CHINA REPORT RED FLAG

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP04-01460R000100460001-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 97
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 19, 2008
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 25, 1983
• Content Type: REPORT

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l~ JPRS 83140
25 March 1983
China Report
RED FLAG
No. 2, 16 January 1983
FBIS
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JPRS 83140
25 March 1983
CHINA REPORT
RED FLAG
No. 2, 16 January 1983
Translation of the semimonthly theoretical journal of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China published in Beijing.
CONTENTS
In Developing Agriculture, Education in Science and Technology
Among Cadres and Peasants Must Be Strengthened (pp 2-5)
(Wan Li) ....................................... ...... 1
0
Create a New Situation in the Study of Philosophy and Social
Sciences (pp 6-9)
(Commentator) ...................................................... 9
Uphold the Marxist Principle in Developing Our Party's Relations
With Communist Parties of Various Countries (pp 10-14)
(Li Ji, Guo Qingshi) ........................................... 16
All Power Belongs to the People--Studying Stipulations on the
State Political System Contained in the New Constitution
(pp 15-20)
(Lu Zhichao)............. .... .................................. 24
The Origin of the Title of the Book 'Holy Family' (p 20)
(Li Fan) ........................................................ 34
Take an Attitude of Master of the Country Toward One's Labor
(pp 21-22) 35
(Wang Chonglun) ....................................................
Develop Rural Cooperative Commerce (pp 23-26)
(Wu Xiang) ......................................................... 39
Harvest in 'Spring'--Notes on a Visit to the Shenzhen Special
Economic Zone (pp 27-32)
(Xiong Fu) ........................................................ 48
- a - [III - CC - 751
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Transformation of Matter Into Consciousness and Consciousness
Into Matter Is a Marxist Proposition (pp 33-36)
(Li Bulou, Li Quanshi) ........... .............................. 59
Pay Attention to Work Methods (pp 37-38)
(Shi Youxin). ......................................... ......... 66
Actively Reflect Contradictions and Conflicts in Reforms
(pp 39-40)
(An Liangwen) ................................................... 70
The Development of Agricultural Brigades Whose Members Have
an Average Income of Above 300 Yuan (p 40) ........................... 74
Apply Materialist Dialectics to Economic Work (pp 41-44)
(Bai Liangyu) ................................................... 75
Persist in Uniting Speed With Results '(pp 45-47)
(Xie Minggan) ................................................... 82.
Why Are There Still Internal and External Debts When the
Economic Situation Is Very Good? (pp 47-48)
(Wu Zhenkun) .................................................... 89
A Talk Starting With a Commune Member'Unwilling To Contract
for Forestry Work Again (inside back cover)
(Lin Wenshan) ................................................... 92
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IN DEVELOPING AGRICULTURE, EDUCATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AMONG CADRES
AND PEASANTS MUST BE STRENGTHENED
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 2-5
[Article by Wan Li [8001 6849]].
[Text] Editor's note: We now publish excerpts of a
speech made by Comrade Wan Li when he met the partici-
pants in the fourth study course for leading agricul-
tural cadres on 3 December 1982.
Agriculture has always constituted a major problem in our state. If our
agriculture is fine, the situation in ourcountry.is also fine. The worst
period in our economic situation since the founding of the PRC was during
the Great Leap Forward and the 3 difficult years. In Beijing, pork was
unavailable for several months. At that time, everyone was in low spirits.
We shall never forget this lesson. The situation has been excellent over
the past few years. This is primarily due to the development of agricul-
ture. The 800 million peasants have ease of mind and are. happy. There-
fore, agriculture affects the economic situation of the state. Being
veteran cadres, you can recollect that in the past 30-odd years, the market
as well as the overall economic and political situation of the state was
fine whenever there was a bumper harvest in agriculture. Developing agri-
culture constitutes a strategic question. The population of our country is
1 billion now, and it will increase to 1.2 billion by the end of this cen-
tury. This makes it necessary for us to have a good grasp of agriculture,
and under no circumstances should we relax our efforts. We should adopt
various measures and strengthen all fields of our endeavor in developing
agriculture and the rural economy and bringing prosperity to peasants in
their hundreds of millions. We should never vacillate in adherence to this
principle, for any vacillation might ruin matters. This is the first point.
Second, our agriculture has had its ups and downs over the past 30-odd years.
After being good for a certain period of time, it turned bad and, after
being bad for a certain period of time, it turned good. This-unstable sit-
uation has been a reflection of the weather conditions, but also of our
leadership over agriculture. Whenever we exercise leadership over agricul-
ture in a down-to-earth manner, the agricultural production is fine. How
should we strengthen, and improve our leadership over, agriculture? An
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important factor is to carry out reeducation among cadres, intellectuals
and peasants. What we are referring to is not "taking class struggle as
the key link" but is aimed at educating people to engage in the four mod-
ernizations drive according to the requirements of the 12th party congress.
The four modernizations include the modernization of agriculture. What is
meant by agricultural modernization? It refers to the application in
agriculture of the achievements of modern science and technology in order
to promote the rapid development of agricultural productive forces. The
leaders of agriculture should master scientific knowledge by diligently
studying modern scientific and technological knowledge of agriculture; the
broad section of peasants should also raise their cultural and scientific
level. These should be combined together. It is imperative for leaders to
understand science. Should we not rely on policy and science? I am not
talking about the question of policy today. I shall deal specifically with
the question of science and education. In the past, various concepts, such
as the whole country learning from Dazhai and great criticism promoting
energetic work, were adopted. It was also said that "without blocking the
way to capitalism, it is impossible to move a step along the socialist
road." Can repeated struggle strengthen leadership? Your work points
would be deducted if you did not go to work; the amount of grain ration
was determined by the leadership; what crops should.be grown on which
fields was also decided by the leadership;. the peasants did not have time
to go to a fair or go home to do some cooking; they did not even have the
right to raise chickens. You can see how strict and stern the discipline
was! Was not this "leadership" strong enough? It can well be said that it
reached an extreme degree. However, the stronger the leadership, the worse
things became.
In order to strengthen and improve the leadership of the party, it is
necessary for our leadership to conform to science and act in strict
accordance with the law of nature and the economic law. We should not talk
in general terms about objective law but should proceed from actual situa-
tions in various localities. Agriculture is different from industry. The
soil to the east of the village is different from that to the west of the
village. In directing agricultural production, it is necessary to learn to
exercise leadership in a scientific way. Generally speaking, there are two
branches of science, the natural sciences and the social sciences. As for
philosophy, this is the generalization of the two. Natural sciences and
social sciences permeate each other. For example, administration and
management involve both natural and social sciences.
Just as Comrade Hu Yaobang said, the situation of our agriculture is excel-
lent and on the ascent. Is there any possibility of suffering another set-
back in the future? We cannot say that there can never be such a possi-
bility. However, I think there is a greater possibility that we shall avoid
setbacks and advance progressively until the end of this century and the next
so that our agriculture will steadily develop. This is because politically,
there has been and will be a long period of a political situation charac-
terized by stability and unity since the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CPC
Central Committee, and particularly since the 12th party congress. The CPC
Central Committee has decided through discussions that "three kinds of
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people" should not be allowed to join in the leading bodies. In addition
to that, people who oppose the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central
Committee and those who commit serious crimes in the economic field, making
up "five kinds of people," should not be allowed to join in the leading
bodies. Thus we shall be able to ensure the continuity of the policies and
the continuity of the line, principles and policies determined by the 12th
party congress. A stable political situation and persistence in imple-
menting correct policies toward peasants and giving full play to the
initiative and creativity of peasants in production will enable our agri-
culture to continuously develop and the peasant masses to get richer with
each passing year. It is absolutely necessary for our cadres at various
levels to support peasants in getting rich. Why should.the Communist Party
be afraid of people getting rich? How can one talk of communism if everyone
is living in utter poverty? Communism certainly does not mean practicing
egalitarianism with "everybody eating from the same big pot"; it means
eliminating exploitation and exploiting classes. The ability of the.Com-
munist Party lies in being skilled in leading the people to create wealth,
while being able to avoid polarization, so that the whole people can become
rich with good cultural and living standards and a high degree of democracy;
thus we gradually build a communist society in which there is great abun-
dance of material goods and which follows the principle of from each
according to his ability, to each according to his needs. Hence, in the
current stage, we must. work hard to implement the principle of distribution
according to labor and advocate that people get. rich through hard work.
Since the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, we have.
worked hard to set things to rights. However, there are still some
erroneous ideas which should be rectified. At present some "10,000 yuan
households" have appeared, but many people "welcome this on the one hand
and fear it on the other." What is there to be afraid of? What is so
terrible about just having 10,000 yuan? The Communist Party's leading the
peasants to emancipate themselves is no more than economic emancipation and
political democracy. Nobody will support the Communist Party if it does not
allow people to get rich through hard work. Our agriculture must develop .
commodity production and do everything possible to enable the peasants to get
rich. As they.cannot all suddenly become rich together, we should allow some
of them, with the right conditions, to get rich before others. The aim of
doing this is precisely to enrich the whole people.
The party has decided on the modernization program. In order to lead the
peasants toward modernization, we should have modern ideas and knowledge.
Only by having modern scientific knowledge can we lead the modernization
program. Nonprofessionals should never lead the professionals. If non-
professionals lead the professionals and are invested with great power, they
will surely commit the mistake of giving arbitrary and impracticable direc-
tions. If we exercise leadership over agriculture in violation of the laws
of nature and economics, our agriculture will surely suffer another setback.
After studying here, you will feel there is much to learn in agriculture.
This is what is called "realizing insufficiency through study." Agriculture
involves astronomy, geography, biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics,
genetic engineering, administration, management and other branches of
learning. These branches of learning can serve agriculture. If you are to
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exercise effective. leadership, you must have wide knowledge. That is why
we made up our minds to ask you to study and learn the ABC of agricultural
science. The practice of pressurizing the peasants to sow and reap crops
more quickly is unworkable. We cadres are facing the problem of educating
ourselves again. All comrades, including myself, should read the material
for study every day and constantly learn new things. After finishing your
studies here, you are not regarded as having graduated. This is only a
beginning, which enables you to understand that providing leadership over
agriculture is not a simple matter. We should have some scientific
knowledge in order to provide effective leadership over agriculture and
adapt ourselves to the development of the new agricultural situation.
Now the broad section of peasants have the desire to study science and
regard scientific and technical personnel as "gods of wealth." In quite a
few places, the peasants have a true respect for intellectuals and take
them as teachers. Conversely, in a considerable number of institutions and
factories, there still exist the phenomena of failing to attach importance
to, and discriminating against, intellectuals. This is because some people
have not become politically awakened and always frown upon intellectuals.
Therefore, we should continuously stress the implementation of the policy
toward intellectuals.
In the course of the current structural reform, the CPC Central Committee and
the State Council have discussed on several occasions the necessity of step-
ping up the training of cadres at various levels and enhancing the quality
of cadres. We ask you to study in this training class in order to enhance
your quality and improve the art of leadership. In this way it will be
possible for you to avoid committing another grave mistake in exercising
leadership over agriculture and to promote the development of the excellent
situation. The central party school is now selecting younger cadres to
study both politics and vocational work. Party schools at various levels
can also do likewise. In order to improve the leadership of the party and
government at various levels, you should draw up plans, after you return to
your respective units, for the extensive training of the existing leading
agricultural cadres. If you grasp this work firmly and resolutely, you
will strengthen and improve leadership over agriculture in your province and
region. This is not empty talk. There is a lot of work to be done and there
are problems of teaching materials and teachers. We can ask experts, or
persons with professional skill, in scientific research and educational
departments and other posts to give lessons. We should get organized, per-
sist in this work and strive to train all leading agricultural cadres in 1-2
years. In this way we can avoid committing, or commit fewer, mistakes of
giving arbitrary and unpracticable directions. This is an important point.
Third, all of us are now talking about quadrupling output value. Some
people have confidence and some lack confidence. Some people say that it
will be impossible to quadruple output value and some others talk about
achieving an 8-fold or 16-fold increase in output value. Some of those who
have confidence or lack confidence have aired their views with good grounds,
and some have said so without good grounds. Today, I read the tentative
plan of Huaiyin Prefecture for quadrupling the gross value of agricultural
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production. It is a good one, for it indicates not only confidence but also
measures. One of the measures reads: "Increase intellectual investment and
raise the level of scientific farming. First of all, it is necessary to run
well both middle and primary schools and improve educational quality. This
is a foundation. Efforts will be made to make primary education universal
in the rural areas and make junior middle school education universal in
cities by 1985. Vigorous efforts should.be made to develop jointly run
middle schools. It is necessary to reform the.structure of secondary edu-
cation by developing vocational education and agricultural middle schools
and opening agricultural courses in ordinary middle schools. Various
methods of fund raising, such as state subsidies, local finance and the
raising of money by communes and their production brigades and teams, should
be adopted to improve the conditions of running a school. At the same time,
it is necessary to step up scientific and cultural education among peasants.
By 1985, the literacy rate in the whole prefecture should come up to more
than 85 percent. It is necessary to vigorously strengthen the ranks of
agricultural scientific and technical personnel, implement the policies
toward scientific and technical personnel and strive, in 5 years, to assign
1 university graduate, 2 secondary vocational school graduates and 2-3
peasant technicians to every agricultural scientific center of the commune."
This measure is correct. It is a pity that many localities fail to include
this point in their plans for quadrupling output value. We cannot achieve
much in intellectual investment by exclusively relying on state funds. It
is necessary to raise funds from various sources, such as the state, locali-
ties and peasants. In the rural areas, there are many things which can be
done with the necessary funds so long as the peasants need them and the
leading cadres are enthusiastic about them. I suggest that we do fewer of
the less urgent things, but instead raise funds for the training of tech-
nicians. We should train the existing youths.of junior and senior middle
school level by giving them lessons in modern scientific and technical
knowledge in light of local conditions. This is a relatively speedy method
which will enable them to achieve secondary vocational standard in 1-2
years. Speedy results can also be attained by training specialized house-
holds, and households doing specialized jobs, in accordance with their
specialization. All trades, including the service trades, should train
competent persons. Naturally, we should not relax our efforts in exten-
sively raising the.cultural and scientific level of peasants.
There now exists the question of utilizing intellectuals. In regard to
intellectuals who live in the countryside, how can we let them stay there
and struggle for agricultural development all their lives? We should
respect them, give them work suited to their abilities and offer them rela-
tively higher remuneration. There is a problem of remuneration for intel-
lectuals in the rural areas. We should give them somewhat higher remunera-
tion by adopting various methods, including subsidies. Local authorities
should pay part of the extra money and peasants will also be willing to
contribute. The question hinges on whether or not we pay attention to it.
If we pay attention to it, there will be ways to solve it. In regard to
scientific and technical personnel who do not live in the countryside, some
engage in teaching and scientific research in cities. We can assign them
some training tasks or ask them to give lessons. They can also go down
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temporarily to the rural areas for a fixed period of 3 months, a year or 2
years. We should encourage them for their service by granting subsidies.
Some intellectuals are not willing to go to the countryside because in the
past they had been cold-shouldered and because our cadres acted arbi-
trarily and gave wrong orders. Others are unwilling because of actual
hardships which the leading cadres do not bother to solve or because their
children cannot get a proper education there. It is hoped that the
ministries of labor and personnel, education, and agriculture, animal
husbandry and fishery will conduct joint investigation and study, solve the
ideological and practical problems and mobilize 80,000 to 100,000 intel-
lectuals to go to the frontline of production. They will create much wealth
if they go to the rural areas, for they are "gods of wealth." If they go to
the countryside, we can agree not to change their residence registrations
and their lodgings or reduce their remuneration, but will instead increase
it to some extent. You can start this work in your localities.
Student enrollment methods should be changed next year. Peasants should be
given priority to send to universities some of their children who will
return to their villages to engage in their specialties. When enrolling
students from agricultural regions, pastoral areas and forest zones, uni-
versities, colleges and secondary vocational schools may lower the pass
marks.. In the future, work allocation-for university graduates should not
be guaranteed and monopolized by the state, and a breakthrough should first
be made in agriculture.
Lastly, the superstructure should keep abreast of the situation and all
trades and services should do the same. Let me repeat what I said at the
conference of agricultural secretaries: Party and government leaders and
all trades and professions should keep abreast of the situation, particu-
larly in communications, transport, processing, packing, commerce and
industry. Today we have specially invited comrades of the machinery
departments to this meeting. They should take care not to adopt the atti-
tude that peasants should purchase and use whatever they produce. They
should produce and sell what the peasants need. The peasants need small,
convenient and multipurpose working machinery which can save oil and elec-
tricity. Tractors should be small and diversified. I read a newsletter
published in JIEFANG RIBAO on 29 November, explaining how the Shanghai
Electrical Machinery Plant helped the Shunde Sugar Plant in Guangdong in
carrying out technological transformation. This newsletter is very short
and-you might as well read it. Following a big increase in the production
of sugar cane in Guangdong, sugar refinery facilities failed to catch up
with the situation. After visiting the sugar refinery, the director of the
Shanghai Electrical Machinery Plant helped the refinery transform the power
facilities, which resulted in saving a large amount of energy and manpower
and in a big increase in production capacity. They succeeeded in achieving
this because they had the spirit of working against time, the spirit of
serving agriculture and because they had some intellectuals who were
experts. These three points should be extensively and energetically pro-
moted. So long as the comrades from the machinery departments go down to
the rural areas and see the actual situations there, they will be able to
produce agricultural processing machinery which saves on energy and labor
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and which is easy to operate. Big tractors will be renovated in the future.
In agricultural machinery, we shall take the road of small and specialized
equipment. This orientation has been determined. In serving the peasants,
the machinery departments have a lot of subjects to study,"such as the
preservation of fresh fish, fruit and vegetables and the industrial
processing of food. There is a lot to be done. With the development of
diversified undertakings in the rural areas, various kinds of machinery
are needed. The machinery departments should help solve this. It is
necessary to discuss this problem, formulate plans or write reports. In
commerce, there should be more channels but fewer links. How is the prob-
lem of agricultural transportation to be solved if peasants are not allowed
to purchase cars? Shall we use tractors or diesel cars for agricultural
use? I have read an article about the unavailability of fresh fish in
Wuhan. Why should live and fresh fish be delivered to Wuhan dead and
stinking? Is there really no way to solve this problem? There are too
many rigid conventions in the superstructure. Comrade Chen Yun's speech
about the relationship between "a bird and.a birdcage" has been published
in the newspaper today. We should let the bird fly and not pinch it to
death. We should let it fly in the cage, otherwise it will fly away. Ours
is a planned economy. We should allow it to operate within this scope for
there is no use in restricting it in a rigid manner. The secretary of the
Liaocheng Prefectural CPC Committee has raised a very good suggestion. He
said: Cotton is an important material under the state planned purchase.
Now that cotton production has been increased by a big margin, how can we
possibly rely on one unit to purchase it? How can this unit possibly cope
with this situation since it is short of warehouses, manpower and processing
capacity? The situation would never be like this if the prefecture and
counties took a hand in managing the work. I have sent people to conduct
investigation and study on this matter. There are comrades from the
Yunyang Prefectural CPC Committee in this training class. When I went to
Yunyang, I said to the comrades from the prefectural CPC committee:
Developing tangerine production is a good thing. What should they do if
the production of tangerines increases by a big margin a few years later?
It is necessary to pay attention to it in good time. Jiangxi, and Hubei's
Yichang, are also vigorously developing tangerine production. If the
tangerines cannot be transported to other places, they will rot. What a
pity that would be!
At the conference of agricultural secretaries I said: When you return to
your localities, you should not talk about quadrupling output value in the
first place. You should conscientiously conduct investigation and study
in accordance with the guidelines of the 12th party congress and, taking a
county, a prefecture or province as a unit, work out economic regional
programs and plans in accordance with scientific law. In developing agri-
culture, there is a question of adjusting measures to local conditions as
well as the questions of market and transportation conditions. We should
not act blindly. These are improved methods of acquisition. We cannot
make a fortune if our commodities do not circulate smoothly. We can make
a fortune only if our commodities circulate smoothly. Quadrupling output
value should be based on science. We cannot achieve it if we do not have
lofty aspirations and great ideals. However, we should pay attention to
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science. In the past few years, we have laid a good foundation in grasping
the work of formulating agricultural regional programs. Good economic
results have been attained in Sichuan's Dayi County by working out a
regional program. After acquiring the methods of acquisition, we should
also consider the question of accumulation by educating the peasants to be
industrious and thrifty in managing their households. With the improve-
ment of their livelihood, the peasants can expand their reproduction
capacity and engage in rural construction, such as water conservancy
projects, schools and cultural and scientific undertakings. They can also
run them by pooling capital. We should rely on the peasants to acquire and
accumulate funds, educate them to pay attention to the methods of spending
the funds and guide them in utilizing manpower and financial resources in
appropriate places.
CSO: 4004/21
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CREATE A NEW SITUATION IN THE STUDY OF PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 6-9
[Commentator's article]
[Text] Over the past few years, our work in philosophy and social sciences
has displayed its role in giving assistance and advice and has made con-
siderable achievements in the process taken by the people to realize great
historical changes under the leadership of the party. The broad masses of
philosophic and social scientific workers have taken an active part in
restoring order, both ideologically and theoretically, probed into a number
of new subjects with regard to the modernization program and put forth many
valuable views. Considerable development has also been made in building
branches of learning, research organizations and the ranks of scientific
research workers and the scales of these aspects and their roles have sur-
passed any period since the founding of the PRC. But we must be aware that
the works of philosophy and social sciences are lagging far behind the
needs of the socialist modernization program. At a time when the various
trades are vying with each other in making contributions for the realiza-
tion of the program of the 12th party congress, we from the circles of
philosophy and social sciences cannot lag behind; we must spare no effort
to make a big stride in our work in a not, too long a period. This work
includes stepping up the study of the law of the development of various
sectors of socialist construction, stepping up basic study of philosophy
and social sciences, developing applied study in a big way and doing a good
job of popularizing works. Once we are able. to do a good job in these
aspects, we will consequently be able to create a new. situation for the
prosperity and development of philosophy and social sciences.
In strengthening the study of the law of the development of various sectors
of socialist construction, it is imperative, first of all, to study the law
of economic construction. This sector includes studying the relations of
production (particularly the forms of ownership), productivity, planning,
finance, labor, population and management systems, and the relations between
commodities and currency, price and profit. In short, it is necessary,
first of all, to study socialist economic sciences. Socialist economy was
formed in the world as a new economy several decades ago. On the one hand,
this economy has demonstrated its superiority over the capitalist economy
and, on the other hand, it has met with a number of new problems in
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practice; for example, how to fully mobilize the initiative of various
aspects under socialist conditions, how to increase working efficiency and
how to improve economic efficiency. All of these are not only important but
also complicated. The basic way to display the advantages of socialism is
to solve these problems. Of course, we will not be able to study well many
problems in a short period because socialist economic construction is not
yet mature in practice of experience. But we cannot wait to begin our
study until our experiences in this aspect are mature. The socialist
modernization program urgently requires us to follow the development of
practice and constantly accumulate and sum up experience and solve some
problems that can be resolved at the present stage.
The report to the 12th party congress profoundly expounded the strategic
significance and basic contents of the building of socialist spiritual
civilization. Such explanation is an important development of scientific
socialist ideology. There are a number of questions in the building of
socialist spiritual civilization, such as the role of spiritual civiliza-
tion in the process of socialist construction, the relationship between
spiritual civilization and material civilization, the relationship between
communist ideology and socialist policies, the. relationship between cul-
tural construction and ideological building in the process of building
spiritual civilization, the relationship among men as a part of socialist
spiritual civilization and the law of the development of education, science
and other cultural undertakings. It is of great theoretical and practical
significance to study and solve these questions. The various aspects of
communist education, including the fields of history, idealism, morality,
culture, law, patriotism, internationalism, communist labor attitude and
collectivism have very rich theoretical contents. Moral education is
extremely important and it includes political, economic, cultural, social,
family, and personal morality, while social morality includes morality of
various professions. There is a broad virgin land in communist education
that is yet to be exploited. We will be able to put forth systematic and
valuable views in this aspect only when we have been able to meticulously
carry out study that is coupled with detailed reference materials.
The report to the 12th party congress put forth the task of building a high
socialist democracy and the core of this democracy is that the people are
masters of the country. A series of subjects have to be studied before we
are able to further solve the question of becoming masters of the country.
These subjects include the development and perfection of the system of
people's democracy, reforms of the socialist political system, leadership
system and cadres system, the superiority of the socialist democracy, the
relationship between socialist democracy and socialist economy and culture,
the relationship between socialist democracy and the socialist legal sys-
tem, social political contradictions and class struggles under the socialist
system, the relations with nationalities and the question of religion. In
particular, the general understanding of socialist politics and the con-
tents and features of this understanding are different politically in
history. This understanding has its role in the development of socialist,
society and has another role that should not be displayed. All these have
to be meticulously summed up and studied. The autonomous organizations of
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the masses at grassroots levels have carried out enormous work in mediating
family quarrels and educating the masses in their daily life and conse-
quently many social contradictions have been properly resolved and social
stability and unity are guaranteed. Many foreign scholars have praised the
achievements we have made in this aspect and hold that it is a unique crea-
tion of China. It is a pity that up to now socialist politics have not
summed up this aspect well and, therefore, it is for the social scientists
to solve this question.
