CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP75-00001R000100060028-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 3
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 8, 1999
• Sequence Number: 28
• Publication Date: March 13, 1967
• Content Type: OPEN

in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of
Transportation acting in cooperation with
the Interstate Commerce Commission shall,
yyithin one year after the date of enactment
of this Joint Resolution, prepare and submit
to the Committee on Commerce of the Senate
and the Committee on interstate and For-
eign Commerce of the House of Representa-
tives a master ground transportation plan
for the United States.
Sec. 2. Until the 60th day after the sub-
mission of the master ground transportation
plan' to the committees of the Senate and
House of Representatives as provided by the
first section of this Joint Resolution, the In-
terstate Commerce Commission may not ap-
prove any consolidation, unification, merger,
or acquisition of control of a railroad cor-
poration, nor may there be any discontinu-
ance or change, in whole or in part, of the
operation or service of any train or ferry
subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce
Act, unless such discontinuance or change
is approved by the appropriate State regula-
tory agency of each State affected by such
discontinuance or change. During the pe-
riod while the Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion may not approve any consolidation, uni-
fication, merger, or acquisition of control of
a railroad corporation, the operation of any
provisions of antitrust laws applicable to
mergers or consolidations that are not opera-
tive while the Commission has such author-
ity shall be in full force and have full
effect.
(Mr. MOSS (at the request of Mr.
MONTGOMERY) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. MOSS' remarks will appear here-
after in the Appendix.]
A ~
BILL TO IMPROVE THE DIREC
TION N AND SUPERVISION OF THE
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
(Mr. REU_ SS (at the request of Mr.
MON1`C01 IERY) was. granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to Include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, I have to-
day introduced H.R. 7107, a bill to pro-
vide for better direction and supervision
of the Central Intelligence Agency and
other U.S. intelligence activities.
The bill would place the political ac-
tion activities of the CIA under the
President's personal direction. It would
also establish a. Joint Congressional
Committee on Intelligence to supervise
CIA activities. The membership of the
committee would be changed every 4
years in order to bring fresh insights to
bear on CIA operations.
I am distressed by recent revelations
of the extent of the Central Intelligence
Agency's secret involvement In American
civilian life. Americans have discovered
that the hand of the CIA has been laid
on student organizations, universities,
labor unions, and the press. How much
further the CIA has woven itself into the
fabric of American life no one on the'
outside knows. The Washington Post
recently reported that only about $15
million of CIA largesse has been traced
and that "unsubstantiated- rumors"~
place the actual amounts in the. hun-
dreds of millions of dollars.
On February 16, I said In a speech
here on the floor that If the valuable
work of the National Student Associa-
tion, the Peace Corps, and other private
American groups is not to be destroyed
by suspected ties to the CIA, we must
initiate an immediate house cleaning.
' TI' there is to be tidying up, it falls
upon Congress to do it, I sincerely hope
that we will get on with the task.
The first job Is to be clear as to what
we are about.
The CIA is in a sense a front for it-
self.. Its publicly announced function
is to gather intelligence; but, in addition,
it has the covert assignment of carrying
out political action in furtherance of
U.S. foreign policy.
Allen Dulled, :whose excellent book
"Tale Craft o:( Intelligence," Is the most
straight-forward statement on the CIA
which I have seen, puts it this way:
CIA is not an underground operation. All
one needs to do is to read the law-the
National Security Act of 1047-to get a gen-
eral idea of what it is set up to do. It has,
of course, a secret side, and the law permits
the National Security Council, which in ef-
fect means the President, to assign to the
CIA certain duties and functions In the in-
telligence field in addition to those specif-
ically enumerated in the law. These func-
tions are not disclosed.
Thetcloak"of intelligence shields the
dagger of political action.
