THE METHODS OF CREATING BREEDS OF DOMESTIC FOWLS IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A005000240002-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 82
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 27, 2008
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: November 26, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

 TIC: IIETIIODS OP CREATING
by Professor Penionzhi:evich,
Doctor of Biological Sciences.
The All-Union Poultry Breeding
Research Institute, Zagora':,
Iioseow Region, USSR.
In the past the development of the poultry industry in
Russia was based on the import of foreign poultry breeds and t
their acclimatization. This was the lonjest period in the de-
velopnent of the poultry industry and it showed the inpractioa-
bility of the given trend. Today of the numerous poultry breeds
which were imported fron abroad at different periods (a total of
64 breeds) only the Leghorn, Rhode Island and New Ilampshire Chic-
kens, the Pekin ducks and the Bronze turkeys have been preserv-
ed and are raised in the USSR.
This confirms t'ie view ezpreszed as far back as 1895 by
I.I. Abozin, the founder of scientific poultry keeping in Russia,
that in rearing forei?-.l breeds their good qualities are some-
what impaired because the fowls ar3 placed under climatic and nodn -
tenanee conditions which differ from those under which they are
created.
In the Soviet Union the development of the poultry industry
proceeded along the path of the inpro-:enent of native fowls, the
creation of new breeds and the further inprovenent, acclimatiza-
tion and hibridization with local birds of foreigg breeds which
in the course of a nunber of years adapted t'.:enselves to the
climatic and econonie conditions of the country.
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The breeding of many domestic fowls is based on certain
general methodological principles but at the sane tine, depending
upon the demands nade upon each of the future breeds, Bone of the
applied methods arc consideraW.y modified and in cone cases new
original methods are einployed.
Worl: is chiefly conducted on the creation and inprovenent
of general-purpose chicken breeds.
In creating new breeds reproductive or complex reproductive
crossing are made in nost cases.
The principal characters aceordinG to which selection and
choice of chickens for t'.e crosses are co:ducted arc as follows:
egg laying, weight of eC-:s, freight of fowls, broodiness, livcbility
reproductive properties, rate of feathering in chicks, early sexual
maturity, high productivity for a period of many years, number
of offspring, quality of neat, and resistance to certain diseases.
In creating and inproving neat types of dorestic fowls
(grease, ducl:s, turkeys) selection and choice of parental forms
is conducted with the aim of securinC a breed which requires
minimum costs for the _vroduction of one neat unit, -ivee maximum
offspring per fenale and, in sons cases, makes naxinur. use of
the natural feed in water basins and pastures.
The Significance of External Conditions in Altering
Heredity in cowls
In breeding chief attenti n is laid to the influence of ex-
ternal conditions on the organism of the initial breeds taken for
 the cross and upon the re, ultiic hybrids v:iic': are suboectucntly
purebred.
T+,e influence of certc._n external co:,diti .is on the c:i.n3es
in productivity and bi i:Ld of the fowls has been known bit a; o
and confirrecl in ::any researches, For ins+tance, high te:lperattire
causes a drop in the \,eicht of oggs, the development of a t1i:_n-
ner egg shell (Denion and 'iarren, 1933; Conrad.. 1939; 1.1eareii and
Sciinepel, 1940; I_il:avs'-;y, 1952; i ediI::i, 1953), cnd a reduction of
the live weight of the birds (Zelensl:aya, 1948; Penionz:i::evioh,
1952; Ragab and !.seen, 1953; Redil;:i, 1;:53).
::mhryoiiic mortality of cliic':er s i:: different ceogrc ):iical
latitudes is clue to differences in insotrition (?enionza:oviell,
1941) and ea; laying depends upon different conditie ns of illunind-
tion and tenperature (Sr_etnev, 1940),
A nu.ber of researches ::,,ow - _!at t. e ,prolonged influence of
external conditions on the orLanisn of c:ninals and birds not only
alters their livability and .productivity of the Parents, but,
what is particularly i::nort.ant, helps accumulate and fix t:ieee
qualities in a nunbe: of generatio:,s in the o-4'fsprinv, and, if tinder
the action of external conditions retnbolisn is altered, the newly
acquired properties beconc :iereditary.
The well-1alown Russian scientist and zootecluiician i:uleahov
P.11. fornuJ,ated the law of the fixing of properties in heredity
as follows: "This law r_anifests itself in the fact that the
characteristics of the organisn acquired in the course of its
life are the more persistently trc.nsnitted to the offspring the
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longer was the action of the causes t tt induced the ohm ;os.
Sirilarly, the norc the acquired characteristics are trans.
mited to the offspring the Greater is the chance of their being
preserved in the ftture generations".