The report to the 12th party congress put forth the task of building the
party into the strong leadership core in carrying out the socialist mod-
ernization program, while the new constitution has made a number of impor-
tant principled rules and regulations in this aspect. A basic question is
how should the leadership of a communist party be carried out in a socialist
country and in what form should it be carried out to accord with the needs
of the state and the people? Otherwise, it will unfavorably affect the
state and people. This question so far has not become a subject of scien-
tific study. The new constitution has defined that the leadership of the
party mainly refers to political, ideological and organizational leader-
ship and consequently it has clarified relations between the party and
state organizations and nonparty organizations. However, it remains the
task of social scientists to explain this question theoretically and in
detail.
In short, it is a major subject of scientific study to study the law of the
development of the various sectors of socialist economy, politics and
ideology and culture, to study the various features of socialist society
and the formation and development of these features and the emergence of
new features in the process of their development. If we oversimplify the
features of socialist society, we will make mistakes in practice. We made
many mistakes in the past and an important reason is that we did not under-
stand socialist society in an overall way, nor did we study this society
in an all-round way. It is true that we carried out the study of some
subjects but most were based on words spoken by Marx, Engels, Lenin and
Stalin and other persons and not on the reality of socialist society, the
process of the emergence and development of this society and the develop-
ment of various aspects of the society. Although the development is compli-
cated, we still can find its features and law. If we suffer setbacks in our
study, we must and can find the reasons and avoid following the same old
and disastrous road. Socialism is a new thing and to study it scien-
tifically is a pioneering work and, therefore, it is far from enough just
to rely on the achievements made by predecessors. For many questions there
are no ready materials as evidence, nor are there ready answers. Conse-
quently, some comrades may be at a loss as how to carry out the study.
But science demands that we carry out our work creatively. The 12th party
congress put forth the task of building socialism with Chinese features.
This socialism is now being built and it is in the process of being
realized. Following the development of this practice, it is imperative for
us to solve this question well theoretically, so as to complete this
grandeur and creative project that will have far-reaching significance both
to the future of China and the future of the world.
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It is also very important to strengthen the basic study of various
branches of learning in philosophy and social sciences. If our basic
skills in philosophy and social sciences are very poor, our basic knowledge
in this aspect is consequently very poor too and under this condition, it
is impossible to make considerable achievements in the study of many impor-
tant questions in socialist construction. Up to now, we have not been able
to write high-standard theoretical books about Marxist philosophy, political
economics and scientific socialism and it is an unavoidable task of the
philosophic and social scientific workers in China to write such scientific
works. There are many branches of philosophy and social sciences and new
ones are constantly emerging. We must make enormous efforts to study the
basic theories of such branches of sciences as the sciences of law, poli-
tics, sociology, ethnology, literature and art, history, religion, pedagogy,
news information, philology, archaeology and international affairs. Some
branches are still untouched and have to be explored. In addition, we must
pay enough attention to and do a good job of such works as collating and
explaining main classical works in China, translating books published by
other countries about basic philosophy and social sciences, editing and
compiling basic reference books and criticizing and studying the ideologi-
cal trends in philosophy and social sciences both at home and abroad.
These branches of science are interrelated and affect each other. The
relations of many branches of sciences are very complicated while some
mutual effects among them cannot be seen easily. If we.only pay attention
to some branches of science and neglect others, we will damage the develop-
ment of the whole philosophy and social sciences. Therefore, the basic
study of the various branches of sciences must be seen from the point of
broad vision.
There are also problems in comparing our study of philosophy and social
sciences with the international advanced standard. Of course, these prob-
lems cannot be lumped together; they need concrete analyses. While there
are comparable aspects in the level of the development of philosophy and
social sciences in foreign countries, there are also incomparable aspects.
In comparable aspects, we are lagging behind some other countries in cer-
tain targets of the study of philosophy and social sciences, in the number
of staff and study conditions, in the breadth and depth of the study and in
the modernization of the means of the study. Take the study of the history
of World War II for example. It was only recently that we published the
first book on this aspect. Similar books have been published much earlier
in other countries and in enormous quantity. Some of the books contain
very rich and accurate materials. If we fail to see our backward situation
and consider that we have published some booklets with profound and progres-
sive contents and consequently believe that ours are comparable with or
have surpassed the dozens of books with the same titles that are published
by others, we will find ourselves bogged down in the communist fanatism of
exaggeration that was often subject to criticism by Lenin. Apparently,
such attitude is not in the interest of the development of sciences in
China.
To strengthen the study of the application of philosophy and social sciences
is the need of socialist actual life as well as a feature of Marxist
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philosophy and social sciences. Marxist philosophy and social sciences
are for application and they exist also for this purpose. Therefore, it
can be said that the application of various social sciences is to improve
the Marxist consciousness of the people throughout the country and promote
the work of the modernization program. At the present stage, there are a
number of cadres and masses who still do not really understand the role of
social sciences. Therefore,. in order to change this situation, it is
necessary to carry out propaganda and explanations and, even more impor-
tantly, to prove through practice the direct effects of philosophy and
social sciences in life. Otherwise, even if we publish many "collected
works of advice," we still will hardly be able to explain the application
of philosophy and social sciences. Therefore, it is imperative-for us to
put in an important position the study of the application of philosophy
and social sciences.
We can see that over the past few years encouraging achievements have been
made in the study of the application of natural sciences. Some natural
scientists have already established relations with big factories, major
industrial bases and rural areas, directly shouldered the tasks of certain
research items or signed contracts on scientific and technical cooperation.
Philosophic and social scientific workers must also advance in this direc-
tion. For example, the comrades who are studying economic management may
sign contracts with some factories in order to put forth plans for improv-
ing factory management after they have carried out investigations and
study for a certain period, or they may cooperate with factories in carry-
ing out reforms. This work has already been started and it is hoped that
it will be gradually expanded. They may cooperate not only with enter-
prises but also with a municipality or a province. It is also possible for
them to establish such relations with whole state organizations to take the
assignment of the state in the study of application. Enormous work has
been done in our study of the science of law in the establishment of the
legal system over the past few years and more work can be done in the
future. This work includes training judges, public procurators and lawyers
and other specialized staff and, in the legal sector, providing correct
guidance and assistance to the many victims in cases involving the violation
of law. The targets of the direct application of many branches of sciences
can also be found. Although the range of the application of various
branches of sciences is not the same, the application itself cannot repre-
sent the whole contents of the study of each branch and it is impossible
to use the whole strength in the study, still we can use a certain strength
in this aspect. It is a glorious obligation of philosophic and social
scientific workers to society. If we can complete this task well and dis-
play our roles in actual work, the value of social sciences (although not
the whole value) will be acknowledged by society. In this way, we also will
be'able to provide reference materials for the study of sciences and expand
our vision.
In addition to the above-mentioned work, there is another work of popu-
larizing social sciences; that is to say, how to popularize the knowledge
of social sciences and the ideology of social sciences. It is true that
this work is not an important part in the study of philosophy and social
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sciences but is, after all, an important part. It is a pity that there are
many shortcomings in this work, such as the fact that nobody is responsible
for carrying out the work of popularizing social sciences or that the
quality of this work is not ideal. It is not easy to carry out populariza-
tion work and not everyone is in a position to do-so. In order to build
socialist spiritual civilization and improve the scientific and cultural
level of the whole nation, China urgently needs a rank of the philosophic
and social scientific workers who have grasped the skills of popularizing
social scientific knowledge and who are able to draw the attention of the
broad masses of readers and listeners.
The advocation of these tasks shows that the philosophic and social scien-
tific front has a heavy responsibility in realizing the program of the 12th
party congress. There is no reason for the comrades in this front to dis-
regard this serious task and seek a relaxed and pleasant little world of
their own for carrying out the study. We have discarded the wrong method
of serving politics at the expense of the scientific nature of academic
study. However, all philosophic and social scientific workers must be
conscious in sparing no effort to make themselves accord with the needs of
the people and the needs of socialism. To accomplish the above-mentioned
tasks, it is imperative for the broad masses of philosophic and social
scientific workers to work strenuously. The most important thing is to
persist in resorting to Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought as the. guidance
of their work, carry out study and investigations meticulously and syste-
matically and conscientiously follow the principle of combining theory with
practice. The socialist modernization program is developed with each pass-
ing day and the broad masses of people are putting forth new questions
every day and creating new things. If the philosophic and social scien-
tific workers are divorced from the masses and reality, they will not be
able to vigorously promote the development of social sciences. To persist
in having Marxism as the guidance and concentrate efforts in studying and
solving theoretical and practical problems of the socialist modernization
program will help promote the development of socialist construction and
promote the development of Marxism and it is the only correct road for
developing social sciences.
The leadership of the party is the guarantee for the development of
philosophy and social sciences. In order to strengthen this leadership, it
is imperative to perfect it. We must conscientiously implement the party's
various principles and policies on scientific work, particularly the policy
on intellectuals and the principle of "letting a hundred flowers blossom
and a hundred schools of thought contend." It is wrong to neglect social
sciences,. discard the leadership of the party and get rid of Marxist .
leadership. But the strengthening of leadership can only be carried out
according to the law of the development of, sciences. The comrades in
leading positions must work hard to grasp a certain scientific knowledge
and be good at learning from those who have knowledge so that to guarantee
that they will be able to carry out their leadership correctly and not use
their power to conduct brutal and arbitrary interference. The sector of
sciences and culture is like a garden, while those in leading positions are
like the gardeners who can only irrigate, apply fertilizer, weed and .
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prevent and eliminate pests, but are not permitted to trample underfoot at
will.
It is the hope of the party and the people to create a new condition in the
study of philosophy and social sciences and it isa glorious task of the
broad masses of the workers in this front. Over the past few years, the
party has put forth the principles for emancipating thinking and seeking
truth from facts and a series of principles on science and culture that
have now been implemented. The party's theoretical creation on some major
questions in socialist construction, the development of the initiative of
the masses of people in history and the development of their activities,
the social political environment of unity and stability that has been
created by the party through enormous works and the stably improving
economic life have created a good condition for the normal development in
the study of philosophy and social sciences. We are confident that under
the leadership of the party and through long, hard work by the broad masses
of philosophic and social scientific workers, the various aspects mentioned
above will be able to make brilliant achievements.
CSO: 4004/21
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UPHOLD THE MARXIST PRINCIPLE IN DEVELOPING OUR PARTY'S RELATIONS WITH
COMMUNIST PARTIES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 10-14
[Article by Li Ji [2621 7535] and Guo Qingshi [6753 1987 0099]]
[Text] The new party constitution adopted by the 12th CPC National Con-
gress clearly points out that the CPC "develops relations with communist
parties and working-class parties in other countries on the basis of
Marxism and the principles of independence, complete equality, mutual
respect and noninterference in each other's internal affairs." In his
speech at the congress, Comrade Hu Yaobang succinctly and clearly
expounded these Marxist principles.
Marxism brought to light the laws governing the development of the history
of human society. It expounded the inevitability of the birth, develop-
ment and demise of the capitalist mode of production and put forward the
strategic and tactical principles for the proletarian revolution. How-
ever, in order to achieve successes in revolution, all countries must cor-
rectly apply these principles in their concrete practice.
In its long-term revolutionary practice, the CPC combined the universal
principles of Marxism with China's concrete conditions and worked out con-
crete strategies and tactics which suited the realities in our country.
It adhered to the principle of independence, got rid of all external
interferences and led the people throughout the country to score great
victories in the new democratic revolution. Soon after that, it carried
out socialist revolution and construction in accordance with the same
principle. In its external relations, it also scored great achievements
and enjoyed high prestige in the world. However, in the 10 years of
internal disorder during the "Great Cultural Revolution," our international
contacts were affected and obstructed and the principles governing our
foreign relations were not well implemented. Since the smashing of the
Jiang Qing counterrevolutionary clique, especially since the 3d Plenary
Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, we have exposed and criticized
the evils done by the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing counterrevolutionary cliques,
including Kang Sheng, one of their chief members, to obstruct and sabotage
our party's external activities, and have corrected some erroneous practices
in our previous international contacts. At the same time, in the
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international communist movement, the struggles of some parties to oppose
external interference and maintain independence have constantly developed.
They also desire to restore and develop relations with the CPC.
In the new situation, our party has constantly developed and strengthened
its friendly relations with the Korean Workers Party [KWP], the Romanian
Communist Party [RCP] which has maintained close relations with us, and
the communist parties in many countries, as well as some newly established
communist political parties and organizations. The revolutionary friend-
ship between our party and the KWP is cemented with blood in our long-term
common struggles. It has withstood severe tests in the flames of battles
and in various international stormy waves. The friendship and cooperative
relations between the CPC and the RCP have been developed under difficult
conditions and complicated international circumstances. There are broad
prospects for the development of these relations.
At the same time, our party has actively and gradually restored and
developed its friendly relations with the communist parties and other
working-class political parties in some countries.
In 1978, the CPC and the League of Communists of Yugoslavia [LCY], moti-
vated by the spirit of looking forward, formally announced restoration of
their relations. Since then, the contacts between the two parties have
constantly increased. They have often exchanged views on international
affairs and experiences in carrying out socialist construction independently
and in light of the specific conditions of each country. The restoration
and development of the relations between the CPC and the LCY have attracted
broad attention in the world, and have a favorable reception.
In 1979, after a time of suspension of relations, our party restored its
contacts with the communist parties in some West.European countries. In
1980, it successively restored or established relations with the Italian
Communist Party, the Spanish Communist Party and the Greek Communist Party
(the domestic faction). The Chinese and the Italian Communist Parties
have unanimously agreed not to say anything about who was correct and who
was wrong in the past debates. Both sides hold that the two parties are
independent parties and must go forward again hand in hand in accordance
with the spirit of looking forward. The two parties have many common
interests; but they also have different views on some questions. They must
fully exchange views with each other through comradely discussions so as to
strengthen their mutual understanding and develop their traditional friend-
ship. The Chinese and the Spanish Communist Parties have restored their
militant solidarity and have agreed unanimously to further strengthen their
mutual cooperation and unity under the principle of independence and mutual
respect. In 1982, a new chapter was also opened in the relations between
the CPC and the French Communist Party. The two parties unanimously hold
that there must not be a "leading center" or a "father party" in the
international communist movement. Neither must there be a ready "model" of
socialism from which the communist parties in other countries can copy.
All parties must follow their own socialist roads in light of their speci-
fic conditions. Their differences, should not become obstacles in their
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comradely exchanges and cooperation. At present, our party is making con-
tinuous efforts to restore and develop its relations with other communist
parties in Europe, Asia and Latin America.
Practice has proved and will continue to prove that the efforts made by our
party in the new situation in restoring and developing its relations with
some parties, in exchanging views with many parties on some important
international issues and important questions concerning the development of
the international communist movement as well as questions of common con-
cern, and in presenting each other's situations and experiences, are con-
ducive to the development of the forces which adhere to Marxism and advocate
independence in the international communist movement, to the development of
the worldwide workers' movement and to the development of the cause of the
people of all countries who are opposing hegemonism, preserving world peace
and striving for social progress..
The CPC insists on establishing, restoring and developing relations with
communist parties and other working-class parties in various countries on
the basis of Marxism and the principles of independence, complete equality,
mutual respect and noninterference in each other's internal affairs. This
is an objective demand of the development of the international communist
movement and also a scientific summary of both positive and negative experi-
ences in this movement.
Since the end of World War II, great changes have taken place in the inter-
national political, economic and social situation as well as in the world
revolutionary situation and the communist movement. Communists in all
countries have been faced with a series of new theoretical and practical
problems. They have to overcome various foreign pressures with great will-
power so that they can independently apply Marxism to study the new situa-
tion and to explore and find the ways to solve the problems. As a result,
a trend of independence has emerged and gradually developed within the
international communist movement, and has become a main trend today. More
and more parties have declared that there is not, and must not be, a
"leading center" and a "leading party" in the international communist move-
ment.
The historical experiences of the international communist movement in the
tortuous development over the past century and several decades show that it
is not only a right of the working class and its political parties in vari-
ous countries to independently solve the problems in their revolution and
construction, but is also an objective demand of the successful development
of the revolution. There are great differences in the social and economic
conditions and development as well as in class relations and the balance of
class forces in various countries. The people's consciousness and how they
have been organized also vary from country to country. For this reason, it
is impossible to carry out revolution and construction according to a fixed
model or pattern or under the guidance of a certain "leading center"
abroad. The ways, strategies and tactics for the revolution and construc-
tion, which suit the conditions and characteristics of each specific
country, can be explored and created by no other than the proletariat and
its political parties in each of these countries.
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No party must mechanically copy the experiences and patterns of the others
or force the others to apply their experience and pattern. The revolution
can neither be imported nor exported. Practice has repeatedly proved that
when a party does not allow another party to maintain independence, forces
its views on the latter and interferes in the latter's internal affairs,
the latter's revolutionary cause will surely suffer setbacks and failure,
the international communist movement will surely be fundamentally sabo-
taged and the high prestige and image of the international communist move-
ment will surely be damaged.
Undoubtedly, the proletariats in various countries must support and help
each other and learn from each other's experiences in their international
cause of liberation. But fundamentally speaking, the victory of the
revolutionary struggles in various countries can be achieved only when the
parties adhere to the principle of independence and self-reliance. The
revolution in a country can succeed only when conditions there are ripe,
when the line of the party leading the revolution is correct and when the
party's line, policies and principles enjoy the support from the broad
masses of people in this country. In light of Russia's specific internal
and external conditions, the Bolshevik party led by Lenin independently
worked out its revolutionary program and won the victory in the October
Revolution through the road of revolting in the cities and then spreading
the revolution in the countryside. This is a road which has been proved
to be correct by history. However, it could not be mechanically applied in
China. As a result of dogmatizing, deifying and mechanically copying the
Soviet experiences and Comintern resolutions by Wang Ming and other people,
the Chinese revolution suffered enormous losses and was on the verge of an
impasse. Then the Chinese communists represented by Comrade Mao Zedong
independently summed up both positive and negative experiences and lessons
in the past. They adhered to the principle of combining the universal
truth of Marxism-Leninism with the concrete practice of the Chinese revolu-
tion and, in light of China's actual conditions, took the road of encir-
cling the cities from the rural areas and then seizing the state power by
armed forces. The victory of the Chinese revolution has proved that this
road which we have selected independently is correct. Comrade Mao Zedong
made an outstanding contribution in this respect. His exposition on the
principle of independence is an important component part of Mao Zedong
Thought, which has added,fresh ideas to the theoretical treasure house of
Marxism. It is a policy our party has been firmly carrying out in all its
external activities. However, just as we did not mechanically copy the
Russian patterns, we do not require that the other countries follow our
road.
The history of the international proletarian revolution and the disbandment
of the Communist International show that the communist movement need not,
and should not, have a "leading center" and a "leading party." All com-
munist parties, regardless of their membership, history and whether in power
or not, are equal. They must not be treated as higher and lower authori-
ties or leaders and the led. No party, no matter how long its history may
be, how early it achieved successes in the revolution and how rich its
experiences are, has the right to place itself above the parties in other
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countries. Of course, we admit that due to the uneven development of the
history in various countries, the workers in some countries have higher
consciousness than those in other countries, and the development of the
proletarian revolutionary movements are also uneven in various countries.
In different historical periods, the proletariat and their political
parties in some countries may stand in the "forefront" of the movement and
be in the "leading position" of the revolution. However, they, especially
the parties which have already achieved successes in their revolution,
should never proclaim themselves "leading centers" of the revolution,
which can wantonly control and command the proletariat and political
parties in other countries and interfere in the others' internal affairs.
They should not consider that they can make a monopoly of Marxism-Leninism
and that only they themselves have the right to explain Marxism-Leninism;
neither should they regard what they have said as "universal truth" and
"common laws," or regard those who do not copy their experiences as
"departing from orthodoxy" and drive them out of the "church." In the
past, our party also suffered from being controlled by some party which
proclaimed itself a father party. The victory of our independent foreign
policy is a result of resisting this control.
All communist parties must respect each other. All parties, big or small,
in power or not, have their strong and weak points. They must learn from
each other and make progress together. It is impossible that a big party
with a long history is correct in all aspects. Still less can we say that
when a party is correct on a certain question, it is correct on all ques-
tions. Since the histories, circumstances, experiences and the ways of
studying problems of all parties vary from each other, it is normal that
different views exist among them on the complicated and changeable situa-
tion and on the analysis of concrete events. Differences of views are
unavoidable. It is not realistic and not possible to require that all
parties hold the same view on all questions. In a sense, the existence of
different views among the parties in various countries is good to making a
comprehensive analysis and obtaining a correct understanding of the compli-
cated international situation and events. So, the existence of differ-
ences must not become an obstacle in developing relations. They must be
solved on a realistic basis and through internally exchanging views and
promoting mutual understanding as well as through friendly discussions.
As to some problems which cannot be clarified at the time, both sides can
preserve their views and let practice give the answer in the future. If
one side is labeled something by the other side when differences occur, as
has been proved by practice, it is not conducive to the solution of the
problems. It can only undermine unity, restrain thinking and stifle the
atmosphere in discussing problems. What merits more attention is that a
party must not rashly and openly criticize another party in a foreign
country; still less must it call some parties together to criticize another
or some other parties. Whether the line and policies carried out by a
party in its country are correct can be judged only by practice and by the
people in its country. No foreign party has the right to interfere in it.
It is unavoidable that a party makes some mistakes in its long-term strug-
gles. These mistakes must be recognized and corrected by this party itself
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through summing up experiences and lessons. If they are openly criticized
by a foreign party, even though the latter is correct, the desired results
are unlikely to be achieved. However, things are entirely different if a
party and the country under its leadership are seeking hegemony, attempting
to order and control other countries and parties, interfering in other
countries' internal affairs, and trying to subvert and invade other coun-
tries. When such things happen, we should and must strongly condemn these
acts.
Since the foundation of the international communist movement, Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels stressed the independence and equality of the revolu-
tionary movement in all countries. Adhering to the principle of Marx and
Engels, the CPC improves its relations with communist parties in all coun-
tries.
While exploring the laws of the movement in capitalist society, Marx
explained the historical mission and position of the proletariat. He set
an aim of struggle to be attained by the proletariat to enable them to
realize self-emancipation. Marx and Engels held that proletarian emancipa-
tion was the cause of the proletariat themselves, and stressed the need to
foster the independent spirit of the proletariat. Proletarians in all
countries have the same target and task, and they should unite in the
struggle. However, such "international unity can only exist among nations;
because of the existence of these nations, their independence in handling
internal affairs should be included in the concept of the internationalism
itself." ("Selected Works of Marx and Engels," Vol 39, p 84) This is to
say that the arena of struggle waged by the proletariat exists in each
nation. The masses can only be mobilized by adopting tactics of struggle
in line with the special conditions of each country because the political
and economic conditions of these nations vary. A proletariat can only ful-
fill its internationalist duty by doing a good job in the revolution and
construction of its own country. While taking part in the revolutionary
activities in the First International and making contacts with the
activists of workers' movements-in all countries, Marx and Engels always
stuck to the principle of respecting the independent development of the'
revolutionary movement in all countries and not interfering in their
domestic affairs.
In the rules of the International Workers' Association and in the letters
to the activists in the workers' movement in all countries, Marx and Engels
always regarded the International Workers' Association as a "central medium
of communication and cooperation," an international "general committee, but
not the pope" and not a guiding center. They always advocated that any
workers' organization in any country should be allowed to formulate its own
theoretical program and they were responsible for it by not violating the
principle of the association. ("Selected Works of Marx and Engels," Vol 32,
pp 255-256, and Vol 2, p 283) On 3 July 1871, in an interview with the
correspondent of THE NEW YORK WORLD, while commenting on the nature of the
International Workers' Association and whether it was a conspiratorial
center controlled by the pope which issued orders to workers' organizations
in all countries, Marx said that the organizational form of the
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International was to give a maximum liberty,of initiative and independence
to workers' organizations in all countries and that the International Work-
ers' Association merely urged movements in all countries to attain a common
aim. However, the working class of each country should adopt the measure
and select the way toward this aim and the International would never fix
the form of the movement or issue any order. Engels pointed out that a
political party which had vitality should set the foundations of legal
rights itself and adopt tactics of struggle according to its conditions
and it was subject to alteration when the conditions had changed. He added
that this tactic should be adopted by the people involved in the change of
things in line with existing conditions.
While encouraging the independence of workers' organizations and political
parties in all countries, Marx and Engels adhered to the principle of not
interfering in their internal affairs. In 1891, the Polish Workers' Move-
ment activist, Wallery'Wroblewski, in an attempt to solve the contradic-
tions existing in the party of his country by making use of the influence
of Engels, urged the latter to interfere in his country's internal affairs.
Engels frankly replied that he himself "did not have any right" to do so.
Marx and Engels held that the proletariat needed international solidarity
and cooperation in order to win final victory in the struggle. However,
such unity and cooperation should be based on equality. They particularly
stressed that the working class and its political party who took the lead
of playing a vanguard role in the workers' movement should never practice
chauvinism or seek for special power by directing or leading the working
class or political party of another country. Engels repeatedly criticized
the chauvinism practiced by activists of the French workers' movement who
took the lead in the international workers' movement and considered that
France had the "right of an elder member of a family" to lead the movement.
