CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP59-00224A000100670057-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 26
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 24, 2002
• Sequence Number: 57
• Publication Date: April 9, 1956
• Content Type: OPEN

United States
of America
102
Approved For Release\2902/01/31 :CIA-RDP59-00?24A000100670057-0
Congressional Record
.i0tth
P13.0C1 4DgPINGS 1\TD DE,DATgs OE.TUE 4
.0 CONGRESS, SECOND iESSI011
TOM?NDA,Y APRIL '9 1956
The Chaplain, Rev. Prederick Brown
- Harris., D. D., offered the following
prayer:
,Lord WV Master 4:0,5 niVst the
tttinult Of these earth-POO:T.1.g Cla'ss. With
all their angry fury, ;We 'come to this
441.11,e Of Thy grace Seeking the tail
01441 ASSAranec. 90filis9 whoSe'Mh-ids
e stayed on 'Thee. At thIs altar of
,prayer hi the radiant afterglow of Master',
With its thrilling? trieSgage the risen
life, steady us with the reaiiation That
,haelt of all the dark trAedy now praiih
the_world there is,the..Permanaent gooa
'f Thy purpose for all mankind, iriivhieh
We nab," helieve and to47)-ligh we InUSt be
loyal, if life Is tb be saved frO:In ffuStra-
*Ann at last,
.packstmeturnin4 to the pressing Prob:
,r,p4. beseech Thee, empoWei-
seryai4ts;Of &rt10.4'a'. *Ware
to Tina to their waiting tasks Minds to
IDetilluminect with kaaring thoughts that
ina;me l'er Thee ud TJy ch?ilOen,
lips to be touche by the burning coals
,hf Thy cleansing that Thoumayest
-wait through thein, Wills that gloW
vUh holy, zeal to dO thy will, arid eyes
-that ?maY see the frxviiihle With the lay
!,k of a faith in thin4s,that7shallAide
beyond our earthly. years. And so we
bra, that Thou wilt ditiet,:c4ptiql, sng7
geSt, this day, all we 'ifes'ign,cis do or Say:.
We ask it in the clear Vedeetner'S" name.
na
,1 1
S.101. An act to grant he status of per-
=nett reattlence in the United States to
iertain aliens;
S.117. An act to grant the status of per-
manent residence in the United States to
Certain aliens;
' $.213. An act to grant the status of per-
manent residence in the United States to cer-
tain aliens and td cancel' deportation pro-
deedingsln the cards of cettait. alIeni;
0.315. An act to waive certain provisions
of section 212 (a) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act in behalf of certain aliens;
5. 396. An act to facilitate :the Admission
into the United States of ,certain .aliens;
S.500. An act to authorize the Secretary
Of the Interior td constrUct, operate, and
-ftraihtain the Colorado River storage proj-
ect and participating projects, and for other
purposes;
5.663. An act for the relief of William T.
(Vasilios T. 13uzunis);
S, 90. An, act Apr the relief ef certain
aliens;
S. 142. An act or the relief Of certain
aliens;
5.1289. An act to establish a domestic re-
lations branch in the municipal court for
the 'District of Columbia, and for other pur-
p"e4 ,
. 1667,
H. An act for the relief, of Liese-
_
;Otte Boehme;
S. J. Res. 122. Joint resolution _providing
for the filling of a -vacancY in the Board of
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, of
the class other than Members of Congress;
5. J. Res. 123. Joint resolution providing
for the filling of a vacancy in the Board ,of
Bagents of the Smithsonian Institution, of
the ciass other thap Memhera ocCongress;
fi .
Res. 124. Joint resolution providing
ticat the filling of a vacancy in the Board of
*egents of the Smithsonian Institution, of
the class other than Members of Cepigrcss.
_! 7
On requeSt of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas,
eta by unanimous consent, t_he reading
r the punaJl or 1,11.b., Proceedings of
ursday, March 29, 1956, was dispensed
. *cptiSAGP 3 U?7
Jo INtiVtEN
: V'clriete42); Autho? ort,t,..e6esrabre lic khrtiii
19, 1959, t410, following filhe acrpuiri of
tiQuiovi0-..eolv,?,4
ilieSepat,P: ies64.
' e4aitIo4."4,--pe'd that the Opeiiker
' Anli% signature tC; tthea_f_Ol.lb_tnginerie4,-
ed -Ala AO joint reMi.5.t.,toie: J
e signed by the Preet .e_ PrY, ,..
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES SUS-
I =Ell npuNci mpouruf-
, -
'Pursuant to the' order 'of the senate of
arch 28, 1956, the following reports
of committees were submitted:
? On April 2, 1956:
By Mr.11.10R,SE, from the Committee on the
34i4440,ed PcgtAvali.ia?
H.. R. sao9. A Mlljehative to the poipolicIS-
tiOn of the kat-ions.). Tax 4ssociatipn, a cor-
poration organized under the, lays of the
Mallet of Columbia, with the Tax_Institute,
Inc., a co1oration organized Ander the
membership- orp rations law of the St:
of New York, in accordance vith l.2
plicable provisions of the memo slo
corporations law of the State it New Yam
with amendments (Rept. No. 1122); 0 deii
to be printed.
On Apr,1 3, 1956:
13y Mr. SMATIIIRS, from* f Co -
mittee on Shiall -
A report entitled "Militafy F ocurff- er11
1956?Volume 1" (Rept. No. 1 '23); o do -4.1
to be printed.
Pursuant to the order of tie Sen te if
March 29,1D56:'
On April 7, 1956:
Mr. GEORGE, from the Sete 't CosOit ,e
for Contribution Investigation pursu nt '.0
Senate Resolution 205 establit'liog e1. 't
committee to investigate chat matat.e s )-
volving alleget improper atte apts .1 .00 11
political contributions to influ 'nee 111 v( ,c
Senator C-fisx at South DA& 3 on t .e
caned natural-gls _btu (Rept No. ,724 ;
ordered to be _printed.
_
ENROIJND BILLS AND JC INT R
LUTIONS PRESENTEE DU
ADJOURNMENT
Under authority of the or; er of 1 ?ar,ii
29,1956,
The Secretary of the Sen Ltc rct )rt d
that on March 30, 1956, he nesei.L xl
the President of the Unitet Stet( t e
following em oiled bills and oint sol !-
tons:
8.101. An act to grant tl- ) stat s
permanent residernce in the :'")dited ta )s
to certain aliens;
8.117. An act to grant tb stab s
permanent re defence in the' -1;
to certain allei)s;
S.213. An ct to grant tl sta s
veinianent rscidsrice In tile -4
to certain aii(ns and to cane( clepor add ii
proceedings ii, the cases of c rtain Lief
,S.815. An act to waive certi If; pro sio
of section 212 (a) of the Imr iamt ) s 0
-Nationality Act in behalf of c fain ,ier
S.396. An act to facilitate I e ado sal 11
Into the United States of cer nail 51 ris:
S.500. An act to authorize la Sc eta v
of the Interior to construct, opera 4-
maintain the Colorado nivel s drage 01t.1.
_arta participating projects, and or Othe psi -
POSffiS;
8.663. An act tor the relief WiLi Z.
couink oissillos T. nuzu3318);
. $..963. An let or the relic of e_rta_n
aliens;
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S. 10/51. An act for the relief of certain
taiere46
B. 9. An act to establish a domestic re-
lationis branch in the municipal court for
the District of Columbia, and for other pur-
poses;
S. J, Res. 122. Joint resolution providing
foe the filling of a vacancy in the Board of
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, of
the ?lase other than Members of Congress:
S. J. Res. 123. Joint resolution providing for
the filling of a vacancy in the Board of Re-
gents of the Smithsonian Institution, of the
class other than Members of Congress; and
S. 3. Res. 124. Joint resolution providing for
the titling of a vacancy in the Board of Re-
gents of the Srnithsonian Institution, of the
Ow other than Members of Congress.
Das AGES PROIVI THE PRESIDENT?
AP ROVAL OF MILS AND- JOINT
RalsaarnoN r
Messages in writing from the Presi-
dent of the United States were communi-
cate el to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one
of hie secretaries, and he announced that
the President had approved and signed
the following acts and joint resolution:
On March 29, 1956:
S.1271. An act to authorize the appoint-
ment in a civilian position in the Department
of Justice of Brig. Gen. Edwin B. Howard,
United States Army, retired, and for other
purposes;
S.1272. An act to authorize the appoint-
ment in a Civilian position in the Department
of Justice of Maj. Oen. Prank H. Partridge,
United States Army, rs tired, and for other
purpOses;
B. I585. An act to provide for the return to
the town of Hartford, Vt., of certain land
which was donated by such town to the
United States as a site for a veterans' hos-
pital and which is no longer needed for such
purptnes; and
S.3482. An act to amend the'act of July
15, 1955, Public Law lei, 84th Congress (69
k Stat. 324), by increasing the appropriation
autherization for the aircraft control and
warning system.
On April 2, 1956:
S. /60. An act for the relief of Pietro
hlednri:
8. Om. An act to provide for the convey-
ance of a certain tract of land In Madison
County, Hy., to the Pioneer National Mon
ment Association; and
S. J. Aes. 95. Joint resolution to auth ize
the American Battle Monuments Comm sion
to prepare plans and estimate for the e ction
of a Suitable memorial to Gen. John Persh-
ing.
EXECUTIVE MESSAGES R RRED
As in executive session,
The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the
Senste messages from the President of
the United States submitting sundry
nominations, and withdrawing the nom-
ination of Lewis R. Enox to be postmas-
ter at 'Helena, Mont., which nominating
messages were referred to the appro-
priate committees.
(For nominations this day received,
see the end of Senate proceedings.).
,
REPORT ON OPERATION OP Mil-
PO SERVICES CONTINGENCY
O ON ACT or, 1953?MESSAGE
TEE PRzsmear
The VMS PRESMENT laid before the
Senate the following message from the
President of the United States, which,
with the accompanying report, was re-
ferred to the Committee on Armed Serv-
ices:
To the Congress of the United States:
Pursuant to the provisions of section 8
of the Uniformed Services Contingency
Option Act of 1953 (Public Law 239,
83d Cong.), I transmit herewith for the
information of the Congres the First
Annual Report of the Operation of the
Uniformed Seivices Contingency Option
Act of 1953.
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER.
Tire WHITE House, April 9, 1956.
REPORT OF NATIONAL CAPITAL
HOUSING Aunionrit ?MESSAGE
FROM THE PRESIDENT
The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the
Senate the following message from the
President of the United States, which
was referred to the Committee on the
District of Columbia:
To the Congress of the United States:
In accordance with the provisions of
section 5 (a) of Public Law 307, 73d Con-
gress, approved June 12, 1934, I transmit
herewith for the information of the Con-
gress the report of the National Capital
Housing Authority for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1955.
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER.
THE WHITE HOUSE, April 9, 1956.
(Ncitn.?Only copy of report trans-
mitted to the House of Representatives.)
BOARD OF visTrons TO UNITED
STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY
The VICE PRESIDE e Chair
appoints the Sena rom Minnesota
I1V[r. THYE] a her of the Board
of Visitors he United States Air Force
Acade , under title 10, United States
Cod ection 1056, vice the Senator from
e [Mrs. Senru].
ESTABLISHMENT OF JOINT COM-
MITTEE ON CENTRAL INTELLI-
GENCE
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
Senate proceed to the consideration of
Calendar No. 1595, Senate Concurrent
Resolution 2.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk
will state the concurrent resolution by
title.
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A resolution
(S. Con. Res. 2) to establish a Joint Com-
mittee on Central Intelligence.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
jection to the present consideration of
the concurrent resoltition?
Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, reserv-
ing the right to object, I should like to
Inquire if this is the measure on which
an agreement to vote next Wednesday
is to be proposed.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. The Sen-
ator from Texas proposes to propound
such a unanimous-consent agreement
as soon as there is a quorum call. The
Senator from Texas will propound the
agreement in accordance with the con-
April 9
versation with the Senator from Arizona.
The Senator from Texas has so drafted
the unanimous-consent request, and in-
tends to propound it as soon as the ab-
sence of a quorum can be suggested.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
jection to the unanimous-consent re-
quest to proceed to the present consid-
eration of Senate Concurrent Resolu-
tion 2?
There being no objection, the Senate
proceeded to consider the resolution (S.
Con. Res. 2) to establish a Joint Commit-
tee on Central Intelligence, which had
been reported from the Committee on
Rules and Administration with amend-
ments.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secre-
tary will call the roll.
The Chief Clerk proceeded to call the
roll.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
order for the quorum call be rescinded.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, it is so ordered.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, on behalf of myself, the -distin-
guished minority leader [Mr. Know-
LAND ], the distinguished junior Senator
from Montana [Mr. MANSFIELD], and the
distinguished senior Senator from Ari-
zona [Mr. HAYDEN], I have sent to the
desk a proposed unanimous-consent
agreement. I asked that it be read.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The proposed
agreement will be stated.
The legislative clerk read as follows:
Ordered, That, effective on Wednesday.
April 11, 1956, at the conclusion of routine
morning business, during the further con-
sideration of the concurrent resolution (S.
Con. Res. 2) to establish a Joint Committee
on Central intelligence, debate on any
amendment, motion, or appeal, except a mo-
tion to lay on the table, shall be limited
to 1 hour, to be equally divided and con-
trolled by the Mover of any such amendment
or motion and the majority leader: Provided.
That in the event the majority leader is in
favor of any such amendment or motion, the
time in opposition thereto shall be con-
trolled by the minority leader or some Sen-
ator designated by him: Provided further,
That no amendment that is not germane to
the provisions of the said concurrent reso-
lution shall be received.
Ordered further, That on the question of
the final passage of the said concurrent res-
olution debate shall be.limited to 2 hours, to
he equally divided and controlled, respec-
tively, by the majority and minority leaders:
Provided, That the said leaders, or either of
them, may, from the time under their con-
trol on the passage of the said concurrent
resolution, allot additional time to any Sen-
ator or Senators during the consideration of
any amendment, motion, or appeal.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
jection to the proposed unanimous-con-
sent agreement?
Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina.
Mr. President, the conference report on
the farm bill probably will reach the
Senate on either Wednesday or Thursday
of this week. The conference report will
be a privileged matter, when it is re-
ceived, will it not?
The VICE PRESIDENT. Yes; it will
be a privileged matter, and may be taken
up whenever it is received.
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Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina.
I thank the Chair.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
jection to the proposed unanimous-con-
sent agreement?
Without objection, the a-greement is
entered.
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panying paper); to the 'Committee on Agri-
culture and Forestry.
' REPORT ON OvnitomteArions or
APPROPRIATIONS -
A lettentrorc the Deputy Secretary of De-.
feuse, transmitting, pursuant to law a re-
port on: overobligations of appropriations
(with accompanying papers); to the Com-
mittee on Appropriations.
REroni ON NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RESERVE
A letter from the Secretary of Defense,
transmitting, pursuant to law, a report on
the National Industrial Reserve, dated April
1, 1956, (with an accompanying report); to
the CoMmittee on Armed Services:
EXCHANGE OF CERTAIN LANDS WITH COMMON-
-, WEALTH OF PUERTO RICO
A letter from the Under Secretary of the
Navy, transmitting a draft of proposed legis-
lation to authorize the eXchange of lands at
the United States Naval Station, San Juan,
Puerto Ric0, between the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico and the United States of
America (with an accompanying paper); to
the Committee on Armed Services.
REPORT ON CONTRACTS FOR RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT WORK
\ A letter' from the Deputy Assistant Secre-
tary of Defense, Supply and Logistics, re-
porting, pursuant to law, that during the 6
months from July 1, 1955, through December
81,1955, no new contracts were negotiated for
research and development work; to the Com-
mittee on Armed Services.
AMENDMENT or FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ACT
OP 1950, 'RELATING To PAYMENT OF TRAVEL
EXPENSES AND PER DIEM ALLOWANCES
A letter from ehe Administrator, Federal
Civil Defense Administration, Battle Creek,
'Mich., transmitting a draft of proposed leg-
islation to amend further the Federal Civil
.Defense Act of 1950, as amended, to authorize
the Administrator to pay travel expenses and
per diem allowances to trainees in attendance
at the National Civil Defense Staff College,
,and for other purposes (with an accompany-
ing paper); to the Committee on Armed
Services.
REPORT OF BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF FEDERAL
RESERVE SYSTEM
A letter from the Chairman, Board of Gov-
ernors, Federal Reserve System, Washington,
D. C., transmitting, pursuant to law, a report
of that Commistion, for the year 1955 (with
an accompanying report) ; to the Committee
on Banking and Currency.
REPORT OF SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
A letter from the Administrator, Small
Business Administration, Washington, D. C.,
transmitting, pursuant to law, a report of
that Administration, for the period July 1-
December 31, 1955 (with an accompanying
report); to the Committee on Banking and
. Currency.
REPORT OE' NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING
Commission
A letter from the Acting Chairman, Na-
tional Capital Planning Commission, Wash-
ington, D. C, transmitting, pursuant to law,
a report of that Commission, for the fiscal
year 1955 (with an accompanying report); to
the Committee on the District of Columbia.
REPORTS ON INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL
EXCHANGE PROGRAM
A letter from the Secretary of State, trans-
mitting, pursuant, to law, a report on the
'International educational exchange pro-
gram, Department of State, for the period
January 4--June 30, 1955 (with an accorrk-
panying report); to the Committee on For-
eign 'Relations.
A letter from the Secretary of State, trans-
mitting, pursuant to law, a report on the
international educational exchange pro-
gram, fon-the calendar year 1955 (with ac-
companying papers); to the Committee on
Foreign Relations.
HOUR OF MEETING ON WEDNESDAY,
APRIL 11
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that when
the Senate convenes on Wednesday next,
it convene at 11 o'clock a. m.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
ection? Without objection, it is so or-
itdered.
LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM'
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I should like to state that it is the
Intention of the leadership on both sides
of the aisle to have our action bn the
unfinished business, the concurrent reso-
lution relating to- a Joint Committee on
Central Intelligence, concluded at an
? early hour on Wednesday, perhaps at
1:30 or 2 p. m. If the House adopts the
conference report on the farm ,kbill by
that time, it is the intentiOn of the lead-
ership to have action on the pending con.-
current resolution followed immediately
by the consideration of the conference
report on the farm bill, and to have the
Senate remain in session until late that
evening, if necessary, in order to try to
dispose of that measure.
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President?
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I yield to
my friend, the Senator from Illinois.
Mr. DOUGLAS. Let me ask the emi-
nent majority, leader what his plans are
in regard to taking up the so-called
bank-holding bill.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. At the mo-
ment we have no plans in regard to that
bill. The distinguished chairnlan of the
subcommittee handling that measure is
in Yugoslavia. I called him this morn-
ing, to see whether that measure could
be brought up today. But until he re-
turns?and I am not informed when he
will be ready to have that measure
brought before the Senate?I cannot
make any definite announcement in
that regard. I shall inform my friend,
the Senator from Illinois, as soon as the
Senator from Virginia [Mr. ROBERTSON]
returns, and we can ascertain the sched-
ule from him.
Mr. DOUGLAS. I thank the Senator
from Texas. ?
SENATOR FROM SOUTH CAROLINA
Mr. JOHNSTON o'f South Carolina.
Mr. President, I have before me the cre-
dentials of the Honorable THOMAS A.
WOFFORD, Senator-designate from the
State of South Carolina. The creden-
tials are signed by the Governor of our
State, the Honorable George Bell Tim-
merman, Jr. I send the credentials to
the desk.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The creden-
tials will be read.
The credentials were read by the
legislative clerk, and ordered to be placed
on Me, as follows: N
? STATE, OH' SOUTH CAROLINA,
EXECUTIVE OFFICE, ? ?
Columbia, _ .
To the PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE or THE
UNITED STATES:
This Is to certify that pursuant to the
power vested in me by the? constitution of
the United States and the laws of the State
of South Carolina, I George Bell Timmer-
Man, Jr., the Governor of said State, -do
hereby appoint, effective April 5, 1956, the
Honorable THOMAS A. Worroar, a Senator
from said State to represent said State in
the' Senate of the United States until the
vacancy therein caused by the resignation
IA the Honorable Strom Thurmond is filled
by election, as provided by law.
Witness: ills Excellency our Gov. George
Bell Timmerman, Jr., and our seal heret0
affixed at Columbia, this 20th day of March,
the year of our Lord nineteen hundred fifty-
Six. r
GEORGE BELL TIMMERMAN, Jr.,
Governor.
By the Governor:
? [SEAL] 0. FRANK THORNTON*,
Secretary of State.
The VICE PRESIDENT. If the Sen-
ator-designate will present himself at
the desk, the oath of office will be ad-
ministered to him.
_ 1VIr. WOFFORD, escorted by Mr. Jonx-
mar of South Carolina, advanced to tile
Vice President's desk; and the oath of
Office prescribed by law was adminis-
tered to' him by the Vice President, and
was gubscribed by the new Senator.
[Applause, Senators rising.]
LIMITATION OF DEBATE DURING
' MORNING HOUR
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimOus consent that dur-
ing the morning- hour there be a 2-Min-
ute limitation on statements.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, it is so ordered.
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.
The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the
Senate the following communication and
letters, which were referred as indicated:
PROPOSED SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATION TO
? PAY CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES, AUDITED CLAIMS,
AND JUDGMENTS (S. Doc. No. 110)
A communication from the President of
the United States, transmitting a proposed
supplemental appropriation to pay claims
for damages, audited claims, and judgments
rendered against the United States, in the
amOunt of $752,779, together with such
amounts as may be necessary to pay indefi-
nite interest and costs and to cover increases
in rates of exchange as may be necessary to
pay claims in foreign currency (with accom-
panying papers); to the Committee on Ap-
propriations and ordered to be printed.
AVAILABILITY OF EMERGENCY CREDIT TO
FARMERS AND STOCKMEN
A letter from the Acting Secretary of Agri-
culture, transmitting a draft of proposed
legislation to amend the act of Auttst 31,
1954, as amended, so as to extend the avail-
ability of emergency credit to farmers and
stockmen (with an accompanying paper);
to the Committee on Agriculture and
Forestry.
AMENDMENT OF COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORA.
TION CHARTER Acr
A letter from the Acting Secretary of
Agriculture, transmitting a draft of proposed
legislation to amend the CommOrlity Credit
-Corporation Charter Act (with an accom-
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5260 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE April 9
AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL Ream= ACT, RE-
LATING TO CERTAIN Piratie Noriees
A letter from the Attorney General, trans-
Mitting a draft of proposed legislation to
amend the Federal Register Act, as amended.
so as to provide for the effectiveness and no-
tice to the pnblic of proclamations, orders,
regulations, and other documents in a period
following an attack or threatened attack
' upon the continental United States (with
accompanying papers); to the Committee on
Government perations.
AUDIT REPORT ON ALASKA RAILROAD
A letter from the Comptroller General of
the United States, transmitting, pursuant to
law, an audit report on the Alaska Railroad,
Department of the Interior, fior the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1955 (with an accom-
pahying report); to the Committee on Gov-
ernment Operations.
REPORT ON LITTLE WOOD RIVER PROJECT, IDAHO
4. letter from the Secretary of the Interior,
transmitting, pursuant to law, his report on
the Little Wood River project, Idaho (with
accompanying papers); to the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs.
FINAL PROOF OF SErreireezerr on TheseavEYED
Poeta? LAND IN ALASKA
A letter from. the Assistant Secretary of
the Interior, transmitting a draft of proposed
legislation to allow a homesteader settling
On unsurveyed public land in Alaska to make
single final proof prior to survey of the lands
(with an accorapanying paper); to the Com-
mittee on Interior and. Insular Affairs.
CONVEYANCE OF HOMESTEAD ALIAYNKENTS TO
IND/ANS OR ESKIMOS ni ALASKA
A letter from the Assistant Secretary of
the Interior, transmitting a draft of proposed
legislation to ,authorize the conveyance of
homestead allotments to Indians or Eskimos
in Alaska (with an accompanying paper);
to the Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs.
AMENDMENT or Secriorr 1343 OF TITLE 18,
CODE, RELATING TO FRAUD BY WIRE.
Remo, oa TroetvIsmet
A letter from the Attorney General, trans-
? mating a draft of proposed legislation to
amend section 1343 of title 18, United States
Code, relating to fraud by wire, radio, or tel.
evislon (with an accompanying paper); to
the CoMmittee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce. .
REPORT ON BACKLOG OF PENDING APPLICATIONS
AND HEARING CASES
A letter from the Chairman, Federal Com-
munications Cemonission, Washington, D. C.,
transmitting, pursuant to law, a report on
backlog of pending applications and hearing
cases in that poromission, as of February
29, 1956 (with an accompanying report); to
the Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce,
REPORT OF PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES
Comusatox
A letter from the Chairman, Pacific Marine
Fisheries Commission, Portland, Greg.,
transmitting, pursuant to law, a report of
that Coannaission, for the year 1955 (with an
-acco)npanying report); to the Committee on ;
Interstate and oreign Commerce.
REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS OF ANNUAL MEETING c
ow JuercIm. CONFERENCE
A letter from the Chief Justice of the 1
United States, Washington, D. C., transmit- C
ling, pursuant to law, a report of the pro-
ceedings of the annual meeting of the Judi-
cial Conference of the United States, held at
Wastlington, D. C., September 19-20, 1955
(with an accompanying report); to the Corn- n
Mittee on the Judiciary. 13
t
REPORT ON PAYMENT OF CLAIMS FROM tf
Conammon OF MILITARY OR NAVAL. RECORDS n
A setter #orn the Secretary of Defense, o
tranethaitting, pursuant to law, a report on oi
the payment of claims arising from the cor-
rection of military or naval records, for the
period July 1 through December 31, 1955
(with an accompanying report); to the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary.