Savelyev (1952) s:towed that prolon;;ed field management helps
create highly-productive chickens posseceinG Great livability
and better conversion of feed as cor. ared with the control group
of chickens kept in limited rances. ixeroises connected with the
movements of the birds activated the development of the organism
and certain internal organs (liver, heart, kidneys, ovaries). In
adult birds and chicl:s kept in the fields these organs were heavi-
er by 23-80 per cent. Inter the offsprings of the chickens that
had been kept eithor under the sane oonditio::s or in limited ranges
were norc productive and viable than chicks reared in the ease
conditions but oricinatinG fro:: parents that had bacn kept for
several years in a limited range.
The researches of ::oropanova (1952) were conducted with the
aim of studying the fifluence of two markedly contrasting feed ra?
tions on the hereditary variability of chickens. Both initial
groups of Leghorn pullets were equalised in all respects. In order
to exclude tho influence of natural or artificial selection
factors the paternal groups of each Generation were made up only
of closely related pullets along the maternal line. The ration
for one group of experiment pulleto was "Abundant" and for the
other--"bean". These rations remained uncharged in the course
of four generations. The fifth generation of both experinent
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groups were Cron under the Dane feeding conditions in order to
oheclc the extent of the hereditary fixation of t':e acquired
chances. The r'.ifference in live t-roic:;t in fift't Generation
pullets of both groups in autumn wan in favour of the offopring
obtained fron tho-well-fed mothers--by 203.4 Grano and at the
age of one year--by 163.9 Crane; as retards sexual maturity they
were earlier by 16.2 days, In eC::: laying for a period of oix
months they produced by 42.1 more eGC and the weight of eggs--
was greater by 3.9 Crams. All Vie above differences were bio-
metrically valid. It is interesting to note that the well-fed
pullets of the fourth Generation aorluired certain constitutional
proportion similar to those of t::o general-purpose type of
chickens.
By enploying different kinds of oaic'_:en fend containing
vegetable and anlnal proteins in a number of Generations Dinars
(1951) found that tae c''.ioks and ehiol:ens of three generations
which received the vegetable diet manifested deep chances in
metabolism ahd an altered type of build.
The nethodoof exterting an influence upon the initial breeds
and later upon purebred birds by conditions of feeding and nana-
gement is of crest significance in oreatinc new breeds.
In breeding the Russian !ihito o:tic1cen besides Grain and
meal food the rations included considerable amounts of potatoes,
pumpkin, oarrots, mantel and otter juicy feed and also food
containing natural vitamins. he a result the new broad developed
a capacity for oonounina a considerable amount of Juicy feed which
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cuts the wor::1:1; costs of the products wi taout caueinc a drop It
the productivity of tie birds. T:tia nethod of feeding czd field
nanwwenent were used in creating the Ze(;orel: General-purpose
breed of o iel:ens. In breeding the "0rt:t Caueacian tur!:ey hybrids
were produced which were subsequently inbred and then the purebred
fowls were kept in the pastures under conditions prevailing in the
southern zone of the USSR for 9-10 wontas a year. The new duck
breeds (Tirainian, Black !11rite-Brea3ted) were created on unlinited
water areas grit the utilization of a large anount of natural
plant and aninal foeda.
These nethods led to a reduction in feeding costs and helped
get hiC_:ly productive vigorous fowls.
It should also be noted that selection of parental forns of
the initial breeds iron fame located in different climatic zones
or where different methods of nanagcaent were employed (Kushner
and Eltayeva, 1953) and also the naintenanoe of mass and fenales
during the prebreeding period under different conditions and
different feeding (Sevelyev, 1953) exerted a favourable influence
on the rise in livability and perfornanoe of the birds.
Concerning Certain Problems of Interbreed Or ?
The theory of hybridisation proceeds iron the precept that
inereasod vitality and Productivity of the offspring are the
result of the fusion of biologically full value nale and fenale
sex cells poscessing different qualities. The difference in the
qualities of these cells creates the stimulus for the internal
oontradiotion of the living body whin:: is the cause of the high
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livability and productivity of farm amir.;..lo and birds.
Pron our point of view t::e najor points of the problon of
hybridization c'tocld be thorou hly studied today are the
combination of breeds for )ediCroe d narl:et pu_.,poses and the
elaboration of not::odc of aeetring vegetative hybrids.
In the All-Lhion Poultry Dreeding Researo:; Institute wort:
has been conducted for a period of oeverc.l years on the problem
of the inheritance of hharactere and the evaluation on this basis
of the effectivity of single and reciprocal crosses.