On 27 June 1893, in his letter to La Fargue, in accordance with the view-
points of French activists who described the cause of proletarian libera-
tion as an affair solely of the French people, Engels said that this "is
impossible" and "distorts" the international workers' movement. He added
that "the time has gone forever in which one nation can attempt to lead
the other." ("Selected Works of Marx and Engels," Vol 38, p 491) Engels
seriously criticized the minds and deeds of some leaders of the German
Social Democratic Party who considered themselves to be the "leading
centers" of the international movement. In a letter to Bebel, in 1875,
Engels censured the German party, saying that the German proletariat had
no right to speak on behalf of the proletarians in Europe and, in particu-
lar, had no right to say incorrect things. In a letter to Kautsky in 1882,
he specially stressed that "a proletarian class which has won victory should
not force any other nation to accept any method which is to bring benefit
to them, or it will ruin its victory." ("Selected Works of Marx and
Engels," Vol 35, p 353)
In his later years, Engels laid special stress on mutual respect between
the political parties of the working class in all countries, and the demo-
cratic form and equal consultation between them. He especially exhorted
La Fargue and other French socialists "not to assume the airs of issuing
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orders to the socialists in other countries." ("Selected Works of Marx and
Engels," Vol 37, p 157) Engels exhorted French activists to respect other
people and to discuss international activities with them.
In 1889, when preparations were made for convening the International Workers
Congress (later named the Foundation of the Second International Congress),
he advised that the French should not run the whole show. He suggested that
they should let the congress be sponsored by the Belgians and the Swiss and
that the French should be satisfied by handling the actual work of organiza-
tion and preparation. If more things were to be demanded, then no sort of
congress would be created. In his letter to La Fargue, after the founda-
tion of the Second International, Engels gave repeated advice to the French
who constantly showed their feelings of chauvinism, and urged them to
advance the discussion of the nature and the form with other people in
order to reach an agreement before they started international action. If a
certain suggestion was put forward by oneself without making consultation
in advance with the other who was requested to accept it, this action was
intolerable and it would certainly make a mess of things. ("Selected Works
of Marx and Engels," Vol 39, pp 185-187)
Those instructions of Marx and Engels serve as a theoretical basis for our
party to establish its principle of independence, equality, mutual respect
and noninterference in the internal affairs of other countries. The inter-
national communist movement and the practical experiences of our party have
proved that these principles are the correct ones for improving the rela-
tions between the parties. Our party has reiterated that we especially
treasure the right of independence won in the protracted struggle and that
we also respect the right of independence of the parties and people of all
countries. We oppose those who practice hegemonism and we shall never prac-
tice it. From now on, adhering to the principles set by the 12th CPC Con-
gress to promote relations with communist parties abroad, we are ready to
establish and improve close friendly relations in all fields with communist
parties and other working-class parties who are willing to establish
friendly relations with our party. This will promote the development of
the international communist movement and bring prosperity to the progress
of mankind.
CSO: 4004/21
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ALL POWER BELONGS TO THE PEOPLE--STUDYING STIPULATIONS ON THE STATE
POLITICAL SYSTEM CONTAINED IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 15-20
[Article by Lu Zhichao [4151 0037 6389]]
[Text] I
Who does all state power belong to? This is a fundamental criterion for
determining a state and the nature of a regime. For several thousand years
in the past, countries of various types and forms occurred in world history,
characterized by a small number of exploiters monopolizing state power and
the broad masses. of laboring people being exploited and oppressed. The
bourgeois republics where the modern democratic system has been fully
developed are no exception either. Only in socialist countries, new-type
countries set up by the laboring people who are led by the proletariat
through revolutionary struggle, can all state power truly belong to the
people. This is unprecedented in the history of mankind.
We should explain to people that the principle that all state power belongs
to the people and the concepts of the people's rights to freedom, equality
and so forth were not put forth by the proletarian thinkers. Engels pointed
out that they were "put forth by the great French scholars of the Enlighten-
ment in the 18th century." Theoretically speaking, the scientific socialism
founded by Marx and Engels "has further and more thoroughly developed" these
principles. ("Selected Works of Marx and Engels," Vol 3, p 404) Marx mainly
criticized those principles set forth by the ideological forerunners of the
bourgeois revolutionary period from the following two aspects: First,
bourgeois thinkers held the a priori and idealist viewpoints such as
"natural rights," "eternal truth," "kingdom of rationality" and so forth
when considering the people's rights. As a result, they were unable to
correctly explain these principles. Second, the results of historical
development have proved that what the bourgeois thinkers sought was the
"kingdom of rationality." What they actually wanted was no more than the
bourgeois democratic republics. Therefore, various abstract principles
they put forward concerning people's rights turned into their opposite in
actual practice. To the broad masses of people, this was only fake
democracy which existed in name only. Therefore, that all power belongs to
the people has actually become the fact that all power belongs to the
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capitalists and the bourgeoisie. Although Marxists criticize bourgeois
democracy, they do not negate the democratic principles of freedom and
equality and the principle that all power belongs to the people. On the
basis of making historical and economic analysis, they point out: Only
through revolutionary struggles carried out by the broad masses of people
under the leadership of the proletariat to seize state power, establish
the socialist system and use proletarian democracy to replace the bourgeois
democracy, can these democratic principles be truly and thoroughly
realized.
It is obvious that actually realizing the principle that all power belongs
to people is the basic characteristic of socialist countries and an essen-
tial mark showing the superiority of socialist democracy over bourgeois
democracy. The principle that all power belongs to the people runs like a
Red thread through the "Constitution of the People's Republic of China"
adopted by the Fifth Session of the Fifth NPC.
The Chinese people seized state power from the reactionary rulers and won
democracy as a result of carrying out heroic struggles advanced wave upon
wave for more than 100 years. Only under the leadership of the CPC did
they succeed in winning the great victory of the new democratic revolution.
Following the founding of the PRC, the Chinese people have truly grasped
state power. The people's democratic dictatorship which is led by the
proletariat and based on the worker-peasant alliance is the summation of
the struggles of the Chinese people, which lasted for more than 100 years.
This historical process and experience has been recorded in the "Preamble"
of the constitution. The "Preamble" has explicitly stipulated that the
people's democratic dictatorship should be upheld. This mainly means that
the principle that all power belongs to the people should be upheld in the
state system and political life.
Comrade Peng Zhen mentioned this point in his report on the draft of the
revised constitution. He said: "The nature of our state as a people's
democratic dictatorship determines that in China it is the people and the
people alone who are the masters of the"state and society. The draft
explicitly stipulates, 'All power in the PRC belongs to the people.' This
is the essence of our state system and a fundamental principle governing
it." We should realize the importance of this issue. Only thus can we
correctly understand the basic content, spirit and essence of the consti-
tution. Only thus can we observe the constitution and ensure its imple_
mentation in all the activities of the state organs, all political parties,
people's organizations, social economic organizations and people of all
nationalities throughout the country.
To understand that all the power of state belongs to the people, we should,
first of all, discuss this problem from the viewpoint of class antagonism.
In the old society, all state power was monopolized by the reactionaries
and the people had no power at all. In new China, all power belongs to the
people. Neither domestic nor foreign reactionaries enjoy any right to
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freely carry out their reactionary activities. This is the people's demo-
cratic dictatorship. On the eve of the founding of new China, Comrade Mao
Zedong talked about the importance of state power to the people. He said:
"This power should be written down in our program and our future constitu-
tion. To the people who have won their victory, this power is inseparable
from them just as daily necessities including cloth, silk, beans and grain.
This is a good thing, an amulet and a precious heritage which cannot be
abandoned under any circumstances unless foreign imperialists and classes
at home have been completely wiped out." ("Selected Works of Mao Zedong,"
Vol 4, pp 1439-1440) Here, Comrade Mao Zedong vividly explained the basic
Marxist viewpoint on the theory of the state. The class situation in China
has greatly changed as compared with the period shortly after the founding
of new China. Exploiting class as a class has been wiped out. However, due
to some internal factors and influence from abroad, class struggle will
exist within a certain scope for a long time. Therefore, this Marxist
viewpoint on the nature of the state will be applicable for a long time to
come.
However, the significance of the principle that all power belongs to the
people can also be discussed from another'angle. In other'words, following
the seizure of the state power by all the people under the leadership of
the proletariat, what methods should be employed to ensure that such power
will truly and permanently belong to the people and that such power will
represent the people, serve them, serve the interests of the whole people
and prevent the possibility that the state organs will be turned from the
public servants of society into the masters of society. Therefore, in the
state system, organizational forms of the state organs and their actual
development, how to uphold and ensure that the principle that all power
belongs to the people has become an extremely important question in the
establishment of our socialist democracy, legal system and state power.
Under the conditions that the exploiting system and exploiting classes have
been eliminated and that those who are subjected to dictatorship no longer
constitute an intact class and their number has been considerably reduced,
this problem will become more important and pronounced.
While stressing the class nature of the state, Marxists have always
attached importance to the building of new-type states of the proletariat,
summing up experiences in practice and looking for appropriate forms to
ensure that all state power belongs to the people. Marx and Engels care-
fully studied the policies and measures of the Paris Commune and put forth
principles which, it seems, are still valuable. Lenin led the Russian
people to establish the Soviet state power and conscientiously summed up
experience in the practice of the Soviet system and studied the way to
improve the work of state organs and advance measures to strengthen the
supervision of workers and peasants. He repeatedly urged people to guard
against and oppose the evils of bureaucracy. He never stopped paying
attention to the building of the Soviet state power until his death.
Shortly after the founding of the PRC, we defined the system of people's
congresses as an organizational form of the people's democratic dictator-
ship in our country in accordance with the long-term experience of the
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Chinese people in the political construction in the revolutionary base
areas and the international experiences accumulated since the founding of
the Paris Commune. Experience has proved that the system of the people's
congress is a system most suited to our national conditions, because it
enables the Chinese people to effectively exercise their state power.
During the 10 years of internal disorder, the system of the people's con-
gress was actually sabotaged and the power and rights of the people were
also severely encroached upon. This has shown from the negative side the
importance of further upholding and improving the system. Based on posi-
tive and negative experiences over the past 30 years or so, a number of
stipulations have been included in the new constitution concerning the
basic principle of our country's political system, citizens' right of
freedom, the establishment of state organs, the division of functions and
powers and so forth. In this way, the system of the people's congress has
been further improved.
The stipulations included in the constitution concerning our country's
political system embody. the principle that all power belongs to the people
from the following aspects:
1. The national and local organs of state power at various levels--the
people's congresses--are established on the basis of a people's general
election. They should be responsible for the people and must accept super-
vision by the people. The people have,the right to recall deputies they
elected according to law. In accordance with the figures issued during the
national general election held in 1981, following the elimination of the
exploiting classes, 99.97 percent of our citizens who have reached the age
of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election. In recent years, the
system of direct election has been implemented in the people's congresses
at or below county levels. The general right to vote which has been truly
ensured is an important mark that the people exercise their state power.
This is also an essential way for them to do so.
2. The people's congresses exercise state power in a unified way. The
state administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs are established by
the NPC and local people's congresses at various levels. These organs are
responsible for the people's congresses and accept their supervision.
Leading cadres of these organs may be recalled by the people's congresses.
The NPC also elects the president of the state and the Central Military
Commission of the state. The NPC is the highest organ of the state power.
It is also the highest organ of legislation. The constitution and the laws
represent the will of the people throughout the country and are authorita-
tive in the political life of the state. All organizations and individuals
should strictly observe them. The people exercise their legislative power
through the NPC and its Standing Committee. This fully demonstrates that
the people exercise their state power. Apart from enacting the law, state
affairs and all important problems of state should be discussed and decided
by the NPC and its Standing Committee. They also supervise the implementa-
tion of the decisions concerned. Important local problems should also be
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discussed and decided by the local people's congresses and their standing
committees. They also supervise the implementation of those decisions.
To strengthen the system of the people's congress, the new constitution
also expands the powers and functions of the Standing Committee of the NPC
and consolidates its organizations. All this ensures that the people will
exercise their state power in a unified way through the system of the
people's congress. This will also prevent certain individuals or a small
number of people from going against the will of the people and making
arbitrary decisions on important problems.
3. All organs of the state other than the organs of state power (people's
congresses at all levels) are responsible to the organs of state power.
At the same time, they can independently carry out their work within the
limit permitted by their powers and functions. The constitution has
stipulated that all state organs implement the responsibility system in
work and that the State Council, all its various ministries, commissions
and local governments at all levels implement the system of responsibility
by the leading persons. All this is indispensable to the development of
democracy and ensuring that the people exercise their state power. The
people make decisions through the organs of state power. However, their
will can only be realized when their decisions are promptly, effectively
and conscientiously implemented by other state organs and the state admin-
istrative organs and government functionaries in particular. At the same
time, under the prerequisite that the people's congresses exercise state
power in a unified way, the constitution has rationally and explicitly
defined the powers and functions of the organs of state power and other
state organs such as administration, jurisdiction, procuratorate and so
forth. In such a way, all the state organs are like a machine propelled
by the people's power and composed of various parts which coordinate with
and condition each other. In such a way, we are able to prevent the
overconcentration of power in a small number of organs or individuals and
the infringement and encroachment of the principle that all power belongs
to the people.
4. The state organs and government functionaries are placed under the
supervision of the people. The constitution stipulates: Deputies of the
people's congresses at all levels are supervised by the electoral units
and constituencies. These units and constituencies have the power to
recall deputies whom they elected. Administrative, judicial and pro-
curatorial organs and so forth are supervised by the people's congresses
at the corresponding levels. Responsible persons of these organs might be
recalled by the corresponding people's congresses. The constitution has
also provided: All state organs and government functionaries must accept
supervision by the people. Citizens have the right to criticize and make
suggestions to any state organ or functionary. Citizens have the right to
make to relevant state organs complaints and charges against, or exposures
of, violation of the law or dereliction of duty by any state organ or
government functionary. No one may suppress such complaints, charges and
exposures, or retaliate against the citizens making them. All this demon-
strates the democratic nature of our state. Since the people are the
masters of the state and society and the state organs and government
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functionaries are the public servants of the people, it is natural that
the public servants should serve and be supervised by the masters and that
those servants may be dismissed by their masters at any time. All these
stipulations contained in the constitution should be regarded as a work
style which all state organs and government functionaries should cultivate
and discipline and system of work which they should observe.
5. The people have the rights to administer and manage economic and cul-
tural undertakings and other social affairs through various means and forms.
The.principle that all power belongs to the people also involves the fact
that in political, economic and other social life, people have direct
administrative rights to varying degrees through different ways and means.
Some principled stipulations are contained in Article 2 of Chapter 1 of the
"General Principles" of the constitution. Some specific stipulations are
also clearly defined in the articles concerned. For instance, workers and
staff members working in state-run enterprises and laborers working in
collective economic organizations have the rights to carry out democratic
management and administration. Basic-level residents in both rural and
urban areas have the right to follow residential autonomy and so forth.
All this is an important content demonstrating the fact that the people
exercise their power. In such a way, we may fully demonstrate that the
people are the masters of the state and society and arouse their enthusiasm
and initiative in building their new socialist life.
6. We should fully and effectively guarantee the freedoms and rights of
citizens. The people exercise their state power through the system of the
people's congresses. In the meantime, they also extensively enjoy their
civil rights. These two cannot be separated from each other. It is only
under the conditions that the people truly master state power can we truly
guarantee the freedom and rights of all citizens. At the same time, only
under the condition that people extensively and truly enjoy their freedoms
and rights can they effectively exercise their power of administering the
state. This is also the case with citizens' rights to vote and to stand
for election. We should ensure that citizens' freedom of speech, publica-
tion, assembly, association and so forth as well as their personal freedom,
dignity, dwelling and correspondence are not encroached upon. All these are
indispensable if we want to guarantee that people will be able to exercise
their state power. Therefore, to uphold the principle that all power
belongs to the people, we should guarantee all the citizens' rights of
freedom. While enjoying their rights, citizens should also fulfill their
duties to the state and the society. They should conscientiously fulfill
their obligations to the state and society. This precisely demonstrates
that they are the masters of their own country. On the basis of summing up
past experiences, the new constitution assigns the fundamental rights and
duties of citizens a most important position. First of all, in the
"General Principles" of the new constitution, the state system of the
people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist social system are
extended and put in the article concerning the state organs. Furthermore,
the new constitution not only restores the relevant contents of the 1954
constitution, but also defines them more precisely and explicitly. With
regard to citizens' rights, the new content that residents' dignity should
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not be encroached upon is added. Apart from that, the new constitution
also provides that the exercise by citizens of their freedoms and rights
may not infringe upon the interests of the state, of society and of the
collective, or upon the lawful freedo;s and rights of other citizens.
This is absolutely necessary in order to protect the interests of the
entire people and freedoms of all citizens.
In a word, our constitution is a good constitution which effectively
demonstrates socialist democracy. The principle that all power belongs to
the people runs through its general principles and various specific clauses.
All these are the guarantee for the realization of this principle in terms
of institution and laws. On the one hand, the new constitution affirms the
power of the people won through many years' struggle and reaffirms it in a
definite form. On the other hand, it provides a legal basis for the
realization of the principle that all power belongs to the people. This
has given the people a powerful weapon so that they can fight against
various illegal phenomena which encroach upon their power.
The leadership of the CPC was a basic condition for the people's success
in seizing state power. Since the founding of the PRC, the party leader-
ship has also been a basic condition which enables the people to maintain
and consolidate their state power and correctly exercise their rights.
Only under the leadership of the party can we guarantee that all power in
our country will permanently and truly belong to the people and prevent
domestic and foreign reactionaries from undermining and usurping our state
power. The party leadership can also prevent our state organs from being
turned from the public servants of the society into masters of the
society.
Article 1 of the constitution stipulates: "The People's Republic of China
is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the
working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants." This
stipulation is clear and definite: The people's democratic dictatorship
in our country is led by the working class. Working class leadership over
the state is realized through the Communist Party. The CPC is the vanguard
of the Chinese working class, a faithful representative of the interests
of the people of various nationalities in China and a core leading the
socialist cause in China. The Chinese people should have such a leading
core. Only in such a way can they firmly grasp state power. Therefore,
while describing the victory of the revolution and achievements in con-
struction achieved by the people under the leadership of the party, the
preamble of the constitution points out: People of all nationalities in
China will continue to carry out socialist modernization under the leader-
ship of the party. The fact that the constitution affirms the leading
position of the CPC in the life of the state reflects the historical
experience of the Chinese people's revolution and expresses the desires
of the people of all nationalities throughout the country.
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Instead of being mutually exclusive, the party leadership over the state
and the principle that all power belongs to the people are completely con-
sistent. It is because the party leads and supports the people to become
the masters of their own affairs rather than keeping everything in its own
hands. The party has always maintained: In the final analysis, history is
created by the masses and the people are the masters of history. Both
revolution and construction are the undertakings of the people. The
entire role of the advanced political parties of the proletariat lies in
pointing out the correct orientation of struggle for the people, helping
them to strive for and establish their own happy life by relying on their
own efforts. In his report on the draft of the revised party constitution
delivered at the Eighth CPC National Congress, Comrade Deng Xiaoping said:
"Unlike bourgeois political parties, the political parties of the working
class never regard the masses as their own tools. On the contrary, they
consciously regard themselves as a tool of the masses in a specific
historical period for the purpose of fulfilling specific historical tasks."
He added: "To acknowledge such a concept of the party means that we also
acknowledge that the party has no right to be above the masses and that the
party has no right to bestow favors on and replace the masses or issue
arbitrary orders to them. In other words, we also acknowledge that the
party has no right to act like an overlord over the people." We should
interpret the role of the party leadership and the relations between.the
party and the masses in such a way. Otherwise, we will commit serious
mistakes. With regard to the issue of the state power, we should say that
the party is a tool of the people, which enables them to become the masters
of their own affairs and correctly exercise their state power.
The new party constitution adopted by the 12th CPC National Congress stipu-
lates that the party mainly exercises its leadership over political, ideo-
logical and organizational affairs. The party must see to it that the
legislative, judicial and administrative organs of the state and the
economic, cultural and people's organizations work actively and with
initiative, independently, responsibly and in harmony. Therefore, the
party should be separate from the government and should not replace the
government. The party should not do everything on behalf of the state
organs and should refrain from unnecessarily and incorrectly interfering
in the legislative, judicial and administrative work of the state organs.
Instead of weakening the party leadership, such efforts will improve and
strengthen the party's leadership over the state.
Specifically speaking, the party leadership over the state should be
realized in the following ways: 1) Party members working in the state
organs, and leading party members' groups consisting of party members in
charge of responsible work in particular, should obey the unified leader-
ship of the party. 2) The party should constantly discuss and make deci-
sions on the issues involving guiding principles, policies and organiza-
tions connected with the work of the state. Leading party members' groups
in the state organs should closely cooperate with nonparty personages to
implement the decisions made by the party. 3) The party should conscien-
tiously and systematically study the work and problems of the state organs
so that it will be able to raise correct, effective and specific proposals
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in the interest of the work of the state or promptly revise its proposals
in light of actual conditions. All these principles mentioned in Comrade
Deng Xiaoping's report on the draft of the revised party constitution
delivered at the Eighth CPC National Congress are still correct to date.
The following ideas run through these principles: The party exercises its
leadership over the work of the state by relying on its own efforts to make
correct decisions and raise correct proposals. These decisions and pro-
posals are implemented by party members or leading party members' groups
in the.state organs. Of course, they should successfully cooperate with
those nonparty personages in the state organs so that the party's correct
decisions and proposals will be accepted by people of all walks of life
and become the guiding principles, policies and measures of the state
organs after being discussed and decided by the state organs (mainly the
organs of state power and legislation). In so doing, the party may rely
on the people and their.representative organs to revise or correct its
incomplete or incorrect proposals. In the meantime, through the representa-
tive organs of the people, the party can understand the opinions and feel-
ings of the people. When the party's correct proposals cannot be accepted
by the masses for the time being, it is necessary for the party to be
patient and do its work by method of persuasion. In such a way, the party's
proposals and the people's will on the one hand, and the party leadership
and state power exercised by the people on the other hand, will be effec-
tively unified.
Of course, it is wrong for a ruling political party to,neglect socialist
democracy and place itself above the state. During the 10 years of
internal disorder, the party did commit such mistakes. In the process of
bringing order out of chaos advocated since the 3d Plenary Session of the
11th CPC Central Committee, the party has put forth the task of strengthen-
ing socialist democracy and socialist legal system on the basis of summing
up past experience. It has also applied the principle that the "party
should carry out its activities within the limits permitted by the consti-
tution and the laws" and included this in the new party constitution
adopted by the 12th CPC National Congress. Such an idea brought forth by
the party has correctly reflected the fact that the party respects the
principle that all power belongs to the people and that it has employed
correct fundamental methods to realize its leadership over the state.
Thus the idea is supported by the people of the whole country. This shows
that the whole party has seen the importance of this issue. At present,
the new constitution has explicitly stipulated: "People of various
nationalities throughout the country, all state organs, armed forces,
various political parties, social organizations, and enterprises and under-
takings should regard the constitution as the basic principle governing
their activities. It,is their duty anc obligation to defend the dignity
of the constitution and the implementation of the constitution." It adds:
"No organization or individual may enjoy the privilege of being above the
constitution and the law." This also shows that people throughout the
country realize the importance of this issue. In such a way, we are able
to unify the party constitution and the state law on the one hand, and the
party leadership over the state and the principle that all power belongs to
the people on the other. We are also able to defend the correct relations
32
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between the party and the state in terms of laws. As long as we rely on
the entire party, the consciousness and strength of the people throughout
the country and persist in implementing the above-mentioned stipulations
in the life o,f the state, we will certainly be able to fully and effec-
tively ensure the implementation of the principle upheld in the constitu-
tion that all power belongs to the people.:
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THE ORIGIN OF THE TITLE OF THE BOOK 'HOLY FAMILY'
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 p 20
[Article by Li Fan [2621 0416]]
[Text] In Germany in the early 1840's, the young Hegelians represented by
B. Powell preached the so-called "new" "critique of criticism" philosophy,
asserted that the critical activities of brilliant philosophers and their
critical activities alone are the principal motive-force in history and
the proletariat constitute merely the "mediocre masses" who have no abil-
ity to criticize, and denied the laws of social development and the prime
significance of the activities of the masses of the people. In order to
expose this subjective idealist reactionary theory, from September to
November 1844, Marx and Engels jointly wrote a book entitled "Holy Family,
or Critique on the Critique of Criticism. Reputing Bruno Powell and His
Like" which was called "Holy Family" for short.
Originally, "Holy Family" was the title of a famous painting by Andrea
Mantegna (1431-1506), a famous Italian artist. In the painting, the
Blessed Virgin Mary is holding Jesus, the Holy Baby, and by her side
there stand Mary's husband Saint Joseph and also Saint Elisabeth, Saint
John, Saint Anna [0068 2169] as well as some angels and priests. Marx and
Engels used this title to satirize the group of philosophers headed by
B. Powell and likened Powell to Jesus, the only son of the Heavenly Father,
and the several of other companions to his disciples, and proceeded to lay
bare with one penetrating remark the truth that their preaching, which set
them above the masses were aimed at nothing but replacing the "religious
savior" with the "critical savior" which they styled themselves.
