in a rural prison and
Into Peking's Grass Basket Prison in'
December 1954. There, they were put
in with the crew of a B.29 that had
been shot dcnvn over North Korea.
They were also tried and convicted of.
espionage by a Chinese military tribu-
nal, which announced the ::unvk:tlon to
the world.
"We were elated at the conviction,"
remembers one of Downey's class.
mates who had gone into the CIA with
him. "We'd never heard of his capture.
We'd all given Jack up for dead."
The Korean war ended before the
Chinese announced Downey's capture
and conviction. When It ended, negoti-
a:lons b e g a n between the United
States and the Pccple's Republic of
China to arrange a prisoner exchange.
A list of prisoner. was swapped in Ge-
neva in April 1954.
The Ignited States Usted 129 Chinese
it had detained, mostly Gcicntlsta and
cconosaista 'who'd he2;a i.cacbii j or
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working In the United States. The Peo-
ple's Republic listed 40 Americans, in.
cluding the fliers Downey sat in prison:
with in Peking. Downey and Fecteau
were not on the list. - ,
"They weren't on the list because'.
John Foster Dulles would not admit
they worked for the CIA," said Har-
vard Law Professor Jerome Cohen,.
Downey's Yale classmate who was
later to become a force behind his re-
lease.: "We never admitted he was
missing so they never admitted he was
captur d."
Whe the Chinese announced that
they were holding Downey and Fee-
teau, Secretary of State Dulles refused
to budge. The story that the State De-
partment issued in 1954 was the story
they stuck to until early this year.
Downey and Fecteau worked for the
U.S. Army. Their plane had gone off
course between Korea and Japan and
ended up over Manchuria.
The fliers who were in the Peking'
prison with Downey and Fecteau were
released by the Chinese in August,
,1955. Downey and Fecteau stayed be-
hind, victims of the growing Cold War
between China and the United States.
A witness to this is one of the fliers
who met Downey and Fecteau in
prison, a man named Steven Kiba, who
.teaches Spanish In a high school In
Norton, Ohio.
"I asked a Chinese commissar if Dow-
ney and Fecteau would go home when
we went home," Kiba said, "and he
told me, 'The only way they will ever
get out will be for your government to
admit they are CIA, agents.' 11
1
:. Xlba told Washington Post special
correspondent ? Bill' Richards that, he
WASHINGTON POST
19 March 1973
reported this to the CIA when he was
released. He said he passed along a
message from Fecteau that the Chi-
nese were aware of his and Downey's
attempt to set up h CIA spy ring
under the code name "Operation
Samurai."
"The CIA man told me to forget it,'
forget about the whole period with
Downey and Fecteau," Kiba said)
"They said as far as they were con-
cerned it never happened. They said it
-looked pretty hopeless for them and'
seemed to indicate they would never'
get out." `
Harvard Law Professor Cohen is one'
who insists the Chinese tried to main-?
taro some kind of contact with the
United States over the Downey and
Fecteau cases from 1954 to 1957. He
said China tried to regularize relations
with the United States during this pe-
riod, but that the United States re-
jected China's moves because the
l United States did not want to under-
mine its relations with Chiang Kai.
slick.
China made a last attempt at recon-
ciliation in 1957, when Premier Chou
En-lai offgred to repatriate Downey
and Fecteau if the United States would
allow American newsmen to visit
China. Dulles refused, declaring that if
the United States were to let that hap.
pen it would be giving its approval to
.a regime that "practiced and trafficked
in evil."
Downey and Fecteau were finally re-
-leased when President Nixon chose to
acknowledge their roles as CIA agents:
He did it at a press conference just be-
fore presidential assistant Henry A.
issiiig' U.S0 Pi lots Die
Kissinger left on one of his trips to
China. Ile did it In answer to the last
question asked at the press conference,
in a way that convinced Jack Dow-
ney's friends that the question was
planted and the answer rehearsed. .
Jack Downey emerged from his 20
years in prison looking and acting like
a man who'd never been in prison, al-
most a symbol of the detente that now
exists between the United States and
China. Downey had two recreations in
prison, reading and exercising. To-
gether, they saved his sanity.
He carne out of prison speaking Chi-
nese and able to read and write Rus-
sian, which he learned from Russian
ceilmates and from the Russian novels
his Chinese captors let him have. His
friends say he is In excellent physical
.shape at' the age of 42. He can run 10
miles, do 100 pushups and as many as'
50 chinups. His weight is 190 pounds, a
little less than it was when he wrestled
and played varsity football for Yale.
Jack Downey is the last of the Yale
class of 1951 to come in from the Cold
War between the U.S. and China,
almost a symbol of the last 20 years,
The others who went into the CIA
when the Korean war looked like an
American disaster all left years ago.
One is a freelance photographer in
'at Yale, a third runs a hosiery mill and
a fourth a lobster-tail b
i
ih th
us
ness
e
Solomon Islands.
"We all got bored and disillusioned,"
bureauracy, the paper work and the
politicking got too stifling. That, and
the times changed. So did we change."
Flying Dowil nto hi~~a
inounced the capture and con-
By. Thomas O'Toole in private conversations with' viction of Downey and Fee-
" the
D
d k'
l
cau,
owney an
cc
W0.ehlnuWn Punt staff writer '
State Department official said.
Two civilian American pilots, ?'~Ve also have a -bulletin to
who had been listed as missing This effect from the New
on a flight from Korea to China News Agency in 1954,!
Japan in 1952 .were killed pi, which we have as referenced
loting the plane that took CIA1
agents Jack Downey and Rich-
ard Fecteau into Communist!
Chinese hands when it was
shift down deep inside Chiata,!
it was learned yesterday.
The fliers were pilot Robert
C. Snotidy and copilot Norman
Schwartz. At the lime of the
in our files."
The. State Department's ad-
that Snotidy and
mission
'Schwartz were pilots for Dow-
ncy and Fecteau surprised
even former CIA men who
have kept. up with the case be-
cause of their friendship with
Downey. For years, they had
crash, both men were employ-i believed that the plane had
ed by Civil ;,1ir Tranb~port,?'mri been operated by Chinese Na-,
airline which flew' covert airi. tionalists flying for Chiang;
'for the Central Intelligence' For the last 20 years. the
' Aetncy during the Korean State Department has told the
wan'. families of Snoddy and)
A State Department official Schwartz that the two fliers
said Snoddy and Schwartz, were lost when their civilian i
t
were on the plane with Dow-1
lney and F c c t e a u when it(
(crashed in Manchuria In late
November, 1952. Downey and
Fecteau survived and were
taken prisoner by the Chinese.
Fectcau was released in .1)c_1
sea
plane went down a
on a flight from Korea to Ja-
pan. The State Department'
s a I d that an "extensive
search" had been made for the
two fliers, but that they were
"presumed dead"
cember, 1971. and Downey] families had that this might'
just two weeks ago. I not be the whole story came
L. "We have cwnirmed all, this iin 1954 when the Chinese an -
teau, who the Chinese said
!were caught when their plane
was forced down attempting
to supply a Chinese National-
ist spy ring in the mountains,
of Manchuria.
' A year earlier, Snoddy's
mother had turned in a small
life insurance policy on her
son that he had begun pay-
ments on when he was a teen-
age newboy in Roseburg,
Ore., where the Snoddys lived.
The policy was paid and re-
turned with a copy of his
flight plan the clay he and
Schwartz were said to have
been killed. The flight plan
for his C-47 aircraft gave
Seoul as his departure point
and Tokyo as his destination.
It also listed as passengers on
the .plane J. Downey and R.
Fecteau, who were described
as Department of the Army ci-
vilian employees.
"When we heard a year
later that Downey and Fee-,
teau were prisoners in China 1
we didn't know what to
think," said Snoddy's sister, I
Mrs. John Boss, who today
lives in, Creswell, Ore. "Of
course, all we could think of
was that Robert and Norman
(Schwartz) might be alive
too."
Mrs. Boss said she and her
mother wrote to then Sen.
Wayne Morse of Oregon ask.
Ing him for help In finding out
what happened to Snoddy.
Morse wrote the Snoddy fam-
ily saying he would pursue it
further, but the Snoddys
heard nothing more from the
State Department.
"We still don't have any-
thing in writing," Mrs. Boss
said yesterday in a telephone
Interview. "We really think
we're owed an explanation of
what happened after all these
years"
Oregon Republicans Sen.
Mark Hatfield and Rep. John
Dellenback wrote to Secretary
of State William P. Rogers
last Friday, and asked:
"Are Snoddy and Schwartz
dead? If so, how and where
did they-die? Were they serv-
ing their country as employees
of the U.S. government at the.
,time? If they were, does the
government have any legal or
(moral obligations to the fami-
lies of these men since they
were acting under the ? direc-
tion of government employ-
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.Sunday, March 11, 1973 THE WASHINGTON POST
'ortrait:A Man- L
By Naacy L. Ross
Four years ago blazing headlines announced China's.
top-ranking diplomat had defected to the West and
requested political asylum in the United States.
Liao Ho-shu, 46, charge d'affaires at the Chinese mission ;
in The Hague, was reported at the time to head the
,Chinese espy network in Europe. His defection was
'considered the West's most important intelligence -coup in
years.
Moscow radio immediately dubbed him "Peking's James
!Bond." Taiwan cabled Washington it would give him a
hero's welcome. Peking demanded his return, charging the
U.S. had kidnapped him.
When we refused, the Chinese canceled the upcoming
session of Sino-American ambassadorial talks in Warsaw,
our only official channel of communication at that time.
,Secretary of State William P. Rogers expressed formal
diplomatic "regret," and that was the end of contacts until,",
,.January, 1970. The resumption eventually led first to
;Henry Kissinger's and eventually to President Nixon's visit.,'
a year ago to. the People's Republic of China.