In studying these problo;ts its tirooood fron the fact t*i the
parental forms exert an influence on their offspring with the
participation of at least two major factors: a) nutrition during
the embryonic period trhic:: is closely connected with the maternal
organism and through it wit:: the external environment; b) heredity
which both the paternal and natornal orgcnisra possess.
Among Cis aut::ore worl:inj on tae problen of t::e inheritance
of different characters in domestic fowls mention should be made
of Burov l,.IT. (cited according to Kushner, 1955) who conducted
very convincing and eontrastiv;, as reC..rds live might, crosses
between Bantar., Rhode Island, Leghorn and Iangs:ian Chickens,
Lebedev 11.11. (1949), Lebedev il.i:, and Libizov Ii.P. (1952) on the
inheritanoe of live reight, vitality and hatchability; Iioultrie,
I:in. and Cottier (1353), ilorely rand Snits (1.54) on livability.
On the basis of these and many other researches its nay con-
clude that such characters as live ueitjtt and viability of eabryoss
are inherited by the offspring primarily fron the maternal organism.
 These data are con: irn ed b;,, researches conducted in the All-
thion Poultry Dresding Reoerrc:: Institute by Savelyev I.IC. (1;52).
The works on the in:ieritanco of resitance in c:.icl:ens of
different breeds and strains to infectious and helninthous
diseases (Roberts and, Card, 1926; :utt, 1935, Sturl:ie, 1943,
Champion, 1954 and ot::ers) have s'_oum that in crossinG naics and
females of both resistant card nonresistant strains the offspring
-)roved to be resitant i.e. in this case the character is i,vierit-
ed in an equal decree fron the natennnl and the paternal line.
'.!it': the :_i_:: of exnerinentally chec':inG the preferential
inheritance of sonarate characters relatin to the prodt:ctivity
of the fowls fror the paternal and natcrnc.l or--anions and determ-
iniik; the nest effective conbinot ions of :r.rental forns for
interbreed crosses corres 'ondi;:j investigations were conducted
in the All-Union Poultry Breeding Researc.. -nstitute.
In ::is experiments Savelyev (1953) enployed hens and cocks
fo four breeds for his and reciprocal crosses: the Y rlov,
Russian `!,lite, Rhode Island and i'ew ::arpshire chickens. The best
indices for ecg laying, early physiological naturity, and live
weight were corbincd in hybrids obtained fron by crossing cocks
of the egg layin;; breed originat _ne fron highly productive
mothers with hens of a heavier weight belonci.ng to the general-
purpose type. Hatchability was higher in the sincle crosses.
In L.V. Saollionova's experire:r..s with Russian '!cite and
Zagorsk chickens the incubating properties of the eggs in the
single crosses was also 'higher t'_icn in reciprocal crosses: by 8.9
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per cent of the nunber of incubated and b;; 2 per cent of he
number of fertilised eggs
The hybrid chicks fron the reciprocal arouses a jprozinate
in live weight to the Z orsk chic:, of the general-purpose type
while the hybrids of the single cross are nore lilac the Russian
'.'cite egg laying type of chickens in res.;ect to this character.
Shal:hnova's investiations show that body neasurerent indices
and the size of the hybrids of the reciprocal cross are higher
than those of the hybrids of the reciprocal cross are aighcr
than those of the by rids from the single cross, i.e. these
indices like the live wei ;ht of the offspring are, influenced more
by the maternal organisn.
In dressing; fowls and in enatonical studies it was found
that the amount of neat and edible ports in hybrids of the single
cross is greater than in Russian '.!Mites by 12.7 per cent and in
hybrids of the reciprocal cross b 21 per cent.
Thus, the production of superior quality hybrids in respect
to the entire set of economic characters for narket and breeding
purposes depends upon the choice of initial 'breeds, individual
selection cocks and hens belonging to ;roues with different types
of productivity.
On the basis of ex_~erinents and the analysis of the worl:
conducted by the breeding state farns which show t'.e influence
of the paternal and paternal organdsns on the i;zherituunce of
separate econonic characters reciprocal crossing nay be reconnend-
ed as the most effective (hens of t:ie general-purpose type are
 crossed vi G:_ cocl:s of the e;:;g-laying type whose pothers were
highly productive). In this case the oftswin o as a rule panes
a big live weiCht, Good feed conversion, high egg-laying, early
maturity and a good exterior inherited fro:: the cocks and the
hens. Only one character in these crosses, nanely, hatchability
is inferior.