PROPOSED BIPARTISAN COMMISSION ON CIVIL
RIGHTS?ADDITIONAL ASSISTANT ATTORNEY
GENERAL
A letter from the Attorney General, trans-
meeting drafts of proposed legislation to
establish a Bipartisan Commission on Civil
Rights in the Executive Branch of the Gov-
ernment, and to provide for an additional
Assistant Attorney General (with accom-
panying papers); to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
REPORT or DIRECTOR )1F ADMINISTRATIVE
OFFICE, UNITED STATES COURTS
A letter from the Director, AdministrativeOffice of the United States Courts, Washing-
ton, D. C., transmitting, pursuant to law,
his annual report, for the flseed year 1955,
together with the reports of the annual and
special meetings of the Judicial Conference
of the United States, held in 1955 (with an
accompanying report); to the Committee on
the Judiciary.
REPORT OF DIRECTORS oaf. FEITERAL PRISON
INDUSTRIES
A letter from the Secretary, Federal Prison
Industries, Ince Department of Justice,
transmitting, pursuant to law, a report of
the Directors of the Federal Prison Indus-
tries, Inc., for the fiscal year 1955 (with an
accompanying report); to the Committee on
the Judiciary.
TEMPORARY ADMISSION 11.tro THE UNITED
STATES OF CERTAIN ALIENS
A letter from the Commissioner, Immigra-
tion and Naturalization 14ervice, Department
of Justice, transmitting, pursuant to law,
copies of orders entered granting temporary
admission into the United States of certain
aliens (with accompanying papers); to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
ADMISSION INTO THE IttirrED STATES OF
CERTAIN ALIEN DEFECTORS
A letter from the Commissioner, Immigra-
tion and Naturalization Service, Department
of Justice, transmitting, pursuant to law,
copies Of orders entered granting temporary
admission into the United States of certain
alien defectors (with accompanying papers);
to the Committee on the Judiciary.
ADMISSION OF DISPLACED PERSONS-.?
WITHDRAWAL OE NAME
A letter from the Commissioner, Immigra-
tion and Naturalization Service, Department
of Justice, withdrawing the name of Nikola
:Mirk? Vujosevic or Vujosevich from a report
transmitted to the Senate on May 18, 1955,
pursuant to section 4 of the Displaced Per-
sons Act of 1948, as amended, with a view
to the adjustment of his immigration status
(with an accompanying paper); to the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary.
SUSPENSION OF DEPORTATION OF CERTAIN
ALIENS?WITEIDRAWAL OF NAME
A letter from the Commiasioner, Immigra-
ion and Naturalization Service, Department
if Justice, withdrawing the name of Tang
Tsou from a report relating to aliens whose
leportation had been tiuspended, trans-
mitted by him to the Senate on August 1,
955 Intrith an accompanying Paper); to the
lommittee on the Judiciery.
SUSPENSION OF DEPORTATION OF CERTAIN
ALIENS
Three letters from the Commissioner, Im-
sigration and Naturalization Service, De-
artment of Justice, transmitting, pursuant
o
law, copies of orders suspending deporta-
on of certain aliens, together with a state-
tent of the facts and pertinent provisions
f law as to each alien, and the reasons for
7dering such suspension (With acedrapany-
ing papers); to the Committee on the Ju-
diciary.
GRANTING OF APPLICATIONS FOR PERMANENT
RESIDENCE FILED 111 CERTAIN ALIENS
Two letters from. the Commissioner, Im-
migration and Naturalization Service, De-
partment of Justice, transmitting, pursuant
to law, copies of orders entered granting the
applications for permanent residence filed
by certain aliens, together with a statement
of the facts and pertinent provisions of law
as to each alien, and the reasons for grant-
ing such applications (with accompanying
papers); to the Committee on the Judiciary.
EXPANSION OF TEACHING AND llitsrsacH IN ED.
UCATION OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN
A letter from the Acting Secretary, Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare,
transmitting a draft of proposed legislation
to encourage expansion of teaching and re-
search in the education of mentally retarded
Children through grants to institutions of
higher learning and to State educational
agencies (with accompanying papers) ; to the
Committee on Labor and Public Welfare,
CONFORMATION OE' APPOINTMENT AND COM-
PENSATION OF CH/EF LEGAL OFFICER, Posr
OFFICE DEPARTMENT
A letter from the Acting Postmaster Gen-
eral, transmitting a draft of proposed legis-
lation to conform the appointment and com-
pensation of the chief legal officer of the
Post Office Department to the method of
appointment and rate of compensation pro-
vided for comparable positions, and for other
purposes (with an accompanying paper):
to the Committee on Post Office and Civil
Service.
REPORT OF NATIONAL SOCIETY, DAUGHTERS OF'
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
A letter from the secretary, National So-
citay of the Daughters of the American Rev-
olution, transmitting, pursuant to law, a re-
port of that society, for the year ended April
1, 1955 (with an accompanying report); to
the Committee on Rules and Administration.
DISPOSITION OF EXECUTIVE; PAPERS
A letter from the Archivist of the United
States, transmitting, pursuant to law, a list
of papers and documents on the files of sev-
eral departments, and agencies of the Gov-
ernment which are not needed In the con-
duct of business and have no permanent
value or historical interest, and requesting
action looking to their disposition (with ac-
companying papers); to a Joint Select Com-
mittee on the Disposition of Papers in the
Executive Departments.
The VICE PRESIDENT appointed Mr.
JOHNSTON of South Carolina and Mr.
CAnsow members of the committee on
the part of the Senate.
PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS
Petition, etc., were laid before the
Senate, or presented, and referred as in-
dicated:
By the VICE PRESIDENT:
A joint resolution of the Legislature of the
State of California; to the Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare:
"Senate joint Resolution 2
"Joint resolution memorializing Congress
to enact legislation and appropriate moneys
as proposed in H. R. 4446, a bill to provide
assistance to the States M the construc-
tion, modernization, additions, and im-
provements of domiciliary and hospital
buildings of State veterans' homes by a
grant to subsidize, in part, the capital out-
lay cost
"Whereas there Is an alarming shortage of
hospital and domiciliary beds in Caltfornia
provided by the United States Veterans' Ad-
ministration for veterans of all wars;
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5290 CONGRESSIQNAle REORD -- SENATE
some filn, stood un and told the men that to perform in the nationnl defense. Hilt
bade to irsren ..5e.?quse there was no way of can still serve the "folks bap' k home-4f they
getting out of it at 10,000 feet: They all want us to?as instruments of the sympathy,
groaned.
they. Werq In for. a lecture, and that they'd without neglecting those responsibilities we
genetosity, and lode that are hallmarks of
I called Iv my 00 cadets one by one, and the American character.
asked each to 'tea his story while I trans- Unless those intangibles are conveyed to
latcd.. ,Zdy captive audience was entranced. people plainly, however, I'M afraid the costly
Thei/aged tie Octets to sing some of their progiams of material aid are often wasted,
M ot -in songs. Tonkinese music 16 haunt- They needn't be. 'My meager resources in
ingly beautiful, something like the ancient Indochina did not win the people's hearts,
Hebrew liturgical chants. The men listened although they helped. What turned the trick
with rapt attention, and afterward sang were those words "Day la vie my" ("This
American songs for the cadets. The Viet- is American aid") ?an that those words
namese loved Shake, Hattie, and non the conveyed.
best. Translate that. I believe th
That night, hip over the Pacific, new help can b
bonds of friendsh p were formed 'which sur- about vi
mounted the barriers of language. When we stand
finally came in over the Golden Gate the
Aica had iven u their seats at the
mer ns g
windows to the Vietnamese an were ex-
citedly trying to explain the sights by ges-
tures and sign language. And at Travis
Force Base I watched them file oft the ph e,
each sailor and marine with a cadet 1 ow.
While I was on the west coase. I ? cided
to visit a high school in San Di o. Its
senior class had sent my refugeeS bundles
of clothes, and I wanted to thank t e various
people and organizations who had responded
to Operation Hat-in-Hand. Of course, that
senior class was gone now. I3ut the prin-
cipal and teachers buzzed around, and I
found myself scheduled to address the as-
sembled classes a several San Diego schools.
I looked out over that sea of young faces
and felt older thin Father Abraham. They
were noisy kids, dressed in faded blue jeans
and leather jackets, some of the gals in
full-blown sweaters and many of the boys
With long duck-butt haircuts. When I
stepped out on the platform, Wearing my
uniform and ribbons, there was a bedlam of
wolfcalls, whistles and stomping feet.
They were tough, so I decided to shoot the
Works. / gave them the whole sordid story
of the refugee camps, the Communist atro-
cities, the "Passage to Freedom" and the
perilious future of southern Vitenarn. I
talked for an hour. You could have heard
a pin drop.
When I was through, they asked questions,
earnest; intelligent questions that kept me on
my toes. One little girl, who couldn't have
been more than 10, had to come down front
in order to be heard. She took a wad of
gum from her mouth before asking her ques-
tion with intense seriousness.
"Dr. Dooley, what can we boys and girls
really do to help improve the situation in
Southeast Asia?"
Dear little girl, put back your gum, and
don't be ashamed. Your heart's in the right
place. I haven't met a single American who
hasn't asked something like that after hear-
ing the facts. But it's a tough question to
answer.
We ail want to help, but we don't know
how. I guess we're all like Exisign Potts,
more or less: we need only to glimpse the,
truth, and then the scales fall from our
eyes. Only then do we begin to realize the
extent of our obligations and opportunities.
We lose our in111144.0nS, and we're no longer
afraid to speak of love, compassion, generos-
ity. Christ said it all in the three words of
His greatest commandment: "Love one an-
other."
I have no magic formula to offer. I know
nothing about foreign aid in billion-dollar
packages. But I do know that American aid,
used wisely and generously by individual
hands on a people-to-people basis, can create
bonds Of friendship that will be hard to sever.
And We have several willing American
bands arouad the world if we Want to use
them.
Not the Navy alone, but all the Fierdices
? Overseas. They're all made up_ of i3akers and
Anibersons and Gleasoias?we ,were not
unique. Men In uniform have primary duties
n the Ions run such plain
decisive factor in bringing
all the sacred things we
TABLISIIMENT OF JOINT COM-
MI i iEE ON CENTRAL INTELLI-
GENCE
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the concurrent resolution (S. Con.
rtes. 2) to establish a joint Committee
on Central Intelligence.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, at
this time I ask unanimous consent that
at the conclusion of my remarks on Sen-
ate Concurrent Resolution 2, a resolu-
tion to establish a Joint Committee on
Central Intelligence, there be inserted
in the RECORD a number of newspaper
editorials and articles on the proposal
to establish such a joint committee and
also letters of approval of the resolu-
tion by the Citizens' Committee for the
Hoover Report in the western area of the
United States and ?a letter signed by
Mr. Clarence Francis, &airman of the
Citizens' Committee for :the Hoover Re-
port, both of which are in favor of the
adoption of Senate Concurrent Resolu-
tion 2.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection? The Chair hears none, and
it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, to-
day the Senate is considering Senate
Concurrent Resolution 2, a concurrent
resolution to create a Joint Committee
on Central Intelligence. I have intro-
duced similar measures on two previous
occasions. However, this is the first
time the proposal has come to the floor
of the Senate for consideration. The
concurrent resolution the Senate is con-
sidering today was cosponsored by 34
of nw diatinguished colleagues in the
Senate.
The events of the past year have made
it imperative that such a committee as
is proposed be authorized before the ad-
journment of Congress this summer.
This concurrent resolution was reported
to the Senate by a majority of the mem-
ber of the Committee on Rules and
Administration.
To begin with, let me say that because
of the very nature of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency, I think it is important
that a joint congressional committee be
established for the purposes of making
continued studies of the activities of the
Agency and problems related to the
gathering of intelligence affecting the
national security. The Hoover Commis-
sion reconiMendations, the recent Presi-
dential appointment of a commission to
study CIA, the conflict over the site of
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the n.ew CIA headeuerters tuilning, and
other incidents in the pas year have
only intensified my in: erest setin t that
such a committee is establi the I tv the
Congress.
I feel that a joint riongra sinal com-
mittee should be eat ablished and that
the .CflA ahould, as a .:natter of law, keep
that committee as fully and as curl.ently
informed as possible with rtspect to its
activities.
Allen Dulles, Dire :tor o CIA, ma,st
make no mistakes in asset. sing Intelli-
gente. but he should not 'oe, the lone
judge in Matters whiiiti hay ti do with
the intentions of other nations wita
respect to war and pace.
Mr_ President, as you !mow, tile ttresi-
dent recently appoii ted al eight-man
board to review periolically the Nil tion s
Intelligence activitier. Thi, a step
forward, but not far 'enough to each the
goal which I and the cospor sor' ; oi Sen.
ate Concurrent Resolution se 'k.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. Presid .nt, will the
Senator from Monteath. yielil?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yielo.
Mr. MORSE. I wo "der if the Senator
will make a brief statement at his time
with regard to the nature of toe itiris-
diction of the propm.ed cot invite' and
the relationship, if any, lets' ecuthe
President's so-called eight man board
and the Congress of toe Uni; ed States
Mr. MANSFIELD. I ma 3 say to the
distinguished senior 3enato iiom (We-.
gon that there is no n lationi hip be .wren
that board and the (ingre s; iuh t the
board has had its lips sealet; Iha. it, is
supposed to report at least orce every
six months; and that the reoor is to be
made to the President only. MA ha that
means in effect is a furthe ai rot a. kion
of power on the pari: of tie Executive
and a diminution to that e.;:tent of the
equality between the executive and the
legislative.
Mr. MORSE. Will the S inator yield
for a question or two. or do .:s Le prefer
to complete his remaa ks befere
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield
_ Mr., MORSE. I am honcred to be a,
cosponsor with the E-....enater frcrn Mon-
tana, of Senate Concurrent I'es t .Lut ion .2,
and I am glad he .is discus& ng it today,
because it seems to me that once lea in
it is important that thi t.merican
people?who, after al:, in thi la it analy-
sis, shall we say, "own' Line
foreign policy--should be an, rris.td ei the
fact that there is a Coverniten( a ieney
known as the CIA which wt.-k and
functions in complete seem y, inc. over
which the Congress teally t. is int little
authority or jurisdiction eki :epi by way
of the purse strings. In in ,7 v!ew ii is
very dangerous to p?rmit uci a. ar-
rangement to continut, and thnk Sen.-
ate Concurrent Reso-ution To. 2 .s es.
sential from the standpoit t cf main-
taiMng a people's check oI. meTican
foreign policy, to the extent I hat th:. CIA
is involved in Americin forth -tri ool
With that statement, I st u1 I like to
ask a few questions. Does he Se IA to
agree with me that Since the CIA ou'Ran-
izatior functions in any couatr.. hi any
part of the world why ire it taaY ()aerate
with the secrecy that .urrout;ds it, so far
as its relationship to tuie Cola Tee S lb con-
cerned, it is bound tat create, ;he iMPreS-
il
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1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
Raker and / gave the little dooleys a loaf of
bread each and a final delousing, and watched
them shoulder their shoeshine lits and sul-
lenly file aboard the landing craft.
They arrived safely in Saigon, and I'm sure
that city hasn't been the same since.
The conquerors come
The advance guard of the Viet Minh ar-
rived on May 4, according to schedule. It
was a committee of experts, 480 strong. They
mania in brandnew, Russian-made Molotova
trucks, and were impeccably dressed in high-
collared gray uniforms, pith belmets, and
canvas shoes.
? The French-speaking leaders were extreme-
ly polite and respectful. They urged me to
stay on and treat the "true people of Viet-
nam." I replied that my job was just about
over, and that I expected to be leaving soon.
They sent a delegation out to the camp
and gave me a bit of dialectical materialism.
"When you treat sick people in America,"
the leader asked, "do you make any distinc-
tion between Democrats and Republicans?"
"Certainly not."
"Very well," he said, "there must be -no
distinction here between capitalistic dupes
and the loyal people of Vietnam."
Then the cheeky so-and-so ordered his
men to divide up my pharmaceuticals and
eurgical supplies?half for me, and half for
the "Democratic Republic" of Vietnam. And
there wasn't a thing I could do about it.
We took down the tents of our camp and
moved the last of our refugees into empty
buildings in the heart of Haiphong. May 12
was to be our last loading day, which would
bring the total number of evacuees above
600.000. On that morning I had my last
grisly experience in Haiphong.
A rickshaw driver rushed up with a teen-
age boy he had picked up in an alley. Viet
Minh guards had seized the kid as he was
crossing the line of the demilitarized zone,
and stomped their rifle butts on his bare feet.
I had no X-ray equipment, but It was ob-
viOus that the damage was beyond repair.
The feet and, ankles felt like moist bags of
marbles, and were already gangrenous. I
had only a few instruments left, and a little
procaine and penicillin. / did the best I
coUld by disarticulating the ankles where
they connect with the lower leg. Someone
would have to do a more thorough ampu-
tation later.
That was my last surgery in Haiphong.
We got the boy aboard a boat. Then we
turned to the job of loading the landing craft
with our last 3,600 refugees. They weren't
really the last, of course. There were still
several million behind the Bamboo Curtain
who never had a chance. But we had done
the best we could. And I hope the men who
made the deal at that lovely Geneva lakeside
are happy with the results.
On the morning of May 18 we stood by sol-
emnly as Gen. Ren?ogny hauled down the
French flag from the standard where it had
flown for nearly a hundred years. Thus an
era ended. Haiphong was dead, and awaiting
the Red vultures. Operation Cockroach was
forgotten in the shambles of Asia.
A Very important person
'When we arrived in Saigon, Capt. Harry
Day, chief of the Navy section of the Military
Assistance Advisory Group there, provided me
with a hot ttilf and a tall gin-and-tonic, and
gave me all the scuttlebutt from Task
FOrce 90.
Then he said: "Dooley. We must find you a
clean uniform. You're due at the palace
tomorrow mdrning."
Next day the Premier (now President of
the Republic) Dinh Diem, decorated me with
the medal a Cfflicier de l'Ordre National de
vlestnara. Our medical assistance had not
Only 'saved many lives for his people, he
said,. it had Ids? shown them the true good-
ness and spirit of Cooperation that America
No. 57-5
is showing Vietnam and all the countries
of the world who seek to achieve and main-
tain their freedom. "My people," he con-
cluded, "will long remember their Bac Sy
My, his work, and his love."
I went aboard ship and to sick bay now?
this time as a patient. My monthly bout
with malaria was on, and I had a temperature
of 104. When I reached the hospital in Ja-
pan, any colleagues ("Where have you been,
Dooley?") were less interested in my medal
than in my intestinal parasites, which they
said were the most interesting they'd ever
seen.
The Navy awarded me the Legion of
Merit and, after I had been patched up, told
me to report to Washington. When I stopped
at Pearl Harbor en route I was taken to the
headquarters of Adm. Felix Stump, com-
mander in chief in the 'Pacific, and asked to
brief his staff on my experiences in Vietnam.
Although I had never seen so much high
brass assembled before. I talked for an hour.
Then, at the insistence of one of the ad-
mirals. I spoke for 30 minutes more about
the constructive things we might do in the
remaining free areas of southeast Asia. My
words may have been brash, but they came
from the heart. And I knew they couldn't
bust a medical officer any lower than a lieu-
tenant, junior grade.
Afterward, a very spit-and-polish young
officer, Ensign Potts (I've changed his name),
Introduced himself as my aide. "The ad-
miral has ordered VIP treatment for you
while you're in Pearl Harbor, sir," he said.
"I'm supposed to see that you get it."
Ensign Potts baffled me. He saluted me
every time I turned around. When we got
into "my" staff oar, I Would invite him to
sit with me. "Thank you, sir," he'd say?
and climb in with the driver.
Well, if I was a VIP, I would use my VIP
privileges. "Mr. Potts," I said, "there's a
sailor somewhere in this yard?Norman
Baker, aviation boatswain's mate, third class.
I think he's aboard the Philippine Sea. Have
him in the lobby of the Royal Hawaiian in
the morning. Don't mention my name?just
'the admiral's orders.'" Potts gave me an icy
stare and said, "Aye, aye, sir."
Next morning I was in the lobby waiting for
the fun. A bewildered Baker, looking slick
in clean whites, came through the door.
"Over here, sailor," I called. He looked, and
then let out a yell. "E&Yew?Dooley?beg
pardon, Dr. Tom, sir?you sure look like
hell." Then we forgot rank and fell on
each other's necks.
We enjoyed the best the Royal Hawaiian
had to offer that day, and talked for hours
about what seemed like the distant past, and
about the shoeshine boys and Madame Ngai
and Lia and the kids. Then we raised a final
glass to an undying friendship. Good old
Baker. I was happy to hear later that the
Navy awarded him a letter of commenda-
tion?an honor he richly deserved.
Baker, a boatswain's mate by grade, was
really assigned to me as an interpreter, but
he became an excellent medical corpsman.
Like so many of the 15,000 officers and sailors
of Admiral Sabin's task force, Baker was re-
sourceful, steadfast and never ran out of
genuine compassion. Some days my Irish
personality would have me wallowing is de-
spair. Baker always pulled me back. He
would do any job assigned him, no matter
how distasteful. And he would do it well.
His sense of humor got him through, and
frequently me too. The success of the op-
eration owes much to that boatswain's-mate-
become-corpsman, Norman Baker. The
greatest tribute I can pay him is to say that,
within all the glory of our tradition, he is a
fine American Navy man.
But Ensign Potts was getting on my nerves.
We were on our way to Hickam Air Force
Base to get my number for the flight home.
"Mr. Potts, get in the rear seat," I said.
"That's an order." He obeyed stiffly.
5289
"Potts, what the hell's wrong with you?
or with Me?" I asked. "I get along with
most people?but you baffle me. What
gives?"
"May I speak frankly, sir?"
"Hell's bells, yes."
He opened up. "Well, I can't go for this
hogwash you're handing out," he said. "All
this love and altruism and better understand-
ing among people. That's not the Navy's
job. We've got military responsiblities in
this cockeyed world. Big responsibilities.
We've got to perform, our duties without
sentiment. That's what we've been trained
for. Love and kindness and slobbering over
people is a job for preachers and old women."
He said a lot more that made me shudder.
But at least he got it off his chest. I think
we both felt better.
Reunion in Hawaii
I got my flight number and was pushing
my way back through the crowded terminal
when I heard a high-pitched voice: "Chao
Ong, Bac By My" (Hi, American Navy Doc-
tor). Then is pair of strong arms were
around me, and a young Vietnamese was
blubbering on my shoulder. About 2 dozen
more gathered around and joined in the
chorus. I noticed that they were all wear,
ing the uniform of the Vietnamese Air Force.
"Don't you remember me, Bac Sy My?"
Who could remember one from among
those half-million faces? Then I noticed?
the boy had :no left ear. I looked at the
others and recognized the hideous scars
wrought by Viet Minh cruelty and my own
poor ineptness.
"Of course, I remember," I said. "You
boys come from Bao Lac." They told me
that they were on their way to Texas to be
trained as mechanics for the new Vietnamese
Air Force.
Quite a crowd, mostly Americans, had been
attracted by his highly emotional scene.
This was as good a time as any to begin
"briefing" my fellow citizens. So I spoke up
and told the onlookers what it was all about.
I told them where I had come from, a little
of what I had seen? and then I satisfied
their curiosity as to why some of these air
cadets had only one ear apiece. When I fin-
ished I was choking back the tears?but
there wasn't a dry eye in the crowd.
I turned and looked at Ensign Potts, and
saw the tears running unashamedly down
his cheeks. "Mr. Potts," I said, "Mall yours-
self together, sir." He came over, grinning
through the tears, and wrung my hand.
Ensign Potts had discovered the power of
love.
I learned that the Vietnamese cadets were
caught in the inevitable foul-up. They had
been on the field for days with no one to
look after them. Since they knew no Eng-
lish, they had never found the mess hall,
and they were hungry. I sought .out the
Air Force officer In charge; he just shrugged
and told me the kids were due to leave on
a flight that night. I told him I wanted to
be put aboard the same plane.
"Well, now, wouldn't that be nice, lieu-
tenant?" he sneered. "That way you could
get home a bit ahead of time, eh?"
The Irish in me boiled, but it wasn't nec-
essary. Ensign Potts moved La with all guns
blazing.
"Sir, Dr. Dooley is Admiral Stump's guest,
and I have the authority to speak for the
admiral," he roared. "The doctor can have
anything he wants, including the admiral's
own plane. Seems to me the least the Air
Force can do is put him on that lousy
flight."
And the Air Force did. Roger.
Old Dr. Dooley speaks
The big Constellation was filled with sol-
diers, sailors, and marines, and?aside from
the crew?I was the only officer aboard.
When we were airborne, I decided to have
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
sion upon the Icaders of the foreign
countri,es in which it operates that its
actitties represent the official foreign
policy of the United States?
? Mr. IVIANSPIELD. I will say to the
Senator froM Oregon that that is a
fairly sound assumption. The officials
of the CIA could he considered is agents
of American foreign policy, and perhaps
they are so considered in some countries;
but / could not, on the basis of what I
know about the CIA, either prove or dis-
prove the Senator's statement, because
there is only limited congressional con-
tact with the agency.
Mr. 1VIORSE. 'That is so, for the sim-
ple reason that Congress, along with the
American people, is kept in ignorance
about the operation of the CIA. Is,that
correct?
Mr. MANSFIELD. That is correct.
Mr. MORSE. I have One further
question. Has the Senator from Mon-
tana, as a colleague of mine on the For-
eign Relations Committee of the Senate,
ever received any correspondence or in-
formation or complaints in regard to the
activities of CIA in foreign nations
which indicate criticism of American
foreign policy abroad?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I must say to the
Senator that I have not.