Two months before that historic trip, the White House
received a letter from Liao I-Io-shu. He wrote he could not.,
get used to the American way of life, had "made a?mistake"
in defecting and asked permission to return to mainland
China. The letter was tarried over to,the State Department:'
for routine processing. -- - - --. . .
In May Liao was on his way home via the Chinese
Embassy in Ottawa, Paris and Shanghai. This time there
were no headlines. His departure remained unknown to the
public at large until January, of this year when a succinct ..:
wire dispatch from Hong Kong quoted a local magazine as
saying he had returned to the PRC. He disappeared behind
the Bamboo Curtain like a pebble in a pond.
What happened to make the defector redefect? Did
Liao-an embarrassing reminder of the cold war-become
a sacrificial lamb on the Nixon-Mao gltar of peace and
friendship? Was this man, the product of a totalitarian
society, unable to cope with the unregimented life in a
democracy?
Was he the pawn in the ideological match between
resident Chinese here dedicated to Taiwan and those
favoring the motherland? Or was he merely the casualty
of extended exile-deprived of family and meaningful
opportunity for career advancement, physically ill and
mentally unbalanced?
? Is it possible he was a double agent-or was he, in fact,
no spy at all?-
The following is an attempt ,to reconstruct the life
of one Chinese defector in the United States, from the tibia
he disappeared from the headlines until he reappeared
for one last brief instant.
Since Liao left no known diary, his story derives from
the comments of those few Americans and Chinese whose
paths he crossed. Many of the former were reluctant to
talk, either because of their involvement with the CIA or
with mental. hospitals and patients. Some of the latter gave
conflicting accounts, depending-one suspects-on their
own political loyalties. The CIA at first refused comment,
,.but later confirmed the essential elements of this portrait.
The story of intrigue and incipient insanity that is Liao
llo-she's began in what is now Wuhan, a city in the central
province of liupei. where he was born in 1923. Little is
known here of his formative years except that he studied
economics at the University of Peking, was assigned to the
:. Foreign Ministry In 1951 and joined
the Communist Party two years later.
He married it pediatrician and had
two children. He went to The Hague
in 1964.. Consistent. with P.R.C. prac-
tice at that time, his wife and chil-
dren, then aged 4 and 9, were not
11 allowed to accompany him. Lino re-
mained there without returning home
throughout the Cultural Revolution,
whereas nearly all Chinese ambassa-
dors were summoned home for reedu-
cation.
In 1065 a sensational incident occur-
red at a Chinese legation building in
The Hague. A visiting rocket techni-
clan, Hsu Tm-tsai, was snatched from
a hospital X-ray table, where he had
been taken after either falling from a
window trying to defect or after foul
play. Lino later told the CIA he was
one of the kidnappers. A da later the-
engineer died at the m1r.,,on.
Peking's news age:icy said at the
time Iisu had pn" ed Information to
the Central Inteii.igence Agency in ex-
change for a promise of asylum, The
Netherlands demanded the recall of
the chnrgo d'affaires, Lt En-cblu and
another diplomat. Lino, who then be-
came charge and the highest ranking
Chinese diplomat left In Europe, later
learned his ex-colleagues were harshly
and even physically attacked by the
Red Guards when they returned to
China,
Red Guard diplomats soon were sent
to The lingue mission. The younger of.
ficials tried to take over his job, Lino
told the CIA, accusing him of being c
capitalist. "They told me it` was bour.
geois to raise flowwers, that I should
raise vegetables instead," Lino later re-
called.
One clay In late 1968 a Chinese 911ip
nrrlvrd ill itottcrdant. When his revo-
lutionary colleagues suggested Liao
send his baggage to the ship, lie sensed
he was about to be Shanghaied, the
intelligence sources say. bearing the
same fate as his predecessors once
back In Peking, ho turned himself in
to Dutch pollee headquarters on Jan.
24, 1969, at 4:30 a.m., wearing only
pa,inrnns and a raincoat.
Eluding the Chinese diplomats who
were trying to find Lino, Dutch secu?
rily officials turned him over to Amer.
ican nufhorlties who promptly f1e,'r
him to tills country. The first official
word that he had arrived here came on
Feb. 4 when State Department spokes.
man Robert McCloskey announced
that Limo's request for political asylum
in the United States was "under con-
sideration."
A few days later Pekng's Foreign
Ministry charged the U.S. and the
Dutch governments with "deliber-
alely engineering" Lino's e s c a p e
and demanded the "traitor's" re-
turn. ('i'bis mn?lu'fi file first time since
the Korean will, that file 01lnesa had
Issmvl to lnihlle prate L against 1110 fir.
ferltorl of one of their officials, The
outcry fueled the fircc of suspicion
here that Liao was Indeed the chief of
Chinese intelligence operations in Eu-
rope.
If Liao were not sent back, Peking
warned of "grave consequences."
These proved to be cancellation of the
Sino-American talks, which were
scheduled to resume Feb. 20 after be-
ing suspended for 13 months.
Peldng accused Washington of
"plotting" to send Liao to Taiwan
"with a view to creating further anti-
China incidents."
Of course, all was forgiven nearly a
year later when the machinery was put
in motion to end a quarter century of
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isolation between the two super pow-
ers. Clearly the Liao affair was a dead
'issue; the man Linn was not, however.
Though dubbed "Peking's James
Bond" Liao certainly bore no physical
or social resemblance to Ian Fleming's
hero. Tall for a Chinese, he was thin,
-balding, and wore horn-rimmed
glasses.
"He was the least outgoing person
I've ever known," recalled Dr. Michael
J. McCaskey, head of the Chinese-Japa?
nose 'language department at George
town University. The two first met in
August 1069 when a government offi-
cial brought Lino around to work as a'
"casual laborer" ($1.80 an hour) on a
National Defense Language Institute
project to revise basic Chinese Ian.
gunge courses for.the military.
Liao's existence for those months be-
fore lie "surfaced" at the university in
August, can be reconstructed only.
piecemeal. Ile almost never talked
about his first months In this country
and for a while even declined to let jhis
colleague's know where the was living.
(The university listed the department
of Chinese as his mailing address). Ile
went to elaborate pains to get off the
Wisconsin Avenue bus a few blocks
away from his apartment.
Though lie habitually refused offers
of a lift honkie, a driving rain once per-
suaded him to accept. Even then the in-
sisted on getting out of the car before
reaching his building and walked the
rest of the way.
Come September the did list his ad-
dress on university records as 2702
Wisconsin Ave., although he did not in-
clude the apartment number. The jani.
tor at the Sherry I-fall apartments,
Willy Barnes, at first denied ever see-
ing the tall, lanky Chinese. Later,
when told Liao's apartment number,
605, Barnes recalled the Chinese did
indeed live in the one-bedroom unit-
"although he would be gone sometimes
for as long as a month at a time."
Three or four other mien with their
own keys used the apartment as'well
by day, lie said, though the knew only
one of them.
Apartment 605 was rented from
April 1900 to January 1970 in the name
of John 1r. Giunfriddo, t the name
11ni 1wN recnllcd in cotlnection Willi (105.
(ihlnfriddo, it lawyer WIttian office on
K Street and a home in Vienna, Va,
signed the lease.
When asked in an interview about
Lino and the apartment, lie replied he
had no knowledge of either. Still, he
admitted it was possible his firm had
rented the apartment; following its
custom, for out of town guests "at
times like the Cherry Blossom Fest.
val."
A couple of days later, after check%
ing his file, Gionfriddo found it slip of
paper with the name of George Noa.
goy. Though he had no record of pay.
meat ho thought lie had sublet the
apartment to Neagoy, whom ho do-
scribed as a one-time client for whom
he thought lie had drawn up a will
Neagoy told him the needed the apart.
ment for out-of-town relatives.
Neagoy, who lives in Chevy Chase, Is
an employee of the CIA.
The two apartments adjoining 603
were at that time rented to a Soviet
diplomat and a Defense Department
intelligence officer, causing a rental
agent for the Sherry Hall Apartments
to joke, "One-half of the building was
'foreigners and the other half, the CIA
watching thom."
Interrogation led the CIA, at least,
to conclude that Liao was no plaster
spy, Simply a middle echeloit diplomat.
It Is unresolved whether even so he
was able to supply U.S. authorities
with any worthwhile information.
Why then had soMe people thought
he was a spy In the first place? For
one thing, the climate of mutual suspi.
cion and hostility coupled with a
dearth of knowledge of events inside
China sufficed to make the intelli-
gence community jump at anything
when defectors were as scarce ? as
dragons' teeth. For another, a Chinese
diplomat of lesser rank than Liao, who
defected from the embassy in Damas-
cus in 1066, had told Washington that
Peking was anxious to avoid becoming
directly entangled in the Vietnam war.
Of all those questioned about I.,tao,
not one in retrospect thought he could
have been a master spy. "Ilia general
indecisiveness made him unsuited for
positions of high command and his lit-
eral-minded openness made him un-
suited for political intrigue," com-
mented one of his closest American ac-
quaintances. Still, the idea. that the
CIA even suspected he was a high-
ranking agent, said a Chinese friend,
was one reason Liao disliked America.
Having finished .its questioning, the
U.S. government began the process of
,disengagement. The defector was
given a monthly allowance, believed to
be $300, a permanent resident's visa, a
Social Security card and a job.
Liao's job at Georgetown was to
copy in long hand elementary Chinese
lessons, a monotonous, mechanical
assignmpnt?he performed with much
rrrumhllnn l-Tn mn,in If ni...l....e U.
tamed a certain arrogance about his'
expectations.
His primary concern throughout that
period continued to be finding a good
job. This led him several times to the
brink of accepting employment offered
by the Nationalist Chinese. Besides
work, he was also seeking a new wife
and asked Chinese acquaintances if
anyone in Taiwan would marry him
if he went there. "He was very lonely,"
said McCaskey, "although he never.
wanted to meet any women here."