Researches conducted in the Soviet ;'pion on the production
of vegetative hybrids whose_hered.!.ty is altered by neans of paren-
terai injection of blood and other tissues to recipients (Sopikov
7.950, 1951, 1954, 1957; Perdinandov 1552; Gronov and Peol;tistov
1957) have s:hovm that by rer,eated ixtrenteral injections of blool
taken from donors to another breed the altered characters can be
fixed and nade hereditar.- in the offsprin`;s of the roci.Aents; the
liveability, fecundity and econonic productivity and also resis-
tance to diseases can be increased bot:?. in the recipients them-
selves and in their offs min,.
This nethod has nade it possible to create a new highly-
productive ;eneral-purpose breed ,;rou.) of T,eni.r;rad '":ite
chic'.-ens whic:: ghost corpietely fail to brood (0.8-1;S brood-
ine hens) in contract to ot:_cr --e:neral-purpose breeds such as
the Rhode Island, Plynouth Roc'_ :There the percents a of brooding
hens reaches 14-20;x.
A brief Description of the Dreeds and :)reed Groups of
Donestic Fowls Created in the LCSR
The territory of the Soviet :anion includes different clina-
tic zones--fror. t o districts of eternk.l icc to the subtropics and
the conbination of external fr?.ctors differs in the different
 That is way breeds of donestic fowls are Croatia
tW f10 sons in vaio:: the birds nanifest naslnun Productivity ^It
livability.
Breeds of Different Fowls and the Zones of their
Distribution in the USSR
Chickens
Russian Ulliite
Geese
Big Grey
Artanassky
Pskovsky
Romens'ry
Shadrinc y
Turkeys
North Caucasian
In all zone:. In uI,e USSR there are two
populations: he nor thorn heavy weight and
the southern with :x cruller live wei;ht
Central districts (central chernozen and
norchernozon zones) and the south.
Districts of the center, the west, north
and south.
Central districts.
Districts of the north-west and west.
Districts of the south.
Districts of the Ural'- and Siberia.
Districts of _Torth Caucasus ;~.nd the south.
Breed Groups of Different Fowls and the Zones of
their Distribution in the USSR
Chicken
Zagorsksky
Districts of the center, South,North
Caucasus Southern Urals and Siberia.
Districts of L:,e ;forth-West.
 rwhl..b-
I1eallcovdw
Poltavsly
Geese
$olnechnogorsky
Kaluzhasky
Li t ovsl:y
Duck s
Zerkalny
Ukrainsky
Black !,cite-Breasted
I:ubansly
Turkeys
lIoekovsky
Stalingrj'.dsky
Black Til:aoretsky
Distrion of the center.
Districts of the center and i'orth Oswams
Districts of the center.
T:ie same
Districts of the west.
Districts of the center, north-west abd west.
Districts of the south
The sane
Districts of the ::ort:! Caucasus.
Districts of the center, north-west, Urals
and Siberia.
Below we give a brief description of the new breeds and
breed groups of domestic fowls t:u:t are widespread in the USSR.
C::Ic ::iTS
Russian '.'bite breed by utilizing reproductive crossing of
Leghorns with local Russian chic';cns. In creatin;, this breeds,
selection and choice of parenta_1 pairs were conducted in such a
way as to combine high ecclayiiG and big egg weight with greater
live weight of the fo.rls, good fertility and livability.
In the USSR they are widcs-read. On the best breeding fame
the average e,;ClayinC is 180-200 eggs a year. On the State fart
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"Krasny I:ut", Saratov Region, tie aver~G;e a gln.,yin~; of 20 tliausa"
Nilekene anounte to 208 eggs a year.
The record hen 'To. 6868 laid 330 *me in one year weiahiag
on the average 60 grans, tl:e live weight of the hen being 2.4 kilo-
Grams. I:en No. 617, which set a record in -productivity for a period
of several years, laid 1057 egos in the course of 5 fears with an
average weight of 62 grams; the live weii;at of the hen is 2.4 kilo-
gram.
The Kuchinslar Jubilee chicken was bred on the I)edigree
poultry state form "I:uchinsky", ioscotr Region, by utilizing conplex
reproductive crossing of tic following breeds: Local Livensl0r, ;Tew
ilanshire, Rhode Island, Australorp and ite -lynout% Roc!:. The
hen's plumage is fellow, tic cock's-dark: red (black: breast). The
average c.g layin: on the I:uchins':y Stc.te Parn is 200.2 eggs per
laying 'ien. The record hen No. 2005 laid 285 eggs in one year
with an average weight of 61 grans; the live weight of the chicken
is 3.10 Kilogrrns.