Mr. IVIORSE. Ishould like to inforM
the Senator that I have received a series
of communications in regard to alleged
activities of the CIA which have caused
me concern, and make me all the more
enthusiastic in support Of the Senator's
re.solutiorn I think it is highly desirable
that we have, by congressional action,
the authority which I think this resolu-
tion would give us to require this ad-
ministration, through its CIA, to keep
Congress, through the special committee
which the Senator proposes to set up,
informed as to ex?actly what it is doing
In other countries by way of action that
Is bound to have some effect on Amer-
ican foreign policy and our Standing in
those nations.
This all goes back to what as the Sen-
ator knows, is a deep conviction of mine.
I abhor government by secrecy., I can-
not reconcile it with democratic, proces-
ses. In the Senate of the United States
I do not propose by my vote to endorse
the action of any administration no mat-
ter what the party, that keeps the Amer-
ican people so much in the dark as the
American people are being kept in the
dark by the present administration in
the whole geld of foreign policy. As the
Senator knows, I do not agree that there
can be justification for keeping from
the American people by so-called execa-
tive committee meetings in the Senate
a good deal of information. But I par-
ticularly abhor the operation of e-overn-
Ment by secrecy in such a way that it
threatens th.e liberties of the Ainerican
people. Whenever there is government
by secrecy, the freedom and liberties of
the American people are endangered. A
Mistake by the CIA in some tinderbox
area of the world might result in the loos
of the lives of millions of our fellow citi-
zens because no opportunity was afforded
In advance to place a check on mistaken
policies on the part of the CIA or other
agencies of .our Government.
'
Mr, MANS:FIE:Lb. I thank the Sen-
ator from Oregon for his pertinent obser-
vations.
Mr.' President, the announcement of
this hew board Was released 2 days
after the tithe when the hearing on this
bill was set by the Rules committee. I
do not think that was a deliberate at-
tempt: to head off the establishment of a
congressional watchdog Committee on
the intelligence agency; am sure that
was oily a !natter of coincidence. But
it does emphasize one thing: it extehds
and Strengthens the executive control
over the CIA.
I do not object to the formation of this
new Commiasion, nor do I question the
need by the Central Intelligence Agency
and all other intelligence agencies in the
Government for this kind Of supervision.
What 'I am concerned with, however, is
the CIA's Position of responsibility to
none but the National Security Council.
I believe this should be changed. The
neWly' appointed board Members will
have neither power nor control over the
CIA; and it appears to me that it is
questionable how much this group will
be permitted to learn under the agency's
broad' charter.
Mr: SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
will the Senator from Montana yield for
a question?
Mr.'1VIANSFIELD I am delighted to
yield.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Concerning the
responsibility' of the CIA only to the Na-
tional' Security Connell, if a change in.
that Situation were to be made, would
not a 'change of law be required, inas-
much as the law Congress passed in 1047,
as I recall, requires the CIA to be re-
sponsible only to the National Security
Council and to the President?
Mr.'MANSPIELD. The Senator from
Massachusetts is correct. However, in-
stead of changing the la*, I think we
should establish a joint watchdog com-
mittee composed of Members of the
Rouse, and Members of the Senate. In
that way we could provide safeguards
in connection with the operation of the
CIA, and we could also deal with ques-
tions which Members of Congress might
have in their minds,
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
will the Senator from Montana yield fur-
ther to me?
Mr. ,MANSFIELD, I am glad to yield.
Mr., SALTQNSTALL. Qf course, the
Senator from Montana will agree with
we that the, ,Armed Services Committee
and the Appropriations Committee now
have subcommittees with .members as-
signed to follow the .activities of the CIA.
Is not, that correct?
Mr. MANSFIELD. That is correct.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. As a member of
both those committees, I consider I have
been informed of the activities of the
CIA to the extent that I believe it is wise
for me to be informed. As regards fur-
ther information, let me say that, so far
as I know, nothing has been concealed
from us.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Montana yield for a ques-
tion?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. MORSE. / shot ld ilk to ask n.
questiOix Of the Senatoi. from .'-laz-saelre.-
setts. :
Mr. MANSFIELD Certain 57.
Mr. MORSE. HaS the Sex f (ea
Massachusetts ever infe rmed t. Le I on Uri
Relations Committee ce the ir for na tou
he gained in regard to the CIA?
Mr. SALTONSTALL I h kve n Ter
been asked by the Foreign Relat. oils
Committee for any such imormation.
We have discussed sue n matt 3rs ra- her
briefly in the Armed Se i vices Commit tee.
in executive session, as I rectal, ax d iso,
of course, in the Apr)) opriat ora C an-
mittee.
Mr. MORSE. That Ts just my pt int.
After an, both the Semite For iga R
Is-
tions Committee and Cie Sen to Armed
Service's Cdmmittee halt e area re .no.18i-
bilities in regard to for ign pc [icy, the
Foreign Relations Coint iittee Its xo such
liaison officer of which- r know in -esncet
to CIA, and I think its very k
that there be establishi d the mini; com-
mittee the Senator fron. Mont na is Iwo-
posing, with the very-, defini .e ander-
standing that the Jblii Cominiti +Nail
keep the Foreign. Reid' ions Commit tee.
the Armed Services Ccimmitte t ie -Vp-
propriations Committel , and e S'el ate
as a Whole" inforineff. " CertabilY. under
the advice and consefitilause c ti' c Con-
stitution, it is important th?e lzcer
ourselves informed re ;ardini ha. is
occurring in connectiet i with Aneri can
foreign policy. -
Mr. 4.,t,TONSTAtet: As ora nen. ber
?
of the committee, I rep y that to he CY.-
tent I can do so, wider securiiy egula-
tons and in accordan e witi y own
knowledge. of conrse, hall be ve y 1. lad
to inform 'the Senator, from -)re ;on or
any other Senator, Moo ar as is prt per
for me to dp so.
Mr. MANSFIELD. 1.1r. Pr :Isic en ,
know the Senator fret, a Mas ac ns
speaks from his hear:, but I ,aor der
whether the question E sheJ. a t hoq
should be asked in public; if r A, iet the
Senator from Massachlsetts se re-
frain from answering it: L. ow manv
times does_ the CIA. rcquest fled t Mg
with the particular sub f ernmit iees of ;.;1,..r.
Appropriations Comm ittee anu the
Armed Services CommLittee. and how
many times does the Senator I ron IV as-
sachusetts request the 7.1A to bri 1 din
in regard to existing ai:airs7
Mr. SALTONSTALL I b Iie e !-
correct answer is that at lea t t vic a
year that happens in th Arnic 1 S al,
Committee, and at lea l t once a ca.
happens in the Approrr iaUon Cr mr lit-
tee. speak from my i:nowle ge of the
situation during the lest yea oi s( :
do not attempt to refe:- to pr vie is uc-
nods. Certainly the resent ad mil le,-
trator and the forme ? admnis,ra .or
Gen. Bedell Smith, stab d that they' ix ere
ready at all times to answer ma ques-
tions we might wish to ask Ii em The
difficulty in connection -with as :int ques-
tions and obtaining Unarmed m sVe4
we might obtain info mallet w de T
personally would rather not ht ve, ureess
it was essential for me at, a ,11 .ert ties ef
Congress to have it.
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5292 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE April 9
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
think the Senator's answer tells the
whole story, for he has informed us that
a subcommittee of the Senate Armed
Services Committee has met only twice
a year with members of the CIA, and
that a subCommittee of the Senate Ap-
propriations Committee has met only
once a year with members of the CIA.
Of course, it is very likely that the meet-
ings in connection with the Appropria-
tions Committee occurred only at a time
when the CIA was making requests for
appropriations. That information from
the Senator from Massachusetts does
not indicate to me that there is suf-
ficiently close contact between the con-
gressional committees and the CIA, as
Such.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. In reply, let me
state?and I should like to discuss this
point more fully when I present my own
views on this subject?that it is not a
Question of reluctance on the part of the
CIA officials to speak to us. Instead, it
is a Question of our reluctance, if you
will, to seek information and knowledge
on subjects which I personally, as a
Member of Congress and as a citizen,
would rather not have, unless I believed
it to be my responsibility to have it be-
cause it might involve the lives of Ameri-
can citizens.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I see. The Sen-
ator is to be commended.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Montana yield to me?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. MORSE. I wish to say that no
one has greater respect for the Senator
from Massachusetts [Mr. SALTONSTALL I
than do I, and what I say now goes only
to the point of view he has expressed, and
not to the Senator from Massachusetts
himself. But it is the very point of view
Of the Senator from Massachusetts
which I protest, because the very pro-
eedure for checking the CIA the Sen-
ator from Massachusetts has outlined
is at best a voluntary one, and is not
based upon the establishment by resolu-
tion of a mandatory jurisdiction of the
Congress in relation to the CIA. That
Is what is necessary. But it does not
exist under the present very loose and
voluntary relationship existing between
the CIA and the Armed Services Com-
mittee and the Appropriations Commit-
tee. What we must do is to write in
black and white provisions which will
-give mandatory jurisdictional power to
the Congress in relationship to the CIA.
The second point I wish to mention
In connection with a comment made by
the Senator from Massachusetts?whom
I highly respect, but who has laid clown
a premise with which I am in total dis-
agreement?is in relation to the argu-
ment that some information in this field
Should be kept from the Members of
Congress Who serve on the appropriate
committees, and that such Members of
Congress should not haVeaknowledge of
those matters.
Mr. President, let us consider the per.
? sonnel of the CIA. Who are the super.
men of the CIA? They are not elected
officials of the Government. Instead,
they are appointees of the executive
branch of the Government. But the re-
sponsibility as the elected representa-
tives of a free people happens to be ours,
under the advice and consent clause of
the Constitution, to protect the people,
by serving as a check against the admin-
istration?and I care not whether it is
a Republican or a Democratic adminis-
tration. What is happening today, in
connection with the trend toward gov-
ernment by secrecy in America, is that
that Congress has been standing by and
has not been insisting upon exercising its
power to check the executive branch of
the Government in many fields includ-
ing foreign policy.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, the
Senator from Oregon is entirely correct.
The trend to which he has referred began
during the Roosevelt administration, if
not before, and continued during the
Truman administration and down into
the present administration. I refer to
the trend toward reposing more and more
power in the hands of the executive
branch of the Government, and less and
less power in the hands of the Congress.
The Senate must wake up and do some-
thing about this matter, because unless
we do so, as time passes the Congress
will become less of an equal branch under
our constitutional system, and more
power will rest in the hands of the Ex-
ecutive. The policy of increased execu-
tive power is nonpartisan. The same
thing happened under Democratic ad-
ministrations as is happening -under a
Republican administration.
Mr. MORSE. For years I sat over on
the other side of the aisle and made the
same protests under Democratic admin-
istrations that I am making today under
a Republican administration.
This policy of too much secrecy has
been characteristic of administrations of
all parties in the executive branch.
What we must do is to face up, before
it is too late, to the fact that there is an
Increasing concentration of arbitrary
power in the executive branch of the
Government. This process has been go-
ing on for the past quarter of a century.
We must stop it. The CIA issue affords
a good example of what I am protesting,
I do not know of a single secret of
Government which ought to be vested in
the hands and minds of some appointees
of the executive branch of Government
in the CIA, to the exclusion of the elected
Representatives of the people. Who are
these CIA employees? Many of them
are very young, and, from the standpoint
of experience, very immature men. Does
anyone suggest that it is safe for democ-
racy to vest in them crucial informa-
tion, and to say that because we are
Members of Congress on the Foreign
Relations or Armed Services Committee,
we should not have or should not want
such information? I say that we must
insist on getting it, IP we are to keep
faith with the oath we took when we
entered this body, and are properly to
discharge our duties and responsibilities
as elected Representatives of a free
people.
Today we are talking about an ab-
straction in respect to a principle of
Government, but the Senator from Mon-
tana is to be complimented and com-
mended for raising the issue. He has
raised an issue of GoVertunent under our
confititutional system which has been too
long lost sight of by too many people in
this country.
What is happening now in the United
States is similar to what has hapened in
the history of other free nations. They
flowered in freedom for a long time, and
then gradually a small clique of Govern-
ment officials in the executive branch
started taking over their rights, free-
doms, and liberties. The people woke up
too late to discover that they had lost
their freedoms, rights, and liberties. It
can happen in America, if we do not
stand on guard in relation to the prin-
ciple of checks and balances under the
Constitution.
I commend the Senator from Mon-
tana. Through this resolution I think
he has placed his finger on a very im-
portant duty of Members of Congress.
We ought to insist that the power which
has been vested in the CIA be subjected
to an occasional check, as provided by
his resolution.
Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator from
Oregon is absolutely correct. Under the
Roosevelt administration so-called exec-
utive agreements were agreed to between
this country and Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
and Nepal. Those executive agreements
should have come before the Senate, un-
der the advice-and-consent clause of the
Constitution, because they were in real-
ity treaties of friendship and commerce.
Under the Truman administration.
Congress appropriated sufficient funds to
provide for a 70-group Air Force. Presi-
dent Truman impounded the money and
?allowed only a 48-group Air Force to
come into being.
Under this administration, last year
Congress appropriated $40 million to
maintain the Marine Corps at its then
present strength. What happened?
Secretary of Defense Wilson said he
would not use the money. He did use a
part of it. A part of the cut went into
effect. I note from the document asking
additional appropriations for the fiscal
year 1956, page 8, that it develops that
under the Department of Defense, mili-
tary functions, the Office of the Secre-
tary of Defense used $769,000?to be de-
rived from where? From transfer from
the appropriation "Military personnel,
Marine Corps."
The Office of Public Affairs in the De-
partment of Defense used $27,500, to be
derived by transfer from the appropria-
tion "Military personnel, Marine Corps."
For Interservice Activities, Court of
Military Appeals, $41,400 was used, to be
derived by transfer from the appropria-
tion "Military personnel, Marine Corps."
For the Department of the Navy, serv-
icewide supply and finance, $7,400,000
was used, to be derived by transfer from
the appropriation "Military personnel,
Marine Corps."
For servicewide operations in the De-
partment of the Navy, $2,180,000 was
used, to be derived by transfer from the
appropriation "Military personnel, Ma-
rine Corps."
All this was after the Congress unani-
mously restored $40 million to maintain
the Marine Corps at its then present
strength, 223,000 men. What happened
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to those funds? What happened to the
mandate laid down by Congress, which is
supposed to control the Armed Forces of
the United States, and to provide for
them? What happened during the Tru-
man administration when Congress ap-
proprated for a 70-group Air Force?
What happened during the Roosevelt ad-
ministration when, in the field of foreign
policy, Executive agreements were made
which were in reality treaties of com-
merce and friendship?
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. First, with re-
spect to the executive agreements to
which the Senator has referred, let me
say that I believe they should have been
made in the form of treaties, and should
have been -brought to the attention of
the Senate.
So far as the Marine Corps appropri-
ation is concerned, that question is now
before the Committee on Appropriations.
I agree with the Senator that if the
money was not used for the Marine
Corps, if the total strength of the Marine
Corps provided for by the Congress was
not maintained, and was not necessary,
in the opinion of the Department, that
money should have gone back to the.
Treasury, and, if money for other pur-
poses was needed, new appropriations
should have been requested. There
should have been no transfers. I thor-
oughly agree with the Senator from
Montana.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am delighted to
hear it.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. I do not ap-
prove of the method by which the funds
were handled. The question as to
whether the strength of the Marine
Corps provided for by Congress was nec-
essary is another issue; but certainly the
money should not have been transferred.
Mr. MANSFIELD. As the Senator
knows far better than I, a portion of the
Marine Corps cut was restored.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. That is correct.
Mr. MANSFIELD. But not to the
point mandated by the Congress of the
United States. The Senator from Mas-
sachusetts also voted last year for the
$40 million appropriation to maintain
the Marine Corps at its then present
strength. The money is being used for
other purposes, which in my judgment
is contrary to the intent and wish of the
Congress.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. If my memory
Is correct as to the figures?and I am not
sure it is?the number of marines last
year was 215,000, The idea was to re-
duce the number to 195,000, in round
figures. Congress directed that the
strength be kept at 215,000. I believe
that the present figure is 201,000, and
that it will be 205,000 at the end of the
present fiscal year. I am not quite cer-
tain as to the accuracy of those figures,
but the present strength is more than
200,000.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I think the Sena-
tor is approximately correct; but it is
still to be noted that the wishes of the
Congress were ignored by Mr. Wilson,
who is an agent of the President, and
the money was used as he saw fit, and not
as Congress intended.
Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. LANGER. I wish to join the dis-
tinguished Senator froth Oregon [Mr.
MORSE] in. complimenting the Senator
from Montana for bringing this subject
to the attention of the Senate.
I believe that the entire policy of se-
crecy in this connection is a cancer in
the operation of our Government.
Only a short time ago we had the
spectacle of Sherman Adams, assistant
to the President, telephoning to the Se-
curities and Exchange Commission and
holding up for 3 or 4 days a hearing in
connection with the Dixon-Yates matter.
When we asked why an assistant to the
President should call up an agency of
Government and delay a hearing for 3
or 4 days, while in thellouse an appro-
priation of $6,500,000 was being consid-
ered, we received a letter from the as-
sistant secretary to the effect that this
subject was secret.
When the Senator from Tennessee
[Mr. KEFAUVEn] , as chairman of the sub-
committee, joined with other members of
the subcommittee in a letter requesting
the assistant to the President, Sherman
Adams, to come before us and tell us the
reason for such procedures, we received
a very brief letter of 3 or 4 lines in reply.
I fully agree with the Senator from
Oregon that the policy of secrecy is re-
sulting in keeping from the Congress and-
the people matters with which the Con-
gress ought to be thoroughly familiar.
We are called upon to enact laws dealing
With those subjects, and we are dealing
with them, as the Senator from Massa-
chusetts stated a few moments ago, in
such a manner that members of the
Committee on Armed Services meet only
twice a year with representatives of the
CIA, and members of the Committee on
Appropriations meet with them only
once a year, when they need more money.
I believe the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions, of which the distinguished Senator
from Oregon and the distinguished Sen-
ator from Montana and I are members,
can testify to the fact that we see those
gentlemen, members of the CIA, on very,
very rare occasions, and then only when
we practically invite them to attend.
Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator may
well be correct. As a matter of fact, I
do not recall ever seeing them before the
Committee on Foreign Relations, al-
though I may be mistaken about that.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield once more? I shall not
interrupt him again after this comment
If it can be avoided.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am glad to yield
to the Senator from Oregon.
Mr. MORSE. I wish to associate my-
self with the observations of the Senator
from North Dakota [Mr. LANGER], and
I am very glad, indeed, that the Senator
from Montana has mentioned the execu-
tive agreements which have been made
with some Middle East countries, espe-
cially Saudi Arabia.
He has referred to agreements about
which we were not apprised at the time
5293
they were made. I do not believe it can
be questioned that in regard to a good
many of the agreements which are en-
tered .into the CIA has, so to speak, a
background part to play; and does play;
and it supplies what it believes to be
Information which ought to be influen-
tial in reaching executive decisions.
That is why I believe it very important
that the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions be kept advised right up to the
minute in regard to the findings of the
CIA and the recommendations of the
CIA as they may affect American foreign
policy.
Let us take, for example, the executive
agreement to which the Senator from
Montana has referred. Now, belatedly,
we are beginning to get information, for
example, pointing out that in Saudi Ara-
bia human-slavery traffic is rampant in
the year 1956. Before the week is over
I intend to discuss on the floor of the
Senate human-slavery traffic in Saudi
Arabia.
Nevertheless, Mr. President, the argu-
ment is made that we ought to ship mili-
tary supplies to Saudi Arabia. The ar-
gument is made that in order to combat
communism we ought to keep an airbase
In Saudi Arabia.
Mr. President, I seriously question the
whole program of America in Saudi Ara-
bia, so long as evidence can be brought
forth that the nation with whom we
have the agreements is engaged in
human slavery in this year of 1956.
We cannot reconcile that fact with
the high moral principles for which we
as a nation profess to stand in American
foreign policy.
The reason I am pleading for full dis-
closure to the American people of Amer-
ican foreign policy is that if such dis-
closure is not made we get into the kind
of situation the Senator from Montana
has mentioned with regard to so-called
executive agreements. -That happens
whenever we in the Congress do not have
all the facts presented to us.
I sat on the Committee on Armed
Services for 8 years. What did the brass
do? They came before the committee
and said, ."This is our recommendation.
However, because of the top secrecy in-
volved, we do not want to go into the
Information and the facts on which the
recommendation is based."
What did we do? We used to sit there
and say, "Well, we will take you at your
Word."
In my judgment, we should not do
that. In my judgment, in a democracy,
the elected representatives of the peo-
ple are entitled to whatever facts any-
one who has brass on his shoulders may
have in his head. I for one think we
ought to stop the tendency to let the
military, the CIA, and a few officials of
the State Department determine for-
eign policy for the American people,
without any check on the process by
their elected representatives in the legis-
lative halls of the Government.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
wish to say to the Senator that what
frightens me about the whole matter is
the fact that the Senate, particularly,
has been willing to give up its share of
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5294 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE April 9
Its responsibility in the Government
during the past 15 or 20 years, at least.
It is a bad trend. I do not believe it is
the President who is arrogating unto
himself thie added authority. 1 assume
it is in the executive departments and in
the praetorian guard in the White House
Where the authority is being used, to the
detetment ef the elected representatives
the people in both the House and in
1,
e Senate, and against the course laid
own under the Constitution of the
*United States.
It is a very serious constitutional
question. I deeply regret that I am not
a constitutional lawyer, because I be-
lieve there is quite a field for discussion
of this subject. I only tope that the
Senate will recognize the fact and will
take some action to restore the equality
Which should exist between the execu-
tive and the legislative branches of the
Government.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
Will the Senator from Montana yield
once more? Then, like the Senator from
regon,' I will not interrupt him again.
That is, I hope I will not interrupt him.
again, but I cannot promise that I will
not.
Mr. MANSFIELD / am glad to yield
to my friend from Massachusetts.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. I am sure the
Senator will agree with me that the CIA
is not a Policymaking body but that the
policymaking body is the State Depart-.
/Bent Which is an executive agency of the
President hi the initiation and determ-
ination of the foreign Policy of the
United States. In the same way, under
the President, the Defense Department
Is the initieting body with regard to our
national security. I am sure the Sena-
tor Will agree with me on those primary
facts.
Mr. MANSFIELD Yes; except that in
the field of foreign policy avb do have
the advice and consent clatISO in the
Constitution. That clause, can be
Stretched a long, long way. That is
What has been happening in recent years,
With the result that the Senate has exer-
cised less and less influence in foreign
affairs, and with the further result that
the executive department has taken un-
der its control more and more of that
field.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. The point I
Wished to Makaespecially in the present
`dismission is that the CIA is not a policy-
making body of the executive branch of
the Ckwe.rninent and that the policy-
Makinglaci
' dy is the State Department.
The CIA one of the agencies which
the State epartment uses in determin-
ing 'what the foreign policy of the
Government shall be.
Mr. MANSPVCLD. I would be in-
alined to take the Senator's word for
that. However, I do not know whether
the CIA has any part in making policy.
The Senator is correct in saying that it
is the tuned= of the State Department
under the Prmident of the United States
to ea in that field.
4.1r. sAvroterrAus. The present
Administrator. of CIA does his utmost to
Maintain that principle within his
agent*, in other wird% he does not
alone determine policy, but carries out
the orders which are given to him by the
policy-making body.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I agree with the
Senator. In my remarks about the CIA
/ wish it to be clearly understood that
I have nothing but the highest regard for
Mr. Allen Dulles, the Director of CIA, and
for the type of administration which he
Is carrying on. What I am, talking about
Is the CIA as an executive agency and its
relations to Congress.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. I assume that
the Administrator of CIA?the present
one or any other Administrator, past or
present?would coma before the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations and discuss
with it any subject he could properly
discuss within his field, if the committee
asked him to appeal: before it.
Mr. MANSFIELD. - Yes, I- know and
believe he would be glad to.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Of course the
problem of security comes up, both in
public and in executive sessions.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Yes.
Mr. MORSE. Mr President, will the
Senator yield once more?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am glad to yield
to the Senator from Oregon.
Mr. MORSE. I am always interested
In the meaning that is given to words.
Of course, when we argue that CIA is not
a policymaking body because under the
administrative setup it is not charged
with making policy, it does not follow
that it does not make policy. Let us take
a look at Government operations and
what happens when we give an assign-
ment to an agency such as CIA.
It proceeds to gather information and
to make investigations and studies. On
the basis of such studies and investiga-
tions and what it diacloses to the execu-
tive arm of the Government, and what it
does not disclose, someone in the Govern-
ment must then make a determination.
The tendency is usually to follow the
recommendation of the agency that was
asked to do the job of Investigating.
One of the reasons why I believe the
pending concurrent resolution should be
adopted is that we should find out to
what extent in fact?not in theory, but
In fact?CIA is forming policy. I will
telt the Senate my suspicion. My suspi-
cion is that it determines a great deal of
policy. I happen to believe we have the
duty of finding out whether my suspi-
cion?and I am not the only one who has
such a suspicion?is warranted or not.
I think we must take it for granted that
when we give broad powers to the CIA,
which it has been exercising, it has great
Influence in determining_ foreign
I urge that a check be placed upon it.
We ought to know to what extent its rec-
recemmendations are being generally'
followed.
I agree with the Senator with respect,
to Allen Dulles, but I am not in favor of
giving him unchecked power. I want to
know to what extent the recommenda-
tions and the policies made by CIA un-
der Allen Dulles become the policies of
John Foster Dulles. his brother, the Sec-
retary of State. I believe we checks
on families as well as checks on men who
do not belong to the same families.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Not only would
that question be interesting, but I am
sure the answer to it would also be in-
teresting. -
Mr. President, so long as the subject
Of the Pewee of the Executive vis-a-vis
the legislative has been 'brought up, I
ask unanimous consent that at this paint
in my remarks an excerpt from a cora-
munication from the President of the
United States to the 84th Congress, 2d
session, Document 341, at the top of
page 8, under the heading: "Department
of Defense--Military Functions," be in-
corporated in the RECORD.