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TAKE AN ATTITUDE OF MASTER OF THE COUNTRY TOWARD ONE'S LABOR
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 21-22
[Article by Wang Chonglun [3069 1504 0243]]
[Text] Article 42 of the new constitution stipulates: "Citizens of the
PRC have the right and duty to take part in labor." "Labor is a glorious
task of all able-bodied citizens. Laborers in state-run enterprises and
in urban and rural collective economic organizations should take an atti-
tude of master of the country toward their labor."
Our citizens' right to labor was brought by the socialist system. It was
the result of long-term bloody struggle carried out under the leadership of
the CPC by the people of various nationalities throughout the country and
by countless revolutionary martyrs who fought. heroically and laid down
their lives. Workers of the older generation feel strongly about this.
In the old society, to labor was not the right of the laboring people, it
was a heavy burden weighing down on them. Take the Anshan Iron and Steel
Works for example. Before liberation, the means of production were in the
hands of the reactionary ruling class. The workers were whipped to work
like beasts of burden. At that time, there was such a saying: "Anyone who
wants to live by working in the Anshan Iron and Steel Works has to risk
his life." Even so, the calamity of being unemployed could fall on the
workers at any time. It was not until 1948 when Anshan was liberated that
the Anshan Iron and Steel Works returned to the hands of the people and
that the former "beggars" and "filthy coolies" really became the masters
of the country and the masters of enterprises.
The workers know well that their position of being the masters of the coun-
try was not easy to achieve. So they highly value their right to labor.
The labor they carry out today is fundamentally different from that in the
old society. It is not only a means of living, but also a responsibility
and duty they should fulfill for the interests of society and the people.
To study and implement the new constitution and to conscientiously exercise
the glorious duty of labor so as to be able to take an attitude of master
of the country toward labor, we must strive to do the following:
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First, we must have the lofty ideal of communism.
The purpose of carrying out ordinary labor is to realize the lofty ideal
of the working class--communism. To realize this ideal, we must first work
hard to build our country into a strong modernized socialist country with a
high degree of democracy and civilization. Only by combining our present
tasks with our lofty ideals, can we display our revolutionary vigor. We
must start with our present tasks, start from ourselves, have a down-to-
earth style of work and make outstanding achievements. Young worker Zhang
Jiefeng of the Nanchang Wristwatch Factory, breaking away from all
obstacles, boldly innovated backward technology and succeeded in creating
new technology of precision punching and cutting used for making escape
forks. This has filled a gap in our country's wristwatch technology. The
reason for his success was just as he said: "I do not work for indi-
viduals," "I do my duty as a master of the country, and I do my bit to help
build socialism and create wealth." The reason why Jiang Zhuying became an
example to learn from was that he loyally fulfilled his pledge: "One's
life is short, but the party's cause is eternal. I am willing to devote
myself to the realization of all the tasks put forward by the party."
Second, we must have the spirit of hard struggle in pioneering a cause.
During the rehabilitation of the national economy in the early period of the
founding of the PRC, in the face of imperialist blockades and the shambles
left over by the KMT, the working class and the people throughout the coun-
try, under the leadership of the party and in the spirit of emancipating
themselves to become masters of the country and carrying forward the spirit
of hard struggle, realized in a very short time a fundamental change in
finance and economy. In the early 1960's, the working class overcame
serious difficulties and made great achievements in readjusting the
national economy by relying on the spirit of hard struggle and adhering to
the principle of independence and self-reliance. At present, we have much
better conditions and a certain foundation in economic construction, and
our livelihood has improved much. But our country is poor. It had a poor
foundation to start with. Its education, science and culture are very
backward. This has determined that we have to go through a very difficult
course to realize the four modernizations. The four modernizations cannot
be realized by working complacently and without making great efforts.
Therefore, in the four modernizations, we must further carry forward the
spirit of building our cause through hard struggle, and we will build a
brighter and more beautiful future with our wisdom and diligent hands.
Third, we must see our factories as our homes.
Enterprises are the basic unit of socialist economy. They are the battle-
grounds where the working class displays the role of master of the country
and where they devote themselves to the realization of the four moderniza-
tions. The interests of enterprises, the state and the workers are closely
linked to each other. Workers loving their enterprises means loving the
country.
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How work is done in factories or enterprises depends on various reasons,
but it depends mainly on the responsibility of leaders. Being masters of
factories, the workers have the responsibility to help their leaders in
combating unhealthy trends and in running their factories well. How work
is done in factories is related to every worker's responsibility. If every
worker can conscientiously exercise the power of the master of a factory,
support and supervise his leaders in their work, actively put forward
rationalization suggestions, think of his factory's urgent needs and pay
as much attention to the work in his factory as to the work at home, our
factories will take on a new look, and they will be run better. The
majority of our workers are willing to run their factories well. But there
is a small number of workers who are choosy and lazy, who are slack in
discipline, who pay attention to quantity to the neglect of quality, who
are extravagant and who take public property and are not willing to return
it. All this is not in conformity with their positions as masters of the
country.
Fourth, we must love our own work and carry out creative labor.
The workers' spirit of master of the country should be shown in the enthusi-
asm for their own work and in doing their own work well. This is the most
basic practice for realizing their lofty revolutionary ideal. Our socialist
society is like a very large precision machine. Every position in our
society is like every part and screw on this machine. They are indispen-
sable. Every position of ours is part of our socialist modernization and
is closely linked with the construction and development of our country and
enterprises. There should be no distinction between elevated and lowly
jobs. Those who have high aspirations and are determined to devote them-
selves to the construction of the motherland can absolutely make extraordi-
nary contributions in their ordinary positions. Fu Changwang, a worker of
the Baijiazhuang mine of the Xishan Mining Industrial Bureau of Shanxi
Province, devotes all his enthusiasm and effort to the work of loading and
unloading. He works very hard and gives no thought to remuneration. He is
called "the mine's living Lei Feng." In the Laoji coal yard of the Luoyang
Municipal Coal Company of Henan Province, there was a model woman worker
named Zhao Chune, who is honored as "a busy woman of action" who "served
the people like a willing ox." She said: "All sorts of occupations are
closely linked with socialist construction. Doing a good job in logistics
work to enable our scientists to concentrate their efforts on scientific
research and to enable our workers to carry out production with full vigor
means making contributions to socialist construction."
Some people say: "Our interest is not in conformity with our work. So it
is very hard to arouse our interest.in work." It is true that everyone has
his own interests and hobbies. But personal interests and hobbies should
be adapted to the needs of society. Understanding well the significance of
our work to the revolution will enable us to study our work. In the course
of study, we will grasp the law governing the development of things. In
this way, we will have great interest in our work. If we choose our occu-
pation and type of work according to our interests and hobbies, if we
cannot keep our minds to our work the moment we see something better, we
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will not be able to make marked achievements in our work even if we have
better conditions. The crux is that we must start from the needs of the
revolutionary cause, take an attitude of master of the country and work
hard to foster our interest and hobbies in work through practice. Only
in this way, can we foster our interest in whatever work we do and con-
stantly make new contributions.
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DEVELOP RURAL COOPERATIVE COMMERCE
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 23-26
[Article by Wu Xiang [0702 6272]]
[Text] Since the implementation of the system of contracted responsibilities
with payment linked to output, the enthusiasm of the peasants has risen,
household subsidiary pursuits and diversified operations have rapidly
developed, and there has been an upsurge of specialized households and
households doing specialized jobs. On the other hand, in the circulation
sector, old. and antiquated systems and methods are still in use, while
the circulation channels are few and the links are numerous. There are
difficulties in both buying and selling and while in some places goods have
to be stockpiled, in other places, goods are out of stock. Contradictions
are thus being daily intensified. The time has indeed come for the reform
of rural commerce.
The growth of the rural economy has already shown a noticeable trend. This
is seen in that production of the self-sufficient and half semi-sufficient
type has turned to "commodity production" and to specialized and socialized
production. As specialization and socialization take each step forward,
the commercial service trade should likewise take a step forward, other-
wise the development of "commodity production" will be severely impeded and
the enthusiasm of the vast masses of peasants will again suffer a setback.
In order to develop commodity production on a large scale, a commercial
structure of the peasants' own is indispensable. The proposal advocated
in the "Notes on the National Rural Work Conference" on reforming the
organizational structure of the supply and marketing cooperatives is
entirely correct. It appears to be a breakthrough in solving the circula-
tion problem. Supply and marketing cooperatives used to represent a
cooperative economy and constituted a commercial structure of the peasants'
own. Subsequently, it was converted into state-operated commerce or semi-
state-operated commerce. This conversion was not in conformity with the
level of development of our country's rural economy. The present reform
calls for restoration of the original nature of cooperative economy. In
this way, there is a great possibility for the development of "commodity
production" in the countryside and there are great hopes for it.
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There are over 30 counties in 18 provinces throughout the country currently
serving as trial areas for the reform of the structure of the supply and
marketing cooperatives, in compliance with the proposal found in the "Notes
on the National Rural Work Conference." Of them, Dazhu County of Sichuan
Province, Wangdou County of Hebei Province and Hailun County in Heilongjiang
Province began the reform relatively early and have by now achieved rela-
tively long experience. In the second half of 1982, a number of non-trial-
point counties followed the example of the trial-point counties and pro-
ceeded to undertake the reform. While the concrete methods of procedure
were not exactly alike in all the counties, there were two points of simi-
larity in the fundamental reform of the structure and these were:
1) strengthening their "three natures" and 2) developing "joint operation."
Strengthening the "three natures" means that the three natures of the
organizational structure of the supply and marketing cooperatives, namely,
the "popular nature" of organization, the "democratic nature" of manage-
ment, and the "adaptable nature" of operation, are to be strengthened.
This is to be done by means of a series of activities such as liquidating
the old structure, increasing the commune members' subscription shares,
implementing the system of bonus payments to shareholders, establishing
commune members' representative conferences, electing of leadership organs,
and so forth. In other words, it means the restoration of the nature of
cooperative economy and the old tradition of the commune members acting as
masters of the household. In the five counties of Wongdou in Hebei, Hailun
in Heilongjiang, Wubu in Henan, Xishui in Hubei, and Gonglai in Sichuan, over
80 percent of the peasant households are currently share holding members of
the cooperatives. In this way, the supply and marketing cooperatives are
always under the supervision and help of the masses, as a result of which,
on the one hand, the relations and feelings between the peasants and the
supply and marketing cooperatives have changed for the better, and the
peasants have fondly declared: "Our supply and marketing cooperative is
now back with us"; and on the other hand, the employees and workers of the
supply and marketing cooperatives have changed their viewpoint and have
increased their consciousness of serving the peasants' production and
living. It may be thought that since the supply and marketing cooperatives
had been converted to the system of ownership by the whole people and their
staff members all had jobs providing them with an "iron rice bowl," any
reversal of the change would meet with great impediments. In fact, this has
not been the case, as the problem can be easily solved if only the leader-
ship can rectify their thinking and have in their command definite methods
of procedure such as, for example, effecting no change in the treatment of
their staff members. Last year, the Gudian Supply and Marketing Cooperative
of Wongdou County found that phosphorous fertilizer was badly needed for
wheat planting. It at once mobilized its staff to proceed to'Shanxi to buy
450 tons of this, fertilizer. It also dispatched personnel to Shandong to
purchase 1,000 sets of sprayers and in this way met the urgent pest-
extermination needs. During the drought-fighting season, the power supply
was suddenly stopped and the oil-drawing machine would not work. The staff
then worked overnight to install a water-pressure machine to replace the
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oil-drawing machine. In addition, 21,000 jin of diesel oil were immediately
dispatched to the production teams and commune members so that they could
reach them on time to meet their needs. Instances of this kind can fre-
quently be found among the communes.
If strengthening of the "three natures" can be said to be restoration of
the good traditions of the supply and marketing cooperatives of the 1950's,
then joint operation may be said to be a new development in the services
extended by the supply and marketing cooperatives to the people under the
conditions of the universal application in the countryside of the system of
contracted responsibilities with payment linked to output. This embodies
important significance in promoting the conversion of rural economy to
specialized and socialized commodity production.
In general, joint operation takes three different forms: 1) Joint opera-
tion in purchasing and marketing whereby the supply and marketing coopera-
tives sign contracts with the production teams or specialized households
undertaking the responsibilities of the purchasing and marketing of
products; 2) joint operation of commodity bases whereby the supply and
marketing cooperatives provide capital funds, technology and materials and
the production teams provide labor power and land; 3) an agriculture-
industry-commerce one-chain system to promote the processing trade, using
the agricultural and sideline products of the locality as the principal raw
materials; under this system the peasant households provide the raw mate-
rials, the enterprises run by the communes or the production brigades pro-
vide the processing facilities and the supply and marketing cooperatives
undertake marketing of the products. In so doing, the simple buyer-and-
seller relationship between the supply and marketing cooperative and the
peasants is transformed into a joint relationship of handling, or
processing, agricultural and sideline products. Circulation and production
are thus closely linked together and the business operations of the supply
and marketing cooperatives and the economic interests of the peasants are
also closely linked together. Joint operation of purchasing and marketing
closely links together production and circulation and can in a relatively
good manner solve the contradiction between agriculture and commerce con-
cerning problems of purchasing and marketing. At the same time, joint
operation in production and processing as an outgrowth of joint operation
in purchasing and marketing enables the supply and marketing cooperatives
to take a further step in taking part.in production and thus to expand their
functions. Compared with joint operation in purchasing and marketing, it is
better welcomed by the peasants and possesses greater vitality.
Take for example the case of Wangdou County. This county has been known
for its hot pepper export. (Hot peppers from the three counties of Wangdou
in Hebei, Yidou in Shandong and Xindou in Sichuan are well known as the
"three dous" hot peppers.) In the past, its development had been somewhat
retarded. Up to 1979, the annual purchase of hot peppers from the entire
county was only 1.5 million jin. In 1980, some supply and marketing
cooperatives and production teams experimented on joint operation and
achieved relatively good results. By 1981, the experiment was expanded
to cover 573 production teams of 7 people's communes and the amount of the
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purchase increased to 6.46 million jin, an increase of more than 300 per-
cent over 1979. In the past 2 years, the supply and marketing cooperatives
derived some 359,000 yuan of profits from handling hot peppers. :Of this
amount, 135,000 yuan was remitted to the state, 72,000 yuan was kept by the
supply and marketing cooperatives to add to their accumulation funds, and
the balance of 152,000 yuan was returned to the production teams and commune
members. In 1982, under the premise of first ensuring an increased grain
yield and based on the increased marketability of hot peppers, the supply
and marketing cooperatives further expanded the scope of joint operation
and anticipated the amount of the hot pepper purchase to be increased to
10 million jin. This would give the peasants an income of 8 million yuan,
averaging a per capita income of 40 yuan for the county as a whole. Joint
operation gives the products a fixed market outlet and a stable price.
This gives the peasants security, giving them the courage to proceed with
the production arrangements according to the contractual provisions. They
become confident that after having duly delivered or sold the products, they
can receive the profit payments. Their enthusiasm is thus further enhanced.
In this way, the superior conditions of the locality are also brought into
full play. In addition, the supply and marketing cooperatives started joint
operation on a diverse range of products including red dates and mushrooms.
Thus, by means of joint operation agreements, the supply and marketing
cooperatives have linked together the enthusiasm for production of commodi-
ties on the part of the peasants, particularly the specialized households
and the households doing specialized jobs, with the state plan and market
requirements, and brought the superior conditions of the localities into
full play. This will mean the accomplishment of the objectives of greatly
enhancing the state's revenue receipts, the peasants' income and the
accumulations of the supply and marketing cooperatives. Meanwhile, the
state of blocking of the circulation channels, contradictions between agri-
culture and commerce, and difficulties in effecting the turnover of funds
will be rectified and replaced by a new situation of goods circulating
smoothly and rapidly and a sharp increase in production.
Experiences gathered from the counties under experimentation have revealed
that in developing specialized and socialized commodity production we must
not only solve the problems concerning the circulation links but also must
organically join together the various links of the rural economy. Respon-
sibilities, power and profit must be combined together and a good job must
be done of serving agricultural production in an overall manner. Hence, in
reforming the structure of the supply and marketing cooperatives, we must
not be satisfied with merely restoring their commercial character or just
improving their purchasing and marketing businesses, or only ensuring the
smooth passage of the circulation lanes in the countryside, but must effect
an overall organization of coordination of the rural economy in its various.
phases including technology, material resources, funds, information and so
forth. Precisely because of this, reform of the structure of supply and
marketing cooperatives should not stop at the grassroots cooperatives and
go no further. Rather, on top of reforming the structure of the grassroots
cooperatives we must proceed from bottom up and form a county joint
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cooperative and organize a powerful and big economic entity by combining
together the grassroots cooperatives which are each confined to a rela-
tively small area of operation and possess limited funds, equipment, and
operation capacity. Only in this way can we centralize more manpower,
material resources and funds, increase the stock of goods and the volume
of their turnover, facilitate the exchange of market information, activate
commodity circulation, strengthen technological services, and promote the
development of diversified operations and commodity production. And only
in this way can we absorb into our midst the ability to perform well the
purchasing and marketing functions, to attend to the technological services,
to regulate credits and loans, to overcome the contradictions around us and
to promote the unified development of the economy. In addition, there is
another point which should not be neglected. That is, county cities are
usually located along trunk communication lines and if the county joint
cooperative becomes an economic entity, the centralization of agricultural
and sideline products there facilitates their direct transport to various
localities in the country without having to go through other links or
channels. In this way, commodity circulation is facilitated. When Gonglai
County served as a trial area, at first it adopted the method of relegating
the supply and marketing cooperatives to a position subordinate to the
communes and thus more or less,severed their relations with the county
cooperative. The results were found. to be unsatisfactory. Subsequently,
following the reform of the grassroots cooperatives, the method of forming
a county joint cooperative was used and soon afterward a new situation
developed in rural commerce and in the whole rural economy. In the case of
Xishou County, only a few grassroots cooperatives were made to serve as the
reform trial points without anything being done about the county coopera-
tive. Its economic results were found to be not as clear-cut or outstand-
ing as in the case of the Hailun, Wongdou and Wubu Counties. Some comrades
commented: "If the reform of grassroots cooperatives is not followed up
by the establishment of a county joint cooperative, then the situation is
just like that of children without a mother. They are just being bullied
everywhere. We might as well not have undertaken any reform." These com-
ments are not unreasonable.
In September 1982, Wongdou County convened an all-county commune members'
representatives' congress at which the formation of a county joint coopera-
tive was sanctioned. In accordance with the wishes and demands of the
representatives' congress, the following six resolutions were adopted:
1) In view of the peasants' shortage of animal power, 200 head of female
animals were to be purchased from northeast China, to be distributed to,
and reared by, the commune members. Newborn animals would be counted on
as a source of income to repay the funds advanced by the supply and
marketing cooperatives. 2) By increasing the commune members' share
subscriptions, a sum of 500,000 yuan would be raised to finance the build-
ing of a 200-ton capacity refrigerating plant for the purpose of solving
the commune members' difficulties concerning the storage of pork, eggs, and
feed for rearing martens. 3) In 1983, the county's entire supply and
marketing cooperative system would not undertake any new capital construc-
tion, but a sum of 200,000 yuan would be designated to assist specialized
households, households doing specialized jobs, and orchards in the building
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of bases. 4) Expansion of chili oil processing. 5) Establishment of a
specialized service team; assigning one technical supervisor to each large
village town. 6) Special supplies to be made to commune members during the
mid-autumn festival, providing each commune member's household with 1 jin
of noodles or 1 jin of mooncakes, at a special reduction of .20 yuan in
price, same to be subsidized by the county-joint cooperative. Formerly,
nobody dared to think of making the above provisions, particularly the one
on building a 200-ton capacity refrigerating plant, but now these provi-
sions are being carried out.
Expansion of the scope of economic combination of the county joint coopera-
tive is tantamount to bringing into full play and strengthening, on an even
larger scale, the democratic power of the vast masses of peasants in their
capacity as masters of the household. In Hailun County, formerly the prac-
tice had been rather prevalent for people to procure goods in hot demand by
going through the "back door." After formation of the county joint coopera-
tive, the commune members' representatives' congress adopted a resolution
calling for the posting or publication of the names of all buyers of
bicycles. In the past, cadres in leadership positions used to send notes
to the cooperatives asking that bicycles be sold to certain persons they
might designate and the cooperatives could do nothing but honor these
demands. Now this resolution has put a stop to these practices which had
posed a longstanding problem and had defied solution for some time. Facts
have indeed shown that supply and marketing cooperatives not only consti-
tute a bridge joining together urban and rural areas and also a link lead-
ing to the promotion of rural economic combines but can also become an
important front for the peasants to educate themselves, to build socialist
spiritual civilization, to carry forward the spirit of democracy, to
penetratingly carry out policies, and to wage a relentless war on unhealthy
tendencies and economic criminal activities.
At present, opinions still differ on whether or not county joint coopera-
tives should be formed and, if formed, whether or not they should be made
into economic entities. More experiences from practice should be gained
in order to solve in a better way these problems.
In the "Notes on the National Rural Work Conference," the basic direction
for the reform of the supply and marketing cooperatives has been clearly
designated that they should constitute "a main channel for urban and rural
economic intercourse." Concerning this problem, I feel that we should
further probe into it by studying the special features of rural commerce.
Rural commerce is different from urban commerce. The objects served by
urban commerce are employees and workers with a fixed income in the form
of wages and salaries. The consumers are all satisfied if only the supply
of commodities is sufficient and timely and the service attitude good. On
the other hand, rural commerce serves the peasants. Peasants are not pure
and simple buyers; they are also sellers. They must first sell their
products before they have the needed purchasing power. Thus, there exists
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a dialectic relationship between "taking" and "giving." The more supplies
(including technology and information) "given" to the peasants and the more
work done for, and among, them, the more agricultural and sideline products
can be "taken" in return, and the greater are the profits derived therefrom.
Hence, rural commerce must place the emphasis of its work on helping the
peasants to develop production and to market their products. Only in this
way can it achieve the peasants' support as well as its own prospects of
future development.
Here, we may as well make a brief comparison between state-run commerce,
commerce run by supply and marketing cooperatives and individual commerce.
State-run commerce occupies the leading position in the entire realm of
commerce. It carries the burden of the important parts of the wholesale
and retail businesses and exercises direct control over the major material
resources (including the first and second categories of agricultural and
sideline products subject to unified purchases and levy purchases by the
state) related to the national economy and the people's livelihood. With-
out so doing, it cannot make unified planning for the urban and rural
markets in the country or provide for the basic needs of the people's
livelihood. Our country is a populous one, with a population of over
1 billion people. There must be unified planning and arrangements for
provision of the basic daily articles. Burdened with such heavy tasks,
state-run commerce can hardly find more strength to perform the work of
helping the peasants to promote their production. It can hardly take up
the job of purchasing and marketing all agricultural and sideline products.
Even if compelled to do so, it cannot do the job well. Ample facts have
shown this to be true.
At present, there are already instances of peasants engaging in self-
production and self-marketing, or specializing in transporting goods for
sale. From now on, this development may progress to a certain extent.
Practices of this kind have the merits of being scattered, flexible,
capable of promptly transporting goods for sale and effecting a rapid
turnover of goods, and are also of useful and supplementary value to state-
run commerce and cooperative commerce. It is entirely proper and correct
for the central authorities to adopt an appropriately lenient attitude
toward them and to adroitly guide action according to circumstances.
However, individual commerce has limited strength and cannot be of much
help. Quite obviously, it cannot shoulder alone the purchasing and mar-
keting tasks of the entire leftover portion of the agricultural and side-
line products after fulfilling the state's unified-purchase and levy-
purchase requirements.
The special features of supply and marketing cooperatives are that they
exist in large numbers in the rural villages, that they cover a wide area
of operation, that they can reach many localities, and that they compre-
hensively handle a variety of tasks including purchasing, marketing,
supplying, processing and so forth. Throughout the country, there are
over 600,000 such cooperative units. Their self-owned funds and fixed
assets amount to over 20 billion yuan. They have a staff of some 4 million
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employees and workers, of whom some 200,000 are specialized and technical
personnel who are constantly serving on the frontline of guiding and
supporting production and who have accumulated vast experiences in serving
the peasants' production and living. It is true that through the years,
due to changes in the organizational structure, there has been a weakening
of the viewpoints toward production and toward the people and that there
has also been a growth of "bureaucratic commercial" tendencies, but it must
be admitted that traditional practices have still exerted their influence
while a definite foundation has been laid. The cooperatives have contact
with the state above them and with the peasants below them. They can
directly represent the peasants' interests and can also concretely organize
and carry out the state's planned guidance. In comparison with state-run
commerce and individual commerce, cooperative commerce has more and better
conditions for transformation into the peasants' own commercial structure
for the appropriate development of commodity production in the countryside.