Zagorsky (general purpose tyT)e) bred in t'.e All Lhim Poultry
Breedi, : Research Institute by utilizing complex reproductive cros-
sing of Yurlov, Russian '.!bite, ;Tear ::aspshire and Rhode Island chic-
kens. There are two varieties as regards plunage colour and form
of conb: tthite with a rose comb and salnon-coloured with a single
conb. The egg-laying of the pedigree group chicl:ens of the All-
Union poultry Breeding Research Institute (Za,;orks, iloscotr Region)
is 201 eggs. The record 'ien iTo. 7800 laid 243 eggs in one year
weighing 58 grans o:t t:,c average; t:ie live weight of the hen--3
kilograms.
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~nx'ads v Tlhite heavy ;rei::,t
L-eneral-purpose type of
Chickens, nonbroedini;, created by nears of the transfuaio:1 of
blood from Australorps to Leghorns in t::e course of four genera-
tions. Beginning with the fifth generation the fowls were
bred without transfussion of blood. Tile Pt
average e;_;g laying, on e on the
"Bolshevil:" State Farms, Le:iincr, d fle-ion was 132 eccs per lien;
live weight of the clicl:ens is 2.7--3.2 hilograns.
Pioekovsky chickens bred by utilizing hems with I'ew I*.~ crosses of Yurlov c_ric-
Psisires and Brow-7n Leghorns. Adult birds and
chicks were kept under the climatic conditions of the Hoscoir
Region with its long cold winters. Tile average eL,; layinc at the
Bratsevo Poultry plant was 200 eggs, weiCirt of the hens 2.7 kilo-
grass and cool:s--3.5 ':ilograms. record hen laid 240 eggs.
bred on the Poultry state farms "Borki", Tharkov
Region and "Arzhenka", Tambov Region by utilizirk; reproductive cros-
sing of Ronen and Toulouse Geese. The average live weight of the
females is 6 kilograms and that of the ganders 7.8 kilograms. The
average egg laying is 50 eggs.
Bolnechnogorslar geese were bred on the "Barezkill State
Pars, Solnechnogorsk District, iioscow Reggion' by by utilizing complex
rig complex
reproductive crossing of 1'.holnogori, Chinese and Toulouse geese.
The average freight of the females is 6 l:ilograms andof the ganders
7.8 kilograms. Average egg laying-40 eggs. The record
470-60 laid 71 eggs a goose No.
3'edr, her live wei.rt was 7.4 kilograms.
 Lalu$Ysslar aeeaA bred by utilizing the crosses of Tulsky
geese with local varieties bred in t'ie T:alt a Region. The fowls
nanifest the best correlation of skeleton and muscles (1:4).
In a nunber of regions of the Soviet Union (Gorgky, Cherni-
gov) hybrids of the local varieties and the chinese geese are bred
in large quantities. In these 'iybrids are conbined high egg-lay-
ing (70-120 eggs a year) and a big live weight (6-7 kilograms),
DUCK S
Zerkaducks bred by utilizing complex reproductive cros-
ses of local ducks raised in the Moscow Region with Pekin and Khaki-
Campbells. Average live weight--e kilograms, average egglaying
123 eggs. The record clue!; ITo. 1167 laid 135 eggs, Ivor live freight
was 3.1 kilograms.
1a ducks bred at the Ukrainian Poultry Breeding Ex-
periment Station by utilizing the initial crossing of local Grey
ducks with wild drakes in order to increase the feed conversion
properties of the offspring. They actively utilize the natural
feed of the ponds: 2-2.5 feed units are spent per kilogram of in-
crement in weight. Very unexacti;ig. The record duck No. 1314 (live
weight 4.2 kilograms) laid 225 eggs.
Black White-Breasted ducks bred by utilizing reproductive
crossing of local Ulsainian Black "Illite-Breasted duc:s with Pekins
and I:haki-Campbells. 2-2.5 feed unit are spent
in ire ' -?'it. Pent per kilograms of
The record duel: ITo. 10-3363 (live weight 3.2
kg) laid 225 eggs.
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T U R K E Y S
North Caucasian bred in the Stavropol Territory by utiliz-
ing the reproductive crossipC of the local Caucasian turkey with
Bronze and Brood-Breasted Bronze fowls. They pasture well, Tale
average weight of the turkey 'lens is 6.0 kiloC;rans and of the cocks
12.1 kilograms, The record hen I?o. 751 (live weight 7.5 Ialocrans)
laid 121 eggs.