There being no abjection, the excerpt
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
DEPARTMENT OE DREENSE--MILITARY
FUNCTIONS
Office of the Secretary of Defense: "Salaries
and expenses," $769,000, to be derived by
transfer from the appropriation "Military
personnel, Marine Corps";
"Office of Public Affairs," $27,500, to be
derived by transfer from the appropriation
"Military personnel, Marine Corps";
Interservicis activities: "Court of Military
Appeals," $41.,400, to be derived by transfer
from the appropriation "Military personnel,
Marine Corps":
Department of the Navy:
"Servicewide supply and finance," $7,400,-
000, to be derived by transfer from the ap-
propriation "Military personnel, Marine
Corps";
"Servicewide operations," $2,180,000, to be
derived by transfer from the appropriation
"Military personnel, Marine Corps."
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
also ask unanimous consent to have
made a part of the RECORD at this point
in my remarks a copy of a speech which
I made 2 years ago relative to 3 execu-
tive agreements -under the Roosevelt ad-
ministration which should have come
before the Senate.
There being no objection, the speech
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SPEECH Br SENATOR MaxsriaLis
There is a real issue, and it has troubled
me deeply, as I am sure it has troubled other
Senators. It is to be found in the power of
the executive branch in the field of foreign
policy.
The Constitution specifically provides the
President with certain unique powers to con-
duct our foreign relations, just as the other
branches of Government have unique powers
in other matters. I:do not question those
powers which accrue to him as Commander
in Chief of the Armed Forces.
But In one aspect of our foreign relations,
the treatymaking power, he does not have
unique, but rather concurrent, power shared
with the Senate. Treaties are to be made
by the President only with the advice and
consent of the Senate. The most vital mat-
ters involving the relationships of this coun-
try with others are or should be conducted
within this realm of concurrent power.
But it is precisely in this realm that an
extra-constitutional device, the executive
agreement, now threatens the tine balance
of power which has been maintained under
our system of government for a century and
a half,
it will be argued, as it has been, that
executive agreements are used almost exclu-
slimly In pursuance of authority delegated by
Congress or to supplement certain valid un-
dertakings growing out of the unique powers
of the President That is true, and I think
the device, so Used, is necessary and useful
and harmless to the principle. of balance of
powers.
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5295
But it is not in the mass of executive
agreements that the issue is to be found. It
is, rather, in the few, in the very few. For
it is in the few, the very few, that this extra-
constitutional device can be used to stretch
the unique powers of the Executive. It is
in the few that there lies the' danger of
usurpation, destruction of the constitutional
balance, and in the last analysis, the threat
of Executive tyranny.
This is no imaginary fear which haunts me
and other members of the Senate. Execu-
tive agreements have been used to stretch
_ the powers of the Presidency and unless safe-
guards are established there is no reason to
believe that they will not continue to be so
used. If the Senate will bear -with me for a
few moments longer, I will undertake to
prove by specific example how this extra-
constitutional device can undermine the
power of the Senate in foreign relations. I
will endeavor to show how this device can
and has been used to erode that power and
transfer it painlessly, almost imperceptibly,
from this body to the executive branch.
For decades, treaties of friendship, com-
merce, and navigation have been made with
other countries by the President with the
advice and consent of the Senate. As the
Senators know, these are basic treaties which
establish the framework of our relations with-
other countries. The Senate has tradi-
tionally given advice and consent...to such
treaties. It still does so, for the most part.
In 1933, however, the Department of State
negotiated an agreement of friendship and
commerce with Saudi Arabia. As far, as I
can determine, this was the first time an
executive agreement, rather than a treaty,
was used for this purpose. To be sure, the
agreement with Saudi Arabia was labeled
provisional in nature and was to remain in
effect, I quote: "until the entry in force of
a definitive treaty of commerce and naviga-
tion." Even though it was temporary, how-
ever, the State Department must have known
that this executive agreement? was treading
on dangerous constitutional ground for it
added the following clause, I quote "Should
the Government of the United States of
America be prevented by future action of its
legislature from carrying out the terms of
these stipulations the obligations thereof
shall thereupon lapse."
This executive agreement was never re-
placed by a definitive treaty of friendship,
commerce, and navigation. Though the
Senate has never given consent to ratifica-
tion, it stands in equal force with genuine
treaties dealing with the same subject
matter, to which the Senate has given ap-
proval.
This agreement, Mr. President, established
a precedent. Note now how the precedent is
reenforced. Thirteen years later, in 1946, the
State Department negotiated a similar agree-
ment with the Kingdom of Yemen. The
terms of the two agreements were practically
identical except for two omissions. The
agreement with Yemen no longer carried the
phrase indicating that it was to remain `in
effect only, I quote: "until the entry in force
of a definitie treaty of commerce and navi-
gation." Also omitted was the phrase,
quote: "Should the Government of the
United States of America be prevented by
future action of its Legislature from carrying
Out the terms of these stipulations the obli-
gations thereof shall thereupon lapse."
In short, the State Department appears, in
13 years, to have reached the conclusion that
the power to make treaties of friendship,
commerce, and navigation had become, at
least in some cases, a unique power of the
executive branch, that the consent of the
Senate was no longer necessary, at least in
some of these agreements.
, One year later, in 1947, a third agreeinent
of friendship, commerce, and navigation was
negotiated with the Kingdom of Nepal. In
printing the text of this agreement in its
Bulletin, the State Department apparently
still had a twinge of nervousness about the
procedure it was following. It was con-
-strained to point to two precedents. What
were the precedents? The agreements with
Yemen and Saudi Arabia.
Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Nepal. These
are small, faraway lands. Few of us could,
locate them quickly on a map. Still fewer
have any direct concern with what transpires
in them. Yet, the agreements which have
been negotiated with them constitute a series
of precedents which is of vital importance
to our constitutional division of powers.
None of them has ever been replaced by a
regular treaty, yet all of them cover subject
matter which traditionally has been handled
by treaty.
Twenty-one years have elapsed since the
first of these three agreements Was negoti-
ated. Was the failure to replace the agree-
ments by permanent treaty an oversight or
a conscious expansion of the unique powers
of the executive at the expense of the Senate?
Is this example a straw man or a very real
case of usurpation of power? Will the Presi-
dent now send these three agreements or
their" permanent replacements to the Senate
for advice or consent or after years and
decades is the need still for temporary
agreements?
How is the Senate to deal with the disap-
pearance of its prerogatives in this fashion?
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Praident, I
ask unanimous consent that some illus-
trations of the use of Executive power in
,relation to the power of Congress, which
I requested the Legislative Reference
Service of the Library of Congress to
compile for me, be incorporated in the
RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the illustra-
tions were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS,
LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE SERVICE,
Washington, D. C.,
SOME ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE TJSE OF EXECUTIVE
POWER IN RELATION TO THE POWER OF
CONGRESS
The general nature of the alleged Usurpa-
tion of the powers of Congress by Executive
circumvention of legislative intent has been
stated by Representative HOWARD W. Sivirrn.
Testifying before the Joint Committee on
the Organization of Congress on March 28,
1945, Representative Smrrn said:
"Under our Constitution legislation is
supposed to be enacted by the Congress.
I want to call your attention to what I assert
to be a fact, that we now have not only
legislation by the Congress, but we have
four other types of legislation. I will go into
each one of them a little more fully * * .*.
We have legislation by sanctions; we have
legislation by subsidies; we have legislation
by Executive regulations, under authority of
acts of Congress; and we have legislation by
Interpretation?interpretations that Con).
gress never dreamed of when we enacted the
law. '
"I think that that is of very great mo-
ment. * ? * I do not think the American
people realize to what extent our system of
government is being changed by these inno-
vations. * * , ?
"I do not think Congress as a Congress
realizes it. On the other hand, I think al-
most every individual Member of Congress
realizes what is going on, and they talk
about it and fuss about it, and they say
something ought to be done about it, but
as a rule Congress does not do anything
about it
"Now, much of this stuff is done in per-
fectly good faith. ' I am not here to say that
any of it is not done in good faith. It is
done under the spur of the emergency, but
when we once break down the constitutional
boundaries and begin to do things that there
is not any authority under the Constitution
or the law for, we get into. a field that spreads
and gets worse, like a spreading disease.
"Personally I am very much disturbed
about it and I hope that we can do some-
thing to check it and bring us back within
the limits of what we ought to do."
Absolute and unequivocal proof of execu-
tive circumvention of legislative intent in
- the interpretation or administration of laws
passed by Congress is in most cases impos-
sible to obtain. In some instances disputes
arising under these circumstances have been
settled by adjudication, but in most cases
these conflicts have been characterized by
charges and allegations which were some-
times answered and sometimes ignored.
Interpretations of what a -law means and
how it should be administered may very
well often require the exercise of subjective
judgment The charges of circumvention
may be equally subjective. There may be
no conclusive evidence that either party is
acting in bad faith, or that the Executive is
deliberately flouting the law.
Certainly there are some instances where
evasion or ignoring of the law was deliber-
ate, but in these cases the President usually
acted upon what might be argued to be miti-
gating circumstances or what he regarded
as a more fundamental legal authority. For
example, President Jackson felt that his re-
election in 1832, after a thorough public dis-
cussion Of his veto of the bill to recharter
the National Bank, justified his withdrawal
of public funds from the bank 8 years before
its old charter was to expire. Although he
acted legally through his Secretary of the
Treasury, Jackson knew that he was acting
contrary to congressional intent. "Indeed,
Congress- had already refused to pass a
measure authorizing him specifically to do
this, * S. ?"
In a case of historic importance, President
Andrew ' Johnson fired Secretary of War
Stanton in deliberate violation of the Tenure
of Office Act, which had been passed over
his veto, because he "was convinced that the
act was unconstitutional and was conse-
quently eager to get it in the courts for the
purpose of a test." 2 Although Johnson was
impeached primarily for this action and es-
caped conviction by only one vote, this law
was repealed in 1887, and a very similar
measure was declared unconstitutional in
1926 in Myers v. United States (272 U. S.
52).
The illustrations of alleged executive cir-
cumvention or flouting of legislative intent
in the following pages of this report do not
by any means comprise a definitive listing
of examples. 'They are, rather, cases that
could be compiled in the time available, and
It is hoped that, taken together, they offer
a fairly repreentatiVe picture of eases of
this type.
One other explanatory word is needed.
No attempt has been made to present the
other side, the answers to charges of execu-
tive disregard for legislative intent. Much
background material has also been omitted.
The political context surrounding each ex-
ample is held to the absolute minimum. ?
President Theodore Roosevelt is known as
a Chief Executive who believed in using the
power of his office to the full. Two exam-
ples of his alleged circumvention of legisla-
tive intent are recorded here: a
Binkley, Wilfred E. The Powers of the
President, New York, Doubleday, Doran, 1937.
pp. 76-77.
'Ibid. p. 149. See also Corwin, Edward S.,
The President: Office and Powers, New York,
New York University Press, 1948, pp. 77-78.
'Small, Norman J., Some Presidential In-
terpretations of the Presidency, Baltimore,
the Johns Hopkins Press, 1932, pp. 148-149.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE April 9
In two Other instances, although his con-
Oct ultimately received a judicial sanction,
rr. R. Roosevelt aroused the ire of his pout-
tel opponents by employing the powers
granted to him by these statutes to secure
a result apparently not intended by these
acts, and certainly not approved by Con-
e. Having failed to convince Congress
of the urgency of preventing the acquisition
by Monopolies of public coal lands at ridic-
rusly low prices, he undertook to remedy
this situation by issuing a series of procia-
tionis withdrawing these coal lands from.
bac entry and setting them etside as parts
of the national forest reserves. That a doubt
masted as to the le?efity of these orders is
attested by the refusal of his successor, Taft,
to proceed further without an express sanc-
tion of Congress. Again, when an attempt
was made to Obstruct his efforts at conserva-
tion by attaching to an appropriation bill a
rider exempting from withdrawal as reserves
a large portion of public lands in the North-
West. Roosevelt, without assuming the re-
sponsibility of vetoing a financial measure.
defeated this effort by setting aside all the
timber lands in question before the bill was
? presented to him for signature.
President Woodrow Wilson MLR another of
the so-balled strong Presidents who believed
in the vigorous use of all of the powers of
his office, as the following excerpt shows:,
en Wilson, staunch advocate that he was
of the observance of strictly leghimate pro-
cedi*es, Was not averse, on the occasion of
impending war, to execute a policy for which
statutory authorization, previously solicited
tram Congress, had been refused. In asking
Congress to empower him to arm merchant
versels, Wilson had spoken as follows:
"No doubt I already possess that authority
Without special warrant of law by the plain
implication of my constitutional duties and
powers, but I prefer to act not upon 1mph-
caIon, IWWI to feel that the authority and
power of Congress are behind me."
Notwithstanding the defeat of an author-
izing statute by the action of 11 willful
Man, Wilson proceeded to arm merchant
veels in reliance not only upon his consti-
tutional powers but upon the support de-
rived from an obsolete statute of 1819.
Where an Executive relies on a novel. inter-
pretation of an existing statute, which was
deligned at the date of its adoption to serve
*belly unrelated purpose, it would seem
tb4t by an act of repeal, Congress could
deprive the Executive of the colcr of author-
ity for his action. Whether the repeal of the
law could, of itself, halt the President is
prebably dependent upon whether his ac-
tion, through his subordinates, could be
Made the subject of litigation.
The following excerpt is taken from the
annual massage of President Warren a.
gding delivered to the Congress on De-
bee ff. 1921:
. "The previous Congress, deeply concerned
lbealtif of our merchant marine, in 1920
enacted the existing shipping law, designed
for the nploUilding of the American merchant
marine. Among other things provided to en-
courage our shipping on the world's seas, the
Executive was directed to give notice of the
te nation of all existing commercial
treaties in Order to admit of reduced duties
on imports carried in American bottoms.
During the life of the act no Executive has
ocanpiled with this order of the Congress.
When the present administration came into
responsibility it began an early inquiry into
the fail= to execute the expressed purpose
of e :ones Act. Only one conclusion has
possible Frankly, Members of the
?demOrandUm on the Powers of Congress,
Sh of Impeachment, To Control a 'areal-
in Matter of the Faithful Execution of
gresaioausl &Dation. Legislative Ref-
eporia October 20, 1942.
House and Senate, eager as I am to join, you
in the making of an American merchant ma-
rine commensurate with our commerce, the
denouncement of our commercial treaties
would involve us in a chaos of trade rela-
tionships and acid indescribably to the con-
fusion of the already disordered commercial
world. Our power to do so is not disputed,
but power and ships, without comity of re-
lationship, will not give us_ the expanded
trade which is inseparably linked with a
great merchant marine. Moreover, the ap-
plied reduction of duty, for which the treaty
denouncements were necessary, encouraged
only the carrying of dutiable imports to our
shores, while the tonnage which unfurls the
flag on the seas is both free and dutiable, and
the cargoes which makers. nation eminent in
trade are outgoing, rather than incoming.
"It is not my thouaht to lay the problem
before you in detail today. It is desired only
to say to you that the executive branch of
the Government, uninfluenced by the protest
of any nation, for none has been made, is
well convinced that your proposal, highly
intended and heartily supported here, is so
fraught with diffieultiea and so marked by
tendencies to discourage trade expansion,
that I invite your tolerance of noncompli-
ance for only a few weeks until a plan may
be presented which contemplates no greater
draft upon the Public Treasury, and which,
though yet too crude to offer it today, gives
such promise of expanding our merchant
marine, that it will argue its own approval."
One outstanding authority on the presi-
dency declares that Franklin D. Roosevelt, in
a message of September 7, 1942, peremptorily
demanded that Congress repeal a certain
provision of the Emergency Price Control Act
or that he, the President, would treat this
provision as repealed. After quoting a
passage from the Roosevelt message, Edward
S. Corwin goes on to say:
"In a word, the Presidont said to Congress:
"Unless you repeal a certain statutory pro-
vision forthwith, I shall nevertheless treat
it as repealed." On what grounds did Mr.
Roosevelt mat his case for- power of so
transcedent a nature? Although he made a
vague gesture toward, congressional acts, it
is obvious that his principal reliance was,
and could only have been, on his powers
under the Constitution-a-that _is to say, his
conception of these. Presidents have before
this in a few instances announced that they
did not consider themselves constitutionally
obligated by something which Congress had
enacted but which, as they Contended,
trenched on presidential prerogatives. This,
for example, was Johnson's position in 1867.
But the position advanced by Mr. Roosevelt
* ? ? goes beyond this, claiming as it does
for the President the power and right to dis-
regard a statutory provision which he did
not venture to deny, and indeed could not
possibly have denied, which Congress had
complete constitutional authority to ens ct,
and which, therefore, he was obligated by
express words of the Constitution to take
care should be faithfully executed."
Speaking of the administration of the In-
ternal Security Act, former Senator Herbert
R. O'Conor, of Maryland said: 6
"There is strong evidence that some offi-
cials of this Government?are?engaged in a
studied and deliberate effort to avoid com-
pliance with certain basic provisions of the
Internal Security Act of 1950 which are de-
signed to protect this country against in-
filtration by Communist agents.
"Notwithstanding these provisions of the
interne.' Security Act which provide for the
exclusion and deportation of aliens whose
presence in this country endangers the pub-
lic security, virtually nothing was being done
'Core-in, Edward S., op. cit., pp. 304-305.
'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, 82d Cong., let
gess., October 17, 1951, p. 18323-13324,
by the executive department to carry those
provisions into effect."
? ? ? ?
"In the course of the last few days we held
an executive session with the officials of the
Department of State on this matter includ-
ing the Chief of the Division of Interna-
tional Administration and the administra-
tive attorney of the Division. So far as
I can comprehend their attitude it is this,
that the security of the United States should
be weighed in the balance against a policy of
facilitating our international relations with
other nations. I assert that this is not only
a direct violation of the Internal Security
Act, which these officials are sworn to up-
hold and which is designed to protect this
country, but is a course leading to the prac-
tical annulment of tho statutory provisions
passed by the Congress to protect our in-
ternal security.
? ?
"So long as certain officials of this Govern-
ment refuse to heed the warnings of our
intelligence agencies and deliberately ignore
provisions of the Internal Security Act, we
shall have an open door for the infiltration
of spies and saboteurs."
Both President Truman and President
Eisenhower have been subjected to congres-
sional criticism for impounding funds which
have been appropriated by Congress for spe-
cific purposes. In 1949 Congress appropri-
ated money for 58 air groups. A Truman
order of October 29 specified that funds
would be spent for only the 48 air groups he
had recommended.. This policy was exam-
ined by the House Subcommittee on the
Department cf Defense Appropriations in
January 1950. Members of the subcommit-
tee regarded the action as an invasion of
congressional authority. Representative
State declared: "I would consider that there
is a prohibition in the law against the things
which now are being done. The Congress
under the Constitution decides 'how much
money is to be expended. ? * ? Anything
done contrary to this t; in my opinion con-
trary to the basic law of the land." /
Last Summer President Eisenhower was
accused by several Senators of acting, or
threatening to act, with regard to already
appropriated funds, in a manner that was
contrary to the wishes and intentions of
Congress.' In the public works appropria-
tion bill Congress inserted provisions for
funds for some projects that did not appear
in the President's budget. "According to
the newspaper stories," said Senator MORSE,
"the President implied such unbudgeted
projects will not be initiated even though
the Congress has specifically appropriated
the funds until detailed engineering plans
have been completed. * * * It will be a sad
day for government by law if a President is
allowed to thwart the will of Congress as
President Eisenhower apparently intimated
he might do."
With reference to an aspect of the Dixon-
Yates controversy, Senator Glefatroarzy said:
"If it shall continue to be true that the
President and the Bureau of the Budget can
defy the acts of Congress in making appro-
priations and can say, 'notwithstanding the
ap_propriations, that tlao works will not be
built because the executive department does
not approve ea them, although the Presi-
dent has signed the bill it is useless to talk
about saving free government." Referring to
the congressional appropriation affecting the
Marine Corps, Senator MANSFIELD declared:
"Why should Secretary [of Defense] Wilson
thwart the will of the Congress by saying he
6 Executive-Legislative Relations: Exam-
ples of Real or Alleged Overstepping, 1920-51,
Legislative Reference Service Report, May 28,
1951.
'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD (daily edition),
July 18, 1955, pp. 917E-9183.
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1956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 15,297
had impounded the $46 million authorized and modified the tariff in ninrierous re-
by the Congress to keep the marines at their ciprocal trade agreements by means other
present strength? * * * This is something than the treaty-making process."
the exabutive branch is doing regardless of The more specific illustrations are:
the action taken 'by Congress." On another '`1. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION 11
staiject, Senator NaliriShOsa said: "The Pres-
ident annOuricas to the world, in a press
America, by proclamation by the President
-statement ethat,veri though the Congress
of the United States, September 10, 1934
has_ prOVided for the' Cougar Darn., he evi-
dently does riot intend to proceed with the "Whereas by a joint resolution of the Con-
spending of the manta for it, although the gress of the United States of America, ap-
appropriation has been provided by the proved June 19, 1934, the President was au-
Congree8:" thorized to accept membership for the Gov-
? A question of execattive as against legis- ernment of the United States of America in
lative authority arose last July when Presi- the International Labor Organization, pro-
dent Eisenhower signed the Defense Depart- vided that in accepting such membership the
ment appropriation b111. Section 638 of this President should assume on behalf of the
measure gave to the Appropriations Corn- United States of America no obligation under
mittees of the Senate 'and the Holies a virtual the covenant of the League of Nations. * * *
veto power oVer certain ptopOsed cutbacks in "2. aalmsITION OF ATLANTIC NAVAL BASES 12
some of the businesS enterprises in the De- "Naval and air bases
tense Department. 'inc President signed the
money, but he declared in his message of "Arrangement providing for lease to the
- July 13 that section 838 "constitutes an un- United States oi naval and air bases in iiivaslthi of
province of the tigua Bahamas, Bermuda, British Guiana,
Executive. * ? ? Such section Will be re- Jamaica, Newfoundland, St. Lucia, and
garded as invalid * * unless otherwise Trinidad and for transfer to the United King-
determined by a court of competent juris- dom of 50 United States Navy destroyers.
diction."
"Effected by exchange of notes signed at
According to the Washington Star of July Washington September 2, 1940.
15, Representative SIKES was completely "Duration: Not stated; leases to run for
shocked at the President's attitude. "SO.- 99 years.
dom have I heard such complete and utter "Text: (54 Stat. 2405; E. A. S. 181; 203
disregard for the rights and privileges of L. N. T. S. 2011. Opinion of the Attorney
Congress or of the constitutional processes General,
of law." He said the President would "in "Advising that the proposed arrangement
this way seek to place himself above the law might be concluded as an executive agree-
and to set aside a section of law that he or ment and that there was Presidenital power
someone who apdaks for him does not like,
to transfer title and possession of the over-
This is veto by paragraph, and veto by para- age destroyers (39 Op. Att. Gen., 484).
graph is not legal. This is usurpation of the "3. ATLANTIC CHARTER
powers of the Congress." House Majority "On August 14, 1941, President Roosevelt
Leader MdCoaatacia said: "I had the idea that and Prime Minister Churchill, representing
the bivil War settled the qttestion of nullifi- the United States and Great Britain, issued
cation in this country, but this is a nullifies.- a joint declaration of peace aims. ? * ?
tion of an act of Congress." "4. PAN AMERICAN UNION 14
The following material consists entirely of
examples of executive agreements and other ' "The Pan American Union was set up and
international agreements arrived at through continues to exist by virtue of a series of
executive action. The first 2 excerpts die- resolutions to which the President's pleni-
cuss the subject in -general terms; the next potentiaries, as members of international
4 consist of more speeific illustrations:
conferences of the American states, gave his
The first of the general excerpts follows :9 and their consent, but in regard to which
"Generally speaking, the interwar period Congress appears to have exercised no influ-
was characterized by the wide lice of execu- ence other than its power?common to both
tive agreements to effect international un- treaty- and agreement-made unions?to
derstandings on matters that seem quite as grant or to withhold appropriations for the
important as those dignified by the use of the payment of the recurrent dues."
treatyinaking process. Approval by two-
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
thirds of the Senate was not required to
terminate the First World War, to join the this new commission be able to make
International Labor Organization, to acquire available to the public and to Congress
Atlantic naval bases in British territory in anything they learn about CIA doing the
return for overage destroyers, to accept the wrong things or not doing enough of the
Atlantic Charter, nor to enter into lend-lease right things? This commission is re-
agreements.'
bill because the Department had to have the "United Kingdom
sponsible to the executive department
The second of the general excerpts states:" alone, and lacks the legal authority a
"The 'United States anneged Texas add congressional inquiry enjoys. An Ex-
Hawaii, ended the First World War, joined
Ex-
the Internatlon,a1 Labor Organization, the ecutive order could conceal any report
Universal Postal Union and the Ma Ameri- or recommendatidn the Board might
can Union, 'settled over $10 billion worth of make on the grounds that revealing such
post-World War I debts. acquired Atlantic information might injure the country.
naval bases in British territory during World The Congress would still remain in the
War II, acquired an financial claims of the
Soviet 'Union in the-United States, joined the dark.
United Nations pledging itself not to make It is true that intelligence services of
separate peace in World War II and to accept other major countries operate without
the Atlantic Charter, submitted over a
score of cases to international arbitration,
? Cheever, Daniel, and H. Field Haviland.
American Foreign Policy and the Separation
OX Powers. P.99.