Experiences gathered from the counties under experimentation show that this
foundation and all its relevant advantages should not be forsaken and that
nothing new should be started. Rather, we should, relying on the foundation
furnished by these cooperatives, make full use of their advantageous condi-
tions, effect a thorough reform of them according to needs of the new sit-
uation, and advance further forward. Reformation does not consist of merely
changing the signboard but demands a fundamental change in operation
ideology and in operation tendencies and the management structure, in order
that they may truly become the peasants' own commercial structure. All this
does not depend on orders from above or on fixture by official documents
but relies on the performance of solid and faithful work to win the peasants'
trust. Naturally, this does not mean that everything must be entrusted to
the supply and marketing cooperatives or that they have monopoly control or
operation. A principal channel is not necessarily the sole channel.
Rather, there must be a number of channels but fewer links, and the
coexistence of diversified operation forms competing with each other.
Lack of competition means lack of progress.
Reform of rural commerce is an objective demand in the development of com-
modity production. Some comrades do not sufficiently understand its
inevitability or importance, and have more or less come to the conclusion
that the reform of rural commerce concerns the problem of division of power
and division of profits within the commercial department. At present, an
outstanding problem is the many restrictions imposed on the scope of opera-
tion of the supply and marketing cooperatives. They are not allowed to
handle many products such as swine, fowl, eggs, herbal medicine and so
forth. Actually, what they can purchase are leftover or discarded goods.
Sichuan Province has already made the ruling that the balance of all agri-
cultural and sideline products, following fulfillment of the state's
monopoly-purchase and levy-purchase requirements, be turned over to the
supply and marketing cooperatives to be handled independently by them and
that tea leaves and animal products be principally handled by the coopera-
tives. As for many other products, a study is being made whether or not
they should be handled principally by the cooperatives. Actual practice
has shown that they are all good measures.
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In general, the operation scope of supply and marketing cooperatives and
how county joint cooperatives should be formed do not constitute mere
business problems or organizational problems. Rather, they are related to
the problem of the basic attitude toward the peasants' cooperative economy.
Peasants are the trustworthy allies of the working class. After the work-
ing class has taken over political power, they must, by means of the
cooperative system, guide the peasants toward socialism. According to
classical Marxist writers, the cooperative system embodies a comprehensive
concept which includes production cooperation, consumption cooperation,
marketing cooperation, credit cooperation, and so forth. As early as the
war period, the supply and marketing cooperatives already played an impor-
tant role in varying phases of the struggle against the enemy such as
organizing the peasants' production, relief of famine and other disasters
and general economic development. It may be said with certainty that before
the basic elimination of the differential between the urban and rural areas
and between industry and agriculture, supply and marketing cooperatives
should continue to exist and develop and cannot be weakened or eliminated.
Since the founding of the PRC, supply and marketing cooperatives and state-
run commerce have from time to time parted ways. We must in real earnest
sum up the historical experiences of the pros and cons related to the prob-
lem of how to strengthen leadership work over the supply and marketing
cooperative enterprise so as to facilitate economic intercourse between the
cities and the countryside and between localities, and also to facilitate
the division of work and cooperation between state-run commerce and the
supply and marketing cooperatives and the full display of their role of
supplementing and helping each other. First and foremost, we should
ideologically solve the problem of the basic attitude toward the peasants'
cooperative economy. Only in this way can we join ourselves together heart
and soul and serve well as supporters of the reform of rural commerce.
CSO: 4004/21
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HARVEST IN 'SPRING'--NOTES ON A VISIT TO THE SHENZHEN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 27-32
["Newsletter" by Xiong Fu [3574 1788]]
[Text] October--harvest time. On the plains of Huabei the skies are clear
and the air crisp at this time of year. Nevertheless, when we visited the
southern border town of Shenzhen during this season, the "spring" air that
caressed our faces stood well above 30 degrees Centigrade.
Adjacent to the area that used to be the old town, a large multi-story
building rises up from the ground. The spaciousness, enormity, width and
size of the factory suggest the vigorous movements of a dancer. Along the
recently completed asphalt road, vehicles of every kind are visible, snaking
endlessly in both directions; and on the building sites which face each
other along both sides of the road, the combined roar and thunder of the
construction machinery create a unique symphony to rock one's very soul.
Evening approaches and the neon lights, searchlights and other colored
lights shining from the towering scaffolding of the building sites, criss-
crossing the highways and outlining the city streets throbbing with activ-
ity, together with the illuminations, light up the sky so that the entire
city is, encircled with a rainbow-hued halo....
To be sure, the citizens of Shenzhen may not have been able to arrest
nature with the approach of spring but, nevertheless the "spring" scenery
of modernized construction which they themselves have depicted with their
own wit, their own bare hands and their own hard labor is surely of a
richer poetic quality and more moving than the spring of nature itself.
Shenzhen--only 3 years ago it was just another town in Baoan County,
Guangdong Province. Here, although it is warm and humid all year round
with plenty of rain, rich and fertile soil and a long coastline as well as
the fact that Hong Kong and Kowloon are simply only a bridge away and that
it is geographically and topographically ideally situated for economic
development, the disruption caused by a long period of "leftist" ideology
meant that as time moved on the face of the town remained as before,
unchanged. In those times, when the town looked as it did then, how
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painful it was for the citizens of Shenzhen to receive and welcome foreign
guests who were entering China through Shenzhen for a taste of the suc-
cesses in socialist China's construction, and how much more painful it was
for them to have to face the deep concern, worries and misgivings and
expectant gazes (of course some were scornful) of the Overseas Chinese,
Hong Kong and Macao compatriots who passed through Shenzhen on their way
north.
History never stands still. The 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central
Committee put new life into the development of Shenzhen.. In March 1979
Guangdong Province decided to turn Baoan County into Shenzhen town. In
July of the same year the central government officially announced that the
four regions, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xiantou and Xiamen would become experimental
special economic zones. On the basis of this decision, Shenzhen selected an
area of 327.5 km2 from its total area of 2,020 km2 to prepare for the
construction of the special economic zone. From that moment the appearance
of Shenzhen underwent radical changes. The Shenzhen municipal party com-
mittee provided us with the following few statistics. By the end of
October 1982, the total number of foreign investment programs brought into
the town stood at 728 and the amount of foreign investment already put to
use totaled HK$1.3 billion, while completed capital construction invest-
ments totaled 730 million yuan.
In 1981 total industrial and agricultural output value reached 370 million
yuan, double the amount for 1978, of which industrial output value had
increased 4 times. Financial revenue had increased more than 5 times the
amount in 1978 while regional foreign currency revenue had doubled.
In the last 3 years employment has been arranged for 20,000 people. When
comparing the years 1981 and 1978, the average income of a worker in the
town has increased by about 90 percent, while the average income distributed
to agricultural commune members by the collective has doubled (and more than
tripled within the special economic zone itself).
The figures are accurate and the successes convincing. Generally when
people go in person to this piece of land, 49 kilometers in length and 7
kilometers wide, and see the people there, they are all without exception
greatly moved at the enthusiasm aroused in these people, their earnest
labors, and their brave spirit of development and forwardness while also
being overcome with admiration at the speed of construction and boldness of
vision. Today the citizens of Shenzhen are making use of their creative
labors on the road of socialist modernization, making personal contributions
in their effort to realize the great targets set out in the 12th CPC
National Congress.
As "special economic zone" Shenzhen is different from other areas in the
region and in fact also from other places in Guangdong Province. The com-
rades from Shenzhen Municipal CPC Committee explained to us that the first
difference is that the economy of the special zones is more of an extra-
verted economy using Hong Kong and Macao's internationally directed markets.
Exports make up the large majority of production (including the tapping of
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natural resources, industry and agriculture). In addition the tourist
industry has been developed with services aimed at foreign trade visitors,
and the same applies to housing construction, industry and commerce.
Secondly, economic development within the special economic zones [SEZ]
mainly depends on the importation and exploitation of foreign capital
which includes Chinese capital from Hong Kong and Macao, capital from
Overseas Chinese and foreign capital, and the importation of advanced
technology and equipment. Thus, the SEZ's adopt much more open and
invigorating policies and measures than other areas. For example, the
entry and exit formalities into the SEZ for Macao and Hong Kong com-
patriots and foreign guests who come for trade discussions, visits,
inspections, tourism and relaxation are much more straightforward than
such formalities into other areas of China, and those foreign and Macao and
Hong Kong business representatives who have to travel frequently back and
forth to arrange their business affairs are granted special passage and
papers. In addition, foreign businesses which come to the SEZ to set up
independently financed enterprises or organize enterprises in coordination
with China enjoy special treatment and privileges over domestic companies
in terms of customs duty and income taxes. Furthermore in the SEZ the
handling of foreign currency is much wider and less restricted than else-
where in China. Third, the local government in the SEZ has much more
individual power in areas such as capital construction, import and manage-
ment of foreign investment, organization and administration of production,
allocation of funds and the organization of export of local products and
the import of necessary goods and materials. Fourth, in order to facili-
tate administration, partition borders have been constructed between the
SEZ and non-SEZ areas. These, then, are the main areas in which the SEZ's
differ from other areas in China.
However, "special economic zones" are not by any means "special political
zones" and it is on this point that the guiding ideology of the comrades of
Shenzhen is extremely accurate. We visited Dujia village at Xili Reservoir,
situated 32 kilometers northwest of Shenzhen. This is a popular tourist
spot which was built with foreign investment, and designed, built and
managed by China. The local policy in building the place was to make do
with whatever was available and be as thrifty as possible, thus the local
administration set up their own tourist industry with their own local
flavor and they received favorable comment from leading cadres who visited
the area on work inspection tours, as well as from foreign guests and Macao
and Hong Kong compatriots. The talk we had with the manager of Dujia
village filled us with inspiration. He said: "If one looks throughout the
world one sees that the capitalist tourist industry not only caters for
eating, living, enjoyment, buying and transportation, it also displays such
corrupt phenomena as prostitution, gambling, deception and illegality. As
far as China's tourist industry is concerned, it concerns itself only with
the former five aspects of the industry and not at all want it to take over
here. Although we are running an SEZ we do not want to allow the spread of
corrupt and crooked industries." And this is just how it is. For, within
the SEZ, in addition to the full recognition and implementation of the con-
stitution and the laws of China, there is a set of special laws being drawn
up especially for the SEZ. While we permit independently financed foreign
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businesses and joint ventures between foreign companies and Chinese busi-
nesses, all production and all imports are decided by China, according to
requirements and needs. In addition, the companies in the SEZ must abide
by the laws of the country and carry out any necessary duties as defined
under the law, such as paying taxes, accepting the management and surveil-
lance of the SEZ local government, as well as accepting the limitations
defined by China on the sphere of their management and administration.
Today the SEZ's, which make use of open-door policies, tax reductions and
limited customs and income taxes are now setting up suitable conditions
for the import of foreign capital and goods so that both China and the
local areas involved will achieve better economic results, which includes
the expansion of exports, increases in employment and foreign currency
revenue and this is current practice in many countries and regions through-
out the world, including some developed countries and some socialist ones.
At present throughout the world there are around 400 special zones of
various kinds, including export processing zones, free trade zones and free
ports. Today, international economic relations have become the most impor-
tant requirements for any country and region throughout the world which
wants to develop its modernized production. Thus the CPC Central Committee
pointed out very early on that in addition to exploiting domestic resources
and developing the domestic market, we must learn how to make use of over-
seas resources and develop an international market as well as expanding
our foreign economic links. One of the most important reasons behind the
trial running of the SEZ is to make use of overseas resources, develop an
international market and thus promote the development of China's socialist
modernization.
As far as Shenzhen is concerned, it is similar to other parts of China with
a mainly socialist state-run economy and collective economy. Here, the
methods of importing overseas resources, such as processing imported mate-
rials, subsidized trade, cooperative management, cooperatively financed
management, etc. are also the same as in other areas of China. The only
difference is that in addition there is also independently financed manage-
ment of foreign resources. Here, not only are local state-run economic and
collective economic organizations involved in foreign financed cooperative
production or joint-financed management, but in addition, there are also
many economic organizations from various sectors and regions throughout
the country. The difference is that the production and sales of products
are mainly aimed at the international markets and thus are not in general
directly linked to domestic markets. Furthermore, because of the
privileged conditions enjoyed by businesses involved with foreign resources
a greater percentage of profits are obtained from foreign investment and
resources imported into the area. In the Shenzhen SEZ the word "special"
means just that.
Some people fear that joint ventures with foreign investment, especially
the special kind of joint ventures which involve the establishment of SEZ
can only be of advantage to the overseas businesses and are of no benefit
whatsoever to China's socialist modernization. The above-mentioned data
proves that this is not the case. These SEZ are a special kind of window
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or means of reaching out to the world, and making use of international
resources and investment and the international markets. The socialist
system has a limitless capacity for importing advanced science and tech-
nology and developed systems of management and administration, and by
means of these "windows" we are fully able to learn and study advanced
science and technology and developed management systems and thus train our
own talents to improve our country's system and accumulate experience and
improve our own capacity for self-reliance. This, then, is the main pur-
pose behind the trial runs of the SEZ. The marching sounds made by the
Shenzhen citizens as they step toward further development and advancement
are in complete harmony with those being made by the rest of the Chinese
population on the road to modernization.
Under such special open-door policies and conditions, the question of how
to quickly and successfully develop a new phase in economic cooperation
with foreign companies is a completely new topic for the citizens of
Shenzhen. Such special conditions and special requirements demand that
every person make careful considerations and study thoroughly and make even
greater use of their own practical experience to set about such projects.
Since the economic activities of the SEZ are geared toward the inter-
national market and in order to be ready for the fast changes of the inter-
national markets and the fierce competition that exists, it is especially
important that bold changes are made in the systems and methods of manage-
ment and administration. During our visit to Shenzhen, one thing that
stood out was that the cadres and enterprise administrators had the
courage and boldness to face any new situation and firmly carry out any
necessary restructuring. They were careful in their considerations and
always far-sighted, taking care to assimilate experiences from their own
practical past and constantly improving their own management standards and
levels of ideology.
The comrades from the Shenzhen Municipal CPC Committee told us that as
early as August 1981 they first took the knife to the vastly overstaffed
administration and economic management organizations. On the basis of the
party's principles of division of work, greater efficiency and simplicity
of administration they carried out thorough organizational restructuring.
After the restructuring the number of municipal level leading cadres was
reduced from 18 to 7, a reduction of 61 percent. Municipal level organiza-,
tions were reduced in number from 65 to 33, a drop of 50 percent. The
municipal party and government organ was originally staffed by 2,237 people
and this was cut to 867, a drop of 61 percent. In all the factories that
we saw, the number of administration and management personnel who did not
work on production was extremely small. For example, the Jiale Furniture
Factory employed a total of 170 people and only 4.5 of them were totally
removed from production (the foreman, deputy foreman, accountant, cashier
and the foreman's assistant and part-time driver). The directive and
management personnel responsible for the development, construction and
administration of Shekou industrial zone-numbered less than 50. Because
of the simplification of organization structure, cut-downs in staff numbers
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and clearer work demarcation, work efficiency has of course risen. Those
former phenomena of bureaucratism such as overstaffing, misplaced docu-
ments, buck-passing and squabbling are gradually being rectified; in addi-
tion such unhealthy attitudes as sluggishness, perfunctory performance of
duties and refusal to take responsibility are also gradually being reduced.
"Time is money and efficiency is the lifeline" has not only become one of
the main placards to be seen on work sites, it has also penetrated deeply
into the heart of each individual here.
In the directive department of the Shekou industrial zone, famous now for
its "Shekou style," the enthusiastic manager showed us a film of the
initial development stages of Shekou industrial zone. The courageous
builders of former days dug out the mountains and reclaimed the sea and,
using 2.3 million cubic meters of stone and earth, they built 1 square
kilometer of level building ground, with thoroughfares, running water,
electricity, heating, navigability, television communication and sewers.
This incredible engineering feat only took 21 months to complete. The
source of their speed was their courageous revolutionary and creative
spirit and drive. The directive department of the industrial zone is a
leadership body of great efficiency, courage and innovative spirit. In
terms of enterprise administration the department makes use of economic
means to carry out surveillance and administration of enterprise economic
activities and in general does not interfere in intra-enterprise activities.
Enterprises which have brought in foreign resources or investment have
relatively independent powers. Under the laws of the country and the
guidance of national policies and plans, they organize their own fund-
raising, their own management and administration employment and their own
hiring of technicians and workers, and under the principle of mutual inte-
gration of responsibility, power and profits they organize their own
personnel, finances, production, supplies and sales, etc. As far as
capital construction is concerned, the system of economic responsibility is
fully implemented. Engineering and construction throughout this industrial
zone involves invitation tendering and construction unit selection by the
tenderer as well as contracts set up on the reward and penalization system.
This system as well as natural competition motivates the enthusiasm of the
project unit and its workers and construction projects in general are
carried out around three times as fast as similar projects elsewhere in
China, while the quality of the construction work is also very high. The
Shenzhen Municipal CPC Committee values very highly the experiences gained
in the Shekou industrial zone and as a result, within its system restruc-
turing program, it has eliminated some administrative groups and'bodies'and
set up several different kinds of development corporations which, under the
unified guidance of the urban government, have carried out relatively
independent economic activities. Capital construction throughout the city
involves invitation of tender and the implementation of the system of con-
tract responsibility, which together have greatly increased the speed of
capital construction work.
We visited the Jiale Furniture Factory which is well known in Hong Kong and
produces reed mattresses. The young foreman gave us a short introduction
to the factory. Since production began in October 1979, output value,
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profits and foreign currency revenue have all increased annually. When one
compares 1981 with 1980 one sees a 28 percent increase in output value, a
64 percent increase in profits and a 100 percent increase in foreign cur-
rency for the state. In 1981, average annual per capita production value
stood at 36,000 yuan. The sales of "Jiale" brand reed mattresses in Hong
Kong have already exceeded the figures for the world's leading names in
mattresses--the United States "Simmons," West Germany's "Baufuller" and
Hong Kong's "Yalan," and now sales for the Jiale make up 30.8 percent of
total sales in Hong Kong of this kind of product. Their experience has also
taught them to carry out bold and innovative changes in administrative and
management methods. Firstly, they changed their basic production policies
from "sales based on production" to "production based on sales." During
the busy sales period of products processed from imported. materials, the
company always completes its production schedules on time and with the
highest quality. When sales are not so brisk they take the opportunity to
produce other kinds of furniture from materials that they themselves have
brought in and thus manage to preserve balanced production development.
Furthermore they see product quality as the most important part of produc-
tion and during the production process, strict standards are used to select
only the best quality materials, while operation regulations are strictly
adhered to and great emphasis is put on improving technological ability
among the workers. Thus in terms of quality control and inspection,
constant inspections at all stages.of production are carried out. What is
more, strict accounting is carried out in every area of the enterprise
including supply, production and sales. Thus consumption of raw materials
is recorded in detail and all economic activities are accounted with great
precision in order to avoid waste and cut down on production costs.
Finally, the company pays great attention to market demands, and actively
develops new varieties and constantly improves product style thereby
improving product competitiveness. Today, the company's products have
developed from producing one simple type of reed mattress to more than 10
types of bedroom suites, all kinds of settees and steel and wooden furni-
ture. The company's products have already found markets all over Southeast
Asia.
Attempts to restructure the wages system in many sectors throughout the town
of Shenzhen have also attracted attention. In.terms of the labor system
they have already changed the former system in which the labor department
was responsible for the distribution of the labor force and now selective
employment is being tried out on a trial basis. In joint management enter-
prises they have managed to destroy the "iron rice bowl" and now the con-
tract system is in force. Those workers who are selected by examination
first undergo 3 months of provisional employment and only if their per-
formance is satisfactory in this first 3-month period do they become con-
tract workers. Enterprises have the power to give rewards and promotion
to,good, active and dedicated workers on the basis of their working atti-
tude and political behavior. Likewise, they also take disciplinary action
against those whose behavior is not acceptable, sometimes culminating in
dismissal. Thus the workers work enthusiasm and organization discipline
are both strengthened. At the same time, many enterprises are implementing
wage systems which involve. a basic wage plus rank wage and bonus wage. The
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rank wage is not decided by the length of time the'worker has held his or
her position, but purely by the technological standards or responsibilities
that he or she must bear in that position. Bonuses are directly linked to
product quantity and quality. Some enterprises also run a system of grad-
uated bonuses according to access production piece work in which the work-
ers, regardless of the amount of time they have spent at the job, must pass
a 3-month probationary period, after which they are all treated equally and
without discrimination and their wages worked out according to piece work.
The implementation of these new wage systems has overcome such problems as
equal wages for more or less work and rectified the former situation of
everyone "eating from the same big pot." Because of the direct link
between the quality of an individual's work and the material benefits he
may gain, the material benefits of the individual are thus also closely
linked to the state.of enterprise management and this is extremely effec-
tive in improving labor discipline and stimulating the workers' enthusiasm
to become involved in the enterprise's development.
The municipal party committee has not adopted a restrictive, awkward or
problematic attitude toward the testing out of such restructuring moves and
thereby playing a. reactionary role in the move to carry out restructuring.
Nor has it taken up the role of spectator, taking a laissez-faire attitude
and remaining indifferent to the situation. On the contrary, the party
committee has been actively supportive, encouraging and helpful. It fre-
quently sends out cadres to the grassroots level to assimilate and collate
experiences with enterprise cadres and workers and thus improve understand-
ing and knowledge, using effective measures to constantly improve systems
in every aspect of the SEZ, and always promoting model examples for others
to learn from. The party committee does not intervene with simple adminis-
trative methods when problems arise in pilot schemes but throws itself
completely into the problems, analyzing the problems with comrades from the
enterprises, studying various optional policies and drawing up improved
measures and plans. This kind of active and concerned political leadership
by the municipal party committee was of great importance for the healthy
development of all the restructuring schemes throughout Shenzhen.
Of course, the Shenzhen SEZ's restructuring programs in all areas have only
just begun and in many areas they are still a long way from being complete,
still requiring further assimilation of experience and constant upgrading.
The methods used here are carried out under special conditions in special
zones and thus the methods themselves are of a special nature, not neces-
sarily suitable for other areas of China. Nevertheless, the pilot schemes
being carried out in the SEZ are of enormous benefit to us in helping us
to learn how to use our brains, emancipate our thinking and broaden our
horizons. The zone's practical experience in handling those who were
suspicious of, lacked faith in or had serious misgivings about restructuring
is a lesson to us all.
III
In the last 2 years, there has been great progress in construction in
Shenzhen SEZ. The achievements in the SEZ have not only changed and
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improved the living standards of the people, they have also increased their
knowledge of the party's open-door policy and strengthened the confidence
in the socialist construction.
According to the briefing given to us by comrades from the municipal party
committee, the reward and penalty system and piece work wage system have
meant that today the monthly income of many young workers is above 100
yuan. In 1978 the average per capita level of collective distribution in
agricultural communes in the area was 120 yuan and by 1981 it had reached
436 yuan. In some communes per capita distribution has even reached more
than 500 yuan, and in 8 large-scale communes the figure has reached 1,000
yuan. In several fish production brigades that we visited the speed of
economic development and the diversity. of production methods was impressive.
Here, the actual income of commune members and their standards of living
were on a par with the average Hong Kong worker. Furthermore, the polit-
ical stability and social order in China as well as the low cost of living
and educational facilities, and the lack of a social welfare system in Hong
Kong, have greatly fired a general fervor and enthusiasm for the socialist
motherland. In Shenzhen, the hearts of the people are turned toward China
and not abroad and the former outward flow of people into Hong Kong and
other places has now seen an about-turn, with many returning to China.
Nevertheless, it is worth taking note of the fact that as economic coopera-
tion with foreign countries develops, there is a tendency for more corrup-
tion and distortion from capitalist lifestyles and thinking to seep into
China. The struggle against these kinds of influences from bourgeois
ideology is inevitable and also fierce and complex. This is especially true
in the economic sector.
From what we saw and heard in Shenzhen, all leading cadres on all levels
are very clear in terms of ideological understanding of the fight against
bourgeois ideological corruption. In all meetings called by the municipal
party committee, its responsible cadres repeatedly remind party members
and cadres to remember that: In opening the SEZ, we want on the one hand
to establish a high level material civilization and provide experience and
make contributions to the modernization of China. On the other hand, we
should pay special attention to the establishment of a high level of
socialist spiritual civilization and use communist ideology, morality and
sentiments to arm the masses, thereby creating a new social mood and
fostering a new generation of people. These are two tasks of equal impor-
tance facing the party organization of the SEZ. The party organization
has already begun the battle on these two fronts. On the one hand, those
who make up the party organization have launched an attack on the small
minority of criminal elements-who.use the SEZ and its special conditions
to organize and carry out economic corruption and various other crimes.
Of particular importance is the need to stop the encroachment of some Hong
Kong criminal societies into Shenzhen and not allow such adverse elements
to take root here. On the other hand, it is important to strengthen the
construction of ideology and work styles among party members and party
cadres, tightening party discipline. For these reasons the Shenzhen
Municipal CPC Committee published "Shenzhen Cadres' Regulations" as well
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as 10 guidelines for satisfactorily organizing the party work style, and
has promoted a competition to be the best qualified Communist Party member.