From the moment he set foot in this
-country, the Taiwan government had
tried to recruit him. In the Chinese
lexicon, a defector from Communism
is presumed friendly to the Chiang
Kai-shek regime. Ku Cheng-kung-the
man in Taipei in charge of defectors,
or as.the is officially titled, president
of the Free China Relief Association-
sent a cable to the Chinese Embassy
in Washington Inviting Lino to visit
Taiwan. Pressure was put on then-
Ambassador Chow Shu-kal, now Tai-
pei's Minister without Portfolio, to
influence Liao, who was open to the
idea.
Six months or so later, after the
CIA interrogation was over, Liao and
Chow finally met. The meeting was
arranged through Chiang Te-cineng, a
junior high school classmate ' of
Liao's and now assistant manager of ? .
the (Nationalist) Chinese Information
Service in New York. Another college
friend of Liao's, a former Washington
correspondent for a Taiwan paper, , r
Wang Yu-lhsu, now studying at George- .
town, also tried to help Liao decide
aldered title work beneath him yet whether to go to aiwan.
declined to accept any more interest- According to them, Liao attended A
National task. Day reception and several
"He wanted everything all at once," banquets at the embassy-where
recalled Dr. Me everything "but didn't Wang's wife works-and had intimate
know how to do anything. His knowl- and friendly conversations" with Am-
bassador Chow. Liao was offered a $500
edge of economics was outdated. He a month "sweatshop" job with the
wanted to make a career for himself- Chinese Merchants Association, a ship.
anything but diplomacy because he ping company in New York's China-.
was tired of governments. He kept, town that is owned by the Republic of,
mentioning he had gone to talk to 'the China.
representative of the U.S. government' One of the conditions was that he
(Neagoy) about a permanent job. But would first have to visit Taiwan. Wang
nothing ever came of it. prepared to accompany Lino to Taipei,
Had the CIA indeed led him to be- but at the last minute Lino balked.
'Bove it would furnish him a good post- This was to happen several times until
? lion as a reward for defection and in. the embarrassed Nationalists gave up
-formation and then defaulted when he on luring Liao, intelligence sources
proved uninteresting?
.'The CIA denied any "deal" with said.
reasons for his refusal were
Liao, but told him it was legally re- never clear. Once, for 'example, he de-
sponsibie for his welfare while he was
an alien in the U.S.A. alined at the last moment to sign the
"I believe he saw himself in the role regulation -Internal Revenue Service
of Confucian sage, rejected by an em- form stating he, an alien, had paid his
peror who has lost the Mandate of taxes in full. Because the statement Is
Heaven," wrote Dr. D. Graham Stuart, commonly known as a "sailing form"
a Georgetown University professor of Lino refused to sign, lest he be
linguistics now on sabbatical in Hot- "shipped" out instead of being sent by
land. plane. A week of explanation failed to
' At Dr. Stuart's urging Llao enrolled convince him..
In September 1969 in the university's Then, too, Liao must have known
School of Languages and Linguistics that if he went to Taiwan, it would'
as a candidate for an M.A. in Chinese. rule out any remaining chance of re-
However, due to his poor command of tturning to the mainland, home and
English, Liao was unable to complete family, given the enmity between the
the required courses in phonetics and two Chinas at that time.
phonemics given In that language. He According to Henry Liu, a Chinese
tried the course at least twice more, journalist in the Washington area, who
Withdrawing each time after a few wrote under a pseudonym the article
weeks. He abandoned his effort finally on Liao for the Hong Kong magazine
in February 1970. North-South Pole, Ambassador Chow
Meanwhile he had enrolled the pro- gave Liao three guarantees in ex-
vious month In a 10-week course in the change for agreeing to visit Taiwan:
.school's English as a Foreign Lan- (1) he could return to the United
guage division, intermediate level. He States of his own free will: (2) the Re-
teceived a B plus In the course, the public of China would support him
only one he ever finished. In April he financially; and (3) they would not use
returned to his dull copying job, re- him as a propaganda tool.
maining through September. He re- Liu points out that Liao must have
fused a modest raise to $3 an hour, been aware that two previous date;-
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tors, famed violinist Ma Sitson and
diplomat Chen Pal, had also agreed to
such a deal. But when their plane ar-
rived in Tokyo airport, Taipei put out
a statement on their behalf without
consulting them.
And others any Liao, as usual, was
Just unable to make a decision.
Whether duo to his experiences at
the hands of the CIA and Nationalist
Chinese, ,or to his loneliness and ina-
bility toyCopo with a strange environ.
ment, or,to his ingrained habits as a
long?timo'Communist, Liao became ox.
tremoly suspicious and distrustful of
everyone. He thought everyone worked
for the Chinese government-Ameri.
can, mainland or Taiwan-and seemed
a little disappointed to find out his
Georgetown colleagues were just ordi-
nary people, McCaskey said.
Once Liao received a piece of radical
student literature urging participation
in a political demonstration. "I had the
hardest time trying to convince him
the flyers were sent to all
(Georgetown) grad students; that they
didn't mean to single him out in par-
ticular," McCaskey reminisced.
Liao imagined colleagues joking
about him. Ile was'disturbed by police
sirens during his nights of insomnia. A
televised broadcast of July 4 fircwgrks
sent him panic stricken into the street,
sure someone was shooting at him. He
hailed a taxi and drove around for
hours, even going to Dulles Airport
with some vague idea of fleeing, be-
fore he calmed down and returned
home at 3 a.m.
Passionately secretive, he refused all
publicity. lie continually looked over
his shoulder as he walked in the park,
convinced someone was following him.
Indeed, he was under surveillance, per-
haps out of humanitarian more than
political reasons. The CIA kept an eye
on Liao even after he moved from
Wisconsin Avenue to his own tiny
efficiency apartment at 1717 R St.
NW in early 1970.
Though he had made a few friends
In the American and Chinese commu-
nities early in the game, he began to
turn them away. "Don't bother me," he
shouted at colleagues who offered to
visit. lie had only one regular Chinese
male visitor, Wang, and, of course,
Neagoy.
In the past he occasionally went to
restaurants. Now he would accept invi-
tations to have a northern Chinese din-
ner-he disliked American food except
for milk-at friends' homes; and then
not show up. He preferred to eat out
of moldy cans, alone.
In the fall of 1970 Lino began to neg-
lect his appearance badly. He fancied
his food was poisoned. He became
emaciated, stooped, his teeth abscessed,
and he refused to have a sty treated.-
"It was almost like someone going
through a religious crisis, doing pen-
ance by fasting and abstinence. By the
strictest ethical conduct, he distanced
himself from common men who are less
righteous, less literally truthful," a
Georgetown mentor concluded.
Alarmed he would let himself die of
starvation or would commit suicide,
Liao's CIA contact took him to a psy.
chiatrist. He was sent to the psychiat-
ric ward of the Washington Hospital
Center Nov. 18, 1970, and three weeks
later transferred to D.C. General's
ward.
The psychiatrist, who asked his
name not be used because of his con-
nection with the CIA, diagnosed "as se-
vere a case of depression as you would
want to see. I've seen a lot of sehizoids
like that; they can't tall; to people and
feel alone in a hostile world."
One sign of his illness, the doctor
said, was his refusal to,doff his over.
coat while indoors.
The doctor was unable to find out
anything about Liao's prat, but said it
was conceivable ho had had such a
breakdown before.
In accordance with medico-legal pro.
cedure, a hearing to commit him was
held Jan. 25, 1071. Many Chinese-
American friends testified on Liao'n
behalf. The proceedings were dropped
when the patient was discharged Feb.
11 by doctors who found him "improv-
ed." Strangely enough, McCaskcy re-
membered, that democratic process
persuaded Liao for the first time that,
not everyone was involved in a conspi-
racy against him. lie even asked upon
leaving D.C. General if he would be al-
lowed to return if he wished. ? '
Liao went to live in a halfway house'
on Connecticut Avenue for discharged
psychiatric patients. Though he lived
there until October of that year he re-,
mained generally uncommunicative
with the other residents. He did not
like eating with them. And although
the kitchen is open 24 hours a day, he
did not feed himself either, because lie
disdained a 'house rrile requiring, a per-
son to clean up after himself.
During that period he worked on
special projects for Georgetown's Dr.
Stuart. His task consisted largely of
running down references in scientific
journals on linguistics problems, al-
though he also did some independent
research.
"While working for me lie gathered
more than 800 separate reference
items in six different languages from a
score or so different libraries," wrote
Dr. Stuart. "I paid him the going rate
for student help , . . Although he rap-
idly made himself indispensable to me
in my work, he was constantly suspi-
cious that I was really only malting
work for him. He resigned saying that
he could not take money for doing
tasks that any 14-year-old boy could
do."
The halfway house frowns on rest-
dents without jobs, and besides, Liao
was not happy there. Determined not
to accept what he considered charity,
Lino moved In October, 1971 to an $18-
a-week boarding house at 927 Massa-
chusetts Ave. NW, the edge of Wash-
ington's Chinatown. The grits old
brownstone, curtains hung between Its
once magnificent dark woodwork doors
to give a rinodicum of privacy, reeks of
stale food and downtrodden humanity.
Liao was so furtive, It was two months
before the CIA caught up with him
there.
The managers, several generations
of the Lee Yow family, chatted excit-
edly when told about the exotic past of
their boarder. He never tallied to any-
one, except to say hello to the chil-
dren, they said. His only visitor was
the director of the halfway house who
came twice.
He had no job, yet seemed to be do-
ing '%ome texts for an embnuay" on his
battered typewriter. He wont out every
afternoon for a walks, One day in May
ho left without saying goodbye . a . or
'taking; his meager belongings.
This marked the t-eaulution of the
Liao story, the final phase of which be,
gnu in Dect!mbor' 1671. Ila was' at
the bottom of a downward tmplrel, fore.