The Iloscovsky turkey bred in the central zone of the USSR
by utilizing conplex reproductive crossilla of local '.,4iite turkeys,
White Dutch, tlaite Beltsville and 7ocal Bronze turkeys raised in
the Iloscow Region with the north Caucasian and Bronze Broad-
Breasted (Bronze variety), Average live weight of the turl:ey hens
6.6 kilograms and of the cocks 12.6 kilograms. The record white
hen IIo. 499 (live weight 7.3 kilograne) laid 139 eggs.
B14ok Tikore*SkY turkeys. The turkey hens are of average
weight and the quality of the nez,t is high (good correlation bet-
ween flesh and skeleton, edible and inedible )arts). Their repro-
ductive properties are good. Average weight of the 'lens is 4.6
kilograms and of the cocks 8.5 kilograns. Record hen IIo. 3797
(live weiS'tt 4.6 kilograns) laid 98 eggs.
The report is illustrated with lantern slides of the breeds
and breed groupt of fowls.
 S U11H'AR Y
of the re_2ort by Professor
enionzlL:ev
' ich, D. The iiethods of creati:l ? breeds of Donest on
io fouls in the i)S3
In the Soviet u.; on new breeds of >oultry after prolonged
tests of the breeding and con^erci,l
of by the l oultry fins are approved
Iinistry of ?'.,rieulture.
Piew breeds that are still in
the process of their nal;ii n~
~` cstin
ad breed and Hass reproduction are
call-
of uitil they are approved of by the liinistrr-. One of the najor denands Lade upon a breed is the presence
of a sufficiently lame stock of foils which Hakes it
conduct creative selection ;,ndcl, Possible to
oice of parental pairs inside the
breed for its furt''er improvement.
In the USSR within a period of 40 years 3 breeds of different
types fo fowls (the '.!kite I1u3s
ian c_licl:en; the lar
Eorsky, 1rsnasskJ Grey, I.holmo_
, Pa, Ce _ oval:y, Ronensl:y, -
~hadrinsl:y geese; and i'orth
Caucasian Turkeys) and 15 breed groups: have been improved and creat
ad: Pervomaisky, Z
atorsiy, Leningradsl;y, I:uchinsky, iiosl;ovsky and
Poltavsky chicl:ens; Solnechnogorsky, IIaluzhsl:y and Litovel;y geese;
l'n'ite Iiosl:ovsky,
Zerkalny, Ulrainsl:y, Dlacl: Vhite-breasted and
I:ubansl;y ducks; lfosl:ovsky, Black Tikhoretslty and StalinC;adsl:y
turkeys.
The principle stages in creating breeds are:
ing: 1/ Choice of parental pairs fron different breeds for cross-
'e cross anong the Int
brood hybrids te desired characters and productivity.
2/ Selection and c::oce of pairs for t
er
-
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Directional rearing, feedinG :aid nanat;enent of fowls of the new
breed group; the fixin; of useful hereditary properties in each
subsequent Generation;
3/ The creation of :!ic:ly ,)roductive strains and families,
intestrain crossing with the simultaneous action of external con-
ditions upon the organisn;
4/ If necessary in the process of creating breeds crosses
to add "new blood" are enployed at the later etaces.
The creation of poultry breeds for tie different zones is
major conditions for ensurin hich livability and good breeding
properties in the fouls. For this purpose one (or several) of
the initial breeds used for the cross nust be a native. hew pro-
ductive and breeding properties are obtained in the fowls by means
of directional action of the complex of external conditions espe-
cially during the period of the organ's development, which not only
promote higher productivity of.th,e initial forms but the prolonged
action of lrhieh ensures the accumulation of these new useful pro-
perties in the subsequent generations.
In crossing initial forns the -)referential inheritance of
separate characters fron the paternal and paternal orca.nisns is
taken into account. The method of _producing veGetative hybrids
by means of parenteral iitections of blood and other tissues into
recipients is also enployed.
A condition of paranount ir~nortcxice for the creation of high
ly productive poultry breeds is selection and choice of parental
pair, according to individual tests andthe obtaining of a nazinum
 nunber of foos_irirles from then, tr' ic'
Soviet i easily aecon~li~hed in
the Union inhere there are large pedicree poultry fame
irorl;ing according to a unified plan.
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REFERS ITC ES
ABOZIIT I. I., Poultry Breeding. The .'oultry Yard on Russian
Debriyan Publishers, 1895.
GROHOV A. TI. I"::OI:TISTOV P. I. , Altering Heredity in Chickens by
nearer of Blood Transfusion. Hoscow, 1;57.
DIITAIT, V. I:. , Protein i'utrition as a Factor of the P unetional and
Morphological Changes in the Or;;cnisn. Thesis. Timi-
ryazev tcricultural Acadeny in IIoscow, 1951.