In addition, the committee is actively restricting the unhealthy tendency
of some cadres building their own private homes. Furthermore, the committee
has drawn on and popularized the experiences gained by the Yiye construction
unit and the Donghu guest house in terms of strengthening ideological and
political work, improving education of party members and cadres and party
work among the masses. The committee is actively striving to ensure the
teaching and popularization of communist thinking becomes regularized, and
richer in style and variety. The battle cry of the party committee is "Our
policies must be emancipated and our ideology free of corruption." This
battle cry illustrates the united determination and will of the Shenzhen
Municipal CPC Committee, government, army and people.
During our time in Shenzhen we came into contact with many cadres and mem-
bers of the masses in factories, villages, administrative organizations and
the tourist industry. From what we saw, the cadres and the masses were full
of vigor and enthusiasm, the society seemed stable and the people, under the
guidance of the party, were involved in regulated and intense construction
of their homeland. People seemed to be concentrating more and more on how
to improve construction work in the SEZ. There was a very strong sense
among young people of keenness to study technology and culture and this was
an admirable sight. Continuation classes in every unit, teaching culture,
foreign languages, economics, financing and accounting and tourism as well
as technical training classes for workers were all full, greatly appreciated
by both cadres and the masses. Cadres from the CPC Central Committee have
pointed out in the past that the cadres and the masses in the SEZ must have
especially high consciousnesses, extremely good attitudes, strict discipline
and high work efficiency. The cadres and the masses in the SEZ are now
striving hard in accordance with these great demands, to construct a new
type of border town with a high level of material and spiritual civiliza-
tion.
Naturally, like a newly sprouted seedling from the ground, open to weak-
nesses and all kinds of diseases, Shenzhen has not reached perfection.
Economic construction has only just begun and the knowledge and experi-
ences of the cadres here is still very limited and there still exist prob-
lems and shortcomings of different degrees in areas such as restructuring
and economic cooperation with overseas companies. In the case of the SEZ
it is particularly fitting to make the comparison with a "battleground"
in which the fight against corruptive bourgeois ideology goes on and
against economic and other crimes. The battle is one being fought at
close quarters and over a very long time, thus there can be no slackening
for one minute. But, like the seedling which has emerged from the ground,
the SEZ is growing up and developing. With the party's principles and
policies illuminating the road ahead like the rays of the sun, construction
in the SEZ cannot but see more and more achievements in the future.
On leaving Shenzhen I wrote a rough draft of a poem "Qin Yuan Chun" and
here I record it for the first time, a suitable ending to this article:
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A typical southern scene, reds, oranges, yellows and greens, blues,
purples, whites and natural hues. The red cotton blooms and the filariasis
reflects the sunlights; the lychees are ripe and their scent takes one by
surprise. Light clouds on the mountains and heavy mist from the water,
the sea wind blows the rain and covers the sky. From the highest peaks a
mass of emerald green and turquoise.
Heaven and earth are turning upside down, gaining a generation of talent
and courage. A crisscross of iron and steel and a forest of tall build-
ings, silver lights illuminate the evening and the building sites are hives
of activity. A new vista is appearing of wonder and mystery--more bold and
beautiful than the mountains and the rivers, fresher than the wind.
CSO: 4004/21
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TRANSFORMATION OF MATTER INTO CONSCIOUSNESS AND CONSCIOUSNESS INTO MATTER
IS A MARXIST PROPOSITION
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 33-36
i
[Article by Li Bulou [2621 2475 2869] and Li Quanshi'[2621 2938 2514]]
[Text] Is the transformation of matter into consciousness and conscious-
ness into matter a Marxist proposition? There are varying opinions on this
question. We feel that this is an important theoretical question of right
or wrong which must be cleared up.
Under Certain Conditions Matter and Consciousness Are Mutually Interchange-
able
"Transformation of matter into consciousness and consciousness into matter"
is a theme that Mao Zedong brought up in his article "Where Does a Person's
Correct Ideology Come From?" This proposition is completely in line with
other related articles that he wrote, such as "The Theory of Practice" and
"The Theory of Contradiction," and in fact it goes further than the dis-
cussions in the latter two articles. In "The Theory of Practice," Mao con-
centrated on a discussion of the relationship between cognition and prac-
tice and generalized the two leaps in the process of cognition as "a move
from perceptual cognition or knowledge to the generation of rational
knowledge, and then from rational knowledge to guiding revolutionary prac-
tice." ("Selected Works of Mao Zedong," Vol 1, p 271) The essential nature
of the process of gaining perceptual knowledge to the formation of rational
knowledge is one of a process of matter to consciousness. In "The Theory
of Practice," Mao correctly pointed out that the process of gaining the
results one expected in practice is known as "the transformation of sub-
jective things into objective things." (ibid., p 271) This is also the
transformation of things in the consciousness into material things. In
"The Theory of Contradiction," he stated that throughout the course of
historical development, material things have always defined and decided
things of the consciousness, but things of the consciousness also have an
effect on material things. Thus, this in fact permits the concept that
under certain conditions matter and consciousness are mutually inter-
changeable.
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In his article "Where Does a Person's Correct Ideology Come From?" Comrade
Mao Zedong made a detailed analysis of the concrete process of and the con-
crete conditions under which matter and consciousness are mutually inter-
changeable on a practical basis. He pointed out that "the transformation
of matter into consciousness and consciousness into matter" is "a phenomenon
often seen in everyday life." Things in the real world are very complex and
thus "correct knowledge is only complete and perfect after many repetitions
of transformation of matter into consciousness, consciousness into matter,
from practice into knowledge and knowledge into practice." Seen in terms
of the history of development of human knowledge, the mutual interchange-
ability of matter and consciousness is a limitless process.
Why is it that consciousness can be transformed into matter? Primarily,
consciousness comes originally from matter and is a product of matter and
thus also a reflection of matter. Secondly, consciousness does have an
effect on matter. Although consciousness is not able to directly affect
any matter apart from the brain itself, it can exert an effect on human
bodily organs by means of the central nervous system and also act as an
extended tool of the human organs.
Consciousness makes a division between correct and incorrect. Different
kinds of attitudes and activities of the consciousness can affect matter
to different extents or in different directions, creating different
material results. Only under correct ideological guidance and with the
spiritual encouragement of revolution can the expected results be achieved
in the actual practice of changing and improving the objective world.
Behavior that occurs under correct ideological guidance cannot in general
achieve expected results but often result in the opposite outcome.
All the successes and victories in our socialist revolution and construc-
tion were achieved under correct ideological guidance and the spiritual
encouragement of revolution. In the early stages of new China, socialist
construction and changes saw great achievements and successes. This was
the result of the party's correct integration of the generalized truths of
Marxism-Leninism with the concrete actual situation in China at that time.
However, after entering the stage of all-round construction of socialism,
tendencies of one-sided and exaggerated subjective will began to emerge in
the party. Under the influence of a "leftist" guiding ideology, some areas
and regions made such erroneous calls as "more courage from the people will
produce greater output from the land," "do not worry about not completing
something, only worry about not thinking of something," and so forth. In
the Cultural Revolution, such one-sided, exaggerated subjective will-type
ideology became more and more popular. This kind of incorrect ideology
and work methodology gave a severe battering to the material foundations
and material strength that we had previously created. Since the party's
3d Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, we have made great
progress in every area of work related to this and this is the result of
the party's correct line, principles and policies. Policies are things of
the consciousness. The most important reason behind the fast development
in agricultural production in China has been reliance on correct policies
to activate the peasant's enthusiasm and initiative. Is this not true
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embodiment of consciousness being transformed into matter? We often say
that "ideals are transformed into actuality" and that "plans achieve
actuality." These, too, in philosophical terms, are evidence of the trans-
formation of consciousness into matter.
The concept of "consciousness being transformed into matter and matter into
consciousness" is entirely in line with the principles of the Marxist
theory of knowledge. Marx said: "Conceptual things are nothing more than
material things entered into the brain, and there transformed." ("Selected
Works of Marx and Engels," Vol 2, p 217) This thus proves and illustrates
that matter can be transformed into consciousness. Marx also said: "As
soon as a theory is grasped by the masses, it can be transformed into
material force." (ibid., Vol 1, p 9) This is an illustration of con-
sciousness (theory) being transformed into matter.
This scientific proposition was severely distorted and falsified by Lin
Biao and the "gang of four." It was their habitual practice to split up
the transformation of matter into consciousness and consciousness into
matter and to discuss solely the role of consciousness and to use con-
sciousness as a summary of their reactionary and absurd ways of thinking
in which consciousness could "replace" matter and "exceed" matter. Not
only did such a way of thinking destroy the differences between conscious-
ness and matter, thus erasing the conditions for the transformation of
consciousness into matter, it also more importantly meant that they made
use of their reactionary consciousness to change the party and the state,
dragging the people into the midst of a terrible disaster. However, we
should not confuse or mix up Lin Biao and the "gang of four's" destruction
of the notion of "consciousness being transformed into matter and matter
into consciousness" as well as their reactionary promotion of idealism and
metaphysics with the true essence of the scientific principles of these two
kinds of transformations. Nor should we, on account of our criticism of
their theory of the "infinite potential of consciousness," deny the dynamic
role of revolutionary spirit in promoting social development.
At the end of 1981, the party Central Committee pointed out in a published
document that "the potential for the mutual interchangeability of conscious-
ness and matter under certain conditions is a basic principle of Marxism."
This, then, confirms that "consciousness being transformed into matter and
matter into consciousness" is a scientific proposition. The document also
goes on to say that it is vital that we criticize the erroneous concept of
"the infinite potential of consciousness'.' in our efforts to wipe out
"leftist" ideological influences, but on no account should we, on the same
basis, negate the dynamic role that revolutionary spirit plays in changing
the objective world. Recently, leading cadres in the party Central Com-
mittee said that the arduous program for the construction of the four
modernizations has become a conscious act or part of the behavior of
1 billion people and may thus be transformed into an enormous material
force. This will be of great use to use in promoting China's socialist
modernized construction.
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The Transformation of Matter Into Consciousness and Consciousness Into
Matter Is Inseparable From the Condition of Social Practice
Comrade Mao Zedong said: "The results of a mutual struggle on the opposing
sides of a contradiction are invariably under certain conditions mutually,
interchangeable. In this case, the conditions are important. Without these
certain conditions, the two struggling sides are not transformable."
("Concerning the Problem of Correctly Handling Contradictions Within the
People") Matter and consciousness represent a contradiction in the process
of cognition or knowledge. The previous analysis shows us that the mutual
interchangeability between these two is conditioned and is on no account an
unconditioned interchange. Without certain conditions, matter cannot be
transformed into consciousness, nor consciousness into matter.
No matter which way the transformation occurs, it is inseparable from social
practice. Social practice is the most fundamental condition and central
link for either transformation. If a person wishes to correctly reflect
the regularity of objective things, then actual practice is required,
involving contact with the objective thing, living (or "practicing"): in
the environment of the objective thing which he or she wants to understand
or gain knowledge about and then examining and changing it.
This process of gaining knowledge from actual practice means that for
leaders and leading organizations and groups, the most important part of
the lesson is the need to enter into the lives of the masses, into reality
and carry out thorough examinations and research, getting all-round and
reliable firsthand experience. In addition, such leaders and organizations
should analyze and gather the disseminated and unsystematic opinions of the
masses to create a more systematic, all-round and in-depth body of opinion
and methodology. The process of consciousness being transformed into
matter requires the putting of ideology into practice and investigating and
acting thereupon. This primarily demands that consciousness or ideology
come from a basis in objective reality and not be subjective suppositions
or wild fancies. With correct theory, it then becomes conscious behavior
on the part of the masses, whereupon it is a question of mobilizing, train-
ing and organizing the masses. In order that everyone be involved in such
things, it is necessary that everyone knows what is going on. "If the
masses know the truth and have a common aim, they will do what is expected
of them with one heart." ("Selected Works of Mao Zedong," Vol 4, p 1261)
In order for consciousness to be transformed into matter, there is without
a doubt a necessity for specific material conditions without which con-
sciousness cannot be directly transformed into matter. For example, in
order to build a house, one needs bricks, tiles, earth, sand and various
other building materials made from'stone or the earth, without. which, even
with a design and blueprint, it would be-impossible to build the house.
But, the possession of or access to these things is not the same thing as
having an actual house. They are only the potential for building a house.
The house must be put together and built, requiring precise engineering
according to a specific design. At the beginning of the 1960's, despite
enormous difficulties, the Daqing oilfields were able to be developed very
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quickly into a major oilfield of advanced world standards. In addition to
the possession of certain material conditions, their success is inseparable
from the arduous struggle and incredible will to strengthen the country
that the cadres and workers had, who were armed with Marxism-Leninism and
Mao Zedong Thought. In the process of changing the real world, generally
similar material conditions must generate different results by virtue of
the fact that the subjective dynamics in each human being is given a
different degree of expression. Sometimes, in situations where the mate-
rial conditions can vary a great deal, great achievements can be made in
work as a result of human spiritual inspiration, unity, strong organiza-
tional discipline and full expression of active creativity. On the other
hand, if the spirit or consciousness is not aroused, pessimism and nega-
tivity are present and inertia sets in, then even with good material condi-
tions, it is often impossible to carry out one's work well.
Marx placed a great deal of emphasis on human subjective dynamics, and advo-
cated that revolutionary consciousness and scientific attitudes should be
integrated. Subjective dynamics may be divided into awareness and blind-
ness. What we should develop is revolutionary dynamics with awareness
based on and corresponding to objective reality and not blind recklessness
which contravenes objective regularity. We should exceed the permissible
limits of material conditions in order to strive for impossible achieve-
ments. But we can and indeed should, on the basis of certain material
conditions, fully exploit the intelligent and indomitable revolutionary
spirit, giving expression to its power and grandeur. We should oppose non-
recognition of objective conditions and "great plans" and "high targets"
which set out to exceed realistic possibilities and avoid working on tasks
which will remain unfinished even after the expenditure of great effort.
However, we should make all-out efforts to continue, regardless of diffi-
culties, to actively carry out those tasks which can and should be done
through efforts. With full expression given to conscious dynamics based on
and corresponding to objective reality, we will be able to overcome all
problems and obstacles in the road ahead, gaining victory after victory.
The Transformation of Consciousness Into Matter and Matter Into Conscious-
ness Is Absolute Materialist Monism
In philosophical terms, the transformation of consciousness into matter and
matter into consciousness is absolute materialistic monism and is not dual-
ism and even less is it idealist monism.
Lenin said: "In philosophical terms, the state of monism or dualism is
decided but whether materialism or idealism are absolutely or inabsolutely
implemented." ("Selected Works of Lenin," Vol 2, p 296) The basic differ-
ence between monism and dualism lies in the differing answers provided to
the question of the single or dual nature of the world. Absolute material-
ism states that the essential nature of the world is purely material and
that consciousness is a product of matter and that all worldly phenomena
are, in the final analysis, solely explicable in material terms. Idealism
states that the essential nature of the world lies in consciousness and
that matter is derived from consciousness and that all worldly phenomena
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are solely explicable in terms of the consciousness. Dualism has set the
boat rocking between the two philosophical schools of materialism and
idealism by stating that matter and consciousness are both the two essen-
tial components of the world. Thus, in terms of the ideal relationship
between matter and consciousness, dualism has brought together these
philosophical schools of thought. This is one manifestation of eclecticism.
It should be pointed out here that although dualism has different concrete
forms, none of them recognize the mutual interchangeability, between matter
and consciousness. The 17th century French philosopher Descartes and the
18th century German philosopher Kant were the main proponents of dualism.
Descartes considered matter and consciousness to be two separate, independent
and mutually nonaffecting things and never discussed the mutual interchange-
ability of the two. Kant, however, made a strict division between human
knowledge "independent matter." He considered that although the latter
existed, it would never be understood. Thus, it is evident that to say
that the concept of the mutual interchangeability between consciousness and
matter under certain conditions is dualism is in complete contradiction of
accepted philosophical concepts.
Why is it that we should say that the basic principle behind the mutual
interchangeability of consciousness and matter is in fact absolute material-
ist monism?
Firstly, the transformation of matter into consciousness and consciousness
into matter only exists on the materialist premise of admitting that matter
represents the sole essential nature of the world and that consciousness is
derived from matter. This premise thus clarifies the question of the mutual
interchangeability of matter and essence in the process of cognition. The
so-called "change" in this proposition occurs during the process of cogni-
tion and it is not the essential nature of the world which creates this
change. The transformation of matter into consciousness is not the trans-
formation of an essentially material universe into an essentially
consciousness-based universe, nor is it the destruction of matter with only
consciousness being left over. Rather, in the process of cognition the
objective world and its regularity become the content of man's subjective
knowledge. The transformation of consciousness into matter does not mean
that the material world is derived from the phenomena of the consciousness,
but that after man has recognized and understood objective rules and laws,
he can, under the guidance of this knowledge, change the material world
according'to his needs. This does not go against the principles of mate-
rialist monism, but instead it is the concrete implementation of dialectical
materialism in the vezy middle of the sphere of knowledge or cognition. For
in actual fact, if we do not recognize and accept that consciousness and
matter are mutually interchangeable in the process of cognition, then we are
looking at matter and consciousness as separate, independent and mutually
unaffecting things, and is it not exactly that which is dualism? If, in the
process of cognition matter cannot be transformed into consciousness, then
where does consciousness come from? If consciousness cannot be transformed
into matter, then what is the necessity for the existence of consciousness?
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Secondly, the proposition of consciousness being transformed into matter and
matter into consciousness is a unified, complete and indivisible proposition.
The transformation of matter into consciousness means that matter is primary
and that consciousness is secondary. The transformation of consciousness
into matter suggests that consciousness has an effect on matter, but it does
not by any means mean that consciousness has become primary, for this con-
sciousness is still derived from matter. Consciousness cannot be separated
from matter and exist independently. Matter which has undergone purposeful
and willed actual practice by man is still primary and possesses an
independently existing objective reality separate from consciousness. Just
because it has undergone manmade practical changes does not mean that it has
lost the objective reality or existence of matter and become secondary.
Finally, it should be stressed that the materialism upheld in the transfor-
mation of matter into consciousness and consciousness into matter is not the
normal kind of materialism, but is dialectical materialism and historical
materialism. This proposition upholds the practical and dialectical con-
cepts of Marxism and also confirms the primary decisive effect of matter
on consciousness and.social existence on social will and it also confirms
the enormous reaction that consciousness has on matter and social will has
on social existence. This kind of materialism is of a much higher level
than old forms of materialism. Although pre-Marxist materialists recog-
nized the primality of matter and the secondariness of consciousness, their
lack of understanding of the decisive effect of social practice, in particu-
lar material production activities of the masses, on man's knowledge and
their lack of understanding of the use of dialectics to examine the
processes of cognition and social life of man meant that they were unable
to correctly explain the essence of man and questions concerning his sub-
jective dynamics. Furthermore, they were unable to scientifically explain
the true process of the appearance and development of knowledge in man and
thus they were unable to distinguish clearly idealism and agnosticism.
Hence, in the sphere of social history it was inevitable that they entered
into idealism. On the basis of the relations between consciousness and
matter and social existence and social will, the principle of the inter-
changeability of consciousness and matter is support for the concepts of
dialectical materialism and historical materialism and also overcomes the
one-sidedness and incompleteness of metaphysical materialism in this
particular matter as well as correctly carrying through to the end the
principle of materialist monism.
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PAY ATTENTION TO WORK METHODS
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 37-38
["Ideological commentary" by Shi Youxin [2457 0645 2946]]
[Text] Comrade Mao Zedong had a famous thesis: "We must put forward not
only tasks, but also methods for completing the tasks. Our task is to
cross a river, but without a bridge or boat we cannot cross the river. If
we do not solve the problem of bridges or boats, crossing a river is
nothing but empty talk. If we do not solve the problem of methods, we can
only talk groundlessly about tasks." We must now master correct work
methods to realize the great tasks put,forward by the 12th CPC National
Congress. Otherwise, we will get half the result with twice the effort.
This will affect the course of ushering in a new situation.
Since the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, our country
has been able to realize a great historical change and has achieved great
successes on various fronts. The reasons are that, in its guiding thought,
our party has completed the arduous task of bringing order out of chaos and
has reestablished the Marxist ideological line, political line and organi-
zational line. In addition, the party Central Committee has paid attention
to continuing and developing our party's fine traditions in leading methods
and to creating and accumulating new experience. The party Central Com-
mittee has implemented a series of effective work methods which are in
conformity with the line formulated by the third plenary session,, for
example, the method of carrying out our work in an orderly manner and
solving various problems step by step, in the order of importance and
urgency and by grasping the key links; the method of resolutely making
various decisions by conscientiously carrying out investigation and study,
knowing well the actual situation and concentrating the wisdom of the
masses; the method of correctly launching ideological struggle on the two
fronts to prevent another erroneous tendency from emerging while correcting
an erroneous tendency; the method of taking a careful, honest and analytical
attitude in carrying out criticism and education in order to convince and
guide people by reasoning. These facts have proved that it is extremely
important to strive for a great change with regard to work methods and that
it has important bearing on whether we can usher in a new situation.
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However, as far as the actual status of the whole party and cadres through-
out the country is concerned, many comrades have not fully understood the
importance of correcting work methods. They lack the necessary conscious-
ness. We should know that whether we have enough courage and enthusiasm to
shoulder the work placed before us is a test for we revolutionaries, and
to measure carefully the heavy responsibility we shoulder and to conscien-
tiously study how to shoulder it well is no small matter of no significance.
The correct attitude should be that we must not only arouse our revolu-
tionary spirit, but we must also pay attention to work methods and combine
the two aspects well. In other words, we should become men of action who
have both courage and insight. We must not become blunderers who are brave
but not resourceful. For instance, we will be defeated in a battle if we
charge forward without studying military strategy and tactics beforehand.
It is the same with socialist construction, in which we cannot merely rely
on enthusiasm without paying attention to methods. In the "Great Leap
Forward" in 1958, we suffered great losses. It was mainly caused by the
"leftist" erroneous tendency in the guiding thought. It was also closely
related to the erroneous work methods of solving problems without analyzing
their specific conditions and doing things in a rush and in mass action,
which were under the "leftist" influence. Although our guiding thought
was correct, we sometimes did a bad job in our work because our work methods
were wrong. We should always remember this lesson.
Fundamentally speaking, to have a good grasp of correct work methods is to
apply materialist dialectics to various fields of our work to enable our
understanding and practice to be in conformity with objective laws. So, it
is necessary to use work methods which are in conformity with actual con-
ditions and by which we can link ourselves with the masses, and it is
necessary to overcome subjectivism and bureaucratic work style. Therefore,
the first thing is to be willing to go deep into the realities of life and
stay among the masses to conscientiously carry out investigation and study.
This is the necessary way of implementing the party's line, principles and
policies. The party's line, principles and policies do not come down from
the sky, nor are they formulated subjectively by a few people. In the
final analysis, they stem from the social practice of the masses and are
the products of correctly summing up the masses' experience and creation.
If we do not go deep into the realities of life and stay among the masses
to carry out investigation and study and to systematically understand actual
conditions, how can we correctly understand and implement the party's line,
principles and policies to keep abreast of the steps of the party Central
Committee? What a pity that some comrades have not fully understood this
principle. Although they often talk about "keeping abreast of the steps of
the party Central Committee," they would rather sit in the office and talk
nonsense than go deep into the realities of life to breathe in fresh air
and understand what the masses are doing and thinking. If this phenomenon
is not changed, subjectivism and bureaucratic work style will inevitably
emerge, and "ushering in a new situation" will be empty talk.
In fact, a large number of cadres at various levels pay attention to work
methods. Let me give an example here. In 1981, in Funan County, Anhui
Province, an "incident" took place in which a certain commune brigade
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"refused to turn over their grain to the state." On hearing this, the
secretary of the county party committee came to where the incident had
taken place to investigate. After a thorough investigation, he came to
know how it had happened: The cadres of this production brigade took more
than what they were entitled to, and there was bribery, too. As a result,
the village became poor. During the implementation of the system of
fixing output quotas on a household basis, the commune members were not
informed of why their grain was reserved by the collective. The masses
reported to the commune office several times, but the problem was not
solved. So, they hid their grain instead of turning it over to the state,
in the hope of getting the attention of the county party committee.
According to the facts obtained.from the investigation, the county party
committee, suiting the remedy to the case, solved the problem of the
cadres of this production brigade. The purchase task for grain was over-
fulfilled in a day. We can well imagine what would have happened if this
problem was handled with a subjective and bureaucratic attitude. Starting
with investigation and study, the Funan County party committee finally
handled this problem properly. It is obvious that many apparently compli-
cated problems can be solved well so long as we do our work on the basis of
investigation and study and by applying methods of seeking truth from facts.