Salton 110 thought by the U.N. i,hwwrn-
m0imt and the Nationalist Chineio, O12
ienated from his few friends, unable to
got a decent job, separated without
tiewo of hie family in Peking, of au use
to anyone. His thoughts turned to
home.
That dark winter he composed a let.
ter to Vrosidint Nixon. In It he ex-
l;ressed his gratitude, but said he Just
could not get used 'to the American :
way a"' life or learn enough English.
Iii wrote, "I love my country," and
asked for permission to return to the.
People's Republic of China. He admit=
ted he had made a mistake in defect-
ing ing and wanted to correct it although
he knew that if he went back he would
'go on trial for treason. He also ON.
pressed 'fear of dying far from his
motherland.
The letter was turned over to the
State Department which told Liao he
was free to return to China. "No one
tried to dissuade him," a spokesman
recalled. Still Liao hesitated. "He
seemed to be asking us to deport him.
He wanted us to contact the
(Communist) Chinese for him. We told
him to contact the embassy Jr, Otia.
wa."
In February 1972 Liao wrote
to U.N. Ambassador Huang I-la in New
York, signifying his desire to return.
Peking took Its time deciding what to
do With the defector who wanted to
come home. Finally, permission
granted, Liao flew,.to Ottawa in May,
then on to Shanghai. Stopping in Paris
en route, Liao penned post cards to
the boarding house family and a few
other friends, telling them ha was on
his way to China.
That was the first his acquaintances'
here knew of his decision to return-
and the last they ever heard of him.
."It was always in the back of my mind
he was playing a double game," Me-
Caskey mused. "But if he did, It was
the most fantastic game I've ever
seen." There were no headlines in
either the Chinese or American press.
"We weren't going to publicize it,"
said the State Department official. ,It
could have been misconstrued as a
deal whereby we forced him to go
back."
In the end Liao Ho-shu was a victim
of cultural shock In America as well as
the Cultural Revolution in China.
His isolation left him mentally bro.
ken. His only sense of importance de-
rived from the attention paid him by
"the representative of the U.S. Govern-
ment." The Irony of this is that.-what-
ever the CIA first thought-Liao wee
not the superspy of the headlines-
but in all likelihood a small fish left
stranded on the shoals of International
politics.
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WASHINGTfIN STAR
15 March 1973
CROSBY S. NOYES
Vienna
SAIGON - Compared to the
cost of fighting the war, the
cost of putting this country
back on its feet again will be
peanuts. But given the mood
of the American Congress, the
peanuts promise to be hard to
come by.
They also will be essential.
The two things that South
Vietnam needs now are peace
and modest amounts of for-
eign assistance to repair the
damage of war. But ironical-.
ly, as the prospects for peace
improve, the availability of
foreign ai(rLat least from the
United States-is becoming
more problematical.
The American aid program
in South Vietnam already is in
a tight bind. Congress recent-
ly narrowly approved continu-
ing authority for the program
,for the rest of the present fis-
cal year at the yearly rate of
$32.3 rpillion, compared to $585
million asked by the AID mis-
sion here. Prospects for the
coming fiscal year are not
much brighter, with request-
ed funds projected at $485 mil-
lion.
The money is used largely
to finance essential commer-
cial imports and a modest
AID project program. In addi-
tion, there are food imports of
about $150 million a year un-
der the Agriculture
NEW YORK TIMES
12 March 1973
TERMS ON U. S. AID
TO HANOI DEPICTED,
By R. W. APPLE Jr.
Speel Alto The New York Times
WASHINGTON, March 11 -
The White House will ask Con-
gress to approve postwar aid to
North Vietnam only if Hanoi
begins living up to its' part of
the Paris agreement, Adminis-
tration sources said this week-
end.
Specifically, one well-placed
source said, the Administration
will go ahead with the request
only if the reports of North
Vietnamese infiltration into the
South cease and only if North
Vietnamese troops in Laos are
withdrawn.
So far, according to Ameri-
can officials, Hanoi has met
neither of these requirements
of the cease-fire agreement.
No decision on whether to;
press forward with the contro-I
vcrsial program will be made,
until middle or late May, the
sources said. That would be six
weeks after the deadline for the
withdrawal of all American
Congress's unwillingness to pay
them to fight South Vietnam,"
the official continued. "We don'
like the idea either:"
Mr. Kissinger stated the ra-
tionale for aid on his return
from North Vietnam last month
Without it, he said, Hanoi's
leaders, who have known only
guerrilla struggle and war, will
be far less likely to become
responsible participants in a
more peaceful world.
The Administration. is pre-
pared to allocate, from the mili-
tary and foreign-aid budgets,
several hundred million dollars
a year for aid to North Viet-
nam. The subject will first be
explored by a joint economic
commission, the creation of
which was announced by Hanoi
and Washington last week.
Administration experts, in-
cluding those at the Pentagon
and State Department, are un-
certain whether North Vietnam
will meet the two conditionis.
A few of them believe that a
struggle is taking place within
the North Vietnamese leader-
ship on this question.
To American policymakers,
the question is crucial because
they think that the Saigon Gov-
ernment's chances for survival
would be gravely undermined
by infiltration and because they
think that the cease-fire in Laos
can work only if the North Viet-
namese pull out.
Assuming that North Viet-
nam meets these conditions,
the Adminstration will be
faced with a huge selling job
ed because of mounting mili-
tary needs.
But, given peace and for-
eign capital investment that is
certain to follow in its wake,
the prospects for rapid devel-
opment are excellent. The
cement and textile industries
could be quickly quadrupled
in size, eliminating a major
drain of foreign exchange. A
modernized fishing industry
could provide an important
source of income.
Although between 25 and 30
percent of South Vietnam's
forests were severely dam-
aged by defoliants during the
war, the country still has
ample resources for a large-
scale export of forestry prod-
ucts, beginning with logs and
going on to the fabrication of
plywood and veneers. So far
as agriculture is concerned, it
is estimated that rice produc
tion in the delta south of Sal-
gon can be tripled, making
South Vietnam once again an
important rice exporter.
The country's mineral re-
sources still are largely unex-,
plored, but promising surveys
have been made for offshore
oil, with drilling hopefully
expected to start next year.
Vietnam's potential for tour-
ism is virtually unlimited,
with the country situated
squarely in the middle of the
major global air routes.
All that is needed is peace
and a little money. It is utter-
ly incomprehensible that a
nation which has spent close
to $100 billion to achieve the
prospect of peace should balk
at shelling out $3 billion over
five years to get the payoff.
Given the prospects here, it
probably is the best invest-
ment that any country, or any
group of countries, could
make.
on Capitol Hill.
The selling process has al-
ready begun on a low key,-
with Mr. Kissinger and Secre-
tary of State William P. Rogers
-as well as White House liai-
son aides with Congress
talking to key members of the
Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives.
There has also been some
talk of organizing citizens'
groups to bring pressure on
Congress.
But the natural constituency
for an aid program is the
group of Democratic liberals,
whose attitudes toward Mr.
Nixon, never very favorable,
have been embittered by his
cutbacks in social programs
and his tough positions on
such issues as amnesty and
capital punishment. ,
For the moment, the Presl,
dent shows no signs of aban-
doning that tough line in the
face of complaints in Congress
about rleations with the White
H
ouse.
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ends
ease
Department's PL 480 pro-
gram.
The transition from war to
peace will not be easy for
Vietnam. Already the depar-
ture of American troops has
cost the country dearly in
essential dollar earnings. In
1971, South Vietnam earned
$403 million from the Ameri-
can military presence. The
projection for this year is $112
million. Exchange reserves,
already dangerously low, are
expected to fall another $50
million in the course of the
year.
Altogether, the outlook is
for a very severe aid squeeze
in the latter part of this year.
There is a hope that the Japa-
nese, who export about $85 to,
$90 million a year in consumer
goods to South Vietnam, may
be persuaded to pick up the
tab with a commercial import
program of their own.
Nevertheless, at present
levels of foreign aid, the pros-
pect for Vietnam is one of
gradually declining living
standards. Reconstruction
and development of the coun-
try will be impossible, with all
that that implies for the politi-
cal future of South Vietnam's
spread over a five-year peri-
od. With that kind of help, the
economic outlook changes
from fairly dismal to positive-
ly dazzling.
For South Vietnam is of po-
tentially rich country of in-
dustrious and ingenious peo-
ple. President Nguyen Van
Thieu talks hopefully of an
economic boom here compa-
rable to that which has taken
place in South Korea and
Taiwan. American economists
say that, given peace and out-
side help, they ought to be
able to do a good deal better
than that within a few years.
The beginning undoubtedly
will be the hardest part. The
first task will be the resettle-
ment of South Vietnam's
600,000 refugees, which often
will mean the rebuilding of
entire villages and hamlets
.destroyed in the war. Thou-
sands of acres of abandoned
farmlands will have to be re-
claimed and made productive
again.
After the years of war,
South Vietnam is massively
under-capitalized. Much of
the country's infrastructure,
including secondary roads,
railroads, canals, dikes and
18.7 million people. irrigation projects, have fall-
What is needed, according en into disrepair. Industrial
to AID officials here, is a pro- development, begun in the
gram of about $3 to $3.5 billion early 1960s, has been neglect-
troops from South Victnnm and
the release of all American
prisoners of war. ,
The postwar aid plan is in;
considerable trouble on Capitol]
Hill even before its presenta-I
Lion, One Senator said recently
he thought that no more than
10 of his colleagues were pre,
,pared to support it, and that
,such Senators as. Hubert H.l
Humphrey of Minnesota and
George McGovern of South
Dakota, who once supported it,,
had lately soured on the idea. I
Nonetheless, the sources said,'
the Administration is prepared
to fight hard for postwar aid.