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES
Subsection 102(d) of the National Se-
curity Act of 1.047 lists as the Intelligence
duties of the CIA:
(1) to advise the National Security Coun-
cil in matters concerning such intelligence
activities of the Government departments
and agencies as relate to national security;
(2) to make recommendations to the Na-
tional Security Council for the coordination
of such intelligence activities of the depart-
ments and agencies of the Government as re-
late to the national security;
(3) to correlate and evaluate Intelligence
relating to the national security, and pro-
vide for the appropriate dissemination of
such intelligence within the Government us-
ing where appropriate existing agencies and
facilities;
(4) to perform for the benefit of existing
intelligence agencies, such additional services
of common concern as the National Security
Council determines can be more efficiently
accomplished centrally:
Intelligence is not defined in the
statute. A widely accepted definition
found In the Dictionary of U.S. Military
Terms for Joint Usage describes intel-
ligence as: "The product resulting from
the collection, evaluation, analysis, inte-
gration, and interpretation of all avail-
able information which concerns one or
more aspects of foreign nations or of
areas of operations, and which is imme-
diately or potentially significant to
planning,"
Simply put, intelligence is information
culled from numerous sources. There is
a common misconception that intelli-
gence work is wholly espionage-the
secret gathering of information by agents
or mechanical devices, such as the U-2,
In fact, about 80 percent. of all peace-
time intelligence comes from open
sources-from reports of State Depart-
ment officials, military attaches, or tour-
ists, or from a careful reading of news-
papers, periodicals, and other published
documents.
Most of us would agree, I am sure, with
the 1955 task force on intelligence activ
ities of the Hoover Commission that-
The late of the Nation well may rest on
accurate and complete intelligence data
which may serve as a trustworthy guide for
the top-level governmental decisions on pol-
icy and action in a troubled world.
In the present anarchic world of in-
dependent nation states, great powers
must continue to gather information by
straight forward and by devious means
about the military capabilities and inten-
tions of rival nations.
The 1962 Cuban missile crisis Is an ob-
ject lesson. Only our highly developed
intelligence system, including our aerial '
surveillance of Cuba, gave us the oppor-
tunity to avert the installation of offen-
sive Russian missiles 90 miles off our
shores.
Intelligence activities, though distaste-
ful, when espionage work Is involved,
must be viewed as a necessary evil..
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
The dark side of the CIA is its special
operations in political action. Para-
graph 102(d) (5) of the National Secu-
rity Act authorizes the CIA:
(5) to perform such other functions and
duties related' to intelligence affecting the
national security as the National Security
Council may from time to time direct,
Many rumors as to what in the past
two decades have been CIA special op-
erations, CIA's most notable effort was,
of course, the abortive Bay of Pigs in-
vasion. Also on the public record are
two CIA-engineered palace coups-one
In 1953, in Iran against Mossadegh, and
the other in 1954, in Guatamala against.
Abenz.
The recently revealed CIA subsidies
to all kinds of private groups are an-
other form of special operations. The
principal purpose of giving financial as-
sistance to the National Student Assoofa- .
tion was to prevent the other side from
capturing world youth conferences, not
to gather intelligence.
Allen Dulles has been quite forthright
about CIA's political action activities.
He writes that it Is the task of the CIA
to assist the internal security services
of ? countries which are the targets of
Communist takeovers wherever this can
best be done on a covert basis.
Mr. Dulles justifies covert special op-
Communist subversion. Perhaps this.
too is a necessary evil. But, if it is some-
times justified to carry on covert special
operations, it must be done sparingly and
with the greatest selectivity and sensi-
tivity. For it is a weapon with vast im-
plications for deepening United States
Involvement, as President Kennedy
rightly foresaw at the Bay of Pigs. It is
also a weapon which should be used only
where the stakes al'e high. Secret
U.S. Government meddling in the affairs
of state of other nations or In the affairs
of domestic or foreign private organiza-
tions is so alien to our traditions that it
can only be justified when the national
security is genuinely at stake.
A large part of the difficulty of justi-
fying the recently revealed CIA subsidies
to private organizations is the very real
doubt whether the efforts of these
groups, no matter how laudable, are
really vital to our national security.