In the course of studying and improving work methods, we must also pay
attention to bringing into play the creativeness of the masses. Since the
fundamental requirement for exercising correct work methods is to
thoroughly apply materialist dialectics to the practice of transforming
the world, we must stimulate and not restrict the people's creativeness,
which is an indispensable dynamic factor for carrying our cause forward and
maintaining the emergence of new atmospheres. In practice, we must hold
firm to the fundamental orientation and principles of socialism. However,
socialism may have a variety of specific forms and methods, which can be
and should be used to encourage people to investigate and create boldly
following the development of objective matters. To build socialism suited
to China's characteristics is the basic conclusion we have drawn through
long-term historical experience. But before this great goal, there is much
that we do not understand with regard to the realm of necessity. Viewed
from the angle of leaders, if they restrict themselves to foregone conclu-
sions and work out plans with excessive particulars instead of putting
forward and understanding problems in the above manner, then our cadres and
masses will be bound hand and foot, and the people's initiative and crea-
tiveness cannot be brought into play. Viewed from the angle of those being
led, if they adopt an attitude of solely relying on the higher authorities,
blindly carry out the instructions of the higher authorities apparently
without any objection and dare not carry out their work according to
specific conditions, then they "totally do not follow the ideological line
by which communists create a new situation through struggle." This shows
that they are conservative and afraid to keep forging ahead and have not
ideologically broken away from old conventions. We must know that the
situation develops rapidly and that many new things keep emerging on the
horizon. In face of our actual life that changes rapidly, leading com-
rades at all levels must take the lead' in carrying forward'""the creative
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spirit of daring to carry out innovations. They must study a new situa-
tion diligently, meticulously and in a timely manner, solve new problems,
persist in what is correct, correct what is wrong and lead by deeds the
cadres and masses in doing so. Only in this way can we really have
Marxist instructions for our work and can we usher in a new situation.
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ACTIVELY REFLECT CONTRADICTIONS AND CONFLICTS IN REFORMS
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 39-40
[Article by An Liangwen [1344 5328 2429]]
[Text] As our literary and artistic creation is in progress, a phenomenon
which has existed for a period of time is worthy of attention.. More and
more writings are based on historical themes while less and less are based
on reality. In respect to those writings which are based on reality, most
of them concern love, feelings and childhood and only a few touch on the
contradictions and conflicts of reality. Consequently, literary critics
once warned against the revival of noncontradictionism.
Under these circumstances, we read with great interest a recently pub-
lished fictional piece entitled "The Reformists" (written by Chang Qie
and published in volume V of "Dang Dai" in 1982). The work vividly
reflects the sharp contradictions and conflicts emerging from the institu-
tional reforms of the current socialist industrial construction. During
the process of unveiling the contradictions, socialist characters like
Chen Chun Zhu and Xu Feng, who were determined to reform, are created.
At present, we are in a great reform. We are bound to be confronted with
resistance if we want to reform. Comrades who have not freed themselves
from the bondage of leftist ideology, those who are still affected by old
ideologies and habits, and those who are eroded by capitalism and feudalism
would consciously or subconsciously hinder our reform by various means.
Thus, contradictions or even acute conflicts will inevitably arise in the
cause of reforms.
In "The Reformists" the first secretary of the party committee in city C
(Wei Zhenguo) obstructed the party's development. He was satisfied with
his 17-year-old working method and was indifferent to changes or new prob-
lems. He put personal power and position above the interest of the people
and the party. The problem was that he was not alone. On his side were
people who stuck to old ways, lacked capabilities for and knowledge of
business management and, worse still, had no respect for science; people
who were happy with''the present situation and put their own business above
everything; and people who built up their positions from revolts. This
negative force made t~ings difficult for Xu Feng, a man of action and
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secretary of the provincial industrial committee. When provincial secre-
tary Chen Chun Zhu first arrived at city C, some people attempted to blind
him with false pictures. The fiction may not have been developed with great
care and some depictions are not refined enough. For example, the streams
of thought of a personality like Chen Ying were not clear enough. However,
the existence of incisive conflicts in the institutional reform of indus-
trial construction, as reflected in the fiction, is believable. The fic-
tion's appeal to open the way for people who understand arouses great
sympathy from the readers. After reading the fiction, our desire to reform
becomes stronger and our confidence is strengthened. In our party and
society, the majority are comrades like Xu Feng and Chen Chun Zhu, who are
determined to reform and who are on the side of the people. Only the
minority are comrades like Wei Zhenguo. They will come round and catch up
with the reform. Only a minority will be left behind the wheel of the
times. To reflect various socialist reforms, to depict the contradictions
and conflicts arising from reforms and to unveil the directions of such
contradictions and conflicts are the responsibilities of the people involved
in literary and artistic creation. In recent years, in addition to "The
Reformists," we also read a number of good works reflecting the social and
ideological conflicts in rural life, industrial construction and their
related fields. Of the six novels which were recently awarded the
"Literary Award of Mao Dun," four depict contemporary conflicts. Assessed
novels such as "Nei Dang Jia," "Who Is Stronger" and "The Garland at the.
Bottom of the Mountain," which was published recently, have also tugged at
the heartstrings of people with the sharp contradictions and conflicts they
reflect. Their success shows that the range of subjects for literary and
artistic creation is wide. We can write about history. We can also write
about reality. We can depict kindhearted characters through the descrip-
tion of small episodes in life; we can also create lofty images of socialist
personalities by reflecting sharp contradictions and conflicts. Moreover,
new personalities glittering with the glory and feelings of communism can
only be demonstrated in the contradictions and conflicts embedded with deep
socialist meaning. As Lenin says, the field for individual creativity,
personal likings, thinking and imagination, forms and contents of writing
is great.
However, some literary critics have a different opinion on this issue.
They maintain that authors should not touch on or reflect the sharp con-
tradictions and conflicts because they have criticized the unrestrained
tendency toward bourgeois liberalization. As a result, the scope for
literary creation is narrowed and this gives rise to the emergence of the
theory of noncontradiction. This viewpoint, which sets the criticism of
the tendency toward bourgeois liberalization against the reflection of major
social contradictions and conflicts, is, of course, a misunderstanding. We
oppose the unrestrained tendency toward bourgeois liberalization. In
literary and artistic creation, it refers to a tendency which has deviated
from the four basic principles and willfully disregarded social effects to
exhibit "wounds," creating pessimistic feelings. It also refers to a ten-
dency to make use of the dejected philosophy of modern capitalism to
exaggerate or distort the contradictions and conflicts in socialist life
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and create a sense of hopelessness. We are not, in general, unconditionally
opposed to the description of the contradictions and conflicts in socialist
construction. On the contrary, we have been actively advocating the depic-
tion of the acute contradictions and conflicts in reality. We will be glad
to have more literary works like "The Reformists" which have properly
reflected the sharp conflicts in reforms and made people feel more confi-
dent in our reform movement.
The problem is that socialist literary and artistic creation should aim to
serve the people, to serve socialism and to resolutely carry out the policy
of."hundred flowers and hundred schools of thought" which adheres to?the
orientation of serving socialism. The leaders of literary work at all
levels are confronted with the problem of strengthening and improving the
party's leadership. They not only have to insist on the orientation of
"serving the people and socialism," but also the policy of "hundred flowers
and hundred schools of thought." Writers should not insist only on the
latter without paying any attention to. the former. It is incorrect to
make the two things oppose each other. Twenty-odd years ago, Comrade Zhou
Enlai was right in saying that "Marxism has a framework. We have a big one
and, in general, we are not against having one." In fact, we cannot do
anything without it. We should not behave unscrupulously nor should we do
things as we please. We need a court for field and regulations when we play
a ball game. However, they are not an obstacle to the development of the
players' skills.
In respect to the reflection of sharp conflicts by literary and artistic
creation, some comrades think that the work can radiate in all directions;
some think that it is always restrained. The reasons are, of course, many.
Besides having a correct understanding of the "framework," we also have to
make sure that we have a thorough understanding of the people's struggle
for a new life, a full understanding of life, a correct comprehension of
the nature of conflicts, a comprehensive understanding of the feelings and
psychology of various characters. Only those writers who have labored
themselves to plunge into the thick of life and who share the same feelings
and fate with the people can score great successes. The writer of "The
Reformists" would not have a correct and profound reflection of the con-
flicts of industrial construction if he did not have a clear understanding
of the actual situation. If writers can plunge into the thick of life,
"proceed from everyday life to a more complicated, more meaningful state,"
then "to a state of social life which has a profound and popular meaning,
a state of human and class relationship, the various forms of struggle and
life in social development, to the inn6r world of various types of people
in order to analyze it and to seek the souls of various types of people"
(quoted from Comrade Hu Yaobang's speech at the seminar on script writing),
then they can get inspiration from the people's creative labor in socialist
construction and can enjoy the freedom of creative writing. The theory
that it is better to have a shallow understanding of real life than to
plunge into the thick of life is, to a large extent, ridiculous. The road
of literary and. artistic creation will become narrower and narrower if we
are indifferent to the great reforms instituted on every, front of endeavor
in our society, or if we confine ourselves to a small world, dealing with
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bygone or trivial matters. We can never dig out those new things which
have real meaning if we do not know clearly what is going on today, even
though we may have a clear understanding of the past or we can write
petty things well.
Plunge into the thick of life!
Literary creation should move upward while writers should be down-to-
earth!
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BRIGADES WHOSE MEMBERS HAVE AN AVERAGE
INCOME OF ABOVE 300 YUAN
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16.Jan.83 p 40
[Text] According to the statistics of the department concerned, the total
number of agricultural brigades whose members have an average income of
above 300 yuan rose from 1,622 in 1979 to 10,943 in 1981, an increase of
9,321 (5.7 times), whereas the percentage of such brigades among all pro-
duction teams in the country rose to 1.52 percent from 0.23 percent in
1979.
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APPLY MATERIALIST DIALECTICS TO ECONOMIC WORK
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 41-44
[Article by Bai Liangyu [4101 5328 3768], manager of the Shoudu Iron and
Steel Company]
[Text] Over many years in the past, we were given to habitual "leftist"
practice, so that we lost awareness of its harmful effects and did many
ridiculous things. Since the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central
Committee, the previously distorted Marxism has again been revealed in its
true colors. In the documents of the 12th CPC Congress, Marxism has
further been integrated with the practice of our country's socialist
modernization construction, materialist dialectics has been correctly
applied to tackle the problems in our country's political, economic,
cultural and social life, and a good way to strive for a fine future has
been pointed out for us. The more thoroughly we study the documents of
the 12th CPC Congress, the more active and enlightened our minds become.
Materialist dialectics has made us cleverer.
To study materialist dialectics is a must for us. However, it is very
difficult to learn it well enough to apply it really proficiently. People
like us, who do practical economic work in enterprises, hope that by study-
ing the documents of the 12th CPC Congress, one can do better in studying
dialectics, so that one can do things more satisfactorily in the enter-
prises. Now I will discuss several points we have learned from our study.
The first point concerns the relationship between the key construction
projects of our country and the technological transformation of its
existing enterprises.
To attain the strategic goal of quadrupling the total annual industrial and
agricultural output of our country by the end of this century, our country
must gather the funds necessary for carrying out major construction pro-
jects. Otherwise, the overall situation of our national economy cannot be
enlivened. On the other hand, we must carry out the technological trans-
formation of existing enterprises step by step and with emphasis on key
items. If there is no change in the equipment, technology or products
of existing enterprises, our country's economy will not develop vigorously
on a full scale. At present, when our state suffers from a relative
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shortage of financial resources, there is a contradiction between these two
things. Even if the state's financial resources become more adequate in
the future, this contradiction will not be basically eliminated.
Some comrades' view on this contradiction is that with our limited finan-
cial resources, if the state carries out a larger number of major con-
struction projects, the enterprises must cut back on their technological
transformation; and if the enterprises step up their technological trans-
formation, the state must cut back on'the construction of major projects.
It is impossible to satisfy both objectives, just as it is impossible for
a river and a stream to gain water simultaneously if they compete for
water.
However, we have come to the understanding that the relationship between
the enterprises' financial resources and the state's financial resources is
comparable to that between a river's tributaries and'the river itself.
Without the tens of thousands of small streams, how could the mighty Yangtze
River and Yellow River be formed? If we pay attention to the river at the
expense of the streams, "letting the river do its business without supplying
water to the streams," then the situation is like vainly hoping to have a
river without tributaries. On the other hand, if we pay attention to the
streams alone, and if the tens of thousands of streams cannot join into a
mighty river, then the waters will hardly be useful for irrigation. Is
there a way to let the state go ahead with its major construction projects
without affecting technological transformation in enterprises, or let the
enterprises go ahead with their technological transformation without
affecting the state's major construction projects? The answer is yes. If
the economic benefits yielded by the existing enterprises can be continu-
ously enhanced, then while the state can collect a greater fiscal revenue,
the enterprises can also simultaneously plow back a larger amount of funds.
Thus, instead of having a contradiction embodying two irreconcilable
objectives, we can achieve both objectives.
The existing enterprises possess enormous potential in yielding greater
economic benefits. Consider the example of the Shoudu Iron and Steel Com-
pany. Since the trial reform of the industrial management system and the
implementation of the economic responsibility system in 1979, the enthusiasm
of the enterprise's staff and workers has been greatly boosted. The greatest
economic benefits in the history of the company have been achieved mainly
by improving production techniques, raising the standard of management and
running, and tapping its potential, without installing any additional
equipment. During the 4 years from 1979 to 1982, the profits annually
turned over to the state by the company increased by 297 percent compared
with the annual figures for the 4 years prior to the implementation of the
economic responsibility system. In particular., in April 1982, the state
approved the method whereby the company assumes responsibility for task
completion, with that part of its profits turned over to the state to be
increased year after year. This method will remain unchanged for several
years. This will not only ensure an increase in the state's revenue, but
will also enable the enterprise to enjoy a certain degree of control over
its financial resources. Thus, in the light of its own financial resources,
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the enterprise can formulate a medium- to long-term plan for its own
development, and make overall arrangements for all things ranging from
production to livelihood. In our enterprise, the economic responsibility
system is. implemented at all levels and is applicable to each individual.
It helps mobilize the enthusiasm of all staff members and workers, making
them strive to fulfill the development plan for the enterprise, which is
closely related to their gains and losses. The fulfillment of the develop-
ment plan for the enterprise and the carrying out of technological trans-
formation will inevitably be accompanied by a quickened reproduction of
capital. The enterprise plowing back its profits will lead to the imple_
mentation of technological transformation, which will lead to greater
economic benefits, which will lead to increases in the enterprise's retained
profits and the amount of profits turned over to the state, so that further
technological transformation can be carried out, which will lead to a fur-
ther enhancement of economic benefits, and so forth. Thus, a beneficial
cycle will be formed. Both the revenue received by the state and the
profits retained by the enterprise will keep on increasing. Besides, the
worker's livelihood will be continually upgraded. Thus, three objectives,
not only two, will be simultaneously achieved. In actual practice, we
already enjoy encouraging benefits from this cycle. Generally, the techno-
logical transformation of an enterprise is associated with less investment,
a shorter time for completing the transformation work, quicker results as
well as quicker turnover and reproduction of capital funds. For example,
early in 1982, the Shoudu Iron and Steel Company only took 4 months to
transform its rolling mills, which can now annually produce an increased
output of small steel billets which is 300,000 to 400,000 tons more than in
the past. The annual increase in profits amounts to around 14 million yuan.
The cost of transformation was 13 million yuan, which can be recovered in
less than a year. When the enterprise's economic benefits keep on expand-
ing, the amount of profits turned over to the state will keep on increasing.
This can be likened to the fact that when the tributaries of a river swell,
so will the river itself. On the other hand, we also understand that
although the major construction projects undertaken by the state are asso-
ciated with larger investments, a longer time for completion of work and
slower results, when the completed projects go into operation, they will be
able to play a powerful role in the national economy. For example, the
Gezhou Dam is a large-scale major construction project. When it goes into
operation, it will greatly improve the supply of energy resources to our
country's inland regions. Major construction projects of the state and
technological transformation of the enterprises supplement and promote each
other. None of them should be ignored. There is an ancient saying: "You
must give in order to take." ("Laozi,4 Chapter 36) Li Ao of the Tang
dynasty also said: "People commonly think that wealth can be amassed by
exorbitant accumulation of money, without knowing that modest accumulation
leads to greater wealth." (See "Ping Fu Bian Xu") These words can
enlighten us on the generation, accumulation and utilization of wealth.
Over the past several years, with the implementation of the economic
responsibility system and the expansion of the enterprise's power to act on
its own, the enterprise has vigorously developed and become wealthier.
Allowing the enterprise to become better off by plowing back funds has not
reduced the state's revenue, but on the contrary has enabled the state to
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collect a larger revenue. Many other real examples also eloquently illus-
trate this truth.
The second point concerns the relationship between the planned economy and
regulation by market mechanism.
Concerning the correct implementation of the principle of relying mainly on
the planned economy and taking regulation by market mechanism as a sub-
sidiary measure, the documents of the 12th CPC Congress have thoroughly
elaborated on all aspects of this matter, from the theoretical aspect to
the formulation of specific policies. Relying on the planned economy is
one of the major characteristics of socialist countries such as ours. We
must not waver in the slightest degree in adhering to the planned economy.
However, there exist different views on how to do a good job of planned
economic work in our country at the present stage. It seems some comrades
are obsessed by an old thinking habit: At the mention of. strengthening
the planned economy, they think of the centralization of everything by the
state through macroeconomic planning. It seems that the wider the scope of
centralization and the more meticulous it is, the higher is our level of
socialism. Actually, this way of striving for "centralization" alone is to
ignore the level of development of the productive forces and the differ-
ences between specific things. Very often, the result is that the enthusi-
asm of the localities, enterprises and workers is limited to a narrow scope.
With many constraints on their decisionmaking power, it is very difficult
for them to make achievements. We should earnestly think about the lessons
from this kind of experience over many years in the past.
Judging from the present level of development of our country's productive
forces, it is really impracticable and unnecessary to attempt to centralize
all microeconomic activities under the blanket of macroeconomic planning.
Consider industrial production. Enterprises produce tens of thousands of
different products. There are also numerous different social needs, which,
moreover, are always changing. If we want to rely on state planning alone
to make perfect arrangements for handling the massive, complex and ever-
changing demand and supply, so that at each link supply is compatible with
demand, without any discrepancy or shortage, then, even if we have talented
prodigies and the most advanced computers, it will be very difficult to
completely achieve our objective. In particular, the economic information
system is very unsound at present and is far from able to satisfy the needs
of production, construction, circulation and consumption. This makes it
even more impracticable to try to "centralize" everything in our country.
Stalin said: "It is wrong to despise the role and significance of planning
work. However, it is an even greater mistake to exaggerate the role of the
principle of planning, and to think that we have already attained the stage
of development at which we can plan and regulate everything." ("Collected
Works of Stalin," Vol 11, p 71) These words display the essence of Marxist
materialist dialectics. However, in the past, we often deviated from these
correct principles in running the planned economy, so that we suffered major
setbacks. The principle of relying mainly on the planned economy with
regulation by market mechanism as a subsidiary measure represents a major
development with regard to the planned economy. It is vastly beneficial to
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our national economy and the people's livelihood. The practice over the
past several years has fully demonstrated this point. Consider the example
of the Shoudu Iron and Steel Company. Since the implementation of the
economic responsibility system, it has vigorously made good use of the
decisionmaking power given by the state, under the direction of macro-
economic planning. It has thus greatly vitalized economic work. In 1981,
after the state had assigned a directive target to the company for pro-
ducing pig iron, the market conditions changed, so that the shortage in
supply of pig iron gave way to excessive supply. Instead of selling well,
pig iron became unsalable. Faced with an impending overstocking of the
commodity, the company organized forces to go deep into the market,
investigate society's needs, readjust the proportions of products and
extend the intensive processing of pig iron products. Thus, by means of
regulation by market mechanism, the overstocking of pig iron was prevented,
certain social needs were satisfied, the enterprise's economic benefits
were enhanced and the state's revenue from taxation and profits also
increased. In 1982, the State Council approved the assigning of power to
the company to market a certain proportion of its products on its own
behalf. This was a new development in implementing the principle of rely-
ing mainly on the planned economy with regulation by market mechanism as a
subsidiary measure, and in further enlivening the economy.
Some comrades think that the power of an enterprise to market products on
its own behalf amounts to a right which is advantageous to the enterprise
alone, and which it enjoys independently of state planning. This is a mis-
taken idea. Judging from the situation of our enterprise, the power to
market a certain proportion of our products on our own is not tantamount
to the power of handling some surplus products already produced by our
enterprise. Actually, it amounts to the conscious setting aside of part of
our productive capacity under the state planning. Then, in the light of
social needs, and in particular considering our consumers' specific needs,
we take the initiative to readjust the proportions of various products and
develop new products, so as to make up for the inadequacy in the plans
drawn up by the state for our enterprise and to satisfy the ever-changing
social needs which can hardly be taken into consideration in state planning.
An enterprise's power to market products on its own actually constitutes the
assigning of some decisionmaking power over production and marketing by
superior levels to the enterprise under the framework of state planning.
It is the power assigned by the state to the enterprise to exercise a
certain degree of flexibility in the realms of production and circulation.
Therefore, it is still an element in the category of planned economy.
Without the power to market products on its own, an enterprise is insulated
from the market. Production is divorced from marketing. The enterprise
carries out production according to directive plans, producing only the
approved products in the approved quantities. The products are turned over
to the state, which "monopolizes the purchase and marketing" of them. The
enterprise needs not care about whether the products sell well or badly.
When an enterprise assumes power to market products on its own, it shoulders
greater responsibility toward the state and society. Its work becomes
vastly more difficult. An enterprise that cannot fulfill the task of
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marketing products on its own is deemed to be unable to fulfill state plans.
Products to be marketed by an enterprise itself should not be popular goods
(because popular goods need not be marketed by the enterprise itself). The
enterprise should rather exercise its flexibility in production to produce
new products, products that are not easily, available and products in short
supply, which society needs. Therefore, the enterprise must improve
management and operations, strive for technological progress and open up
new markets. In 1982 the products marketed by the Shoudu Iron and Steel
Company itself accounted for 13.22 percent of all products sold outside the
company. This helped satisfy the urgent needs of light industry, municipal
construction and the countryside, and helped vitalize the market to some
extent. Consumers welcomed this change.
Because of the birth and preliminary success of the assigning of power to an
enterprise to market products on its own, which is a new thing, we have come
to the understanding that the planned economy should not be regarded as an
invariable model. In the practice of socialist economic construction,
people will continuously add more scientific and richer content to the
planned economy. If relatively large factories such as combined iron and
steel works are assigned the power to market a certain proportion of
products on their own, then, for one thing, the enthusiasm of state organs,
which represent the whole nation's interests, will continue to be mobi-
lized; and for another, the enthusiasm of state enterprises, which are
under ownership by the whole people, will also be mobilized. If only one
kind of enthusiasm is mobilized, the drive will not be great. Now if both
kinds of enthusiasm are mobilized, the drive will be much greater, and the
planned economy will thus gain vitality.
The third point concerns how to arouse the enterprises' enthusiasm in
launching economic activities directed toward foreign countries.
Since the policy of enlivening the economy internally and opening ourselves
to economic interchange with foreign countries was formulated at the 3d
Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, our country's economic
and technological exchange with other countries has become much more active.
The report of the 12th CPC Congress says that under the unified policies
and unity in dealing with foreign countries, the enthusiasm of various
localities, departments and enterprises in launching economic exchange with
foreign countries must be brought into play, and any action against our
country's or nation's interests must be opposed. This is a correct guid-
ing principle put forth on the basis of summing up the experience of
external economic activities in the previous stage. We understand that to
correctly implement this guiding principle, we must also guard against one-
sidedness, taking a simplistic view or making sweeping categorizations of
things. Otherwise, the healthy development of external economic activities
will be affected.
Recently, the foreign trade departments of our state set uniform prices for
exported goods. This is absolutely necessary. It can help prevent some
people from taking advantage of loopholes or incurring losses in foreign
dealings. We understand that in foreign trade, the sole criterion for
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judging whether our work is well done is whether it is beneficial to our
country. "Centralization" is to enable our foreign trade work to be more
satisfactorily launched, so that the expansion of export trade can be
facilitated. However, the international market'differs greatly from our
domestic market. The latter is a socialist market under the framework of
the planned economy which is subject to state leadership, whereas the
former is a capitalist market governed by market laws. Numerous countries
and manufacturers are competing fiercely and market conditions change from
moment to moment. With our centralization, we have, so to say, one door
open to external trade, and the exporting units in our country must all
line up at this door. Therefore, the high efficiency of our centralized
socialist state leadership must be brought into play. Right decisions
must be promptly made. Foreign trade opportunities must not be missed due
to delays. Of course, if the units in charge of foreign trade can actively
approach the enterprises to offer their service, they will certainly be
welcomed by the enterprises, which will consequently display even greater
enthusiasm.
The principle for economic and technical exchange with foreign countries
is equality and mutual benefit. We must give more consideration to
"benefit." With state approval, the Shoudu Iron and Steel Company has
exported new techniques in iron smelting, such as the blowing of powdered
coal through jets, the top-burning hot-blast furnace and so on. The com-
pany will also import certain items of new foreign technology so that we
can do a better job of transforming the enterprise technologically. On the
question of importing new foreign technology and equipment, we think that
while we should oppose blind and redundant importing of foreign technology
and equipment which leads to waste of foreign exchange, we should on the
other hand oppose the idea that we must manufacture everything ourselves
through imitation, because this will cause delays in exploiting the right
opportunities.