ZI:I%ITSI'.AYA E. V., ICholmogori Geese and their Si"nificance in the
Development of Hone Geese Breeding. Trudi nauchno-
issledovatelskogo Institute Ptitsevodstva, vol. 20,
1948.
I:UI::SIIOV P. IT., Theoretical Yorks on ?edigree Livestock Breeding,
IIoscow, 1947.
KU$HITER Kh. F. and KITAYEVA 0. N., New Experinental Data on the
'oblen of Related and iTonrelated Breeding of Chic-
kens. Trudi Instituta Genetila Akadenii ITaul: SSSR,
vol. 20, 1953.
I:USISi: Kh. F. The Genetical Bases of DreedinG '!orl: in the Poultry
Industry. Trudi Institute Genetiki Akademii Nauk
SSSR, vol. 22, 1955.
KIKAVSICY L. D. , A Zootechnical and Bioloeicrl Analysis of the Age
and Seasonal Changes in ]-roductivity of Chic_:ens.
Trudi ITauchno-Issledovatelsi:ogo Instituter Ptitsevode-
tva, vo. 22, 1952.
KOREPAUOVA C. Ya., T. a Inheritance of Changes in Chicl:ens Thrder the
Influence of Conditions of Feeding. Zhurnal "Agro-
biologla", No. 2, 1952.
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 LD_DLV li? li , Influence of Conditions of Feedi;-Z; Iianagement and
tae ilethod of Selecting Parental Pairs of Aninals
uron tic ffectiveness of Industrial Crosses. Trudi
Pushi:insl:oy Iaboratorii Razvedenia Selsl:ol:hoz.
Zlhivo, issue 3, 1949.
LEBI:DEV Ii. II. and LIBIZov iI. P.. Crossing and Double hating in
Iiarl:et Lives tocl:breedi:i , Selk ozgiz, 1,52.
PEIIIOPTZFIIChVICH L. E. , Clianges in Embryonic ilortality of Chickens
in Different Geographic latitudes. Doklady AM:ademii
Nauk SSSR, vol. MII, ITO. 8, 1941.
PEITIOTTZIIICEVICH E. E. , Increasing :'roductivity and Inyroving Breed-
ing Properties of Domestic Fouls. Trudi iauchno-
Issledovatelsl:oGo Instituta Ptitsevodstva, Vol. 22,
1952.
PLITIOITZIII'.L'VICII D. %. , The Ileans and Ifethods of Innrovi1, lTative
Poultry. Trudi Ilauchno-Issledovatels':ogo Instituta
Ptitsevodstva, vol. 23, 1953
PEnnIOITZIU VICII E. SAVELYEV I.K. and CIIMUTOVA A. P. , The new
ZaGorsky Dreed Group of Chickens. Trudi Vseso
Yuznogo ITaucYuio-
Issledovatelekogo Instituta !'titsevodstva, vol. 25,
1953.
SI>ETNEV S. I. , Breed Testi,t' of Leghorn and Rhode Island Chickens,
Sbornilc ITauchno-Iseledovatelskogo Instituta 1titse-
vodstva, 1940.
 SIIBTII;;V S. I? : II:UhITSI;Y Li', . 'York on the Creation of the
Iioscow Breed Group of C::iel:ens. Abstracts of
Reports of the Timiryazev I;lericultural Acadeny
in Iioseow, issue ?IV-I, 1953.
SOPII:OV P.1I.. A New iiethod of Ve-etntivc
/
ibricization of Birds
by iieans of the Transfusion of Blood. Zhurnal
"Priroda", I?o.I0,1950.
SOPIKOV =.ii.. Trancnission of :!credit
arY Properties by Trans...
fused Blood. Z:hurnal "'.zrobioloiia", iio.6, 1951.
SOPII:OV P.:i.. , Alterin; Heredity and Increosirk. Vitr.lity of
Animals by Means of Parenteral Injection of Blood
and other Tisres to Recipients. Trudi Vsesoyuzno~o
Ilauchno-Issledovatelshoeo Instituta Ptitsevodstva,
vol. 25, 1957.
SOPII:OV P .II. The Llteration of Heredity by Ileaas. of ''arentcral
Injection of Blood, Zhurnal K;robiolocia , IIo.6,
1954.
S :IMBIiYJ:OV , Ilethods of Brcedi
rk.: '!or.. uita Russicn I^_tite
C::icl:ens, i oscow, 1957.
S'?VIlYBV I: I:. , Prolonc ed Field llanaC;enent of C::iclcena
as a lIet::od
of Inprovink:; their Productivity -nd heredity. Trudi
Irauc.tno-Isslcdovr,tels?_oLo Instituta Ttitsevodotva,
vol. 22, 1952.