 Sanitized-Approves For--Release-:-VAR P7 00A1R00010006002-8-1
March 13, 1967
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11261 5
A CRITICAL DISTINCTION staff, the Deputy Secretary of Defense,
To properly direct and supervise the and the Deputy Under Secretary of State
CIA, foreign intelligence activities must for Political Affairs. The committee
be carefully distinguished from special meets weekly.
operations. Mr. Dulles says:
The two activities differ in kind. In- All 'o l r? ?ons of considerations intelligence character
telligence work produces neutral infor- which to [voinvolve copolicy el orations are sub.
mation as an aid to the President in bet
reaching decisions involving the national Ultimately, the CIA is under the con-
security. But in its political action ac- trol of the President: and I assume that
tivities, the CIA is an arm of already the interdepartmenhl committee refers
established policy. questions which It believes to be of great
The two activities differ in seriousness. importance to the President.
Intelligence activities, even espionage It is clear that the CIA is subject today
activities, very seldom, if ever, have the to higher political authority; namely, the
potential for more deeply involving the directives of the interdepartmental com-
United States. There is evidence that mittee, the policies of the National Secu-
even the U-2 incident, which was an in- rity Council, and, ultimately, the direc-
telligence activity, was seized upon by
Khrushchcv as a pretext for torpedoing
the Paris Summit Conference, and not
the basic cause for its failure.
On the other hand, secret political
warfare which threatens other govern-
ments could become a casus belli; and
less ambitious activities, such as the Na-
tional Student Association affair, have
wider philosophical and ethical aspects
which must be carefully weighed.
The two activities differ in sensitivity.
Espionage is, both at home and abroad,
an accepted international activity; sub-
version is not. If the United States is
not to remake itself in the mirror image
of its adversaries, it must use the latter
instrument, if at all, with the greatest
discretion.
Mr. Dulles confirms that foreign In-
telligence activities and special opera-
tions can be separated, Traditionally,
he says, intelligence services have kept
espionage and political and psychologi-
cal warfare in different )compartments,
but-
The CIA abandoned th s kind of eompart-
montalization which Ko often leads to
neither the right hana nor the left knowing
what the other is doing.
WEAILNE.SSES IN PRESENT CIA DIRECTION AND
SUPERVISION
There are two major weaknesses in to-
day's administrative set-up for directing
and supervising the CIA:
First. The special operations of the
CIA are not necessarily under the per-
For example, in the case of the Na-
tional Student Association subsidy, the
recently appointed Katzenbach commit-
tee has reported:
When the Central Intelligence Agency lent
financial support to the work of certain
American private organizations, It did not
act on its own initiative but in accordance
with national policies established by the Na-
tional Security Council in 1952 through 1954.
Throughout it acted with the approval of
senior interdepartmental review committees,
including tl~e Sebii tarl'es of State and De-
fense or their representatives. These policies
have, therefore, been in effect under four
Presidents.
This direction is not good enough,
however, when questions concerning CIA
special operations are up for discussion.
These operations are so serious and. so
sensitive that the President personally
should authorize each and every one in
writing, and should periodically review
each of them.
I have therefore included In my bill
a provision requiring a Presidential di-
rective to authorize each special opera-
tion, and an annual Presidential review
of the operation. This amendment will
underline the extreme seriousness of
special operations and the extraordinary
importance of their being limited in
number and nature, precisely directed,
.and carefully supervised.
In addition, I have designated the
President as the person to give general
sonal direction of the President. direction to the intelligence activities of
Second. The people who supervise the the CIA, since the National Security
CIA are not changed often enough to Council is only an advisory body. This
bring a fresh viewpoint to bear on CIA change is a technical one which will
activities. probably not alter present White House
1. PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTION supervisory arrangements.
Subsection 102 of the National Secur- 2. PERIODIC CHANGES OF CIA CONGRESSIONAL
ity Act places all activities of the'CIA SUPERVISION
under the general direction of the Na- In the National Student Association
tional Security Council. In addition, case, it is clear that the top Presidential
the CIA can only undertake special aides charged with national security
operations which the National Security duties, appropriate cabinet officers or
Council from time to time directs. their representatives, and the Congress-
The National Security Council, whose men and Senators who serve on CIA
sole function is to advise the President, watchdog committees all knew of this
as a body does not make decisions, it CIA activity and approved of it. It is
therefore cannot itself direct the CIA. unclear whether members of the Presi-
So far as I can determine from published dent's Foreign Intelligence Advisory
sources (for this is not a part of the off lo Board knew of it, but it is probably fair
cial Information on the CIA), the.Na- to assume that they did, They should
tional Security Council has delegated have, if they were doing their job
the direction of the CIA to a high level properly.