One White House staff member
said that the President has "a
gut commitment to this and is
prepared to make a hell of a
fight."
Whether he does or not will
apparently depend entirely on
the North ViVetnamese. It is be-
lieved that Henry A. Kissinger,
the President's adviser on na-
tional security, made that point
clear to the North Vietnamese
leaders during his visit to Hanoi
last month.
"We can't very well ask Con-
gress to vote money now," said
an official who has given con-
siderable thought to the prob-
lem, "because we'd seem to be
trying to buy the freedom of
the P.O.W.'s We can't ask them
to vote it to finance a continu-
ing war effort in May."
"It's not only a question of
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LOS ANGELES TIMES
6 March 73
The Reasoning Behind
BY MAX LERNEII; r:;. They probably also reserved a
thought to themselves -- namely,
- NEW YORK--It isn't hard to un_; ' that if Mr. Nixon didn't prove strong
the day in Washington, is that, of,.
U.S. aid to Hanoi. Some liberals are
asking why President Nixon plumps
for humanitarian` projects, abroad,
when he is slashing humanitarian
projects; at.,' home:. Some conserva-
tives asi: why the United States
should pay to rebuild the cities and
Industries of the people who killed
its soldiers. Both questions back a
strong charge of emotional, dyna-
mite.
Presidents Nixon has deployed his
strongest guns to, congressional
assent. Secretary of State' Rogers
talks mostly to the moderates, about
making a "good investment" to turn
Hanoi "inward" to reconstruction.
Henry A., Kissinger used his press,
conference for an appeal aimed
mainly at. liberals. And Mr. Nixon
himself, in 'South Carolina, carried
the campaign. to conservatives of
both parties; . ,
Even the dramatie'diplomatic re-
cognition between' China, and the
United States-for that is what the
new "liaison' offices" amount to-
failed to overshadow the aid issue.
At his press briefing, Kissinger re-
served his best prose and,bis perora-
tion for aid to Hanoi.
Obviously the" Hanoi' l e a d,e r s
knew about the U.S..(onstitution
and its quaint idea that the Pres-
ident doesn't have sole power and
can't hand out money unless Con-
gress goes along. Yet just as -certain-
ly they must have been assured in'
the peace talks that Mr. Nixon
would do his damnedest iA the end
to get the appropriation through and,,
having witnessed a four-year dis-
play .of Mr. Nixon's 'resourcefulness,
maneuvers and sheer will, they
must have concluded t h a t his
.damnedest would he pretty good.
WASHINGTON POST
13 March 1973
or. willing enough to carry through
his commitment, they in turn might,
balk at theirs. The result could be a
breakdown of the coi'nplex and fra-
gilo '. peace :mac hinery. Thus the
:'cease-fire would be aborted and no
real peace would be born. In that
sense, my own guess is that the aid
provision is indeed crucial to the
peace.
Clearly, it is to Kissinger, but In
his own sense. Note how he defines
the issue..'There are four things, he
says, that the aid provision is not. It
Is not a condition of the cease-fire
agreement, hence it is not repara-
tions, It is'not a way of getting Han-
oi to maintain the peace, hence it Is
not a ransom. It is definitely not a
.simple handout? Not, it is to be seen
on humanitarian grounds.
What then is it? At this point, Kis-
singer goes psychological on us. Re-
member that for a generation the
Hanoi leaders have been either in
prison or fighting. They have had no
experience with normal economic
and diplomatic relations, especially
with the West. Give them a chance,
he says, to establish a new nonfight-
ing, peaceful habit. It might take.
They might get used to it, might
even get to like it.
It is an interesting approach, pre-
sented by Kissinger in more diplo-
matic language than mine, but es-
sentially psychological. The young
have talked recently about life-
styles. Give the Hanoi leaders, Kis-
singer says, a chance to establish a
new life-style: '
I agree with the conclusion, but I
feel that Kissinger has. given it a
Civilian 'row Ha .-nd-p",
Fly Hhn to N. Viet Beae
United Press International
The State Department yes-1 that it had not been made pub-
of an American civilian who
apparently had himself flown
to a beach in North Vietnam
more than two years ago and
was captured as a prisoner of
war.
The mysterious civilian,
Bobby Joe Kesee, Is among
the 108 I1011's to be set free
by the North Vietnamese
Wednesday.
A State Department spokes
man said Kcsee's name was on
lie before because the State
Department had no idea who
the man was or what he was
doing in North Vietnam until
"very recently."
"It's one of the stranger
stories of the year," the spokes-
man said. "To tell the truth,
we're anxious to het him back
here and ask him about it our-
selves."
State Department sources
said North Vietnam had listed
Kesce as a military POW, but
the list of POWs initially ;den, that the U.S. armed forces had
titled by Hanoi Jan. 27, but l no record of him. Nor did the
State Department have any
i1~i?ram
i.L L,, I1 1_.
garment that is too cute and artful.
The real life-style of the Hanoi lead-
ers is revolutionary. After what has
happened, they won't change it in
the matter of two or three years,
It' took the Russian and Chinese
leaders far longer before they would
agree to coexistence with the West,
and they have the added 'motivation
of hating each other more virulently
than they hate Americans.
The real issue comes down to
money and power. Hanoi, Kissinger
says, will lt' ve other reasons for liv-
ing up '.v the cease-fire, including
presvillahly the fear that. American
power may reenter Southeast Asia.
True. Yet the image of the $2.5 hil??
lion-added to those other reasons-
will help mightily. Don't call this
ransom; call it an added sweetener.
Curiously, it is the more embattled
liberals in the Senate and the media
and universities who will oppose the
commitment most bitterly. They
have already begun to attack the
peace agreement, as anyone can de-
duce from some of the drearier pas..
sages In the-left journals.
The antiwar movement has been,
undercut by the peace, says one.
writer, who asks plaintively what
will hold the movement together
now. The peace settlement is impos-
sible, says another; it is antilife. The
peace was all a trick, says a third. It
is intended as the slart of a third In-
dochina war; President Nixon had
to get out in order to get in.
What they don't, knows is that this
kind of attack helps Mr. Nixon's
hard-line image with the doubters
who would otherwise think he has
gone soft on communism, and m; ,,y
even achieve that paradox of our,
time: economic help for the Conunu-
nist enemy by a conservative Re-
publican President.
record of a civilian by that
name anywhere in Southeast
Asia.
"We went back through file
after file," a spokesman said.
"Finally, we ran across a re-
port attributed to a Thai pilot
who said that in September of
1970 he either flew or wasl
caused to fly an American ci-I
vilian to North Vietnam.
"Apparently they put him
down on a beach in North
Vietnam.
"At the time we first saw
that report we discounted it
because it was so far out. Wei
didn't think there was any-
thing to it, but apparently
there was."
Just what happened to Ne-
'see after he was act down on
the beach remains-for the'
time at least-a mystery.
"We have no record of his
even being in Thailand, much;
less North Vict.eem," tile,
spokesman said.
Asked If Kesce wan attached 1
to the.C e n t r a I Intelligence'
Agency, the spokesman: "No.
Mr. Kesee is, as far as we can
tell, a totally Private Indi-
vidual. He was apparently act-
ing on his own."
Kesce originally lived in
Amarillo, Tex. His parents
have since moved elsewhere In
the Southwest and have re-
quested the Sicie Department
not to make public their
address because of the bi-
zarre circumstances surround.
ing their son's adventure.
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 - Approved For Release 2001/08/07 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3'
THE NEW YORK TIMES, SATURDAY, MARCH 10,_1973 1
U. S. and Cara bo dia:A t a Critical Crossroad
By HENRY KAMM
apeclai to The New York Times
PHNOM PENH, Cambodia,
March 8 - The United States
has come to a critical juncture
In its relationship with Cambo-
dia. In the only country in
tary superiority of the guer- 'Traitors' Are Seen or saying uiey waui. Ue11ULM
rilla forces. Sources close to General Sirik Matak as vice presidentl
United States political and Sirik Matak said that General and would not mind if the mar
military policy has been dealt Lon Non had succeeded in shat and d his brother then des
severe setbacks in recent days. persuading his brother that for ceded the a marshal's United heea altStates
Henry A. Kissinger returned General health,
General Sirik Matak is sur- iin General Sirik Matak in
in
from Hanoi and Peking appar- rounded by "traitors" and must char e.
ently having failed, according be kept out of the Go' erh- But General Lon Non said
to informed diplomatic sources, ment. that. no such trip was. neces-i
to obtain any encouragement in, General Sirik Mataks persona nary. rivately, Americans;
his efforts to persuade either and political character make voice fear that'. the marshal"
capital to act to reduce the his Cambodian supporters and might go, leaving his brother
war in Cambodia. e, ' Americans disinclined to be- in charge without what is be-
lieve that he will answer Gen-
The same sources- said that lieved to be the marshals' re-
more than six weeks after the eral Lon Non's opposition 'straining influence.
directly. His condition for ac- Meanwhile, the Lon brothers,
Paris agreement, which pledges cepting the vice-presidency had have responded to the Amerithe signers "to put an end to been an assurance from the can desire for With efforts
all military activities in Cam- President that he would keep to talk peace with statements
bodia," North Vietnamese and his brother's opposition in of harsh intransigence.
Vietcong troops show no inter- check. In a speech last Wednesday
tion of withdrawing. The political inertia of Cam? I President Lon Nol offered to
Indochina that remains fully
at wan, .and where American
planes carry out daily bombing
raids, its policy has been stale-
mated by both "friend" and
"foe." North Viet-
nam has dashed
News American hopes
Analysis that it will extend
to Cambodia the
scaling down of
the war in South Vietnam and
Laos.
And the Phnom Penh Gov-
ernment appears to have killed
American efforts to share
leadership with the man the
United States. considers best
qualified to guide Cambodia
out of the war and reverse the
Government's alarming milita-
ry and political decline.