There are also a series of other major questions of relationships in the
work of running enterprises, such as the relationships between political
and economic work, between cultural and material civilization, between
launching education in communist ideology and implementing the principle
of distribution according to work, and so on. These questions must be
handled dialectically. It is easy to resort to metaphysics, but if things
are not well done, the state's and the people's interests will be violated.
It is much more difficult to use dialectics, because we must study con-
scientiously and work arduously. We must go deep into the realities of
life and conduct thorough and painstaking study and investigation. We must
abandon selfishness and distracting thoughts and adhere to the principle of
giving top priority to the people's interests. We must have the courage to
struggle against metaphysical viewpoints in various forms. In upholding
Marxist principles, the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Com-
mittee has set a brilliant example for us to follow. Moreover, the 12th CPC
Congress has educated us through its documents which radiate with the glory
of materialist dialectics. We must satisfactorily learn and apply dialectics,
so that our work at the enterprises can develop into a gratifying new
situation.
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PERSIST IN UNITING SPEED WITH RESULTS
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 45-47
[Article by Xie Minggan [6200 2494 1626]]
[Text] An important principle in constructing our country's socialist
modernization is to handle correctly the relationship between the speed of
economic development and economic results and to persist in uniting
the two.
The party's 12th national congress has confirmed the strategic goal, empha-
sis and steps of economic construction of our country, which has formed a
complete economic program. It fully embodies. the unification of speed with
results. It keeps a proper speed of development and demands the constant
increase of economic results as well. We must not merely take notice of
the speed requirement of.quadrupling in this program and forget the impor-
tant precondition of enhancing economic results. In order to materialize
our strategic goal by the end of this century, the annual average rate of
increase should be 7.2 percent. This relatively fast speed of development
indicates the superiority of the socialist system, yet it is also required
in the course of transforming our country's economy as soon as possible,
reinforcing the strength of economy and national defense and promoting the
level of material and cultural life of the people. However, the core of
quadrupling lies in the continual upgrading of economic results, that is to
say, with fairly little labor consumption and occupation, we should try our
best to produce material wealth that caters to the needs of society and
provide as much net income as possible so as to develop national economy
and improve people's livelihood at a faster speed. This is the starting
point as well as the end result of our socialist economic activities. If
results are low, speed will mean nothing and the strategic goal will not be
realized. To quadruple in 20 years' time does not mean that every kind of
product, every enterprise, every department or region will quadruple, nor
is it possible for them to. do so. Under the condition that agriculture,
and especially energy resources, and some raw materials cannot quadruple,
the big increase in the production of some departments and the quadrupling
of the total annual output value of industry have to hinge partly on the
expansion of production capacity and partly on the upgrading of economic
results. With the development of economy, the base production figure is
getting larger and larger, and the quantity contained in each increasing
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percentage is growing as well. If we mainly hinge on expanding production
capacity, the speed of development will decrease. Only by devoting major
efforts to cutting down consumption can we raise labor productivity and the
utilization ratio of capital. We can only quicken the development of
economy by creating more social wealth with an equal amount of materialized
[wu hua 3670 0553] labor and animated [huo 3172] labor. Therefore, we must
center our attention on further readjustment, restructuring and transforma-
tion, as well as on speeding up technical advance and improving administra-
tive management, and persisting in acquiring a proper speed for development
under the precondition of upgrading economic results.
Uniting speed with results is mainly shown in their interrelation, inter-
action and interdependence. The speed we require should have certain
economic results, and this is the speed based on high quality, low con-
sumption and having sales. If product quality is bad, the cost higher
than the necessary labor consumed and there are no sales, such speed is
false speed. At the same time, the economic results we demand should have
a certain speed. It will be unfavorable to the increase of financial
income, the improvement of people's livelihood, the full use of the means
of production and the labor forces if there is no speed or the speed is
too low. In that case, the speed itself implies a certain demand on
results, whereas results themselves imply a certain demand on speed. To
increase the quality of products on the precondition of reducing labor
consumption and occupation and catering to the needs of society is, in
fact, upgrading economic results, which in a way is quickening the speed
of development. Of course, speed and results will sometimes give rise to
contradictions. The principal contradiction lies in results, for speed,
after all, is restricted by results. If results are not upgraded, haste
makes waste. If results are upgraded, the speed will naturally be faster.
We should do our best to tap the latent powers of results, and on the basis
of constantly enhancing results, strive to achieve a speed which is per-
sistent and steady, which develops coordinatedly and which enables the
country and the people to obtain more practical benefits.
Uniting speed with results is required by the objective law of economy.
First, this unification reflects the basic requirement of the Marxist
theory of reproduction. During a certain period of time, the material con-
sumption of a society must be compensated (replaced) by new products
which are of a quantity equal to the formation of material objects. Only
by doing so can it ensure the repeated practice of social production on the
original scale. To expand reproduction, there must be more and better
products in the formation of material objects, whereas in the formation of
value, there must be abundant capital serving as the key factor for the new
production, and it must be invested in the course of the new production.
Therefore, the developing speed and economic results of social production
must have a certain simultaneous increase so as to satisfy the demand of
"compensation" and "expansion." Second, this unification also reflects the
requirement of the basic law of economy of socialism. Only under the pre-
condition of enhancing economic results, keeping agricultural and industrial
production at a certain speed of development and continuing to increase and
perfect production can we satisfy the frequently rising demand of society
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in culture and materials to the largest extent. Third, this unification
also reflects the requirement of the law that national economy should
develop according to proportions and in a planned way. Only with the
simultaneous upgrading of speed and results can there be a sufficient quan-
tity of qualified and varified means of production and can there be suffi-
cient funds to be distributed to the various production departments so that
they can develop in a coordinated manner and according to proportions and
unified plans. In this case, the development of production and the
improvement of the people's livelihood can be coordinated.
Over the past 30 years, whenever we have had a fuller understanding of the
relationship between speed and results, adopting a relatively correct
principle and persisting in unifying the two, the economic construction has
developed smoothly; otherwise, economic construction is affected or even
ruined. During the First 5-Year Plan, the development speed of our coun-
try's economy was fast. The annual output value of industry increased 18
percent on the average. The total output value of agriculture and industry
rose 10.9 percent yearly on the average. Economic results were fairly
satisfactory. The industrial enterprises of state-ownership, which are
independent accounting units, made an average profit of 22.2 yuan for
every 100 yuan of fixed assets. (There were only 14.4 yuan in 1981.) As
for the 100 yuan in funds, the profit and tax it made were averaging 31.6
yuan. (There was only 23.8 yuan in 1981.) Labor productivity had an
average increase of 8.7 percent annually. Financial income of the state
went up 11 percent yearly on the average. In 5 years' time, the income of,
staff and workers of different state-owned departments had an average
increase of 30.3 percent. The consumption level of the people of the
whole country had an average increase of 22.9 percent. When compared, the
speed and results during this period conformed to each other. Production
and state accumulation were increased and the people's livelihood was
improved. From 1963 to 1965, owing to the implementation of the principle
of "readjustment, consolidation, replenishment and enhancement," the
development of our country's economy was comparatively fast. The two were,
on the whole, in concert and harmony.' On-the other hand, during the Second
5-Year Plan, under the guidance of the "leftist" thinking, speed and results
deviated from each other. From 1958 to 1960, the output value of industry
had an average increase of 32.8 percent yearly, yet the economic results
were low, consumption high, equipment in bad repair and product quality
poor. The cost of production was largely increased, the profit rate of
capital largely decreased and the loss of enterprises was heavy, thus
causing the fall of the growth rate of industry to a negative number in the
next 2 years--that is, 1961 and 1962--the rate being 28.2 percent. During
the entire period of the "Second 5-Year Plan," the output value of agricul-
ture and industry had only an average increase of 0.6 percent yearly, while
national income had an average decrease of 3.1 percent yearly. The propor-
tions of national economy were thus seriously imbalanced, the market was
totally short of supply and the people's livelihood was extremely hard.
This condition of speed being deviated from results existed during the 10
years of internal chaos. The condition of only working on the political
account and ignoring the economy account caused great losses in national
economy. During the period of time after the fall of the "gang of four,"
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owing to the influence of leftist thinking which had not been rooted out
and the blind pursuit of high speed and ignoring economic results, state
finance and economy again met with grave difficulties, so we were forced
to turn to the great readjustment of economy.
In view of the experiences and lessons of the past, our economic work must
keep on solving the contradictions between speed and results and encouraging
the unification of the two. The report to the 12th national congress
stressed the shifting of the overall economic work onto the track of
centering on promoting economic results. This is the correct conclusion
we have obtained from the historical experiences of our country's economic
construction. This is also a basic yardstick for correctly handling the
relationship between speed and results and for the wholesome development
of our country's economic construction.
In order to unite the development speed and economic results it is neces-
sary to pay attention to handling well the following relationships in
economic construction:
Persist in uniting the macroscopic and microscopic economic results.
Enterprises are the cells of national economy. Economic results of enter-
prises are the base of economic results of national economy. Therefore,
carrying out the overall enterprise consolidation, overcoming the confusion
in management, preventing the grave conditions of waste and enhancing
economic results by a large margin constitute our task of top priority.
However, our country practices planned economy on the basis of state
ownership. The results we talk about are, first, referring to the results
of the entire national economy. In order to upgrade the results of national
economy and to realize the goal of quadrupling on the basis of good results,
we must persist in paying attention to both the macroscopic as well as the
microscopic economic results, letting macroscopic economic results take the
dominant role. Considering from the viewpoint of the entire national
economy, we must arrange well the proportions between accumulation and con-
sumption on the principle of "first food, second construction." We must
concentrate the necessary capital on carrying out key construction. At the
same time, enterprises which are backward in production technology, have
poor economic results and high energy consumption and which contend with
advanced enterprises for raw materials, should be closed down and banned
and transferred to perform some other duties. If key constructions such as
energy resources, communications and transportation are not ensured and the
irrational structure of enterprises and organizations are not transformed,
the overall situation of national economy will not be invigorated, the
speed will be slowed down and the economy and the economic results will not
be upgraded. Considering from the viewpoint of local authorities, depart-
ments and enterprises, the most important thing is to firmly establish the
concept of the overall situation and planning, firmly implement and
earnestly accomplish the plans of production and material allocation issued
by the state, as well as the plan of turning over money to the state, so as
to achieve our own development under the precondition of guaranteeing the
upgrading of national economy. Just as Lenin said: "Only by following a
general and big plan and carrying out construction and trying to use the
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economic resources reasonably does it deserve to be called socialist con-
struction." ("Collected Works of Lenin," Vol 28, p 18)
Persist in uniting quantity with quality. One-sidedly seeking after quan-
tity and neglecting quality is an old problem in our economic work. The
underlying reason is that we do not have a correct understanding of the
relationship between quantity and quality. Quantity and quality cannot be
set apart. There will naturally be no such thing as quality if there is
no quantity, whereas quantity without proper quality will have no meaning
at all. Marx said: "No matter in what social form wealth is,.its value
of use inevitably constructs the material content of wealth." "If the
material is of no use, then the labor put into it will be of no use too.
It cannot be counted as labor. Therefore, no value will come into being."
("On Capital," Vol 1, pp 48, 54) This is to say that if products whose
quality is not up to standard should not be counted in the output value
because they do not have use value and worth and fail to constitute social
wealth, economic results and development speed are out of the question.
In order to handle correctly the relationship between quality and quantity,
we should follow the principle of "quality comes first," and increase output
on the basis of guaranteeing the fine quality of products and sales in
conformity with demand. When there is contradiction between quantity and
quality, quantity must obey quality. The standard of quality cannot by any
means be lowered.
Persist in uniting production with sales. Owing to the emphasis on produc-
tion and the neglect of sales, there are some commodities that have been
overstocked or are unsalable in markets. Yet enterprises are still carry-
ing forward production blindly. This is a disastrous effect resulting from
the present irrational system. Owing to the disregard of social need and,
in addition, to the channel of circulation being congested, products are
unsalable after they are produced. Proceeding from the angle of enter-
prises, output and speed have been achieved, the task of turning over money
to the state has been accomplished and the percentage of profits that
should be deducted has also been done. Nevertheless, looking from the angle
of society, the entire process of economic activity has not yet been
finished, for its labor consumption has not yet been recognized by society.
Its value of use and value have not yet been realized. Therefore, it does
not have real economic results and development speed. If products of enter-
prises are overstocked and unsalable, not only has the capital invested not
realized self-proliferation, but it does not acquire the necessary compensa-
tion. This also increases the expenses of storage and management and causes
us to bear the losses caused by rot, rust and deterioration and the loss of
precision owing to overstocking. If we go on like this, production cannot
be carried on, not to speak of speed and results. Therefore, we must unite
production with sales, produce according to demand and plan production
according to sales. As for unsalable products and products which are in
good or excessive supply, we must exercise restriction, reduce production
or stop production and prevent the expansion of capacity to produce such
products. At the same time, we must dredge the channel of circulation,
vigorously open the rural market so that the circulation of commodities will
be fluent, sales will be expanded and overstocking will be done away with.
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Persist in uniting the increase of production with the practice of economy.
For a long period of time, owing to the great consumption and losses and
waste in the course of production, construction and circulation, the
increase of our people's income has lagged greatly behind the increase of
the output value of agriculture and industry. Material consumption in
production is extremely high. Even in Shanghai, where economic results
are quite satisfactory, the consumption of energy resources and raw mate-
rials makes up 84 percent of the total cost of industrial production,
which is much higher than industrially developed countries. This is one
of the main reasons why economic results of our country are low. Comrade
Zhao Ziyang said: When we talk about economic results, we mean to increase
more products catering to social need with as little labor and material
consumption as possible. That is to say, not only should there be more
products, but there should also be products that cater to social need.
Apart from that, the investment should be small, trying to cut down
expenses, reduce consumption and lower costs. The increase of production
and the practice of economy must be united. If the increase of production
leads to the increase of consumption and the cost of unit production, or the
practice of economy brings forth a heavy decrease in production or causes
the quality of products to fall below standard, both will not have good
economic results. At present, it is most important to grasp firmly the
readjustment and consolidation of enterprises, collect the "gold" that is
being strewn all over, reduce consumption, get rid of waste and gradually
carry out technical transformation on this basis. Only in this way can the
increase of production and quantity be realized and only in this way can the
economy of expenses be practiced and income be increased, thus resulting in
a comparatively steady speed and remarkable results.
Persist in uniting technical advance and the development of production.
Upgrade in an all-round way the economic results of enterprises and strive
to achieve a profitable speed. We must start the two "wheels" of manage-
ment and technology simultaneously. In the long run, it is most important
to bring the magnificent role of science and technology into play. After
the war, the economy in capitalist countries developed rapidly. The main
reason lies in the significant breakthrough of science and technology. In
recent years, a batch of medium-sized cities have sprung up whose speed of
economic development is rapid and whose economic results are good, such as
Changzhou, Xiangfan, Siping, etc. About 60 to 70 percent of their increase
of industrial production comes from technical advance. This shows that in
order to create a new situation in the construction of socialist moderniza-
tion and to uplift economy, we must primarily rely on technical advance and
coordinate technical advance and the development of production, and we must
let the former bring along the latter. This demands that on the one hand,
it is necessary to adopt economic, policies and necessary administrative
means to encourage technical advance and, on the other hand, it is neces-
sary to organize forces of various fields, make plans for technical trans-
formation, introduce foreign technology, organize people to tackle key
problems in technology and transfer technology, etc.
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Persist in uniting speed with results and shift the entire economic work
onto the track of centering on enhancing economic results. We must get
ourselves adapted to this change in guiding thought, the system of
management, policies and measures and the working method, etc. If only
we have plans and do a solid job by steps, there is great hope in uplifting
the economy of our country.
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WHY ARE THERE STILL INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DEBTS WHEN THE ECONOMIC SITUATION
IS VERY GOOD?
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 pp 47-48
[Article by Wu Zhenkun [0702 2182 0981]]
[Text] When looking at the relationship between an economic situation and
the raising of domestic and foreign loans, we must make a concrete analysis
in an all-round way. It is not appropriate to say generally that an
economic situation in which domestic and foreign loans have been raised
is not good, while a situation in which the state has no debts is good.
In the 1950's, the state issued economic construction bonds for 5 years
running starting in 1954, and it also contracted many loans from the Soviet
Union. With these loans we constructed 156 key projects and laid an
initial foundation for our country's industrialization. As we all know,
the First 5-Year Plan was carried out successfully and the economic situa-
tion during that period was excellent. At present, our cause of socialist
modernization needs a great deal of funds, but our state does not have
enough funds in its hands because of its weak foundation. This is a major
contradiction. Relying on our own efforts and hard work to increase
accumulation is the main way to solve this contradiction. However, self-
reliance does not mean closing the country to international intercourse.
In order to race against time and speed up the pace of modernization, and
also in order to strengthen our self-reliant capability, it is necessary
and helpful to appropriately contract some foreign loans. At the same
time, surplus funds in the international market are now seeking their way
out, for Western countries are bogged down in an economic stagflation. This
condition also makes the utilization of foreign funds possible. On the
principle of equality and mutual benefit, and being active and steady, the
appropriate utilization of foreign funds will help the import of advanced
technology and equipment and promote the development of our modernization
cause. Therefore, we should not simply regard the raising of foreign loans
as a negative thing.
Because of the appearance of financial deficits in recent years and the
excessive decentralization of the disposition of funds, the central
authorities have met with difficulties in the finances. In order to over-
come these difficulties, apart from taking necessary steps for increasing
revenue and retrenching expenditure, it is also necessary to raise some
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domestic loans in appropriate forms so as to guarantee the funds needed
in the construction of the state's key projects, reduce financial deficits
and achieve a financial balance in a few years' time. In the last 2 years
the state has been issuing treasury bonds; this is a form serving precisely
this purpose. Enterprises and individuals who have subscribed or will
subscribe for treasury bonds all have ability to share some burdens with
the state. After adopting the system of retaining profits, state-owned
enterprises throughout the country can retain profits of about 10 billion
yuan at their disposal each year. So, they are able to take a part from
the sum and lend it to the state for centralized utilization. At the same
time, the savings of urban and rural inhabitants have also steadily
increased in recent years. According to statistics, by the end of 1982,
the personal savings in urban and rural areas throughout the country
amounted to 67.538 billion yuan. If inhabitants, on a voluntary basis,
take a small part of their savings to subscribe for treasury bonds, their
current livelihood will not be affected.
The raising of domestic loans indeed reflects some difficulties existing in
the state finances. But on the whole, the mainstream of the current
economic situation is good. The 12th party congress report points out:
"The present period is one of the best since the founding of our People's
Republic." This is true not only in the political field but also in the
economic field.
There are many signs indicating the current good economic situation:
1. Most importantly, "leftist" errors in economic work have been elimi-
nated and the work of setting our guiding ideology to rights has been com-
pleted since the 3d Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee. The
focus of our work has been shifted onto socialist modernization. At the
same time, our party has laid down and carried out a series of correct
principles and policies, has solved many major problems left over by
history and has gradually blazed a new trail for handling economic con-
struction centered on the improvement of economic results.
2. The implementation of the principle of "readjustment, restructuring,
reorganization and upgrading" has achieved marked results. The growth rate
of the total industrial and agricultural output value in 1981 reached 4.6
percent and the 1982 figure is expected to be 6.4 percent. The economic
situation is getting better and better each year with exciting changes
appearing. One of.the marked changes appeared in the proportion of
accumulation. The share of accumulation in used national income has
dropped from 36.5 percent in 1978 to under 30 percent in 1981. The problem
of excessively expanded capital construction has initially been solved.
The utilization of investments has been more rational than before. The
ratios between agriculture, light industry and heavy industry have tended
to be better coordinated. Agricultural production has steadily increased
in an all-round way and the production of industrial consumer goods has
also rapidly developed. The volume of domestic trade has grown year after
year with the national total retail volume increasing at an average of 9.4
percent in 1981 and 1982. Market prices are basically stable. Foreign
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trade has also greatly developed. On the basis of economic development,
the falling trend of the state finances has also been reversed. This is
a comprehensive manifestation of the marked results brought about by
economic readjustment.
3. The people's livelihood has been markedly improved since the 3d Plenary
Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee. In the period from 1979 to 1981,
the state used a total of 140 billion yuan for raising purchase prices for
agricultural products, relaxing part of tax burdens in rural areas, raising
workers' wages, issuing bonuses and creating job opportunities, increasing
investment in building houses for urban workers and other public utility,
and for price subsidies. The amount accounted for 31 percent of the
financial income during the 3 years. Thanks to these measures adopted by
the state, workers' wages and peasants' incomes have all greatly grown.
Wages issued in state-owned units in 1981 totaled 66 billion yuan, showing
an average wage income per worker of 812 yuan. After the factor of price
rise is deducted, average actual wages grew by 12.4 percent over the 1978
level, showing an average yearly increase of 4 percent. According to
sample surveys of peasant households, the 1981 per capita income (including
income from sideline occupations) was 223 yuan, increasing by 16.8 percent
against that in the previous year. All this shows that the living standard
of workers and peasants has been greatly improved in recent years.
Therefore, when looking at the current economic situation, we must first
fully realize the above-mentioned major changes and view the problem of
raising domestic and foreign loans against this general background. It
only took us 3 years after the convention of the 3d Plenary Session of the
11th CPC Central Committee to solve a great deal of important problems left
over by history and realize a stable and united political situation, which
is coupled with great successes of economic readjustment. Inspired by the
spirit of the 12th party congress, we will certainly overcome difficulties
through a few years' efforts and bring about a fundamental turn for the
better in the state's financial and economic situation. We must be full of
confidence in this.
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A TALK STARTING WITH A COMMUNE MEMBER 'UNWILLING TO CONTRACT FOR FORESTRY
WORK AGAIN
Beijing RED FLAG in Chinese No 2, 16 Jan 83 inside back cover
[Article by Lin Wenshan [2651 2429 1472]]
[Text] Recently I read a newspaper article written by commune member Chen
Qiyan. There are six members in Chen's family and four of them are labor-
ers. He has earlier contracted for forestry work on 5 mu of barren slopes
to provide several hundred thousand saplings to the state, people's com-
munes and production teams and commune members. The family has sold more
than 2,000 jin of saplings. There are good prospects for developing
forestry in this place. With this contract, Chen Qiyan has earned more
but at the same time some people said that he "has become rich by relying
on the land of the collective." The production team to which he belongs
originally provided him with fertilizer, investment, grain rations and
edible oil but later he had to solve all these by himself. The reason for
the criticism was that this commune member had the money to buy grain,
edible oil and fertilizer at high price. In addition, various measures
were taken to criticize and limit him. Chen could not but decide not to
contract for forestry work again and to do the same work with other commune
members.
It is not difficult to find similar cases in newspapers to show that vari-
ous restrictions have been imposed on individual households, households
that have contracted for specialized jobs and enterprises run by people's
communes and production teams, and the purpose of this practice is to make
them gradually decline and give up the jobs. It is not difficult to imagine
the consequences of this practice. Having refused to contract for forestry
work again, the income of Chen's family decreased to the level of other
commune members in the production team and consequently he could not
"become rich." At the same time, the forests and saplings on the 5 mu of
slopes have once again been replaced by grass because there is nobody to
take care of the land. With the spreading of such practice, all the barren
hills will remain unchanged.
For many years, some comrades have resorted to simple and metaphysical
methods in handling problems. They have departed from concrete conditions
and the productivity situation, considered collective ownership better than
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individual households and ownership by the whole people better than collec-
tive ownership no matter what the situation. Therefore instead of sparing
no effort to display the advantages of different types of ownership and
show these advantages in the process of production, they have tried in
every way to obstruct individual households from surpassing collective
households, and collective enterprises from surpassing the enterprises
owned by the whole people. And if such things have occurred, they have
used various methods, including obstructing and criticizing, to limit the
development of the production of the economy with collective ownership and
individual households and even to make them collapse in their bid to guar-
antee the "superiority" of ownership by the whole people over collective
ownership or individual households. It seems to them that otherwise
"capitalism" will overrun socialism. The various difficulties met by some
individual households and small collective enterprises are inseparable for
some comrades whose brains are dominated by. such muddled ideas.
Although we have been building socialism for three decades, some comrades
are not likely to have understood what is socialism and what is capitalism.
Consequently, even if some people are undertaking labor individual economy
that has nothing to do with the exploitation of surplus value, they will be
opposed as capitalists. The collective economy is a true socialist economy
and yet it will be regarded as a "heretic" opposing the enterprises owned
by the whole people if such economy is composed of only several or a few
dozens households. What is more serious, some comrades still firmly hold
the muddled and frightening logic which considers that socialism means
poverty and that only capitalism produces wealth. Therefore those who have
earned more through their own labor and wisdom are considered as "capital-
ists" and consequently microscope and magnifying glass are used to find
"capitalist germs" in these people until such "capitalism" is eliminated.
Conversely, as long as it is the economy with the ownership by the whole
people, these comrades will not care if its labor productivity is low or
even if it continues to lose, and they will continue to let such situation
go on.
People cannot but remember that we have suffered many setbacks under the
influence of the views which were not based on enough Marxist knowledge.
And it seems that even today, it is still urgent to popularize basic Marxist
knowledge and particularly popularize a basic knowledge of political
economics.
Of course, what we must first of all understand is: What is socialism, and
what is capitalism?
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