Interdepartmental committee, some- I can only conclude that the CIA
times known as the Special Group. policymakers were mistaken because,
This committee is composed of a high- being insiders for so long, their perspec-
ranking member of the White House tive had become distorted. The keen
edge of common sense had been dulled
by lengthy contact with the intelligence
and military communities.
The need for men of clear insight to
pass on intelligence matters can only
be supplied by periodic changes of CIA
supervisors.
. My bill establishes a Joint Congres-.
sional Committee on Intelligence. The
joint committee's job would be to ex-
amine continuously the foreign intelli-
gence activities and the special opera-
tions of the CIA. The joint committee
would be reconstituted with new mem-
bers every 4 years, at the beginning of
even-numbered Congresses. In this
way Congress can periodically take a
fresh look at the CIA.
No criticism is meant of the Members
of Congress who now devote themselves
to oversight of CIA matters and appro-
priations. Theirs has been a job under
difficult circumstances. But the present
system of Congressional oversight is too
piecemeal to produce 'the close supervi-
sion which is called for.
TIIE JUDGMENT OF HISTORY
Secrecy is essential in the tasks of the
CIA-whether Intelligence gathering or
political actions. Yet this same secrecy
is the chief problem in assuring that
CIA actions are in keeping with Ameri-
can values.
But, as President Kennedy suggested
when speaking to CIA personnel on No-
vember 28, 1961, it Is "in the long sweep
of history" that the efforts of the CIA
will be judged. By this judgment of
history the American public retains a
subtle control. ?
To assure that the full record Is avail-
able to the historians, the bill provides
that no CIA records can be destroyed
without the approval of the Joint Con-
gressional Committee on Intelligence.
All Government agencies, including
the CIA, are now subject to the statutory
requirement that the Joint Congression-
al Committee on Disposition of Executive
Papers approve any record destruction.
With this immense task before it, under-
standably, the joint committee cannot
give much attention to any single request
for permission to destroy records. And
in the case of the CIA, even if the Joint
Congressional Committee on Disposition
of Executive Papers were to pursue a re-
quest to destroy records, it would have a
difficult time ascertaining the importance
of the records, since it is not privy to CIA
operations.
Thus, it is logical to transfer the func-
tion of passing on CIA requests to de-
stroy records to the Joint Committee on
Intelligence, which would have the time,
resources, and authority to make certain
that all important CIA records are pre-
served for future historians.
Mr. Speaker, I ask,the House to give
serious consideration to this bill.
Its sum and substance is to strengthen
the control of the Nation's elected repre-
sentatives-both the President and Con-
gress-over the CIA. Its enactment
would not hamper the effectiveness of the
CIA. It would only help to Insure that
this potent secret arm of our foreign .
policy is directed by American values and
not by the values of our adversaries.
A copy of H.R. 7107 follows:
ani ize pprove Or e :
 Sanitized-- ppr ed~ or Release: CI 754000 8040100060028-1
H2616 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 10", 1967
H.R. 7107 comprehensive description of the special op- services, Information, facilities, and person-
A bill to amend the National Security Act of eration, its history, its objectives, the num- nel of the departments and establishments
1947 and the Records Disposal Act of July her of persons engaged in the operation, the of the Government on a reimbursable basis
7, 1943, to provide for the improved direc- total annual expenditures planned for the with the prior consent of the heads of the
tion and supervision by the President and operation, and the total expenditures made departments or agencies concerned.
by the Congress of the foreign intelligence t9 date. ; "(7) The expenses of the joint committee,
activities and special operations of the IMPROVEMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL SUPERVISION which shall not exceed $250,000 per year,
United States DY ESTADLISIIMENT OF A JOINT COMMITTEE ON shall be paid from the contingent fund of the
Be it enacted by the Senate and House INTELLIGENCE House of Representatives upon vouchers
of Representatives of the United States of SEC. 2. Section 102 is amended by Inserting signed by the chairman."