As a result, the United States Gen. Sisowath Sirik Matak into
faces the indefinite continua-. the Government were thwarted.
tion of a war in which it par He is the one man it believes
ticipates directly under they qualified to bring some, en-
stewardship of a Government
in which it has little confi-
dence. And that Government
depends for its survival entire-
ly on American military and
economic assistance, which
amounts to about $200-million
a year in addition to the cost
of American air support.
'The United States must de-
cide whether to continue its
present policy or proceed to a
radical revision.
The present policy has suc-
ceeded in maintaining Cambodia
at the edge of military disaster
while keeping her from totally
succumbing. The Cambodian
Army with all its superior
equipment supplied by the Uni-
ted States has been outmaneu-
vered and outfought by its
combined Vietnamese and Cam-
bodian foes at every point.
Military experts, including
Cambodians, believe that it
would collapse without Amer-
ican bombing support.
Along with the military pre-
dicament, a distintegration of
political support for President
Lon Not's Government has left
nothing of the enthusiasm and
elan, at least among the small
number of politically conscious
Cambodians, that followed the
overthrow of Prince Norolom
Sihanouk three years ago.
The unpopularity of the Gov-
ernment is a result of rising
prices, incompetence, corrup-
tion, authoritarianism and
!manipulated elections. The man
generally held responsible for
the regime's failings; by Amer-
icans as well as Cambodians,
is Gen. Lon Non, much more
than his partly paralyzed and
remote brother, President Lon
Nol.
Well-placed Cambodian and
diplomatic sources believe that
the demoralizing effect of the
continuation of the regime is
as much a peril to the survival
of a Cambodia not dominated
Consequently, the United bodia made General Sink negotiate with North Vietnam
States, after an initial suspen- Matak the only real alterna? band the Vietcong's Provisional
sion of bombing to test the '?tive to the Lon brothers. His Revolutionary Government but
other side's intentions, has re apparent elimination as IoiSg maintained his refusal to roc
sumed air strikes to help th e ognize that there is a Cam-
Cambodian arm when it is ser as the marshal and his brother
y bodian resistance movement by
iously attacked. ? . - .,I remain in power leaves Cam- not mentioning it.
Last Monday, United States, bodia and the United States In his interview, General Lon;
hopes of introducting Lieut.'! the choice of continuing with Non limited his concessions to
lightment into what it consid-
ers the mustical muddle of the
regime. ' -
General Lon Non declared
that General Sirik Matak must
not return to the Government.
Sources close to General Si-
rik Matak as well as interested
diplomats believe that General
Lon Non's attack, in an inter-
view that he requested with
The New York Times-in or-
der, he said, to put his view
before the United States-rules
out the possibility of General
Sirik Matak's participation in
the Government while his op-,
ponent remains there.
The United States had urged
Marshal Lon Not to persuade
General Sirik Matak, his friend
since their youth, to accept the
vice-presidency, which is va-
cant. General Sirik Matak,
whose power was almost as'
great as Marshal Lon Nol's, re-
signed, last year as chief of
government after students, in
stigated by General Lon Non,
demonstrated against him.
The serious illness of Presi-
dent Lon Nol and his tendency
to deal with pressing problems
with elliptical Budhist pro-
nouncements have limited his
effectiveness. The political scene
has been dominated for three
years by a struggle behind the
scenes between the two men
who exercise influence over
hime-General Sirik Matak, his
friend, and General Lon Non,
his brother. The United States
has consistently favored Gen-
eral Sirik Matak, whom it
trusts.
General Lon Non's -public
declaration of his antagonism
for General Sirik Matak was a
dramatic and shocking move in
the Cambodian context, because
it put the younger brother into
open opposition to an expressed
wish of the President, who is
the head of his family as well as
the head of the nation. Respect
them, as long as the United the insurgents to allowing them
States Air Force can keep to lay down their arms, return
them' In place,. 'or forcing ai to the Government they do not
change. recognize and participate in
America's identification with elections under a constitution
the unpopular Government has , they do not recognize.
not yet led to a perceptible Guerrillas ' Continue War
growth in anti-American senti- The war continues - at any
ment. Rather, Cambodians ,on I place the Vietnamese and Cam-
various levels of society trust
the United States to change the bodian guerrillas choose. The
Government when it becomes principal battle areas are the
necessary.
the continuation (the banks of the Mekong Riv-
ment over the war-couplled fear of'. for er, on which vital supplies are
the war-coupled
Phnom Penh as battles draw., transported from Vietnamese
nearer daily and with price in- ;ports to Phnom Penh, and the
creases ruinous to an ever-in- region south of the capital.
creasing number of people- The guerrillas overrun Gov-
has led many Cmabodians to Iernment positions, American
express a belief that the time planes bomb them out, -and
for change is at hand. But they the Government announces the
do not believe it is their job to reconquest of devastated places,
bring it about; instead the- Meanwhile, refugees drift 'into
United States is expected to this city telling of the civilian
effect the change, because it 'dead and pillaging by the sol-
supplies all the power Cam- diers.
bodia has. This thought makes. . Well-placed Cambodian and
American officials shudder and diplomatic sources' fear that
recall the series of events that even American involvement at
began when the United States the support level cannot save
connived at the overthrow of 'Cambodia from defeat under
President Ngo Dinh Diem and, her present leadership.
his machavellian younger broth. They believe that the deci-
decade ago- a series of events sion of who governs Cambodia
only now coming to .a close: will have to be made by the
Trip to U.S, Suggested United States, or the United
Publicly the officials con- States will soon face the even
' or
ore wheth-
tintte to express hope that Mar- m tpal decision en of defeat, or
sail Lon Nol will' broaden his m to acknowledge knowlledg
heighten its involvement.
for elder members of the fam-1
ily is a keystone of the Cam- 21
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IIASHIN(iTrN STAR
14 March 1973
. North Vietnamese author-
ities have decided the dam-
age done by American bombs
, to Hanoi's Bach Mai hospital
is so great that the entire
complex must be razed and
.rebuilt from scratch.
china, a private relief group
based in Cambridge, Mass.,
with which the B a c It M a i
fund-raising effort is affili-
ated, said yesterday $750,000
has been raised since the ap-
peal was launched- early in
January.
Levin described this sum
as exceeding most expecta-
tions for the first two months
of the effort. But now that
the total amount needed has
swollen to more than six
times the original estimate,
the fund drive is'still far from
succeeding.
The revelation that North
Vietnamese authorities con-
sider the hospital so badly
damaged that none of it can
be salvaged focuses anew on
the controversy surrounding
the American bombing of the
hospital in December. .
The North Vietnamese first
reported the hospital was de-
stroyed by bombs a few days
before Christmas, during the'
10 days of intense bombing by
B52s that preceded the Viet-
nam cease-fire.
Pentagon authorities first
denied the claim, then on
Jan. 2 grudgingly admitted it
According to members ci a
U.S. private group which has
been raising funds nationwide
to rebuild the hospital, this
new evaluation will escalate
the reconstruction costs from
$3 million to at least $20 mil-
lion.
A five-member team repre-
senting the Bach Mai Hospital
Emergency Relief Fund
brought back this somber ap-
praisal of their project from
a trip to H an o i last week.
The team was scheduled to
discuss -the hospital recon-
struction program at a news
conference today.
The estimate comes at a
time of growing resistance in
Congress to the Nixon admin-
istration's plans for a post-
war reconstruction program
in Indochina.
Far From Success
Larry Levin, a spokesman
i for M e d i c a l Aid for Indo-
BALTIMJRE SUN
12 March 1973
Viet `weather warfare
queried by scientists
Washington Bureau of The Sun
Washington-A scientists' ,and Disarmament Agency.
group has asked President Dr. MacDonald is a member
'Nixon to disclose any use of of the federation's Executive)
weather modification in the Committee and until last year
Vietnam war. Was on the President's Council
"There are many different on Environmental Quality.
f
kinds of geophysical warfare
which, if they were to be en-
gaged in by ourselves and bye
opponents, would be to the,
clear disadvantage of man-:,
kind," said the Federation of
American Scientists, which in-
cludes 21 Nobel laureates.
"The use of weather modifi-
cation as a weapon of war is
an opening wedge to the use of.
climate modification, the in- I
ducement of earthquakes, and
other still more terrible meth-
ods," the federation warned.
In Washington, two federa-
tion spokesmen, Herbert Sco-
ville, Jr., and Gordon J. F.
MacDonald, released the con-
tents of a petition and a letter
to President Nixon dated
March 1.
Dr. Scoville, the federation
secretary, is a former deputy
director of the, Central Intelli-
gence Agency under Presidents
Eisenhower and Kennedy.
Under the latter and under
President Johnson he was as-
sistant director for science and
technology of the Arms Control
"The time has come or is
disclosure,". said the federation
director, Jeremy L. Stone, in
introducing Dr. Scoville and
Dr. MacDonald. Government
officials have continually
evaded inquiries, Dr. Stone
noted, with "carefully couched
denials, such as it [weather
warfare] didn't happen over
North Vietnam."
Asked if weather modifica-
tion was used in the war, Dr.
MacDonald cited references, in
Volume IV of the Pentagon
papers, to a Project Pop-Eye
designed to slow traffic on the
Ho Chi Min trail.
"There is evidence," Dr.
MacDonald said, "that experi-
~Ji U
may have been hit accidental-
ly during attacks on a petro-
leum storage area a few yards
to the west and a military
command facility a few hun-
dred yards to the south.
Photographs widely distri-
buted at the time showed the
archway of the hospital's
main building still standing,
surrounded by heaps of
rubble.
It later emerged from rec-
ords in the hands of Senator,
Edward M. Kennedy's sub-
committee on refugees that
the hospital was also hit by
a bomb in June, leaving
large crater in the courts and
and partly demolishi,ig one
building. The Pentagon quiets
ly acknowledged to the sub-
committee that it had recon-
naissance photographs of the
hospital taken in July which
showed the water-filled crater.