*0 McDougal, Myres S. and Asher Lane.
Treaties and Coiagressional-ExeCutive or
Presidential Agreernents: Interchangeable
Inatruments of National Policy. Yale Law
Journal, Vol. 54, no. 2, March 1945. P. 238.
No. 57-6
direct control of the leg-lature This
;
is understandable in a te talitari an gov-
ernment, such as the Sciviet Ution it
is even understandable he a pa; 'lame],
tary democracy, such as Great Br: tale'.
where the entire adminisi ration -s a part
of and is responsible to Pialiame it. Our
form of Government, however, is based
on a system of checks ard balance';. ii
this system gets seriously out of ba an
at any point, the whole systen is jeo-
pardized, and the way is openee- for Inc
growth of tyranny.
CIA is the only major Feder c am envy
over which Congress exeeeises Jot> oireet
and formal control. Its budge:. aid ;,J,
personnel lists are classik ad. 11.3-; law tte
agency can withhold eve), such ; ;by:Leafy
unimportant informatim as tin sa; or; es
of its top officials.
It has been the tritlition in boil)
Houses of Congress to have iadividual,
but corresponding, eon)) oittees to han-
dle legislation in both the Ho US4 add
Senate. We have the Comm. ttees on
Agriculture, Finance, Ju,liciary, Ferei;d1
Relations, and so on. These corannt-
tees generally correspoi ;d to .xeeut. ye
departments or agencie in th -jr ;ur:s-
diction.
The Congressional Di) ectory list; CIA
as an executive agency, directly reLiptn-
sible to the President: ht wever, he other
agencies and commissions u; de; tmts
listing are relatively stall in a am ier or
employees and many e -t larg -ly :n in
advisory capacity. We efo not I now how
large CIA is, but accoreing to olaos for
its new concentrated hs adqual ter:, ii 15
no longer a small agency, if it ever was.
CIA is subject to cant ressior al Jreview
by four established and fully a .rthort-Jed
subcommittees, and I at I sure ;hat they
are doing a creditable a) .d fine job But
this is not enough. The Set ate rs on
these committees have n any otl Ler Lhhigs
to consider, as members if the f JernJed
Services and Appropri .tions Commit-
tees. In addition, the) e is no stall to
rely on. The Approp iation Co;nnlit-
tee's check on CIA is ge erally, I a -.sea m%
when the executive bud tet roe les- is up
for consideration. The ArmeJjS ry- Cos
Committee receives a p;riodie report or
at the committee's reqp St. Ii addit On,
several checks have beta mad ; bj inde-
pendent groups, as we mow. Ei ;n .1;e.
recent Commission set Jip by ;he Pr_-si-
dent functions only phrttime at _d will
make only a periodic eneck on; the CIA
That is not what we ni ed; th-se checia
are fine but we need s contii util check
on the operations of ti is age -ecy wiliel;
seems to be expanding t ontinu illy.
most
most efficient method it by a .1 ;in : (1rn-
mittee on Central Inti thetenc
There have been a number of epee; ts
recently that all is not :e'en wit i ti Le (-IA_
The Hoover Commissio i repoi ed a vroe-
ful shortage of info= eation alas_ at the
Soviet Union, and note that 'he agency
could stand some interr ai adm nit tra hive
U. S. Congress, 75th Gang., 3d sees.,
Senate Doc. 1:84, p. 6581.
12U. S. Congress, 76th Cong., 3d sess., House
Doc. 943.
1.8 Langer, William L., comp. and ed., An
Encyclopedia of World History, Boston
Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1952, p. 1137.
u McClure, Wallace M., Internationa
Executive Agreements, New York, Columbi
University Press, 1941, p. 12.
improVC-thents. These are th s art: of
inadequacies which thi newly appoihted
Commission certainly -ill not all ;w.
congressional guardian; migh be ab.,; re,
compel even swifter t 5th or ref Ji al
1 than could an executive con mit tee
a Everything about CiA is lotoee.
secrecy CIA is freed from ora )tie ally
fri *
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5298 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
every ordinary form of congressional re-
view. Control of its expenditures is ex-
empted from the provisions of law which
prevent financial abuses in other Gov-
ernment agencies.
I agree that an intelligence agency
must maintain secrecy to be effective.
And I certainly do not mean to suggest
that CIA should reprint for public con-
sumption every item that comes across
the Director's desk. If sources of infor-
mation were inadvertently revealed, they
would quickly dry up. Not only would
the flow of information be cut off, but
the lives of many would be seriously en-
dangered. In addition, much of the
value of the intelligence product would
be lost if it were known tha t we possessed
It. For these reasons, secrecy is obvi-
ously necessary.
However, there is a profound differ-
ence between an essential degree of
secrecy to achieve a specific purpose and
secrecy for the mere sake of secrecy.
Once secrecy becomes sacrosanct, it in-
vites abuse. If we accept the idea of
secrecy for secrecy's sake we will have
no way of knowing whether we have a
very fine intelligence service or a very
poor one.
If a new joint committee is set up as
proposed in Senate Concurrent Resolu-
tion 2, all bills, resolutions, and other
matters in the Senate or in the House of
Representatives relating primarily to the
CIA, would be referred to the joint com-
mittee; and the joint committee would,
from time to time, make whatever re-
ports are necessary to the Congress con-
cerning its relationship with the CIA.
The enactment of the concurrent reso-
lution would establish a joint commit-
tee, composed of 6 Members of the Sen-
ate to be appointed by the President of
the Senate, and 6 Members of the House
of Representatives to be appointed by
the Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives. Of the 6 Members to be appointed
from the Senate, 3 shall be members of
the Central Intelligence Agency Sub-
committee of the Committee on Appro-
priations of the Senate and 3 shall be
members of the Central Intelligence
Agency Subcommittee of the Committee
on Armed Services of the Senate. The
six House Members would be appointed
from the corresponding subcommittees
In the House. In each instance, not more
than four members shall be of the same
political party.
The joint committee or any duly au-
thorized subcommittee thereof would be
authorized to hold such hearings, to sit
and to act at such places and times, to
require, by subpena or otherwise, the
attendance of such witnesses and the
production of such books, papers, and
documents, to administer such oaths, to
take such testimony, to procure such
printing and binding, and to make such
expenditures as It deemed advisable.
The committee would be, in addition,
empowered to appoint a small, selective
staff of persons having the highest pos-
sible clearance, and would be authorized
to utilize the services, information, fa-
cilities, and personnel of the departments
and establishments of the Government.
The staff which I had envisioned for
Such a joint committee would be small
and would be subject to the most rigor-
ous security regulations. Such a staff
of trained, specialized, and dedicated
persons would assist the committee
members in making checks and ap-
praisals on CIA and its operation.
There certainly should be no more risk
in trusting classified information to a
trusted few connected with a congres-
sional committee than there would be
to a trusted many in a Government
agency,
It has been pointed out that there is
too little legislation to require a com-
mittee of this nature. Admittedly, pro-
posed legislation which would be referred
to the suggested joint committee might
have helped to resolve problems and to
make suggestions in the controvery over
the site of the proposed CIA building.
As to other legislation, it is difficult to
know what might have happened. We
must remember that a joint committee
would also be a defender of CIA against
unwarranted and unjustified attacks
from within and outside the Federal
Government.
Mr. President, in my opinion, the CIA
is in somewhat the same category as the
Atomic Energy Commission; and just as
a special committee, with well-defined
authority and powers, has been created
on a joint congressional basis to oversee
and supervise the interests of AEC, so I
believe that a joint congressional com-
mittee should be created for the same
purpose in connection with the CIA. I
realize full well, because of the very
nature of the duties of the CIA, that
there has been no public scrutiny of its
activities. This may be necessary in this
day and age, but I believe that a joint
congressional committee should be
created for the purpose of making cer-
tain that good management is main -
coined in the CIA and also to keep a con-
stant check on its intelligence policies.
It is well, loo, that this joint committee
should be in a position to criticize any
mistakes which the CIA may make.
Until a committee of the kind this
resolution proposes is established, there
will be no way of knowing what serious
flaws in the Central Intelligence Agency
may be covered by the curtain of secrecy
in which it is shrouded.
The creation of the new executive
board to review intelligence fulfills par-
tially the suggestem of the recent
Hoover Commission report on intelli-
gence. However, it is only a partial ful-
fillment of the Hoover Commission rec-
ommendations. The Hoover Commis-
sion, on two occasions, suggested a bi-
partisan committee, including Members
of both Houses of Congress, empowered
by law to ask and get whatever informa-
tion it thought necessary to aid, guide, or
restrain CIA.
Recommendation No. 2 of the recent
intelligence activities report of the
Hoover Commission reads as follows:
That a small, permanent, bipartisan cora-
mission, composed of Members of both
Houses of the Congress and other public-
spirited citizens commanding the utmost
national respect and confidence, to be estab-
lished by act of Congress to make periodic
surveys of the organizations, functions,
policies, and results of the Government
agencies handling foreign intelligence opera-
tions; and to report, uuder adequate security
safeguards, its findings and recommends-
_
April 9
tions to the Congress, and to the President,
annually and at such other times as may be
necessary or advisable. The proposed
watchdog com:mission should be empowered
by law to demand and receive any informa-
tion it needed for its own use. It would be
patterned after the Commission on Organ-
ization of the Mcedutive Branch of the Gov-
ernment (Hoover Commission). Appoint-
ments by the President of persons from pri-
vate life to the proposed commission should
be made from a select list of distinguished
individuals of unquestioned loyalty, integ-
rity, and ability, with records of unselfish
service to the Nation.
Mr. President, I wish to state again
that the appointment of the citizens
board should not preclude the establish-
ment of a continuing and permanent
congressional' watchdog committee.
Such a committee would act as a finan-
cial overseer, supervisor, guardian, spon-
sor, and defender of the CIA. It could
give a constant and more thorough su-
pervision to our intelligence activities
than could any periodic check.
At the time of my appearance before
the Rules Co:mmittee in behalf of this
concurrent resolution I was informed by
the distinguished senior Senator from
New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES] that he
voted against the creation of the civilian
advisory group, and it is his belief that
the distinguished senior Senator from
Arkansas [Mr. MCCLELLAN] joined him
in this decision. Both of them, however,
as members, of the Hoover Commission,
would recommend, according to the Sen-
ator from New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES],
the establishment of a Joint Congres-
sional Committee for the CIA.
Two committees, the Joint Congres-
sional Atomic Energy Committee and the
Joint Congressional Central Intelligence
Committee, would be mutually support-
ing. They should insure as far as hu-
manly possible, a proper support for and
control of our powerful intelligence or-
ganizations. This a citizens' commit-
tee cannot do alone.
Before concluding my statement in
behalf of Senate Concurrent Resolution
2, I wish to comment briefly on the de-
termined opposition to this measure be-
ing voiced by various members of the
executive department. The determined
effort to defeat this concurrent resolu-
tion is another instance of executive in-
terference with a purely congressional
function. In fact the President is
quoted in the press to have said, "It is
too sensitive for Congress to take it up."
I am sure that I need not remind my
colleagues here in the Senate that a con-
current resolution is not subject to Pres-
idential approval or disapproval. It
is the prerogative of the Congress to set
up such a joint committee if it so desires.
Executive co:otrol has been on the in-
crease in recent years, and I do not feel
that this is good for a Federal govern-
ment whose secure foundation is based
upon a system of checks and balances
between the executive, legislative, and
judiciary.
As an illustration--and I have men-
tioned this before?I wish to remind my
colleagues that last year the Congress
appropriated an additional $40 million
In funds to maintain the Marine Corps
budget at a more satisfactory strength,
but these funds were not used as di-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENAlE
rected by Congress: In the American
system each irnpolant segment of our
governniental opefation is subject to
cbeek by another segment. Such an Ira-
portant agency as CIA should not be left
Uneheciced.
As has been so ably stated by New York
Times columnist, Hanson 13aldwin:
if war is too 'important to be left to the
generals, it should be clear that intelligence
iS too important to be left unsupervised.
I firmly believe that it is now more
Imperative than ever that a joint con-
gressional committee be created at the
earliest opportunity. The representa-
tives of the people are the ones who
should be given, through a joint com-
mittee of Congress, the right to act for
the Congress vis-a-vis the CIA, just as
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
does at the present time and has done
for some years vis-a-vis the Atomic En-
ergy Commission
Mr. MORSE. 'Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr, MORSE. The most convincing
raiment, in my opinion, for the adop-
tion of the coneurreni resolution is
President Eisenhower's ObjeCtion to it.
When the President of the 'United States
says that the matter of the C/A is too
sensitive for Congress to take up, he
shows the American people what many
of us haye long known, namely, his lack
of understanding and appreciation of
the legislative process cif the C4overn-
nient, and the cheek and balance system
of the Constitution.
I say to the President of the United
States from the floor today that no topic
of Government belonging to all the peo-
ple of the country is too sensitive for
the elected representatives of a free peo-
ple to handle. ft is about time the
American people Made that clear to the
President. What the President needs is
a refresher course On the constitutional
system of our country.
For the President to say that Congress,
aging under the legislative process of a
concurrence resolution, seeks to deal
with a subject matter which is too deli-
cate for Congress to handle, shows that
the President lacks a sensitiVity, and an
imderstancling of our constitutional sys-
tem itself. His very criticism of the
Senator's concurrent resolution is, in my
opinion, a sound reason for the adoption
of the concurrent resolution at the
earliest possible hour.
Mr. MANSHELD. I may say to the
Senator from Oregon that the Senate,
likewise, should wake up to its responsi-
bilities and should recognize the fact
that what we are roonsidering today is a
resolution which will not4 under any con-
ditions, be sent to the White House.
This is a matter for Congress itself to
decide. I think Congress can take care
of its own housekeeping, and is fully
capable of rendering its own decisions
ahd making its own juctgrnents.
Mr. mita% Completely agree with
that confluent. One of the reasons why
I am one of the cosponsors of the con-
ciirrent resolution is that it is long over-
due that the Congress of the United
States should assume its clear responsi-
bility in this matter. We should pro-
ceed, Without any hesitation' , to give the
people of the country a *rvice they are
entitled to have from us, by adopting the
concurrent resolution, thus bringing the
CIA under the surveillance of the Con-
gress, and putting an end to this type of
government by secrecy on the part of
the President of the United States.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I thank the Sena-
tor.
Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield'?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. LANGER,. I wish to agree fully
with the viewpoints of the distinguished
Senator from Montana.
Elam= I
[From the Wall Street Joural of January 27,
1956]
TRE LONE JUDGE
Mr. Allen Dulles, head of the cloak-and-
dagger Central Intelligence Agency, opposes
a bill now before the Senate which would
create a congressional watchdog committee
for CIA.
The hill would empower a 12-man commit-
tee drawn from the Hquse and Senate Armed
Services and Appropriations ommittees to
alk CIA how it's doing in intelligence mat-
ters and where the money's going that it
spends. These are questions Congress can-
not now ask.
Mr. Dulles- doesn't like the idea; he says
that if the bill becomes law there might be
leaks of Agency secrets from the committee
which might endanger the plans and pro-
grams Of CIA. We can recall no important
leaks from the Joint Congressional Atomic
Energy Committee which watchdogs the AEC.
Apparently a number of Senators don't
agree with Mr. Dulles' ideas on the subject.
Thirty-five of them sponsored the watchdog
bill under which Mr. Dulles will have to leak
some information to the Congress which cre-
ated the secret agency. Mr. Dulles may make
no mistakes in assessing intelligence; but he
Should not be the lone judge in matters that
have to do with the intentions of other na-
tions for war or peace.
?
[From the Butte Standard of January 29,
lops] .
OUR INTELLIGENCE HAS BEEN POUND WANTING
A Hoover Commission task force looked
into the operations of the highly secretive
central Intelligence Agency last spring and
came up with this conclusion: "The task
force is deeply concerned over the lack of
adequate intelligence data from behind the
Iron Curtain."
The task force also found: "Effective in-
telligence has become increasingly necessary
for our protection against propaganda, in-
filtration and aggressions of the Communist
leaders. By trial and error, tatudy and skill,
we hate Made progrbss; but we =1st not
labor under any complacent delusions."
Reflecting upon this incident, as well as
upon the fact that not all of the Hoover com-
mission's recommendations have been car-
ried mit, might cause one to wonder if lack
of intelligence about what is happening be-
hind the Iron Curtain is not the direct cause
of a lot of disorder in Washington.
The number of contradicting statements
relative to the armed strength of the Soviet
Union would indicate that we don't know
very much about what the Soviet has. This
fact cquld easily be the ceause of much of the
disunity in our own defense department.
If a'comrnander is in the ark about what
kind of opposition he is likely to run into,
he is in a smilar manner in the dark as to
how to prepare for the contngency of con-
flict.
30, it seems that our intelligence may he
at fault, althcugh the Hoover Commission
task force found at least 12 major depart-
menta Wirt agencies dealli g in iv telligeece
in one form or another.
The lack of knowledge wc rld aim. tarty have
a blighting effect on the cc nduct t o ir 1..r-
eign policy. It might et an clot e a war.
whereas if our intelligenc had leen more
compete war could have lot cn avol led
One of the recommendat Ions mi de by 1 110
task force was that the Pt asident aproin. a
committee of experienced e tizens I,3 exam,ne
and report to him periodice ay on tati work or
the Government foreign I nellige ace activ-
ities. It was directed tit it the Prt,iide
might make public such 11 tidings is lie saw
fit.
Such a ,;ommittee has ju it been ippon' eir
by President Eisenhower. It in-I ides such
personages as Robert A. Li vett, f( erne Sgt.-
retary of Defense.
The other part of the recomn encations
made public had to do a- ith Co ,grc is,
was recommended that the Congre .s eons' ter
creating a joint congressio sal curemii tee on
foreign intelligence, shn lar to that on
atomic energy.
It would be the duty of the tw cc moat-
tees to collaborate on mat era ol : aec tit-
portance to the national t7..curity
Congress as yet has not t eted.
There was still a third j art or a ne ,loover
Commission report whici dealt wiU he
-
highest security classificai ion. r, WI s s
directly to the President.
Needless to say, the Arne. lean pe ,ple wo, ea
rest easier if they knew m, re abot t and lad
greater confidence in our 1 itellige ice org in-
izations.
On the reverse side, it nes bet ri cern ,n-
strated time and again the Comm! rilS s h" so
a world-vide intelligenee a; stem va del
at a very high degree of el Mem y
[From the Washington Ev fling it ar Of gb-
ruary 20, R56
CIA LEADERS ARE COOL TO WA CM OG
PROPOSAI
(By Richard Fr kiancl)
The C'entria Agera enthiasi-
astically'obeYs the raw'wN ch imp ,ses strait-
est secrecy on its activitic but he Age tey
still is subject to the 0( rutinv of sev'ra/
outside executive and cot gressiopal groups.
Soon?possibly Wednestay----a tom) o.n
the sole function of watc uloggiea t-,e i 'IA
is expected to get Senate: Rule, loremi, roe
approval:
Backer: of the watchd ag corn nit ee 8?V
that while it is true that 'our Co ,grftiSi( 110
subbomrhittees, the Btrdt rt But an ant a
new preoidentiai commies- on all to 'cot at
some facets of the CIA, no eo.,gres.sir nal
group keeps a close, con tant c -eck cm
the way the Joint Atomic ilnergy Ion mi tee
watches the also-secret At anic ha erg, Ci
mission.
COOL TO SCEI -TINT
The CIA is reported to "ie cool 'ow ,rd die
watchdog idea. But pert spa tiu rn st ii -
tasteful part of the exit' cted sloe Com-
mittee approval of the bit will be the puia.c
attention sure to follow.
The job of the CIA is to ;rather +ite, see
and coordinate the intelli ;mice a All" i tie ot
more than a: score of Mb& agene as.
The genesis of the CIA g isa bad l to he day
Japanese bombs shattered the mc nix ,g c..lan
at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941. Ar ieraiiiin
intelligence agencies km w thai raid was
coming, but the informati m was e .ever pa un-
erly used.
To protect against futu e Pearl Ha, bon 1. a
National Intelligence AM writy :as get op
hintriediately- after -the W .r body crrite i
Central Intelligence Oval] that gr ,tv i Ito
Central Intelligence Agen, y. Tie joi. of
Agency is to gather fo eign L telgge
which incltides spying ' a the traqiitional
sense as well as researe i into IDOI a em-
ventional sources; coortanate "iite'llgtnec
activities of otlaeP?agencie, . and a: sea- ble the
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5300 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE April 9
material in Usable form and deliver it to the Once you are there, however, you cannot "Such a committee would not pass on
policymakers in time. enter any building unless you're on business, much information either,'' Mr. MCCARTHy
'Director of Central Intelligence Allen. nlaximum. No visitor wanders through the men and the public that the CIA is operat-
DuIles meets once a week with the heads of
Army, Navy, and Air Force intelligence, the
National Security Agency, the Federal Bu-
reau of Investigation, the intelligence sec-
tions Of the executive departments, to draw
up summaries of latest estimates of a po-
tential enemy's capabilities and to predict
the potential enemy's probable course of
action.
These estimates?and often vigorous dis-
senting opinions?are taken the next day to
the National Security Council by Mr. Dulles.
Sitting on the council are Peesident Eisen-
,
flower, Vice President Nixon, Secretary of
State Dulles, Secretary of Defense Wilson,
and Office of Defense Mobilization Director
Arthur S. Flemming.
How the CIA arrives at the intelligence
estimate and the nature of the estimates
themselves are things the potenial enemy'
would very much like to know. To guard
that information, the CIA was given unpre-
cedented powers of secrecy by Congress.
CAN err OWN PAY SCALES
WEEKLY MEETINGS Security restricti
ns inside, of course, are said, "but it could assure other Congress-
The 1947 act setting up the agency sped -
fies that the director need not make his
spending public or explain the agency's or-
ganization or the identity of its personnel,
Its methods of operation or its sources. Mr.
Dulles can hire or fire whom he pleases and
set his own salary scales. He can bring as
many as 100 unidentified aliens into this
country every year, and he can hand out
bribes to foreign code clerks or finance beau-
tiful blonds in Vienna apartments.
There are some checks on the CIA, how-
ever. The agency is directly under the Presi-
dent and the National Security Council and
must justify its activities there. And the
CIA budget must be defended in detail be-
fore a small group of Budget Bureau offi-
cials.
An eight-man board of consultants was
named by President Eisenhower last month
to review semiannually the work of tile CIA.
Its chairman is Dr. James IL Killian, Jr.,
president of Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology.
The group has set up shop with a small
staff in the executive offices building. It will
report direetly to the President, and only
a, few innocuous parts of each report will
be made public.
The CIA also is checked by four sub-
committees of Congress, made up of 17 Con-
gressmen, the senior members of the House
and Senate Armed Services and Appropria-
tions Committees,
The CIA tells the appropriations subcom-
mittees as much as they want want to know
about the agency's budget. Figures are not
made public. They are concealed in the pub-
lished Federal budget, in fact, by being
scattered through appropriations for othee
agencies.
GET COMPLETE ANSWERS
The Armed Services Subcommittees receive
intelligence reports and complete answers,
according to Senator RUSSELL, to all ques-
tions asked about CIA activities.
The annual spending of the CIA is known
only to the Appropriations Subcommittees.
Many guesses have been made?ranging from.
a few hundred million dollars a year up to,
snore than a billion. But the Hoover Com-
mission said other intelligence agencies out-
spend the CIA, so it is perhaps a fair guess
to say the CIA budget is around $100 mil-
lion and that the agency employs about
15,000 full-time persons.
i/F.ADQUARTERS NO SECRET
Headquarters of the agency is a group of
aged brick buildings at 2430 E Street NW.
Its location Is no secret. Any cab driver can
take you there if you just ask for the Central
Intelligence Agency.
halls alone. Guards are everywhere.
' Much of the work?perhaps 90 percent--
Is routine research in unclassified docu-
ments?foreign publications, phone books,
technical journals, newspapers, and the like.
It is not the material, but the way it is put
together and the conclusions that can be
drawn that are important.
A minor number of employees are engaged.
in cloak-and-dagger activities abroad.
NO DOMESTIb FUNCTIONS
The CIA has no domestic function, accord-
ing to the law, but every once in a while a
CIA man turns up with a bit of domestic in-
telligence?such as the time an agent re-
ported erroneously that Far East specialist
Owen Lattimore was about to leave the
country.
Job applications are mistrusted?they
might be from Communits trying to gain
entry?and the Agency likes to seek out its
own prospective employees. Higher echelon
workers are recruited through personal con-
tact.
Of all persons who formally apply for jobs
with the CIA, more than 82 percent are re-
jected by personnel or security officials.
Every employee must undergo a full FBI se-
curity check.
As director of Central Intelligence, Mr.
Dulles' brother of the Secretary of State, in
head of the CIA and coordinator of all Gov-
ernment intelligence activities. Mr. Dulles,
62 years old, has had a long career in diplo-
macy, international law and spying. His ex-
ploits as an OSS agent in Switzerland dur-
ing World War II have become spy-thriller
classics.
He is as friendly and shaggy as a St. Ber-
nard. dresses in rumpled tweeds and baggy
sweaters, and gestures with a pipe. His ap-
pearance creates two impressions valuable
to him: Be is a man you can trust; he has
nothing to hide.
Mr. Dulles deputy is Lt. Gen. Charles P.
Cabell, formerly director of the Joint Staff
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and intelligence
director of the Air Force. He is 50 years old.
Head of the CIA's technical intelligence is
a former Harvard -law professor, Robert,
Amory, Jr. He is 39.
[From the Washington Evening Star of
February 21, 19561
PRODUCT OF CIA EXPENSES QUERIED ON
CAPITOL HILL
(By Richard Fryklund)
Several Congressmen who are not on 1 of
the 4 unpublicised subcommittees which
have contact with the Central Intelligence
Agency want to know if the country is get-
ting its money's worth out of the supersecret
organization.