America in Congress assembled, after subsection (g) the following new DEFINITIONS
IMPROVEMENT OF PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTION subsection: SEC. 3. Section 102 is further amended by
SECTION 1. (a) Subsection (d) of section ?(h) (1) There is hereby established a inserting after the new subsection (h) the
102 of the National Security Act of 1047 (50 Joint Committee on Intelligence to be com- following new subsection:
U.S.C. 401) is amended to read as follows: posed of seven Members of the Senate to be "(1) As used in this section:
"(d) For the purpose of coordinating the appointed by the President of the Senate, and "(1) 'Intelligence' means knowledge which
intelligence activities of the several Govern- seven Members of the House of Represen- is the product resulting from the collection,
ment departments and agencies in the in- tatives to be appointed by the Speaker of the evaluation, analysis, integration, and In-
terest of national security, It shall be the House of Representatives. In each instance terpretation of all available information
duty of the Agency, under the direction of not more than four Members shall be mem- which concerns one or more aspects of for.
the President- bers of the same political party, eign nations or of areas of operations and
"(1) to advise the President in matters- , ?(2) The entire joint committe shall be which is immediately or potentially Big-
concerning such intelligence activities of the reappointed on January 3, 1972, and every . nificant to policymaking or planning.
Government departments and agencies as re- four years thereafter. No Member shall serve "(2)' 'Intelligence activities' means those
late to national security; more than four successive years as a member activities-undertaken for the sole purpose of
"(2) to make recommendations to the of the joint committee, except that a Member producing intelligence, and does not mean
President for the coordination of such intel- originally appointed to fill a vacancy may covert operations which, In whole or in part,
ligence activities of the departments and servo the incomploted term and four years are undertaken to carry out the foreign
agencies of the Government as relate to the thereafter, policy of the United States.
national security; "(3) The joint committee shall make con- "(3) 'Special operations' means those
"(3) to Correlate and evaluate intelligence tinuing studies of the foreign intelligence covert operations undertaken by the Central
relating to the national security, and provide activities and special operations of the Intelligence Agency or other departments or
for the appropriate dissemination of such United States, and problems relating there- agencies which, in whole or in part, are un-
intelligence within the Government using to, including problems of the gathering of dertaken to carry out the foreign policy of
where appropriate existing agencies and fa- intelligence affecting the national security the United States."
cilities: Pro bided, That the Agency shall have and of its coordination and utilization by PRESERVATION OF INTELLIGENCE RECORDS
no police, subpena, law-enforcement powers, the various departments, agencies, and in-
or internal-security functions: Provided strumentalitics of the Government, and the 1943 SEC. 4. ( Ua).S.CS. 370) is the Act by July ds g
further, That the departments and other advisability and problems of carrying out e amended adding
agencies of the Government shall continue special operations. The Central Intelligence an n additional sentence at the end d thereof
to collect, evaluate, correlate, and dissemi- Agency and other departments and agencies as follows:
nate departmental Intelligence: And pro- engaged in foreign intelligence activities and records "Except of the that Central lists
Intelligence tm schedules Age the
ncy.
vidcd further, That the Director of Central special operations shall keep the joint com- or the activities of any oth
er Intelligence shall be responsible for protect mittee fully and currently informed with or agencies ees any other departments
lag intelligence sources and methods from respect to their activities. All bills, resolu- activities and and engaged
operations, ratshallllge re-
unauthorized disclosure; tions, and other matters in the Senate or c speciashall be c-
"(4) to perform for the benefit of the ex- the House of Representatives relating primar- ferred to the Joint Committee on xami -
gence, and th joint Shall intelligence agencies, such additional' fly to the Central Intelligence Agency and to such lists or scheduls n and e submit to the
Intelligence activities as-the President do- activities of other departments and agencies
. Senate
termines can be more efficiently accomplished engaged in foreign intelligence activities shall Senate and House of Representatives, respec-
a report of such examination and its
centrally and directs in writing; be referred to the joint committee (including. recommendations."