More recently', the Penta-
gon has declared that the
more destructive accidental
December bombing was con-
fined to only one building of
the hospital, North Vietnam's
largest.
i?embcrs of the five-man
team are Peter H. Wolff, a
use of weather modification in
war, was introduced by Sena-
tor Claiborne Pell (1)., R.i.)
February 22 and sent to the
Foreign Relations Committee.
Weather modification "can
be a very. devastating type of'
warfare," Dr. Scoville said,
with "potentialities much more
dangerous than weapons in
space or seabed." And, he
added, "it is an awfully lot
easier to control something be-
fore it is a practicable'
weapon."
Ways of modifying weather,
Dr. MacDonald said, could in-
clude seeding clouds with sil-
ver iodide crystals, to increase
rainfall setting off powerful
ground explosions along a fault
line', or changing the ozone
content in the ionosphere,
thereby changing the surface
level of ultraviolet radiation.
"There is evidence [cloud
seeding] was experimentally
attempted as early as 1966 to
reduce traffic on the Ho Chi
Minh Trail," he said. "Experi-
ments have been conducted in
this country, Florida for exam-
ple, where seeding produced
rain and flooding."
Dr. MacDonald noted that
many countries operate under
marginal conditions where a
small change in climate or
temperature could disrupt
crops and the economy. ' "The
Soviet Union is a good exam-
ple," he said, noting its wheat
shortages.
"We can conceive of no valid
national security reason for
denying these disclosures
ments were carried out and
increased rain . - . was
achieved."
Dr. MacDonald urged "some
sort of international agree-
ment" to ban such activities,
adding: "I strongly support
Senate Resolution 71" on such
a ban.
Senate Resolution 71, which
;proposes a treaty to prohibitI
about the past " the scientists'
id
I j,, I i i 1 'mil ~1
Harvard Medical School psy-
chiatrist; John Pratt of the
University of Pennsylvania
medical school; Lillian Shirm
ley, associated with a private
medical aid group; and two
staff irembers of Medical Add
for Indochina, Alex Kttopp of
Philadelphia and ?Xoe iy Prov-
ence of Pittsburgh.
Meanwhile, staffers' for,
Kennedy's subcommittee have:
announced. that a separate
medical fart-finding group.
which had been planned since .
October left quietly for Hanoi
last week.
Members of that team,
which went to North Vietnam
via Vietiane, Laos, Saturday,
are Nevin S. Scrimshaw of
the Massachusetts Institute.
of Technology; John M. Levin-
son, a gynecologist and popu-
lation expert from Wilming-
ton, Del.; David French, a
pediatric surgeon with Boston
University School of Medicine;
Michael J. Ilaiberstam, a
private physician in Washing-
ton, and Dale S. de Haan of
the subcommittee staff.
OSWALD JOHNSTON
l as a Pandora's box to 'which
the seemingly inoffensive
weather modification may be
the disastrous key."
Senator Pell said in testi-
mony on his resolution that,
"in my own mind, there is no
doubt that the United States
did indeed conduct weather-
modification operations in
Southeast Asia."
A spokesman for the Foreign
Relations Committee said at the
weekend that "there is nothing
scheduled on [the resolution]
yet."
The proposed treaty would
ban "any activity designed to
increase or decrease precipita-
tion, increase or suppress hail,
i lightning, or fog, and direct or
divert storm systems."
"It also would ban "any
earthquake modification activ-
ity which has as a purpose
the release of the strain
energy instability within the
solid rock layers beneath the
earth's crust," and "any,. .
change in the ocean currents
or the creation of F. seismic
disturbance of the ece~r: [tidal
wave]."
Two k'iovn demonstrations
of weather control have oc-
curred in Florida and the Phil-
lipincs. 1-a April and May, 1971,
cloud-seeding was used in an
attempt to alleviate a drought
in Florida.
i The National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's
efforts were followed by 3
inches of rairt in one afternoon.
But Miami reported getting
. I pea-sized hail, arousing fears of
letter to President Nixon sa
,"We see geophysical werfarcl unicr. scen, posrecly erstreme,
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 Approved For Release 2001/08/07 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
'consequences from weather
modification.
Spectacular. success was
claimed for an attempt to end
a drought in the Philippines
with cloud-seeding from April!
28 to June 18, 1969. United
States Air Force planes work-
ing in coordinated patterns
cause heavy rain and mud on
the He Chi Minh Trail.
Regjlesting specific answers
from Melvin R. Laird, then
Secretary of Defense, Senator
Pell received a letter from
John S. Foster, Jr., Mr. Laird's
director of defense research
and ehgineering. Mr. Foster
said the information was clas-
sified and "I find it necessary
to respectfully decline to make
any further disclosure of the.
details of these activities."
Secretary Larid testified
April 18 before the Senate For-
eigh Relations Committee. that
the Defense Department had
not conducted rain-making ac-
tivities over North Vietnam.
He reiterated this in July,
again specifying North Viet-
nam only, and declined to
comment on whether it 'was
done in South Vietnam or
Laos.
caused , individual clouds to
become'' greatly enlarged 'and
finally ',blend into a wide rain
system.
The project report estimated
that the cloud-seeding caused
more than' 12 million acre-feet
of rainfall and increased the
value of the sugar crop,alone
by $43 million.
Both Senator Pell and
Weather Engineering Corpora-
tion of America sought infor-
mation on cloud-seeding in the
Vietnam war after Jack An-
derson, the columnist, reported
in March, 1971, operations to,
NEW YORK TIMES
16 March 1973
Eight May' Face Courts- artia,
For Antiwar Roles as P.O.W.'s
. By SEYMOUR M. HERSH
Spealal to The Hew York Timm
WASHINGTON, March 15-1
At least eight of the enlisted
men scheduled to return early
,tomorrow from Hanoi are
known to be bitter critics of
the Vietnam war whose refusal
to participate in camp life in
North Vietnam provoked deep
hostility among their fellow
prisoners, according to military;
sources.
The eight formed what a top-
ranking officer described as
"the Peace Committee" in
North Vietnam and refused all
.orders given by senior officers
of the highly organized prison
camps.
Military sources said .that
they expected court-martial
charges to bo filed'by some re-
turning officers against 'the
men as soon as the remaining
prisoners were freed from
Ilanoi. March 28 is the end of
the time limit set for such re-
turns by the Vietnam peace
agreement. Under the Military
Code of Conduct, any officer
or enlisted man can ' file
charges against a military col-
league.
The eight enlisted. men, the
military sources said; had been
captured in South Vietnam, but
then were marched north to a
separate camp near Hanoi
some time in 1970. All of the
27 military men scheduled to
be returned from Hanoi tomor-
row had been captured in the
South.
At various times, as many
as 15 enlisted men and offi-
cers captured in the south have
signed the same antiwar state-
ment. The most notable was a
message to Congress in June,,,
1972, urging the legislators to
"exercise your constitutional.
power to force the Adminis-
tration to return to Paris to
negotiate an,end.to.the war. .
Many of the returning pilots,
however, are known to be es-
pecially furious at. the eight
members of : the ? "Peace Come
mittee,". whose antiwar mes-.
sages have' been harsh in tone.
In July, 1971, for example,
according to a broadcast on the
Hanoi radio, Specialist 4/Mich"
ael P. Branch. of the Army,i
who is scheduled to be re-
turned early tomorrow, de-
scribed himself as a deserter.
and said:
"I have disassociated myself
from the military, I have taken
it upon myself to desert and
cross over to the side of the
South Vietnamese people on
Mad 4. 1968." Army officials
said that Specialist Branch, of
Highland Heights, Ky., had,
been captured by the Vietcong
in May, 1968. Other messages
broadcast from Hanoi and re-
portedly made by Specialist
Branch called on American
troops fighting in the South to
desert their units and to "re-
fuse combat and just botch up
all your operations."
According to a 1971 tape re-:
cording, an Air Force staff!
sergeant, John Young of Wau-.
kegan, 111., and Chicago, who,
also returns tomorrow, told'
President Nixon: "I no longer,
want to fight for you or anyone,
like you. In fact, I won't ever:
fight for your kind of American;
people."
"I cannot support. the killing
of innocent Vietnamese men,Illlll
women and children, or the de-:
Cstruction of their beautiful
Appt'ed For Release 2001/08/07
country," the tape went on.
"My conscience tells me it is
wrong to kill-the Bible tells
me it is wrong. Most important,
my mother and father have
taught me it is wrong to kill
or harm anyone:" . .
Military officials ' Identified
Specialist Branch and Sergeant
Young as members 'of. the
"Peace Committee." The ? six
other members, the' officials
said, were tentatively identified
from interviews with,prisoners
-returned previously. ...., ? -
Pentagon sources said that
the antiwar enlisted men. had
apparently shared quarters at
various times with some of the
pilots' who were shot down
.and captured in the North,'The
pilots, many of them senior of-
ficers, immediately clashed with
them.
"The G.I.'s were advised to
knock It off," an officer said,
adding that they had refused;
Another source said that at
least one officer "attempted to
pull rank on the enlisted men
-they didn't take to it."
The reported activities of the,
/eight have angered many senior
military officials in the Penta-
gon who have generally been
reluctant to discuss the prisoner}
issue over the last few weeks.'
One officer complained dur-
ing an interview that. the White,
House had refused to let the
Pentagon make a public state-
ment condemning the activities
of the "Peace Committee."
He said'that the apparent rea-
son was a fear that adverse
publicity on the prisoner Issue
would further erode Congres-
sional support for the Adminis-
tration's proposed multibillion-
dollar aid program for North
Vietnam.
Another officer noted that
the eight men were trouble-.
makers "before they got in
there," meaning in the prison
camps. While in prison, he said,
"they were seen fraternizing
with guards."