"The average Member of Congress knows no
more about the CIA than what he reads in
the papers," said Representative MCCARTHY,
Democrat of Minnesota. "We don't know
how much the group spends or what it pro-
duces, and that disturbs many of us.
"/ doubt if even Chairman Viissore, of the
Armed Services Subcommittee on the CIA,
knows enough about the Agency?and, of
course, what he does know he quite prop-
erly keeps to himself." '
Neither Representative MCCARTHY nor
other backers of bills to set up a House-
Senate committee to "watchdog" the CIA
want the Agency's affairs made public. Nor
do they believe the CIA is grossly istered,
CHECK IS SOUGHT
But they do believe that the interests of
good government require that a standing
committee keep a continual check on the
hag efficiently."
Whether the CIA is a topflight intelli-
gence organization spending its money judi-
ciously, no one is in a position to say pub-
licly. Most criticism is necessarily unin-
formed, and the CIA nes er answers back
openly.
Allen Duties, Director or Central Intelli-
gence, will sometimes call a critic in for a pri-
vate chat or will drop a rote of protest to
the editor of a paper which he thinks .has
attacked the CIA injudiciously.
The most authoritative criticism has come
from the Hoover Commission task force,
headed by Gen. Mark Clark. The group was
given full access to CIA secrets. In a public
report filed last June (there was another
classified report given to the President) the
Commission gave the CIA this indorsement:
"On the basis of its comprehensive studies
the task force feels that the American peo-
ple can and should give their full confidence
and support to the intelligence program."
DULLES' BURDEN CITED
But there were also these specific criti-
cisms:
Director Dulles has taken on too many
burdensome duties and responsibilities him-
self.
There is not enough concentration on col-
lection of intelligence information from be-
hind the Iron Curtain.
The glamour and excitement of some
aspects of the work sometimes overshadows
other vital functions. _
There is not enough machinery available
for outside surveillance of the CIA,
On the first criticism, the Hoover Commis-
sion was whistling into the wind. Mr. Dulles,
considered one of the world's master intelli-
gence experts by the cognoscenti, loves his
work and is not about to turn the fun over
to subordinates. If anything, he has as-
sumed more responsibilities since the Clark
report.
Mr. Dulles does not tense up under respon-
sibility. His friends believe he can safely
assume more work than could another ad-
ministrator.
REDS TOUGH TO PENETRATE
The quality of intelligence from the Soviet
Union, Red China, and the satellites does not
satisfy Mr. Dulles. The Communist coun-
tries are tougher to penetrate than Germany
was during World War II, and spying there
is an exceedingly difficult job.
The problem of glamour versus grubbing
always will be with the CIA. Employees have
no reward except their Government salaries
and inward satisfaction. The occasionally
exciting assignment in what keeps many em-
ployees on the job.
A Hoover Commission recommendations
for a Presidential panel to examine the CIA
periodically was approved by Mr. Dulles, and
the panel is now operating. Another recom-
mendation for a congressional watchdog
committee has been ignored officially by
the CIA.
Senator MANSFIELD, author of a watchdog
bill scheduled to be approved by the Senate
Rules Committees tomorrow, believes that
Mr. Dulles opposes his bill on two grounds:
The present intermittent contacts with con-
gressional committees are very satisfactory,
and the more persons who know about CIA
activities, the more difficult it will be to
maintain secrecy.
SUCCESS AND FAILURE
The proof of the CIA pudding lies, of
course, in the eating. What are the suc-
cesses and failures of the group?
Again one runs into uninformed opinion
and "no comment." Critics say the CIA
muffed the Red Chinese invasion of North
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Korea, the release by South Korean Presi-
dent Rhee of the Red prisoners of war during
the truce negotiations and the recent Soviet
economic pentration of South Asia. They
say the CIA has lost friends for America in
Burma by maintaining a group of Nationalist
Chinese guerrillas there, and the CIA agents
have messed unsuccessfully in palace revolu-
tions.in several countries.
These are the answers:
No one knows when the CIA muffs because
the Agency's responsibility ends 'when it has
gathered and evaluated the intelligence. If
this country was caught off base in North
Korea, it may be because men responsible for
policy and 'action did not properly use the
intelligence available.
There are some well-known successes. The
CIA is credited with the overthrow of the
Red-oriented government of Guatemala and
-the Iranian regime of Premier Mossadegh.
In both instances, apparently, CIA agents
helped organize and supply the opposing,
more democratic, forces.
STILL HAS BUGS IN IT
The CIA is a new agency, organized in 1947,
SO it certainly has bugs to be worked out.
Its biggest administrative problem is per-
sonnel. Mr. Dulles pays civil-service wage
scales, yet- he needs employees of high in-
tellectual quality. A young man who can
get money, public prestige, and the admira-
tion of his wife by doing a good job in law
or business has little inclination to bury his
talents in the CIA?where he can't even boast
to his wife.
Relatively low pay and complete anonymity
,has lost many good men for Mr. Dulles. The
Director is sufficiently worried about it that
he personally examines the problems of all
persons above clerical level who submit resig-
nations.
He does not expect to solve the personnel
problem. He hopes to ease it by making
working conditions more attractive. That is
why he wants a new campus headquarters for
the CIA in a pleasant residential area near
Langley, Va.
Security within CIA. walls is a constant
problem. The Hoover Commission said,
however, that the CIA handles it well?that
there apparently has been no effective Com-
munist penetration of the agency. Lower-
level employees have been ousted, however,
for alleged subversive associations.
There comes a final area of criticism: The
trivial secrecy rules that are always good for
laughs at Washington cocktail parties.
CAN'T REVEAL JOB
Except for a half dozen topmost employees,
CIA workers are not permitted to say pub-
licly where they work. So frequently when
a group of Government people get together
to talk shop there will be one man in the
crowd who will say, "I can't tell you where I
work." The group laughs and says, "CIA."
When one telephones the CIA?the num-
ber is in the book?an operator answers with
the phone number, under the impression, it
seems that she can keep secret the outfit one
Is calling.
And the CIA used to get along without an
identifying sign on the gate?despite the
fact most any cab driver can take a pas-
senger there without directions.
The CIA knows everyone is laughing, but
maintains there are good reasons for the
cloak and dagger stuff. What the reasons
are specifically, it won't say, but apparently
the agency believes a few extra precautions
are worth the general merriment.
[From the New York Times of February 22,
1956]
GOP SENATORS BACK CIA CHECK?POL/CY
GROUP BRUSHES ASIDE EISENHOWER'S OP.
POSITION TO CONGRESSIONAL GROUP
WasxmarroN, February 21.?Senate Re-
publicans brushed aside today President
Eisenhower's objections to a special Con-
gressional -committee to check on the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency,
They indicated that they would give
active, and possibly unanimous, support to
the basic principle of a bill by Senator MIKE
MANSFIELD, Democrat of Montana, calling
for a CIA committee similar to the Joint
Congressional Committee on atomic energy,
which keeps watch on the Atomic Energy
Commission.
The intelligence agency gathers world-
wide information oft action and intentions
of other nations.
The Republican Senators obviously were
miffed by what they regarded as the Presi-
dent's implied lack of trust in Congress'
discretion in handling super-secret intelli-
gence matters.
President Eisenhower created a special
eight-man citizen's commission on the
CIA in January, but it contained no Mem-
belt of Congress. It also was directed to
report directly to the President with no
provision for congressional review.
Senator STYLES BRIDGES of New Hamp-
shire, chairman of the Senate Republican
Policy Committee, told reporters after the
regular weekly luncheon of all Republican
members that the group had been advised
the President was "very much opposed" to
the MANSFIELD bill.
"He [pie President] said it was too sensi-
tive for Congress to take it up," Senator
BRIDGES declared.
BRIDGES NOT IMPRESSED
Senator WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND of Cali-
fornia, the Senate Republican leader, told
the policy group of the President's views.
Senator BRIDGES said that the news did not
Impress him, nor .did it have any noticeable
effect on other Republican members.
Senator BRIDGES declared that most of his
colleagues seemed to believe the President,
in his creation of the citizens' advisory
board, had indirectly suggested that intelli-
-gbnce bearing on this country's security was
"too delicate" for Congress to handle.
He said that this implication that out-
siders were more to be trusted than Mem-
bers of Congress had "annoyed" the Sena-
tors and brought them "much nearer" the
Mansfield bill. The measure already has
34 cosponsors on both sides of the aisle.
As matters now stand, the CIA is the only
major Federal agency over which Congress
exercises no direct and formal control. Its
budget and its personnel lists are classified,
and the only supervision Congress exercises
is through subcommittees of the Senate and
House Appropriations and Armed Services
Committees. Even these receive only
sketchy reports on the agency's activities.
ALLEN DULLER OPPOSES MOVE
The Director of the Agency, Allen W.
Dulles, a brother of John Foster Dulles, Sec-
retary of State, has argued against creation
of a congressional committee on the ground
that members might leak vital secrets to the
press.
Senator MANSFIELD and other Members of
Congress have retorted that members of the
Joint Atomic Energy Committee have not
leaked information about the activities of
that highly sensitive agency.
' The Mansfield bill would create a 12-man
joint committee, to be composed of 3 mem-
bers each from the House and Senate Armed
Services and Appropriations Subcommittee.
It would be empowered to maintain a con-
stant check on the budget, personnel, and
general activities of the Intelligence Agency.
The Commission on Organization of the
Executive Branch of the Government recently
urged creation of a permanent bipartisan
commission mi intelligence that would in-
cludes Members of both Houses of Con-
gress and other public-spirited citizens
* * empowered by law to demand and
receive any information it needed for its
own use.
-
5301
[From the Washington Daily News of
February 26, 1956]
Tim ONE IS ESSENTIAL
In its report on our intelligence agencies,
and more particularly the Central Intelli-
gence Agency which is overall top dog, the
Hoover Commission said in effect we are
pretty fair. But?
It was deeply concerned about the lack of
adequate information from beind the Iron
Curtain.
And it went on to report other findings
which led to the conclusion that our intelli-
gence is not as good as it ought to be. It
ought to be superlative.
"Intelligence," said the Hoover task force,
"deals with all things which should be known
in advance of initiating a course of action."
Whatever we do, militarily, politically,
diplomatically, economically, in world af-
fairs, is hit or miss unless it is based on
facts.
Our ability to exist and survive in this
kind of world depends on assembling the
facts, faithfully, and promptly. And then
on correct evaluation of the facts. There is
evidence that we have missed on both points,
too often.
That could be fatal.
The Central Intelligence Agency is a big,
top secret, costly operation. Nobody in it
will tell you the time of day. We don't want
'em to. But?
"The people who support these operations
are entitled to assurance that the invest-
sinent is paying dividends."
So said the Hoover Commission. So, in ef-
fect, said President Eisenhower, who then
appointed an independent, civilian commit-
tee to keep watch on the CIA. An able com-
mittee, too.
Now the Senate Rules Committee has
cleared a resolution creating a Senate-House
committee to do the same thing. This the
Hoover Commission also recommended. It
makes good sense.
Congress ought to know whether the CIA
is doing its job. It ought not to Just think
it is doing 0. K. It ought to know, posi-
tively.
This joint committee is the way to know.
Senate and House should pass this resolu-
tion as an- urgent safeguard of our national
interest.
[From the Washington Daily News of Feb-
ruary 25, 1956]
CHECK Is URGED ON CIA
(By Marshall McNeil)
' The chief United States spy and counter-
spy bdreau?the little known and highly se-
cret Central Intelliegnce Agency?has been
accused by a Senate committee of unques-
tionably placing itself above other Govern-
ment departments.
The Senate. Riles Committee with this ac-
cusation has recommended creation of a per-
manent congressional committee to keep an
eye on CIA. There was one dissenter.
Its recommendation comes after 35 Sena-
tors and 26 Members of the House have spon-
sored bills to provide continuing congres-
sional surveillance of this agency whose every
aspect is now, the committee said, beclouded
with secrecy.
The pattern for the special "kibitzing"
congressional committee was set in the first
law turning our atomic-energy enterprise
over to civiilian control. The atOrnic "watch-
dog" committee is generally regarded as hav-
ing done a first-class job in keeping an eye
on our atomic advances.
In World War I, the Rules Committee said,
the United States "had no intelligence serv-
ice equal to the name." Between the two
World Wars, reliance in this field was placed
upon the military services and the State De-
partment.
As World War II started, the Office of Co-
ordinator of Information was set up to col-
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lect and analyze information bearing upon
national defense. This was transformed into
the Ofllae of Strategic Services. In 1947, Con-
Settee estabilsbed the National SeGuilty Coun-
cil and wader it the present CIA.
*1th01411 it has immense powers, world-
wide operations, and many minons to speed,
CIA is listed with four lines of type in the
Congressional Directory. These give its
name, Main address and telephone number,
and the names of its two bosses: The Direc-
tor, Allen W. Dulles, brother of the Secretary
of State. Mid the Deputy Director, Lt. (len.
C. P. Cabe11, an Air Force officer.
The Rules Committee found these studies
inenincient. "It is not enough," its report
says, "that CIA be responsible alone to the
White House or the National Security Coun-
cil. Such responsibility should be shared
with Congress in a more oonapiete manner."
"It is agreed that an intelligence agency
must maintain secrecy to be effective," the
Rules Co ittee said. 'There is, however.
a profoun difference between an essential
elegree of secrecy to achieve a specific purpose
and secrecy for the mere sake of secrecy.
Secrecy now beclouds everything about CIA,
its cost, 14 personnel, its effiniency, its fail-
ures, its snecesses.
"The cr4 has unquestionably placed itself
above other Government agencies. * ? * It
is tifilleult to legislate intelligently if there
is a dearth of information upon which Con-
gress must rely ? ? ? to protect the public
welfare * ? *.
From the San Francisco Examiner of Feb-
ritary 28. 1956]
alwarenat Loon
President Eisenhower is reported to be
very much opposed to a bill sponsored by
Senator leleiverisan of Montana, and already
approved by the Senate Rules Committee,
which would set up a joint Senate-House
,
"watchdog" committee to cheek on the op-
erations of the Central Intelligence Agency.
31 this 1 true, we think the President
shottlei take another look at the matter.
Se Is right that the CIA is a sensitive op-
eration, being mainly concerned with what
goes on secretly behind the diplomatic and
military scenes at international levels.
But immunity from scrutiny is a clanger-
cue thing t?grant under any system of gov-
ernment, and it is particularly repugnant La
a democracy where the people are the mas-
ters rather than the servants of Government.
It Seems to borrow a page out of the book
Of rules of the authoritarian state, to sug-
gest that neither the people nor their repre-
fentatiVee in Congress are entitled to hold
any agency of Government accolmtable for
ats acts and expenditure.
Every bureaucrat covets that immunity,
and most hureauerats think they could do
better jobs under It area pernaps there are
ea some who could be safely entrusted
with it.
Bat the bureaucratic aspiration to be free
Of all responsibility to the people is always
tette forerunner of tyranny, because it not
gives nreedoini of action to the sincere
the worthy but it also provides a cover
for the raistekes and crimes of the inefficiene
and the corrupt. a
There are many so-called sensitive agene
Cles in Government Including the Federal
leuraalt of Pavestigation, but it is doubtful
it blank check anthorlty would increase their
Usefulness te the Nation.
['Prom the OoNealemetorrea Samoan of March.
12, 19561
Ccerntor. Ovla CIA Nov IsianiecTrou.
(tension of remarks of Hon, *mum J.
Hutment of Wisconsin, In the House al
flopresentatives. Thursday, March 8, 1966)
ut-ZencebOar. Mx. Speaker, under leave to
say remarks in the Human, I wish to
reCOInmend to the attention of the member-
wasp of this body an editorial which appeared
In the Milwaukee Journal on March 6, 1956,
entitled "Some _Congressional Control Over
CIA Is Not Impractextl."
During the last 3 years I have exerted re-
peated efforts on behalf of the proposal to
establish a Joint Committee on Intelligence
Matters. I have first outlined my proposal
on this subject in HOUSE .Concurrent Resolu-
tion 169, 83c1 Congress, and reintroduced it,
In an amended version, in House Concurrent
Resolution 28, 84th Congress. together with
over a score of my distilinuished colleagues.
It is my sincere hope that the House Rules
Committee will report House Concurrent
Resolution 28 in the near future.
"SOME CONGRESSIONAL CON'TROL OVER CIA IS NOT
IMPRiCTICAL
"For several years there has been a rash of
resolutions in Congress calling for an agency
to watch over the Central Intelligence
Agency, our top cloak and dagger corps.
"The second Hoover Commission called for
the same thing. It euggested that a small,
permanent Corrunlssion composed of a bipar-
tisan representation from Congress and dis-
tinguished private citizen!) handle the job.
"President Eisenhower has gone halfway.
He recently named a civilian commission in
the executive branch to serve as watchdog
and report to him. But he has shied away
from letting Congress in on the act. This
hasn't stilled demands that Congress take a
hand in watching an agency for which it ap-
propriates money. Senator elaersinete, Dem-
ocrat, Montana, has come up with a bill to
create a joint committee of both Houses ot
Congress to work with the CIA. The Senate
Rules Committee has agreed to congressional
action on the bill and It has attracted a large
measure of support.
"The Hoover Commission pointed out that
the CIA. because it needs a large degree of
secrecy to operate, is exempted by law from
rules that control other Government agen-
cies. For instance, the General Services Ad-
ministration, the Government's housekeeper,
has no control over (HA at all. CIA Is ex-
empted 'from compliance with any provision
of law limiting transfers of appropriations;
any requirements for publication or disclo-
sure of the organization, functions, names,
official titles. salaries, or numbers of person-
nel employed by the agency; and any regula-
tions relating to the expenditure of Govern-
ment funds.'
"Such exemptions are, by and large, prop-
er. The Atomic Energy Commission has sim-
ilar exemptions. But Congress does have to
appropriate funds for the CIA. It created the
Agency and set its scope of activities. Surely
someone in Congress should be given at
least peek enough to make sure that CIA is
operating efficiently and properly. This is
particularly true because of criticisms?some
from the Hoover Commission. Itself?of some
shortcomings in CIA.
"The AEC, which hoards secrete, too, has a
joint congressional committee which is
given enough of a picture to judge whether
the organization is handling Government
funds properly. The joint committee has
worked exceedingly well, and without weak-
ening national security. The same sort of
committee could do the same sort of Job for
CIA.. It wouldn't have to be told every-
thing?and shouldn't.
"But Congress ought to be able to deter-
mine whether the dagger is being kept sharp
and the cloak is kept cleaned and pressed
and buttoned. It's basic that Congress, with
control of the purse, must get enough in-
formation to make an informed judgment on
how the purse is ,expended.
"That's all Manipur.'" and others want?
and it's little enough to ask."'
? ?
[From the Wall Street Journal of January
18, 111561
A CHEcir ON THE Wenner
Recently President Eisenhower announced
the appointment of a committee of eight
citizens to serve as watchdog over the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency. Their duties will
be to review periodically the workings of
the supersecret CIA and report their sug-
gestions and give their advice to the Chief
Executive. So far so good.
But there is a serious question whether
the authority of the committee goes far
enough. The CIA Is clothed in such secrecy
that even the Congress cannot ask about
its inner activities. By law it can withhold
even such obviously unimportant informa-
tion as the salaries of its top officials. Its
adventures are known only to a few people.
The gentlemen serving on Mr. Eisenhower's
committee will have neither power nor con-
trol over CIA. And there is a question how
much they will be permitted to learn under
the Agency's broad charter
There is the further question whether this
committee will be able to make public any-
thing they may learn about CIA doing the
wrong things or not doing mough of the
right things. The reports are to go to the
executive department and no executive de-
partment under whatever administration
likes to see errors or shortcomings publicly
revealed. In the case of CIA, an Executive
order could clothe in secrecy whatever the
watchdog committee :thought should be re-
vealed even from the Congress on the ground
that revelation might injure the country.
It has been said that the appointment of
the committee follows the suggestion of the
Hoover Commission. The fact is that it does
not. The Hoover Commission suggested a
bipartisan committee including Members of
both Houses of Congress empowered by law
to ask and get whatever information it
thought necessary to aid, guide, or. restrain
CIA..
Though nearly everything CIA does is se-
cret, there is no secret about one thing.
C/A is run by men, and though the men who
run it may be more intelligent than other
men they still may make mistakes as do all
other men. Slight errors in intelligence as-
sessment may not, individually, amount to
a very great deal; collectively, they could
have the most serious consequences. To set
a national policy on a wrong course because
of compounded errors could be more danger-
ous than no intelligence agency at alL
We hope no one Will read into these re-
marks a suggestion that CIA run off carbon
copies for all who ask about its activities;
that would be as silly as it would be unwise
to leave CIA. answerable only to itself.
Neither do we suggest that CIA is not
doing its job properly; we could not so sug-
gest, for even the Congress does not know
whether it is or not. And that is precisely
our point.
Surely the Congress, with its power to de-
clare war, has a responsibility to watch
carefully over an agency it created to stand
watch in that shadowland between peace and
war.
[From the New York Times of January 15.
1956]
WATCHDOG OW THE CIA?AN EVALVAT/ON OE
THE PRESIDENT'S ACTION rer NAMING BOARD
To REVIEW INTELLIGENCE
(By Hanson W. Baldwin)
The President's appointment last week of
an eight-man board to review periodically the
Nation's intelligence activities is a step in
the right direction. But unfortunately it
does not go far enough.
The establishment of the citizen's comets"
sion was approved by Allen W. Dulles. Direc-
tor of the Central Intelligence Agency. The
action will be interpreted on one hand as an
attempt to head off the establishment of a
congressional watchdog committee on the
Intelligence Agency. On the other hand it
lends tacit support to frequent and repeated
criticisme of our intelligence services, par-
ticularly of the CIA.
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The recent Hoover Commission report on
intelligence activities recommended the es-
tablishment of a permanent bipartisan com-
mission on intelligence. But it suggested a
different form from that announced last
week.
The Hoover Commission urged the inclu-
sion of "Members of both Houses of the Con-
gress and other public-spirited citizens * ? ?
empowered by law to demand and receive any
Information it needed for its own use."
The President's board has no congressional
members. Although it has executive author-
ity for support it does not have the legal
authority that congreSsional enactment
could give. In other words, it is not powerful
enough or broad enough. Nor will it have
sufficient continuity.
CIA UNDER CRITICISM
Nevertheless the reputation, experience,
and character of the eight appointees, who
include Robert A. Lovett, former Secretary of
Defense, give promise that the board will, in
fact, as the President suggested, "make a real
contribution to the task of Government." It
is well fitted to take a fresh outside look at
intelligence, even though it has no authority
and will be able merely to suggest and advise
rather than to control and supervise.
But there have been so many intelligence
failures, so much friction, and such sharp
criticism, particularly of the CIA, that -the
appointment of the citizens board should not .
preclude tho establishment of a continuing
and permanent congressional watchdog
committee.
Such a committee could act, in the same
manner as the Joint Congressional Atomic
Energy Committee, as purse watcher, super-
visor, guardian, sponsor, and defender of the
CIA. It could give a constant and more thor-
, ough supervision to our intelligence activities
than could any periodic check.
The two committees, working together,
would be mutually supporting. They should
Insure as far as human checks and balances
can do, a proper support for, and control of,
our powerful intelligence organizations.
This the citizen committee alone cannot do.
The need for such support and control
should be obvious. As the President said,
"prompt and accurate intelligence is essen-
tial to the policymaking branches of Govern-
ment." But it is more than that. It could
mean national life or death in the atomic
age.
On the other hand, uncontrolled secret
Intelligence agencies are in a position to
dominate policymaking, and hence govern-
ment. Their very secrecy gives them power;
there are few to accept or reject their find-
ings. Their facts do not pass through the
sieve of congressional debate or public in-
quiry. Few, even in the executive branch,
know what they do.
Tho CIA, for instance, by the very breadth
of its charter, is beyond the normal checks
and balances of the law. An overpowerful
secret intelligence agency is dangerous, not
alone to the formulation of sound policy, but
to the viability of democratic institutions.
RECORD IS SPOTTY
The intelligence record of the Nation and
of the Central Intelligence Agency in par-
ticular is spotty. There have been notable
successes but also notable failures. The
Hoover Commission's public critique was po-
litely critical of some of our shortcomings.
The secret report of the same Hoover Com-
mission task force on intelligence is far more
critical.
? Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle, a member of
the President's new board, investigated CIA
and other intelligence activities in Germany
a year ago and found much overlapping and
ineffectiveness.
Late this summer, Maj. Gen. Arthur G.
Trudeau, Assistant Chief of Staff of the Army
for Intelligence, was relieved after Mr. Dulles
had sent a long and detailed bill of corn-
plaints against General Trudeau to the
Pentagon.
A great many other incidents also sug-
gest that all is not well with our intelli-
gence establishment.
It can only profit from the new commit-
tee. But it could profit more from a per-
manent congressional watchdog committee.
If war is too important to be left to the
generals, it should be clear that intelligence
Is too important to be left unsupervised. -
CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR THE
HOOVER REPORT,
Washington, D. C., March 5, 1956.
Hon. MIKE MANSFIELD,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D. C.
r DEAR SENATOR: During a recent conference
In Helena, Mont., the Citizens Committee for
the Hoover Report passed a resolution sup-
porting your Senate Concurrent Resolution 2
which implements recommendation No. 1B
of the Hoover Commission Report on In-
telligence Activities in the Federal Govern-
ment.
The attached editorial which appeared in,
the February 28 issue of the San Francisco
Examiner also supports your resolution. We
would appreciate very much if you would
havethe Citizens Committee resolution and
this editorial inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD..
Very truly yours,
HARvry HANpocx,
Regional Director.
CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR THE
HOOVER REPORT,
Washington, D. C., March 13, 1956.
The Honorable MIKE J. MANSFIELD,
United States Senate Office Building,
Washington, D. C.
DEAR SENATOR MANSFIELD: I an gratified
to learn that you are anxious to have the
views of the Citizens Committee on the
Hoover Report concerning Senate Concur-
rent Resolution 2, that you have introduced
in the Senate.
This Concurrent Resolution would create
a Joint Congressional Committee on Cen-
tral Intelligence to "make continuing studies
of the 'Central Intelligence Agency and of
problems relating to the gathering of in-
telligence affecting the national security and
its coordination and utilization by the
various departments, agencies, and instru-
mentalities of the Government." The Com-
mittee woUld be composed of six Members
from each House of Congress.
The Commission on Organization of the
Executive Branch of the Government recom-
mended in its report on Intelligence Activi-
ties:
"That the Congress consider creating a
Joint Congressional Committee on Foreign
Intelligence, sin4lar to the Joint Committee
on Atomic Energy."
This recommendation was based on a de-
tailed study of our intelligence activities that
was made for the Commission by a group
of eminent citizens. This group pointed out
concerning the Central Intelligence Agency
that:
"The act" (creating it) "exempts the
Agency from compliance with any provision
of law limiting transfers of appropriations;
any requirements for publication or dis-
closure of the organization, functions,
names, official titles, salaries, or numbers of
personnel employed by the Agency; and any
regulations relating to the expenditure of
Government funds. ? * ?
"The task force fully realizes that the
Central Intelligence Agency, as a major
fountain of intelligence for the Nation, must
of necessity operate in an atmosphere of
secrecy and with an unusual amount of free-
dom and independence. Obviously, it can-
not achieve its full purpose if subjected _to
open scrutiny and, the extensive checks and
balances,which apply to the average govern-
mental agency. ?
"Because of its peculiar position, the CIA
has been freed by the Congress from outside
surveillance of its operations and its fiscal
accounts. There is always a danger that
such freedom from restraints could inspire
laxity and abuses which might prove costly
to the American people."
Thus, this group of able citizens found
that there was no effective control over in-
telligence agencies. On principle, such a
situation is undesirable, but in addition the
task force found that there were defects in
the organization and function of our intelli-
gence ageneies. Thus it concluded that:
"The_ task force is deeply concerned over
the lack of adequate intelligence from be-
hind the Iron Curtain. Proper directional
emphasis, aggressive leadership, boldness and
persistance are essential to achieve desired
results."
6 * * * *
"The task force feels that certain-admin-
istrative flaws have developed in the CIA,
which must be corrected to give proper em-
phasis and direction to its basic responsi-
bilities."
These conclusions of the task force were
endorsed by the Commission.
It is significant that the first Commission
on Organization of the Executive Branch
of the Government in 1949 in its report on
the National Security Organization recom-
mended 'Etecomrnenclation 4c) :
"That' vigorous .steps be taken to improve
the Central -Intelligence Agency and its
work."
The Commission on Organization of the
Executive Branch of the Government in its
1955 report on Intelligence Activities was
anxious that Congress have adequate infor-
mation concerning the operation of our
foreign intelligence activities while still pre-
serving the secrecy required for national
security.
I am pleased to inform you that the Citi-
zens Committee on the Hoover Report be-
lieves that House Concurrent Resolution 2,
would if enacted implement fully the recom-
mendations of the Commission that there be
created a Joint Congressional Committee on
Foreign Intelligence.
Yours sincerely;
CLARENCE FRANCIS,
Chairman.
ORDER FOR RECESS TO WEDNESDAY
AT 11 O'CLOCK A. M.
. Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that when
the Senate concludes its business today,
it stand in recess until Wednesday,
April 11, 1956, at 11 o'clock a. m. -
The PRESIDING 01.10.1.CER, Without
objection, it is so ordered.
ESTABLISHMENT OF JOINT COMMIT-
TEE ON CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the resolution (S. Con. Res. 2) to estab-
lish a Joint Committee on Central In-
telligence.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, I
rise to speak very briefly on the subject
matter of Senate Concurrent Resolution
2. When the Senate discusses the subjecti
again on Wednesday, I hope to make fur-
ther remarks in more detail concerning
it. I may add that I respect the sincerity
of the Senator from Montana in submit-
ting the concurrent resolution. He has
discussed the matter a number of times,
and I know he believes in the objective of
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6304 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE April 9
the resolution and the creation of such a, during the war years. Later, its work So the work of Congress in supervising
joint committee as is provided for. Per- was continued by two agencies created the CIA from a legislative point of view
asnally, / do not think the administration by Executive order, until the National is essentially that of seeing that its
of the Central Intelligence Agency would Security Act in 1947 created the Central funds are properly spent and that its
be Improved by the creation of another Intelligency Agency, as we know it today, activities are properly carried out in the
joint congressional committee. The amendments to the National Se- way intended by Congress. As I have
Kr. President, all of us want security curity Act of 1947 which were passed in said, such supervision is now being con-
fer our country, and all of us want our 1949 set up its procedures, ducted by a subcommittee of the Senate
country to have the best possible de- The CIA is essentially an executive Armed Services Committee and a sub-
lime& All of us Want the best and most agency under the direction of the Na- committee Of the Senate Appropriations
accurate intelligence reports to be ob-. tional Security Council, which is the Committee, and is similarly conducted
Mined. All of us want to protect the highest policymaking body for our se- in the House of Representatives.
liVes of those who are engaged in this curity. The functions of the CIA are The Senator from Montana has re-
work. All of us want to protect our threefold, in broad general outline: First, ferred to the functioning of the staff
sources of information. There is no dif- intelligence, both covert and overt; sec- of the proposed joint committee. I do
ference between is in regard to these ond, activities ordered by the National not see how such a staff could possibly
Matters. The difference comes in regard security Council; third, the coordination conduct investigations of its own. I do
to the Methods to be employed, of intelligence. It coordinates that in- not see how the members of such a staff
First, let me say that the Federal Bu- telligencetin Washington and reports it would be able to investigate to any great
reau of Investigation--an agency whose to the National Security Council. The degree the work of the CIA, for the sim-
Werk and whose leader all of us respect? CIA is not, I repeat, a policymaking body. Ale reason that the necessary papers and,
provides us with sources of information As has been pointed out, at the present the personnel with whom it would be
Within the United States. There is no time the CIA is supervised by subcom- essential to have discussions are within
Criticism of the FBI of which I know; mittees of the congressional Armed the National Security Council. There-
there is no effort to set up a joint corn- Services Committees, under whose juris- fore, unless the matter under inquiry
nlittee to supervise it. diction the CIA conic, and by subcom- could be discussed openly, the staff
Second, our intelligence sources, which mittees of the Appropriations Commit- members would not be able to obtain any
Provide us with information from out- tees of the Congress. If the work of the information other than that which the
side the United States are threefold: One Members of Congress who serve on those Members of Congress now are able to ob-
is the State Department, which has its subcommittees is not well done, the tam if they themselves request it.
ainba.ssadors and consuls and their members of those subcommittees should In other words, the work of the CIA is
staffs. Next, there are the armed serv- be blamed. Let that be done, instead of essentially the work it does under the
ices, which have their official aides in creating a new agency to duplicate or orders of the President and the National
our embassies. Finally, there is the CIA. take over the work which now is being Security Council; and, as such, it must
In broad outline, that Agency does for done by 2 regular, legalized committees do that work. As I have said, I do not
us outside the United States the work the of the Senate and 2 regular, legalized see how the staff members of the pro-
FBI does inside the United States. committees of the House of Represents- posed joint committee could investigate
-Let me say that there is complete co- tives. the work of the CIA or could steer it into
ordination and almost daily interchange As the Senator from Montana [Mr new and useful lines of endeavor.
between these two agencies concerning MANSFIELD] has said, several commis-
Very briefly, those are the reasons why
Information and intelligence. Naturally, sions have studied the work of the CIA I oppose the establishment of a new corn-
the methods of the CIA are different from and have submitted reports thereon. mittee. I happen to be a member of
those of the FBI. The methods of oper- That was done by the Hoover Commis-
both subcommittees to which reference
.
abonof the CIA vary in the several coun- sion, and also by the so-called Clark has been made If the msnbers of the
tries where it operates; hut its aim is Commission, headed by General Mark subcommittees are not now doing their
to- provide the United States with infer- Clark, which I believe served under the work properly, let them take the blame,
mation which will help us to be more Hoover Commission. Its report was and let new members be placed on those
secure, and to carry out within its juris- made to the President A portion of it subcommittees.
dietion the orders which May be given was made public; and a part of it was On the Subcommittee of the Armed
It by the highest executive agency which not made public, for the sake of security. Services Committee at present are the
protects us, namely, the National Se- The Senator from Montana has re-
distinguished Senator from Georgia
curity Council f erred to the establishment of the Joint [Mr. RussEttl, the Senator from Vir-
. ,
Some of the work of the CIA may be Committee on Atomic Energy as a ginia [Mr Byssl the Senator from New
dem In the open: But most of its work precedent for the establishment of a Hampshire [Mr. Bnroozsl, and the dis-
is-PhSolittelY under cover. If it were not new congressional joint committee on tinguished majority leader the Senator
. ,
tulder cover, the CIA would not function, the CIA. Let me point out that there is from Texas I Mr Jomisonl and myself.
fox the simple reason that its sources an essential difference between the work The members of the Subcommittee of
Ap
of informa,tion would dry up very of the Atomic Energy Commission and propriations, of
the Committee on
SallcklY; in many places its agents would the work of the CIA. The Atomic En-
which subcommittee I was formerly
,
be quickly liquidated or forcibly evacu- ergy Commission is a manufacturing chairman are the Senator from Arizona
. , S
' ated. So one point is crystal clear : There commission. It is the first agency of [Mr HAYDEN] the enator from New
is no secrecy for secrecy's sake. There the Government, I believe, which ac-
Mexico [Mr. Crown], the Senator from
., ,
Is secrecy because by means of secrecy, tuain lly is in the manufacturing business.
Georgia [Mr. Rosssi.a on the l and
Re-
results can be obtained Without se- It has continual activities which are sub-
publican side the Senator from New
. .
crecy, nething would be accomplished, ject to congressional consideration. in Hampshire [Mr HR/DGES] and myself
and the lives of many brave men would connection with proposals for legislative We have gone into the subject to the
be sacrificed In broad outline, that is changes. The work of the Atomic En- degree we believe necessary to deter-
the situation which confronts us today. orgy Commission is constantly chang- mine that the CIA is functioning prop-
As the majority report points out, be- ing. The Commission makes annual erly. If we do not do our work, we
,
fore World War II we had no service reports should be the ones to be criticized and
of this character. Instead, we relied On the other hand, the CIA has made we should be given suggestions as to what
Upon our friends in other nations, or very few requests for legislation. As I policies should be carried out
upon our guesses, or upon whatever in- have stated, it Is an executive agency, For those reasons, briefly, f am op-
formation the State Department or the similar to the Federal Bureau of Inves- posed to the concurrent resolution. This
armed services could pick up. But we tigation or similar to the Department of is not a subject that can be discussed at
, soon found that was not enough for the Agriculture or the Department of the length, because it is surrounded with se-
strongest free nation to have, in order Interior or other executive departments. curity problems. I am opposed to the
to fUnction. So President Roosevelt The CIA does not often have changes concurrent resolution which the Senator
asked Colonel Donovan to organize the made by means of legislation in its from Montana has submitted, W although,
O, It functioned under his leadership fundamental structure. AS I say, I know that he is sincere, and
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I 9'56
ho
,
Approved Fr Release 2 02/0 pl : IA- 59
tOltd gSt At ntt?
no 'aec?or sthd the" seine credit chuse4 ttS imike ft Iipe" 'rative. that theilie
VifiChIS feSolution. answered before the Senate adjourns
'i ru. Mr. President, will today.
erirtOryTera '- - ' ' '? I think the Senator from Massachu-
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5306 CONGR.ESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE April 9
, Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, eign policy. I am worried about Amer- asked me. I believe also that he has not
Will the Senator yield?
Ica's foreign policy.
'Mr. MORSE. I yield. asked for such information of the Joint
If the Senator from Massachusetts Committee on Atomic Energy, particu-
Mr. SALTONSTALL. As the Senator wishes to know why I believe the Secre- larly information which that committee
11 knou,s, I would never support any tary of State stumbles so much, it is be- May have obtained in its :investigations.
d of police state system. That is fur- cause we do not have sufficient check Mr. MORSE. I should like to make
thest from My mind. I am trying to sup- on him in regard to the policy he fol- two Observations with respect to what
pert a system which is making an effort lows, which we discover only too late as the Senator has commented on. .First, I
th Obtain for us the necessary informs.- a result of his stumbling, should like to say that there is a great
tion on which to base our security pol- I believe the pending concurrent reso_ difference in the thinking of the Sena-
Ides. In doing that we are trying to pro- lution to be of great importance because tor from Massachusetts and myself.
tact the lives of men who are endeavor- it would give to the American people, How do I know what information I ought
ing to get the information for us. Those through their representatives in the Con- to have in regard to CIA that is in the
are brave men gress a check on the activitlea of the mind of the enator from Massachusetts
Slr.r. MORSE. Mr. President, the Sen- CIA, for the resolution would estab- and the other members of his subcom-
stpr from Massachusetts would not ,sup- lish a joint committee which would have mittee if he does not volunteer it?
pOrt a system with the label "police state" as its primary and sole duty checking on If he has been conducting, as a sub-
. Pitmed on it. I say to him again most the functions of the CIA. committee of the Senate, an investiga-
reSpectfully that when he defends the I cast no reflection on the senator tion or a study of the CIA, and acquires
Present CIA system, he defends a spy sys- from Massachusetts and on the other information which has a bearing upon
telt that is based upon a police state members of the subcommittee. How- American foreign policy, I believe it to
procedure. I say that because when such ever, I wish to say that his membership be his duty to inform the Committee on
procedures keep away from elected ?el- on the subcommittee 1;; not the major job Foreign Relations, and not to wait for
ciaLs Of a free people and from the peo- of the Senator from Massachusetts. As us to pitch in the dark and say, at a
pie themselves facts which are impor- a member of the Committee on Foreign meeting of the Committee on Foreign
tent to them, then they constitute, in Relations I do not have any information Relations, "I wonder whether the sub-
my judgment, a police state procedure, which has ever been given to me by the committee has something in which we
I shall never support it. Senator's subcommittee with respect to might be interested." Lbelieve, in carry-
believe it is very important that we the so-called checks the Senator has ing out my duty as a member of the
maintain a legislative cheek on the spy made on the CIA. The Senator seiys Committee on Foreign Relations, I am
syatem our, Goveroment maintains that if we had asked him for informa- entitled to that information.
around the world. I say that because tion he would have always- been willing I go back to the Saudi Arabian matter
if that spy system miscarries, if it is not to give it to the Committee on Foreign which I discussed earlier today. As a
based upon sound procedures, it can get Relations, member of the Committee on Foreign
us into a great deal of trouble. I happen to believe?and I say this Relations, I have been greatly concerned
I wish to say something about the Most respectfully?that, if the Senator about what is going on in the Middle
argument the Senator is making, from claims the subcommittee has been check- East. I believe we ought to have some
the standpoint of security. During my lug on the CIA, then the Senator should information on it from the CIA. We
11 years in the Senate, whenever we try have been making reports right along, ought to have some information as to
to discuss this subject, some Senator Periodically, to the Committee on For- what is going on in Saudi Arabia and in
rises, as the Senator from Massachusetts eign Relations. His subcommittee the other countries in the Middle East.
- 110 done, and argues that we have to should have been submitting Such re- The kind of :ioint committee that is
do :a certain thing in the intel'est of Ports. It should have been submitting called for in Senate Concurrent Reso-
, sectrity. I say that is an unsound argu- such reports to the Committee on Armed lution 2 will make that kind of in-
Mat. I feel that America is most se- Services and to the Committee on Appro- formation available to us. The joint
cure when there is a full public disclo- priations. The three committees I have resolution makes it the clear duty of
sure Made to the elected representatives mentioned, the Armed Services, the Ap- the CIA to supply such information to
Of the people of the facts about our propriations,, and the Foreign Relations us. The Senator's subcommittee has no
foreign policy. Committees, ought to be kept apprised such mandate from the Senate. I want
We cannot escape the fact that CIA of the subcommittee's findings and with a committee established that will have
has a great deal to do with forming :respect to the information the subcom- that kind of mandate. I want to have
the foreign policy of the United States. mittee has gathered in regard to its so- established a committee which will have
,e As It makes its report to the Secretary called studies of CIA. as its duty periodically to report to the
of State, as it makes its report to the Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, committees of the Senate the kind of in-
National Security Council, and as it will the Senator from Oregon yield? formation they can use.
Mates Its report indirectly to the Presi- Then I shall not interrupt him any fur- I close by saying that what is repre-
dent of the United States, it is bound to then sented in the debate today is a serious
influence foreign policies. Mr. MORSE. lam glad to yield to the difference of opinion in the administra-
That is why, the Senator from Mama- Senator from Massachusetts.' t on of our a overnmcnt. Certainly a
?thugetts has heard me say so many Mr. SALTONSTALL. I . have never very dangerous trend has been develop-
times?and I repeat it because it is a personally?and I make this a personal Mg in Government during the past quar-
truth that must be drummed into the matter because I do not wish to speak ter of a century. It is the trend toward
thinking of the American people?that for anyone else?asked the Joint Com- Government by secrecy on the part of the
Our 'rights as free people are no better raittee on Atomic Energy for any knowl- executive branch of the Government. I
than our procedural rights.
. , . edge it may have obtained, either in pri- want to know whether that trend is to
WO had better alwayi look at the pro- vate or open hearings, because I have al- continue, and 'whether, as the Senator
ced - ewe are defending, Let.us forget ways considered that those matters were from Massachusetts argues this after-
T
labe ora minute. Let us forget all of primary concern to that joint commit.. noon, in the interest of security there is a
tlie alk about security. Let us, ' tead, tee, and that they were handling the body of inform-nation which ought to be
ask What the procedure is that we coun- matter very well so far as I knew, and kept secret from the elected representa-
tenance. therefore I did not wish to have that kind tives of the people.
of information given to me if it was not I deny the premise. I say that under
I tiOty to the Senator from .Massachu- necessary for me to have it.
Setts:that under the procednre he coun- In the same spirit, we operate with the balances we must watch out for that
, our constitutional system of checks and
ten, ap.c.es: in regs,rd to the ..CIA, there CIA. We discuss questions With them kind of argument becausedie in,
my
Wee lienig kept , from the American peo- .If the Senator from Oregon were to ask ment such an argument
,
catesiuthtt
pie and their ,representatives in Con- me about certain information, I might dangerous shoals lie ahead, shoals which
res facts facts which in my judgment they be able to tell him, and tell him reason- can easily wreck our whole ship of free-
oughtto know. They are facts which ably accurately. I have not done so in dom which has been built up under our
go Into the formation of American for- the past, because the Senator has not great Constitution.
-
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.4
1956
Approved FOr
As, this Ieb-ate' proceeds On IredileS-
lligrinte-iiir '1mile?the right to
6--aireVreerfrerffethe subcommitee
h 'the" SeliatieT froin Massachu-
1eireirbd',1trtegaVI to some of
717f -theY do not want
'ItAtin fia 'open -seSsione I
thtn1NThe right to get them in
OF? "7a:ePfbil. letatis? Mr. Presi-
..edent,'WEefi M?lealliitteith the CIA,
tut arelielling-With America's spy sys-
tietriraikrifiglalile.fidari Vadrele have a
?? l'itht to IfilaiNffin-kind of spying we
are Aciitig:-OiVikhat 'kind of policy we
? tla*C"A 4SY: gfeteM.,' tieffeSs'it is very
righpyliandlfed: CaliThe a ifiajor -cause
sgee:that:triai jiinfor colleague is on
- the goo, :and I-Slim-defer the sugges-
tible 'Of aOnneddi'dall, because I under-
Stand -he 'NogwtO.aildrets the senate.
ilk.:(JIIE Mtg. Mr. Pteeident---
The PHESMINCI orrrcER.. The
junior SenatOr*frein. Tereedri.` ' ?
a
-11Ertg CANYON
TH.A.? 'It 1.5gNIEDAU-
0, T ? ?
tfr: fireildenf,
.1aPPreVil 'of tfie bDI--to authorize con-
4.strieetien? Of the Moget Colorado River
storage7prbiebffiretinie3 t5ljetollie a'riew
landielarlini:theliistbrY ?if the deVelop-
lheaffd"We5t.- The ation re-
rine. ett the vr-sfoormbrd ConeePt in the
014,-cdv iCerairiatfori-tha,i- the inaltiple-
-aiOrih soI Wafer riktifiteS thoUld
oiled f,O, the niaterial advance-
, ivirthziezffie ixdpiri the drain-
age 70f a Iv?sTn.?
' r,frokili admit that When Upper
ColoradO ? River "project legfelation was
intiodOckci Arifil gesgioli Of congress,
I hatr,lna' 'fbAtTiOaTiond'about its eco- have drowned out Dinosaur National
nestle leas, , ility ancT its possible -impact Monument, a feature which I thought
on: natiOnal :pp:114:0f VITO te otl on of would set a precedent for endangering
oUr riniena/ stank" sYStern. --riiii-tig the our entire national park system. Also,
OoterSe' ordebite I--wia- ealSedially Im- I endorsed the belief of upper Colorado
greased by the?Coke& lilt 'talents of the project supporters that the area's water
? rolo $,erifitor frOniL New Merdco Mfr. resources were in urgent need of imme-
Aniesteioiil'Whe'SerfeS With distinction diate development.
4. as the chairroan of the?bcoinrnIttee
dh
ot However, Mr. President, there are cer-
Ori-ii:40.:titin and Itealithisition of the
? UtOF ,e,rid Triiiirif Alrairs Comrnittee. tam aspects of the approval of the proj-
ln,14,7: i*oh:Iiii Wall --the coor- ?
eat which furnish a contrast that must
De called to the attention of the Ameri-
dinata: ele..,ten-t1 Of tEe project and their
re Anihip, CO 'the"-fuliffe' aeitelbiairierit can people.
11,o4,1 yfaiiiitain region was an WhileCongress has given approval to
-of
,JLOthe upp r Coorado project, it has denied
'1.
02/00/31 fi41159i002iten100070057-0
IONA RE D ?S
rel ? fekle ho',1 lan'd tfrit-
_ .
gation developments such as the Crooked
River, Bully Creek, Pendleton, John
Day, and many other projects in the
State of Oregon will be dependent on
the use of surplus power revenues for
'their eventual construction. This form
of aid to irrigation is needed to meet
the costs which are beyond the ability
of water users to pay. It is justified
because of the contribution which such
development makes to our Nation's sup-
ply of food and fiber.
I also thought that the upper Colorado
project set forth another principle which
should be applied to my native region,
the Columbia River Basin. The theory
that the interrelated use of water re-
quires a basin wide approach to plan-
ning of river-development projects was
clearly enunciated in the upper Colorado
bill. Unfortunately, the Columbia River
Basin?wlth the greatest potential for
tefiefIcIar use or all our Nation's water-
liived%=-has been subjected to more hap-
lhattift tiktmerft. The once-great pat-
tern for Columbia River development?
the Army's 308 Report?has been deci-
4a9ited b2 policies advanced by the
present -adminletratfoli. Partnership
-scileines,Intrefer Of priceless damsites
to partial development, and attempts to
deauthorire Federal projects have re-
sulted in the shrinking of the North-
west's possibilities for flood control, pow-
er, and irrigation development. Perhaps
the concept represented by the upper
Colorado project will help put back the
Columbia River Basin development on
the road to proper development.
PRIVATE POWER COMPANIES MTN COLORADO
I have ioined in the approval of the
upper Colorado project because the pro-
vision has been eliminated which would
n declaration
gition- hi the "and -Plateaus of approval to the Hells Canyon project.
eat: "The-able Seffs.tor from New What does this mean? It means that,
?ir-e Yearrifeatiffig? TO-the proj- under this national administration, only
iiesi rifea.-sainuthe warare those Federal water-resource projects
LI'Me ieirOn?-ariet the 'Nation. I evidently can gain authorization which
evfncea thit. The' uPp et Cole- have the sanction of the private-utility
tiierlUro)l, althOUgh a- relatively industry.
- o development, was 111 ed be- No private power company would
? of *Eat it will thein fib the future think of undertaking development of the
licelifelif a ri'rar#f-; :septerit-oT our marginal, high-cost waterpower sites in-
oniliTaliiii.- ? j ' - ' - - vr.iived in the upper Colorado project. A
vitidlyinitriTS fittifultfw ' mery?inftuentztal perwer company, the
ip ';St:gifotistecIlli.Ithe,Nto$piler! Idaho Power Co., covets the magnificent
--iiini...Rgitroriade.veloptdelit the Snake River, on the Oregon-Idaho
'AVral of e u ner bkoritclo proj-
ect?combined with tenial of eporeval
to the Hell's Canyon proje seta the
pattern for a progr im of let in he
United States Treasu fina tee de. elop.
ment of the dregs of aur nal on .1 Etter-
power sites, while tie cresm of these
sites are given awa:. to pi va e et.lity
corporations.
SEVEN HUNDRED AND PI 'DI -SIX MU 1,10 ?
, LAR PROJECT' IS APPR?VED, RIO H NIS
AND EIGHT MILLION DOLLA '01 LS
sem-map
There is no other .1ossibl ter:tru
tion of this contrastir:g aztit it tie
of the two projects The sit .,s, o the
Rocky Mountain aree, wher tl. e*t. is low
and undependable s ream :lo, , t:
served for Uncle Sail. Tie si es a., the
Pacific Northwest, v here I irk 4.i per-
cent of all the untapoed tiseirok le( 4 idt,y
in the United States are bk sto wee upon
the private utilities.