"(5) to perform such special operations lists and schedules of records lacking preser- (b) Section 6 of the Act of July 7. 1943 (44
affecting the national security and to expend Vatfon value submitted to Congress by the U.S.C. 371) is amended by inserting, after
such funds thereon as the President may ' Administrator of General Services pursuant the words "joint committee" and before the
from time to time direct in writing." to Section 4 of the Act of July 7, 1043 (44 word "reports", the phrase, "to which the
(b) Section 102 is further amended by U.S.C. 309) ). The members of the joint lists or schedules were referred".
redesignating subsections (o) and (f) as sub- committee who are members of the Senate
sections (f) and (g), respectively, and by shall from time to time report to the Senate, U.S.C. S372 7 of the Act i July g, 1943
inserting after subsection (d) the following and the members of the joint committee who the e joi t committee" e" inserting, the
subsection: are Members of the House of Representatives words "Joint committee" and before the
"(e) (1). Within sixty days of the enact- ? shall from time to time report to the House, word "fails", the phrase, "to which the lists
ment of this amendment, the Director of their recommendations, by bill or otherwise, or schedules were referred".
Central Intelligence, and the heads of other ? with respect to matters within the jurisdic- ^??l
executive departments and agencies having tion of their respective Houses which are (1)
responsibilities for special operations shall referred to the joint committee or (2) other- VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL
report in writing to the President on each wise within the jurisdiction of the joint SCHOOLS IN FLORIDA
special operation in which the department or committee.
agency Is then engaged. Each report shall "(4) Vacancies in the membership of the (Mr. PEPPER (at the request of Mr.
include a comprehensive description of the joint committee shall not affect the power MONTGOMERY) was granted permission
special operation, its history, its objectives, of the remaining members to execute the to extend his remarks at this point in
the number of persons engaged in the opera- functions of the joint committee, and shall the RECORD and to include extraneous
tion, the total annual expenditures planned be filled in the same manner as in the case matter.)
for the operation, and the total expenditures of the original selection. The joint commit- Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, I am
made to date. The President shall review tee shall select a chairman and vice chairman
each report and shall issue a written direc- from among its members, proud to say that my State of Florida has
tive stating whether the special operation "(5) The joint committee, or any duly had an excellent record in moving for-
shall be continued or terminated, and, if authorized subcommittee thereof, is author- ward strongly in the development of the
continued, at what level of effort and expend- ized to hold such hearings, to sit and act building of some 29 area vocational and
iture it shall be contlned. at such places and times, to require, by sub- technical schools and in an overall ex-
"(2) Thereafter, at least once a year from Penn or otherwise, the attendance of such pansion of its vocational program in the
the date of the Presidential directive estab- witnesses and production of such books, State,
fishing the operation (or, in the case of an papers, and docttznents, to administer such Florida has been one of the fastest
operation under way on the date of enact- oaths, to take such testimony, to procure
ment, annually from the date of the Presi- such printing and binding, and to make such .growing States in the country and h 4s
dental directive issued in accordance with expenditures as it deems advisable, expanded greatly its vocational schools-
paragraph (1) hereof), the head of the de- , "(6) The joint committee is empowered to and has presently five more schools in
partment or agency engaged in the special appoint such experts, consultants, tech- the planning stages. It is, therefore,
operation shall report in writing to the nicians, and clerical and stenographic assist- apparent that we must appropriate the
President on the current status of the oper- ants as it deems necessary and advisable, full authorized figure for fiscal 1968 as
ation. This annual report shall include a The committee is authorized to utilize the authorized under Public Law 88-210.
Sanitized - Approved or`e1e