"Some of them were even
take
getting out of tours of Hanoi," camp he said.
He further accused some of
the enlisted men who lived with'
other prisoners of "giving away
vital camp secrets," such as
details of how prisoners main-,
tabled communications among
themselves.
Pentagon officials did note,
however, that some of the men
to whom virulent antiwar state-
iments were attributed after
their capture in South Vietnam
in 1967 and 1968 had grown
more restrained upon being
moved to the North years later.
Some officers here are known
to be particularly pleased b}-
the apparent change in atti-
tude on the part of one officer,
scheduled to be returned to-
night, whose wife was a leading
antiwar figure in last year's
Presidential elections.
That prisoner, to whom many
written and broadcast antiwar
statements were attributed
while he was In South Vietnam,
expressed concern In a letter
smuggled to his wife by a
prisoner recently released -
about the growth of "radical"
;politics in the United States
and cautioned her that he was
politically conservative The let-
ter, well-informed sources said,
was read by some officers In
,the Pentagon before it was'
given to the prisoner's wire.
The military ' concern over
the status of the eight men and
Over the possibility that they
might stage some kind of an
antiwar , demonstration during
their return to the United
States was reflected in heavy
cable traffic in the 'middle of
the week between the Pentagon
land Clark Air Force Base Inl
'the Philippines, the prisoners'
first stop after Vietnam. A sea-,
for officer said during an inter-
view that "these men Intend
to try to jump ship before they
get bank here." However, he
did not amplify the remark or
offer any basis for It.
other, Government sources,
with access to the debriefing)
papers from returning prison-
ers, were far less concerned
about the cipht.
One official confirmed that
"there is hard feeling between
the pilots and some of the
others," but added that the
only? real Information about
these feelings thus far had
come from the returned offi-
cers, whom he characterized as
one-sided sources.
"None of them are officers
and some of then are .black,"
the official added, referring to
the antiwar soldiers, "so the
club is going after them."
He accused some of the re-
turned pilots and many senior
Pentagon officers of looking,
for blood" In connection with
the dissident G.1.'s. He noted
that classified details about the
enlisted men "are coming out
awfully easy all of a audden.
"There are those of its who
are hoping to handle this so
some officers don't get what
they're looking for," he said.
"I hope we can ease the men
out so they don't face charges."
Other sources noted that the
bad blood between most of the
returning pilots and at least
two senior officers who had
made antiwar statements while
in Hanoi had apparently eased
in recent weeks as the retur-
nees began adjusting to free-
dom.
The two officers, who had
been accused of disobeying or-
ders and had even bt:en ostra-
cized while on their way from
Hanoi to the Philippines, ap-
parently will not now be
charged with disobeying orders,
officials said. The officers have
yet to hold news conferences
or to speak out In any other
way since their return to the
United States.
In Interviews three weeks
ago, Pentagon officials- ac-
knowledged the charges pend-
ing against the two officers,
but also disclosed than they
were attempting to discourage
any formal proceedings against
them.
In the case of the "Peace
Committee," however, the same
officials have noted that many
of the men were absent with.,
out leave when they were cap-
l
y
tured, and could presumab
face desertion charges.
At least'two of the enlisted
men already returned from
South Vietnam 'had been ab-
sent without leave at the time
of their capture and had made
'antiwar statements while im-
prlsoned. The Pentagon has an-
 Approved For Releale?Og~/,Q$/Q,l I IA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
11 March 1973
Inounced that It will not press
icharges in those cases.
The enlisted men, however,
have not yet been made acces-
sible to newsmen. All telephone
calls to them are intercepted by,
military public information of.
ticials,
WASHTNGTOn J'O '
20 March i973
Hospital Sozircea Say
Keeseo Tortured as Spy
CLARK AIR BASE, Philip-
pines, March 20 (Tuesday)
'(UPI)-North Vietnamese in-
terrogators knocked out-the
front teeth of civilian prisoner
!Bobby Joe Keesee and pulled
his fingernails because they
thought he was a Spy, hospital,
sources said today.
Keesee, 39, a Korean War
paratrooper who was captured
In North Vietnam in 1970 un-
der mysterious circumstances,
was freed last Wednesday with
107 military POWs in Hanoi.
He uhderwent medical exam.
tinations and processing at the,
Clark Air Base hospital prior.
to being flown back to the
United States Saturday.
Hospital sourres maid Kee-
see was fitted with new
teeth to replace those he lost,.
at the hands of his North Viet-
namese captors. They said his .
fingernails also had been
yanked.
Two That pilots said Kee.
see, a one-time resident of
Amarillo, Tex., forced them
to fly him at gunpoint from
Bangkok to a beach In North
Vietnam where they left him
on Sept. 18, 1970.
Th
Prisoners
By Toga Wicker
Two young French school teachers,
Andre Menras and Jean Pierre Debris,
left New York last week to speak
In titles across the United States
about a matter 'that, stands in gad
counterpoint to the return of Amerlo
can prisoners of war from l" orUk
'Vietnam.
In 1968, they went to South Viet-
nam as exchange teachers in .a French
Government program, In July, 1970,
outraged by what they regarded cs.
the corruption and tyranny of the
Thieu regime, they mounted a monu-
ment in 'downtown Saigon, unfurled
a Liberation Front flag, and started
handing out peace leaflets.
This was unwise, if bold; they woos
immediately jailed by South Viet-
namese military police. After a trial
in which they were not allowed. to
speak, they remained in Chi Hoa
prison in Saigon for more than twu
years, until they were suddenly red
leased and deported last Dec. 29. Now
-they' have a grim story to tell about
the Inhumane treatment, starving,
beating and torturing of political
prisoners in South Vietnam, of whom,
they maintain there are et least
200,000 (other estimates range from
35,000 to 300,000, a lot in any case).
There is nothing particularly haw
about the accounts by the Messrs.
Debris and Menras (aside frons their
impressive earnestness) of their her-`
rowing experiences and of the terrible
suffering in the South Vietnamese
prisons. The existence of the In-
famous "tiger cages" In Con Son'
prison has been well-publicized hero
tend as far back as May, 1969, the
story of one prisoner, He Nhan Hieu,
,was detailed in this space--how, for
Instance, he had spent a month In
IN THE N A TION
solitary in a "tiger cage." As the two
Frenchmen tell it' convincingly, things
have only gotten worse since then,
particularly with the great influx of
political prisoners arrested during last
spring's Communist offensive. '
But somehow, American public
opinion has never been aroused by
these activities of the msation's ally In
Saigon, even though it has been docu-
mented-for example in Don Luce's
authoritative study, "Hostages of
War"-that American funds and corn-
panics helped build the "tiger cages"
and American personnel sometime o
helped in the political roundup.
Predictably enough, Messrs. Mensae
and Debris did not get much response
to their appearances In New York
(including a news conference at the
U.N), in a week when C.I.S. meekly
24
bowed to the fears ts? its aUili,,teu
and refused to show a drama about
a Vietnam veteran who did not get the
red-carpet treatment now bcing rco
corded returning bomber pilots.
Nevertheless, there was one cle-
ment of the Menras-Debris account
that needs repetition, if only b.:cau:
it could bode txulsbla for the cc,, ''11I out
L
l
l
I'
111:;; ' i1lt;ill N
rt that I,II'Itl jnll,r
'l
'I
C
i
ucsliofts" in the shooting,
nn Thtu?',lily. Hill said 1;11,trr_ ?
^t?ot.nnl 1?;van^clisnl was ;il'?n r.-nn-
nccicd to for.
the our-?, eek po'llmilc'mc'nt and in-
t c-ti;"alion.
-1'ltr' h:1si< of Ill( 1'egIIr 1, Ifill s;njd,
?'as iuforinaiion fro-11 (a.v, of
~1C't'(' ('n' 'Iltuent, etaillliih: (hrv
had hell told 1,?,y all offic"r of i'r,rlcr-
grrnutd i?.t?,rn::i:ti>m
rai''ing I I ilrfil tint Roclr,iakov wa.:
inclccrl r:htu?Itc?rcrl I.n
Aftrl )a ,in
h
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r11
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the tnfnrma-
For Release 2001/08/07 : CIA-R P77-00432R000100120001-3
 Approved For Release 2001/08/07 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100120001-3
'PIE NEW YORK TIMES, WEDNESDAY 11TAROY ~1, 19/3
lion, the officer then asked
for contributions, the per.
-sons said. "They left no
stone unturned to capi-
talize on his (loath," one
constituent wrote. She had
doltbts'; a h o u t both the
group and Kourdakov, she
said, teems( "if he was a
tern a^uin Christian, why
was h~, ' shacked up with
that girl?"
The officer of Under-
ground Evangelism. KKen-
neth 13oughlltan, later de-
nic(l to San Bernardino
sheriff's detectives that he
had claimed Kourdakov
was murdered and denied
having any ki owledgc of
such an occurretlCC.
"1Ic said he had no in-
formation at all," said l)et.
.lames cox, who later con-
cluded that "there was no
Indication of foul play" in
Kourdakov's death.
Kourdakov. 21, gained
Hutt in 1971 when he
jumped from a Russian
trawler and swain to the
Briti.~h Colulnbia coast in
it 20-hoiir ordeal.
Bass later signed hire to
a contract under which
Kourdakov. toured church
groups telling hi. story. i\
hill wits introduced in
Congress last. year by
I atnr.lgrchc to grant l'our-
dal:ov permanent U.S. res-
idence.
Critic,, of Underground
Evangelism have said that
by distracting attention
from the circumstances of
Nonrdakov's (I e a t h the
group hohrrl to Create a
i ma tyr-and quick finan-
cidc nl.
On Thursday, however.
Bass told coroner's jurors
th;lt his dmihts Over Konr-
dal,nv's death "had b(?en
greatly an.