Mr, MORSE. Mr Presieent, will the
junior Senator from eregor yie d?
alzutiERGETe I a n ewer to
yield,
Mr. MORSE. Is is not tue tint. ap-
parently, they are teserviug t 10Se Sitet,
because the develce anent of power al,
those sites would be exp f 4ist qfit tar.
private utility conn any w 'want to
undertake their dev-lopme tt?
Mr. NEUBERGIat Tha nut? th-
vious. The sites wb ch thi at a-
tion is willing to set aside or JUblic oe-
velopment are thos whic.1 un-
economical, so unfes sible tt at lo vet.,
utility company wo lid thi ak risk-mt,
its capital in trying to dev, lot thun,
Mx. MORSE. Is it not ,ru. thi
sites which are bem turn( I o to on-
vate utility compani 3s undi r ti is admtn-
istration are the sit. s whic- under Oov-
ernment operation, Amild g .ne rt,twef,
at rates from 2.5 mil is to 3.t. mills, where-
as private utility co mpanit s a the swmi
sites would general r and sell power at
from 5 mills to 7 mg. is?
Mr. NEUBERCIEI . Eve I bow 5 mills
to 9 mills, I will BE* LO my dif tin
colleague.
Mr. MORSE. Hs s the S ma or rem, i
the newspapers thi t the Secrc -
tory of the Interior: ays tht t h ? has deft/.
given anything awe ye
Mr. NEUBERGEI Evi lenly s
never heard of Hel:s Canon
Mr. MORSE. a appa - en ly ne cat
not figure the diffei ance tw, en 2 5 null
ill aocier to 7
ie kas been a
0 r ail-
tierpt.t:e
tit t American
tir Amerit..en
aill cit do
ysi belong ua
un- or. Ls nit
mi. use of power hydroelectric site at Hells Canyon, along
traiiiplahlect Vie7j bc"IndarY?
River re:fon, wottIel -prOvitle Thus, the administration pushes the
us?a ?Of -onfRifftinftles upper Colorado project, while simultane-
pOnyert 1,6 vo use a vast ouslY Choking the. Hells Canyon project.
to 3.5 mill power and 5 o
mill power. Every time
party to making av alable
ity companies ga at me
dam sites of great alue
people, and belonging to
people, he has giver away
lars which, in the 1-st aria
all the taxpayers o the em
that true?
Mr. NEUBERGE t It
Mr. MORSE. Is it not
the Secretary of t ie Int+
would give away tac vat
dam at Hells Caryon to
pasties if they should succ
analysis, in defeat rig us
have the Goverr ment
Canyon?
lin ? it e yee.
als i t oe that
rio . ift
eit nt- h
iata,.e cow-
,..ed in the last
n Fur fight to
dee lou He-
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ONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE April 9
Mr. NEUBERGER. The Senator is to
generous in his description of the Secre
try's action. Not only did the Secretary
of the Interior intervene in the Hells
on fight, but he actually intervene
e side of the Idaho Power Co. H
Ststed before the Chamber of Consmerc
that he believed the Hells Canyon reach
of the Snake River to be the finest wate
power Site retnaining on the North
AMerican continent.
Mr. MORSE. Is the Senator awar
that the Secretary, in recent testimony
before the Joint Committee on the Eco
nomic Report referred to the high Hells
Canyon project as a white elephant?
The testimony of the Secretary's own en-
gineers before the Senate and House In-
terior Committees was very explicit that
the Hells Canyon Darn is feasible, and the
Army engineers have consistently sup-
Parted the Hells Canyon darn site, as did
General Itschner in regard to its flood-
control benefits in recent testimony.
Liked General Itsehner whether the
Army Engineers still held the same opin-
ion as to Hells Canyon Dam, and his
answer was in the affirmative. Yet, now,
the Secretary of the Interior has turned
over, by way of recommendation, the
Hells Canyon site, to the Idaho Power
Co., a site containing many millions of
dollars of value and belonging to all the
people of the United States. Does the
Senator agree 'with me?
o not be so Inconsistent as to support which questions why the administra-
- this $756 million project in the Rocky tion is prepared to build the costly up-
Mountains and yet abandon a $308 mil- per Colorado project, but not the Hells
lion project, of greater economic worth Canyon project, "With greater promiae
d and validity, on the frontiers of my own of economic returns."
e State. There being no objection, the article
e Let us study some amazing facts, Mr. and editorial were ordered to be printed
President. in the Recoao, as follows:
r Total cost of the three main upper
Colorado Dams--Glen Canyon, Flaming PARTNERS IN PLUNDER
(By RICHARD L. NEUBERGER)
Gorge, and Curecanti?is $735,256,000. Conservatives in the United States sigh
e Of this sum $469,715,000 has been as- with relief these days, now that the Republi-
signed to be paid back out of power rev- can administration has stopped the creep-
- enues. The average net annual out- ing socialism of public-power projects on the
put of these three principal upper Colo- great rivers of the Nation. The President
rado dams is 3,500,000,000 kilowatt-hours even cites approvingly at press conferences a
of electricity, book entitled "Big Dam Foolishness," with
.Total cost of Hells Canyon high darn is the implication that no such foolishness will
be tolerated while he reside:s at No. 1600
$308,500,000, of which $270 million would Pennsylvania Avenue.
be assigned to be reimbursed from power Liberals, conversely, are distressed over the
fact that they evidently have seen the last of
the great Federal dams as long as the present
administration is in office.
Both groups happen to be substantially in
error.
The Eisenhower admLnistration is not op-
posed to public-power projects per se. It is
only opposed to those projects which would
be located at dependable low-cost sites, sure
to pay off handsomely for the United States
Treasury. At the same time the administra-
tion fervently favors public-power projects
at locations where the energy will prove ex-
pensive and thus quite likely be a financial
liability in decades to come. When histo-
rians begin pronouncidg judgment on this
administration, they are certain to be puz-
zled by a regime supposedly wedded to fiscal
solvency but which, nonetheless, has insisted
that the Government ought to develop only
hydroelectric sites that promise scant possi-
bility of achieving financial success.
This irony is symbolized by the adminis-
tration's contrasting attitudes toward the
Columbia and the Colorado Rivers.
The Columbia, is the grandest stream for,
hydroelectricity on the continent, perhaps in
the world. It carries down to the sea the
snows and glaciers that melt ati the way from.
Canada's distant Arctic divide to the Coast
Range. The Columbia combines the hur-
tling gradient of a mountain brook with
the massive volume of a Niagara; actually,
greater than Niagara. Ii 's flow is reliable and
steady. The late 3. D. Ross, first Adminis-
trator of Bonneville Dam, told me that the
Columbia was a coal mine which would never
thin out, an oil well that could never run.
dry. Furthermore, the Columbia's broad
bosom is suitable for ocean commerce as
far as The Danes, safely inland of the back-
bone of the Cascades. In the Columbia and
its tributaries lurks 42 percent of the unde-
veloped waterpower of this entire Nation.
The Columbia River drains approximately
180 million acre-feet of water to the Pacific.
The average flow of the Colorado, by com-
parison, amounts to merely 16,270,000 acre-
feet, or less than 10 percent the drainage
of the Columbia. In fact, ewer the Colum-
bia's principal tributary, the Snake River,
has a volume of 37 million acre-feet, which
is more than double that of the Colorado. .
Within the surging reaches of the Columbia
and its feeder streams a total of 31,369,000
kilowatts of power remains to be -tapped.
But undeveloped power in the basin of the
Colorado totals only 5,056,000 kilowatts; this
is about 16 percent of the residual strength
of the Columbia.
On the Columbia River, where generating
costs are low because of the Columbia's vast
potential, the Eisenhower administration
has decided that Federal dams would be
tonal entitled "Developing a River," ideologically and financially unwise. Dur-
published in the New York Times of fug the 1954 campaign Secretary of the In-
March 3, 1056. I call special attention tenor McKay cited the huge Federal debt as
to that portion of the Times editorial a compelling reason why further Govern-
Mr. NEUBERGER. I net only agree
totally, but again, I think the Senator
Is somewhat too generous. When the
Secretary of the Interior used the term
"white elephant" to describe the Hells
Canyon site he was using the identical
language employed by the opponents of
Griand Coulee approximately a quarter of
a century ago. Yet, Grand Coulee, now
In operation, is not only the greatest
power producing project anywhere on
the face of the earth, and not only has
It resulted in thousands of farms where
ex-GI's are profitably raising crops, but
Grand Coulee is $65 million ahead of
schedule in paying back into the Treas-
ury of the United States the investment
In its power facilities. Grand ,oCulee was
called a "white elephant," just as the
Secretary of the Interior refers to the
proposed Hells Canyon high darn as a
white elephant. I would say it is a
singularly inappropriate choice of lan-
guage on his part.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I wish
to commend my colleague fel- the speech
he is Making this afternoon, and I shall
make use of it in the months ahead.
Mr. NEUBERGER. I am gratified
that the Senator feels that it is of value
to WM.
Mr. President, speaking as a Senator
from Oregon, I regard it as significant
that the three Republican Members of
Congress from my State, who have op-
posed Federal development of Hells
Canyon, all voted for passage of the up-
per, Colorado Federal project.
Mr. President I believe In development
of the 'Whole West. Occasionally that
development requires high-post and un-
economic projects of the type of the
upper Colorado. This has been neces-
sary before in arid and sparsely-settled
regions. But, Mr. President, I would
revenues. The annual average produc-
tion of electricity at Hells Canyon would
be slightly over 5 billion kilowatt-hours.
Thus, upper Colorado project dams
will contain power facilities costing 74
percent more than the power facilities
at Hells Canyon, but the upper Colorado
plants will generate only 70 percent as
much energy. Upper Colorado power,
therefore, is about two and a half times
more expensive than Bells Canyon power.
This comparison, Mr. President, strips
all seven veils from the power program
of the present Republican administra-
tion. It shows that the marginal and
costly sites are reserved for Federal de-
velopment. The magnificent and low-
cost sites are given away on a platter to
the private utilities. As we sit here in
this Chamber authorizing the upper
Colorado project, with its high-cost
power, the Idaho Power Co. proceeds
with preemption of the Hells Canyon
hydroelectric site on the Snake River.
The administration has backed upper
Colorado, it has scuttled Hells Canyon.
Skim milk for the public, whipped cream
for the private power companies.
SKIM MILK FOR PUBLIC, WHIPPED CREAM FOR
THE, UTIL)TIES
Mr. President, this administration in
the field of natural resources has turned
back the clock half a century, to before
the era of Teddy Roosevelt and Pinchot.
Nowhere is that tragedy more grippingly
emphasized than in the Federal authori-
zation of the upper Colorado project
and the denial of Federal authorization
to Hells Canyon. My region, the Paeific
Northwest, is paying the penalty be-
cause its power sites are so valuable.
Were the power sites- in the Pacific
Northwest low in flow and dubious in
quality, like those in the upper Colo-
rado Basin, we, too, would be sharing in
Federal Government authorization to-
day. We are penalized because sir power
sites are sterling in quality, and so the
private utilities insist upon preempting
them.
In conclusion, Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed at
.this point in the RECORD an article en-
titled "Partners in Plunder," written by
me, and published in the Progressive for
July 1955, and also an illuminating edi-
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A
?
roved For Release 2002/01/31 : -RD1159-00224A000100670
1056 CONGRES?IONAL RECORD ? SENATE
S. 3269. An act to provide transportation,
on Canadian vessels between ports in south-
eastern Alaska, Arid between Ryder, Alaska,
and other points in southeastern Alaska or
the continental United States, either di-
rectly or Via a foreign port, or for any part
of the transportation.
ESTABLISHMENT OF JOINT COM-
MITTEE ON CENTRAL INTELLI-
GENCE
The PRESIDINd OFFICER (Mr.
33IDLE in the chair) . Is there further
morning business? If not, morning
business is closed.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi
.a
dent, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
order for the quortim call be rescinded.
The ?REM/NG OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
The Chair lays before the Senate the
unfinished business.
" The Senate resumed the consideration
of the concurrent resolution (S. Con.
Res. 2) to establish a Joint Committee on
Central intelligence.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, a parliamentary inquiry.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from Texas will state it.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. As I under-
stand, there are Several committee
amendments. Under the unanimous
consent agreement, debate on any
amendment is limited to 1 hour; and the
time on each committee amendment is
to be controlled by the chairman of the
, Committee on Rules and Administration,
the distinguished Senator from Rhode
Island [Mr. GREEN], and by the majority
leader or the minority leader. Is that
correct?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator's statement is correct. There
are about a half dozen committee
amendments to the concurreht resolu-
tion.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the majority leader yield?
Mr, JOHNSON of Texas. I yield.
Mr. MANSFIELD. As I understand,
debate on the resolution itself is limited
to 2 hours.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. There are
several committee amendments which
are to be acted on first. If any Senator
desires time, time can be yielded on an
amendment; an the unanimous-con-
sent agreement provides also for 1 hour
to each side on the bill.
Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, I am
opposed to the concurrent resolution and
have filed minority views. I should like
to have some time allotted to me so that
I may Speak in opposition to the con-
current resolution.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Under the
unanimous-consent agreement, the
Senator can.be yielded time by either the
majority leader or the minority leader.
Does the Senator wish to have time
yielded to him?
No. 59---4
Mr. 161,1101/14. I sfioutd like to Speak
for about 5 minutes a little later in the
debate.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, would the Senator from Georgia
be agreeable to speaking in opposition to
a committee amendment?
ntissEtt. I rherely wish to make
a brief Staterrient. '
Mr. JOHNSO:T of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, may the clerk state the first com-
mittee amendment?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will state the first committee
amendment.
The IEGISLATTVE CLERK. On page 3,
21, after "report", it is proposed to strike
out "public."
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
question is on agreeing to the commit-
tee amendment.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I yield 15 minutes to the distin-
guished junior Senator from Georgia.
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, I have
such high regard for the ability and the
patriotism of the distinguished junior
Senator from Montana [Mr. MANS-
FIELD], who is the principal sponsor of
the concurrent resolution, that ordinari-
ly I am reluctant to differ with him on
legislative matters. But in the case of
the pending concurrent resolution, I
can but believe that the efforts of the
Senator from Montana are based upon
a mistake of iact and a misapprehension
of the functions of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency.
I was unable to be on the floor Mon-
day when the debate occurred on the
concurrent resolution, but I have read
in the RECORD all that occurred, and I
do not find that there was advanced one
substantial argument, predicated on es-
tablished facts which would justify the
Senate in adopting the concurrent reso-
lution.
Some Senators who addressed them-
selves to the restitution on Monday last
seemed to hold the opinion that the CIA
was a policymaking agency. That theme
ran all through the remarks which were
made in advocacy of the adoption of the
restitution.
Mr. President, the Central Intelligence
Agency is far from being a policymaking
agency. It makes no policy. It was
established to coordinate all the activi-
ties of the various agencies of the Gov-
ernment Which gather intelligence vital
to our national security, to coordinate
the intelligence thus obtained, to gather
intelligence on its own initiative, ap-
praise it, and present it to a policymaking
body, one that is seldom heard of, but
which is probably the most important
policymaking body in our Government,
namely, the National Security Council.
Mr. President, the argument was made
that the failure to apprise Members of
Congress of the detailed activities of the
Central Intelligence Agency was an in-
vasion of the prerogatives of the Con-
gress. I will lay my record in this body,
in defense of the prerogatives of the
Congress of the United States under the
Constitution, against the record a any
other Senator who serves here today or
who has served during my rehire of
office. I have jealously &ought og uat
every prerogative of tho Conaresa
complained when I thought those Pra-
rogatives were being takm ove b ti,e
executive branch of th Glow
when the President of tha Unita d .atates
was a member of my own art s I an. e
when the President was e mernb ir ii t;,e
Republican Party. I hive coraplainad
about the invasion of the prerot atives of
Congress by the judicia7 branch or trte
Government.
But, Mr. President, 1-re go very ar
afield when we undertak a to pi ?idicate
resolution of this nature on tie. Iii ht oi
individual Members of he Co igr,!ss to
know all the details of al the ale/II-dee oi
Government that are wt rking a a,-en.cy
in an effort to secure iniormatian whch
would warn us, for instanee, ca a sneak
act which might destroy us, ar whailt
would advise us as t the poteno ial
strength of the enemies who al a raa eta
against us.
There have been inteligene, aaenetea
in the Army since the aeginnaig of our
Government. There Ii tve be ,.n .1.-.-
gence agencies in the Navy since
Navy was established. The air Force
has had its intelligence agent* since the
Department of the Air Lorce wts created.
To my knowledge, not ince u.s a Mut
bar of Congress risen at the floor and
said he was being denie 1 his paeregai Ives
because he was not informed a.i La all the
activities of all the a,gt ncies i.hic h eo
seeking to gather vital iecurit in for
Now the situat-on ha. ailegedly
changed because, torso Ali, tn.= three de-
partments have been coordi tat d 111,3
one. In addition, here ha-.Ctt
brought into the pictin e the t iSS, winch
did invaluable servic.,) ben ad enetny
lines in World War IL
I shall not accept i hat ar rumen i, I
do not believe we slould 5Ufl.tUfle
principle of that nat ire. I aui g,'nnct
of the Senate of the hilted States, but
I must say that earl:, in Inv.' service I
became disillusioned on fl that
information classifiec as stereu .hilt
was given in commi'Aces i et Alve
session, within a co iple days had
trickled ttli the PreaS erthe'Ntion. That
has been my one di ,illusioana nt
the Senate of the United .ita,es, anal,
indeed, with both bodes of tie conarasa,
I say here today than in ir q Inda ;neat,
it would be more d siralili ti iolisn
the CIA and close it ip. loci , s ocl? and
barrel, than to adopt any such ,iteara
that all the Memberz of tht Coagi e,sa if
the United States me erunied to know
the details of all the activities ei this
farflung organizatio
Mr. President, it, was stat 4:1 it tie de-
bate, which I read in the ,LECORL, that
the Central Intellige ice Ag, ney does iidt
present to the Congra-ss ads ailedjudget
estimate of all its expend tui,!s. That
statement is true. it doer nut iiieseut
to the Congress an estanate soe ak;
comes from the Derartmer t 01 Agricul-
ture, the Post Offie Deg art, Liel,t, ate
Treasury Department, and itivea. Cepa, t-
ments of govarnmeatt, because ti na Si
would be to give ,,he So jet 13:nod o
,
. .
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0670057
Approved For Release 2002/01/31 : CIA-RDP59-00224A000100670057-0 44#
5412 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE April 11
blueprint whereby it might readily run
down and ascertain the activities and
the identity of every person who is risk-
ing his life today in an effort to secure
information which can be vital to the
future of the United States.
I say, and I say it in the full con-
viction of the correctness of the state-
ment, that one bit of information which
has been used on 2 or 3 occasions is
well worth the total cost of the admin-
istration of all our security agencies.
They undoubtedly waste some money.
They make mistakes. They have not
been able to penetrate behind the Iron
Curtain and gather the last detail as to
the strength of the Russian forces.
Other agencies, such as the British in-
telligence, which was in existence long
before ?or agenoy was, have likewise
failed. That is dertainly no reason for
circumscribing the Central Intelligence
.Agency's efforts and hampering it at the
very top, when the program is develop-
ing and bringing to us information which
is of vital value.
There has been talk about the amount
of money involved. I shall not state
what it is, but I will state it is a very,
very small percentage of the amount of
lax money spent each year by the
Armed Forces for research and devel-
opment of new weapons. Certainly, we
should not complain about a portion of
the amount of money spent for research
and develgpment being expended in an
effort to keep up with the activities of
those arrayed against us an that field.
I say no person would risk his life in
carrying on this work if every Member
Of the Congress and the large staff of
a new committee were in a position to
know where that person was every day
and to know the nature of the work in
Which he was engaged.
I was interested to learn that the dis-
tinguished author of the resolution said
it was contemplated that the committee
would have only a small staff. Every
Senator present has had experience in
that field. It is next to impossible, when
a committee is created, to keep the staff
down to the size intended originally.
Every Senator knows of occasions when
a committee has started with a small
staff, with the assurance that it would
be kept small, and in. 2 or 3 years it
has been extended all over the Capitol.
Most of us are, instinctively, empire
builders. We build in our own little field
whenever we have authority to do so.
It would not be long before the staff of
the proposed committee would be large.
The point has been raised that there is
not any committee supervision over the
Agency. The Committee on Armed
Services, and its predecessor committees,
have, since the inception of the Congress,
had jurisdiction over intelligence activi-
ties of the various branches of the serv-
ice. During World War II that commit-
tee had supervision over the activities of
the OSS. Therefore, it was but natural
that the Armed Services Committee
would be considered the parent commit-
tee of the Central Intelligence Agency.
I hope I have not been derelict in my
duty in reference to this very important
Agency. I appointed the subcommittee,
having jurisdiction over it, which I am
confident is composed of as able men as
any who sit in this body. The distin-
guished senior Senator from Virginia
[Mr. Byteol , who is vigorously opposed to
the resolution, the distinguished ma-
jority leader, the Senator from Texas
[Mr. Jomasosi] , the Senator from Mas-
sachusetts [Mr. SALTONSTALLL and the
Senator from New Hampshire [Mr.
BRIDGES], are members of that subcom-
mittee.
On at least 2 occasions in each year,
and more often on 3, we have had
before us the head of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency and his staff. We have
never had them fail to respond to a sin-
gle question we have asked them. They
have been forthright and frank.
On the floor of the Senate the state-
ment has been made, in effect, that we
have not told all the country about what
we have learned from the Central Intelli-
gence Agency; and one Senator said the
country was entitled to know. No, Mr.
President; we have not told the country,
and I do not propose to tell the country
in the future, because if there is anything
in the United States which should be
held sacred behind the curtain of classi-
fied matter, it is information regarding
the activities of this Agency. I repeat
that it would be better to abolish it out
of hand than it would be to adopt a
theory that such information should be
spread and made available to every
Member of Congress and to the members
of the staff of any committee. Rather
than do that, it would be better to abolish
the Central Intelligence Agency and, by
so doing, to save the money appropriated
and the lives of American citizens.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President,
will the Senator from Georgia yield?
The PRESIDING OrriCER. Does the
Senator from Georgia yield to the Sen-
ator from Iowa?
Mr. RUSSELL. Yes; if I have the
time.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Is the time
limited?
Mr. RUSSELL. Yes; but I yield to the
Senator from Iowa.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I merely
wished to make an observation and to
ask a question of the Senator from
Georgia.
Mr. RUSSELL. Certainly.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. The Senator
from Georgia and I have had some mu-
tual experiences along this line. He was
a member of the Special Committee on
Atomic Energy, which was the predeces-
sor of the present Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy. At all times since its
creation, he has been a member of the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy; and
I have shared that experience with him,
to my very great benefit. So I am in-
trigued and interested and very much
moved by the argument of the Senator
from Georgia.
Having served, myself, on the Joint
Committee on Atomic Energy, and un-
derstanding that an attempt has been
made by some Members, on the floor of
the Senate, to draw an analogy between
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
and the proposed Joint Committee on
Central Intelligence, I merely wish to say
to the Senator from Georgia that I be-
lieve he is utterly correct in what he has
said. There is no real parallel between
the problems confronting the two groups.
The work of the Central Intelligence
Agency is vastly different from that of
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy,
even though probably it is not more vital
and requires no greater secrecy than
some of the activities of the Joint Com-
mittee on Atomic Energy, in its dealings
with the atomic energy program.
But I myself cannot adopt the philos-
ophy that because we have a Joint Com-
mittee on Atomic Energy and because its
operations are secret, the establishment
of a Joint Committee -on Central Intel-
ligence, to deal with the Central Intel-
ligence Agency, is justified.
So I coinmend the Senator from
Georgia on his very powerful and forceful
argument along this line.
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr, President, I
thank the Senator from Iowa for bring-
ing out that point, which I had over-
looked thus far in my discussion. The
point he has mentioned has been raised.
I started serving with the Senator
from Iowa on what was first the Special
Committee on Atomic Energy, when it
was created.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Yes, both of
us were on that special committee, which
was created to write the Atomic Energy
Act.
Mr. RUSSELL. Yes. Since that time
I have served?with great profit to my-
self?with the Senator from Iowa on the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy.
I have also served on the Committee on
Naval Affairs, a precedecessor of the
present Armed Services Committee,
since I have been a Member of this body.
I state on my responsibility as a Sena-
tor that there is no comparison what-
ever between the activities of the Joint
Committee on Atomic Energy and the
activities cif the Central Intelligence
Agency or the contemplated activities of
the proposed Joint Committee on Central
Intelligence.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. They operate
in two different fields. Although secrecy
is involved, In both, the methods of opera-
tion and of accomplishment of the two
groups are entirely different.
Mr. RUSSELL. Yes. For example,
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
has the duty of maintaining surveillance
on a very large and important construc-
tion program, under which certain pro-
duction is had. In that work, thousands
of persons, including scientists, are em-
ployed; and a large part of that work is
devoted to seeing to it that the produc-
tion program and the construction pro-
gram of the Atomic Energy Commission
are maintained. But nothing whatever
of that nature pertains to the secret
intelligence work of such a group as the
Central Intelligence Agency.
Mr. HICKENLOOPE,R, Mr. Presi-
dent, the Senator from Georgia has
placed his finger on one of the most im-
portant differences between the two
agencies. There are other differences, of
course; hut I shall not attempt to
discuss them at this time. Suffice it to
say that the operations of the two groups
are fundamentally and basically dif-
ferent; and it is inherent in the operation
of the CIA that it be given certain broad
powers and authority, subject, in my
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