SAVELy y I:., IncreasinZ the Productivity
/ and Viability of Yurlov
 Chickens in Cases of Closely-Related Breeding.
Trudi !T,uc:ono-Is sled ovatelsl:ogo Instituta
Ptitsevodstva, vol. 23, 1953.
FDR~II :',I-10V V.V. , The Search for IIethods of the Vegetative
Hybridization of :animals. "Uspekhi Sovrenennoi
Diologii, vol. T-.:.-IV, issue 2, 1952.
S:.VDLfly 1.I_. , The influence of the paternal and maternal
orcanisrs on the offspring in cases of inter-
breed crossing of chickens. Trudi ITaucluzo-issledovat.
Instituta Ptitsevodstva, v.23, 1953.
B!TIOIT ".Z. and :'L:7:' '..'iu ~,:' D.C., Temperature and its Effect on Size
in the Donestic Fowl. Poultry Science, v.12, Uo.2,
1933,
COI^!,D P..II. , The ffect of high Tcnper,.ture on the Blood Calcium
of Laying lien. Poultry Science, v.13, 1939.
CI1:IPIOIT L. , The Inheritance of Resistance to Cecal Coc-
cidiosis in Donestic ;owl. Poultry Science,
v?33, I'o.4, 1954.
i` U T T F.B., On the Physiolocicnl Basis to Salmonella Pul-
lorun of the Fowl. :.rer. ITatura list, v.69, p.66,
1935.
I101ILII:Y F.::. and SiUIi :, Comparison Between Reciprocal Cros-
ses of :,uspralorp and '.':_ite Le;:horns. Animal
Brecding Abstracts, v.22, p.250, 1954.
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IIOULTRI^ T. and COTTTI: ,R G, , Influence of IIeterosis
and Iiatornl ~.ffeots on Viability in an Inter-
strain Cross of ":_ite Lechorna. Poultry Science,
vol. 32, p.935, 1953.
ROILRT ~ ^nu C; ."j L.,Tho Inheritance of Broodiness in
Doncatic 7oal. ro . 3-t '!orlds goal. Concresa
V.2, p.353, 1933.
and 'affect of :,tnoo?nheric Tenperature
on :1;;C '!ei;;ht and Viold in Fayoini and Baladi
Fowl. Poultry ,cicnce, V.32, :'o.6, 1;53.
'l1R.WIT C. and ;,C"'I^': :.L, , The :-"ffoct of Air Temper- ture
on :3G,:; Shell T:Ae'aiecs in the Fowl. Poultry
^cience, v.19, !To. 1, 1340.
 eLzO0(ia OOYTAITm L zav= uY czaChaims
AND 1ULLrd,1JG $
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THE ALTERATION OF 074TAIN 14OPERTI AND CHARACTERS
IN FOOLS 3Y WEANS OF PAREN EHAL TRANSFUSION
OF BLOOD AND THEIR FIXATION T_N THE OFFSPRING
by P.M. Sopikcv.
(The Leningrad Bare of the All-Union
Poultry Breeding Research Institute
of the Lenin Ac;domy of Agricultural
Sciences,Decorated with the Order
of Lenin,Leningrad,US30.
The problem of altering heredity in animals is of great
significance in biological science. As is ':mown, environmental
conditions are one of the major factors influencing these
changes. Many scientists in their works dating from the end of
the XVIII century to our days acknowledged the unity of the
organism and its conditions of life. This principle we find
in the works of J. Lamarck (18), Ch.L'arwin (9), K.A.Timiryasev
(32), I.V.Michurin (21).T.D. Lysenko (19), I.E.Glushchenko(7)
and others.
Today the scientists of the Soviet Union and other count-
ries employ different methods in order to alter the hereditary
characteristics of animals; the transplantation of ovaries and
testes (I,22,23,36,39), the trensnlantation of fertilized
and unfertilized ova (10, II, I2,14,17,20,25,2?,28), the
substitution of the yolk and egg white in incubating eggs of
domestic fowls (2,3,13,20)24,26,33,35,36, 38), the para-
biosis of organisms in embryological dnd postnatal periods(4,6),
repeated syst:;matic parent,rol transfusions of blood (5,8,15,29,
30,31,33) and also the injection of sperm,tcstos and ovaries
(31).
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I.BARISHNIKOV I.A.,ZAX N.G. and PAVLOV S.F.,The influence of
the Maternal Organism ox the colour of the Coat of
Rabbits under the Conditions of the Transplantation
of Ovarles.Izv